ISLAM: Submission to the Will of Allah

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Horace Greeley HS

Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists.

They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.

Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God.

Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad received his first

revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

622 Hijrah Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada

11

The testimony.

The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Example of one or two

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

33

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

Muslims believe that all things belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Considered a method of self- purification.

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during

Ramadan.

Eid MubarakEid Mubarak

End of the Ramadan holiday.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

Pseudo-Pop-Quiz-thing-with-Pseudo-Pop-Quiz-thing-with-no-grade-attached (yet you no-grade-attached (yet you should know these things)should know these things)• What are the five pillars of Islam?What are the five pillars of Islam?

• What do “Muslim” and “Islam” mean?What do “Muslim” and “Islam” mean?

• In what city did Muhammad die? In what city did Muhammad die? Ascend to heaven?Ascend to heaven?

• To what city did Muhammad leave on To what city did Muhammad leave on the Hegira?the Hegira?

• What is the Qu’ran?What is the Qu’ran?

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

MuezzinMuezzin

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QTkC-TTzZcQTkC-TTzZc

• http://www.videospider.tv/Videos/Dehttp://www.videospider.tv/Videos/Detail/857371539.aspxtail/857371539.aspx

AdhanAdhan

• Sunni Text of the Sunni Text of the adhanadhan: God is The : God is The Greatest; I bear witness that there is Greatest; I bear witness that there is no lord except God; I bear witness no lord except God; I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of that Muhammad is the Messenger of God; Make haste towards prayer; God; Make haste towards prayer; Make haste towards welfare; God is Make haste towards welfare; God is greatest; There is no lord except greatest; There is no lord except GodGod

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Follow Muhammad’s example: The Sunna; and the Hadith, Muhammad’s collected sayings

Polygamy is allowed.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and convert so many

to the new religion?

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood (Ulama - those with knowledge; Imam - one who is front)

Teaches equality and tolerance.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.

Jihad (“struggle”) against pagans and other non-believers.

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam• Muhammad’s successors or deputies, called Muhammad’s successors or deputies, called

caliphs, continued teaching the message of Islam. caliphs, continued teaching the message of Islam. • ““Rightly Guided Caliphs” were elected: Abu Bakr, Rightly Guided Caliphs” were elected: Abu Bakr,

Umar, Uthman, and AliUmar, Uthman, and Ali• The Caliphate that followed Ali was hereditaryThe Caliphate that followed Ali was hereditary• The caliphs were able to expand the Muslim The caliphs were able to expand the Muslim

Empire from the Atlantic ocean to the Indus ValleyEmpire from the Atlantic ocean to the Indus Valley• The early Caliphs took advantage of the weakness The early Caliphs took advantage of the weakness

of the Persian and Byzantine empiresof the Persian and Byzantine empires• The Qur’an prohibits force conversionThe Qur’an prohibits force conversion

– Islamic leaders allowed Christians and Jews to Islamic leaders allowed Christians and Jews to practice their beliefs but they could not spread practice their beliefs but they could not spread their beliefs.their beliefs.

Split Within IslamSplit Within Islam• Civil war erupted after the death of Hussein Civil war erupted after the death of Hussein

Ibn Ali in Karbala, 680 CE.Ibn Ali in Karbala, 680 CE.• With the death, the process of electing With the death, the process of electing

Caliphs endedCaliphs ended• The new leadership moved the capital to The new leadership moved the capital to

Damascus (Syria) to make expansion easier Damascus (Syria) to make expansion easier - the Ummayad Dynasty- the Ummayad Dynasty

• In addition to the move the new leaders In addition to the move the new leaders moved away from the simple life of the moved away from the simple life of the caliphs and surrounded themselves with caliphs and surrounded themselves with luxuryluxury

Shi’a / Sunni SplitShi’a / Sunni Split

• SunniSunni– Meaning “followers Meaning “followers

of Muhammad’s of Muhammad’s example”example”

– Followed the new Followed the new leadershipleadership

– A majority of the A majority of the people accepted people accepted the new rulers, to the new rulers, to maintain peacemaintain peace

Shi’a - Meaning “party” of Ali (Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law) - Resisted the new leaderships rule. - Believed the Caliph needed to be a relative of the prophet Muhammad - Another group, the Sufi, pursued a life of poverty in response to the luxury of the Sunni leadership.

Sunni and Shi’a SplitSunni and Shi’a Split

Spread of Islam to Three Spread of Islam to Three ContinentsContinents

Under the leadership of various leaders the Muslims spread as far north as France and south into southern Africa. A large Muslim settlement was established by the Berbers in Spain.

–Lead by Jabal Tariq –He was so revered they named the Rock of Gibraltar after him.

Corodoba, in Spain became a center for the spread of Islam in Europe

–70 libraries, 700 mosques, 27 free schools–Population of 500,000–All religions were welcome in Corodoba

Caliphate in 750 CECaliphate in 750 CE

Muslim SocietyMuslim Society• Throughout the Muslim Empire urban centers Throughout the Muslim Empire urban centers

flourishedflourished– Ummayad Caliphate: capital at Damascus (661-750 CE)Ummayad Caliphate: capital at Damascus (661-750 CE)– Abbasid Caliphate: capital at Baghdad (750-1258)Abbasid Caliphate: capital at Baghdad (750-1258)– Ummayad Dynasty in Spain, followed the Berbers (North Ummayad Dynasty in Spain, followed the Berbers (North

African Muslims) who fought at the Battle of Tours in 732 African Muslims) who fought at the Battle of Tours in 732 and established the Al-Andalusand established the Al-Andalus

• There were four social classesThere were four social classes– The upper class - Muslims by birthThe upper class - Muslims by birth– Second class - converts to Islam (paid higher taxes)Second class - converts to Islam (paid higher taxes)– Third class - “The Protected People” - Jews and Third class - “The Protected People” - Jews and

Christians, also Zoroastrians - higher taxes than 2nd Christians, also Zoroastrians - higher taxes than 2nd classclass

– The Lowest Class - Slaves, all non-muslim, many were The Lowest Class - Slaves, all non-muslim, many were household workers or soldiers.household workers or soldiers.

Muslim Society, cont.Muslim Society, cont.

• The Role of WomenThe Role of Women– The Qur’an states that men will manage a women’s The Qur’an states that men will manage a women’s

affairaffair– An obedient women is a righteous womenAn obedient women is a righteous women– Muslim women had more rights than European Muslim women had more rights than European

women. women. – Responsibilities varied based on the income of the Responsibilities varied based on the income of the

husbands.husbands.– Women raised the children Women raised the children – In early Muslim society women participated in religious In early Muslim society women participated in religious

activities and were encouraged to get an educationactivities and were encouraged to get an education

Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks

• Turks who left central Asia and set up a Turks who left central Asia and set up a Muslim empire from Anatolia to the Punjab Muslim empire from Anatolia to the Punjab between 11th and 14th centuriesbetween 11th and 14th centuries

• Adopted Persian culture, eventually captured Adopted Persian culture, eventually captured the Abbasid and Byzantine empiresthe Abbasid and Byzantine empires

• Principle enemy of Crusaders in the 11th-Principle enemy of Crusaders in the 11th-15th centuries15th centuries

• Set up the Ottoman Empire centered in Set up the Ottoman Empire centered in Anatolia, the Holy Lands, Arabia, North Anatolia, the Holy Lands, Arabia, North Africa, and Persia - lasted until mid-15th Africa, and Persia - lasted until mid-15th centurycentury

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Advances in Art and ScienceAdvances in Art and Science

• Many advances in medicine, mathematics, and Many advances in medicine, mathematics, and astronomy are credited to the Muslim worldastronomy are credited to the Muslim world

• Understanding of smallpox and measlesUnderstanding of smallpox and measles• Proper location for hospitalsProper location for hospitals• Muslims scholars charted stars, comets, and Muslims scholars charted stars, comets, and

planetsplanets• Many artists began the art of calligraphy, due to Many artists began the art of calligraphy, due to

the banning of drawing imagesthe banning of drawing images

Muslims in the WorldToday

Muslims in the WorldToday

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000

* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the

world.

Muslims in AmericaMuslims in America

IsIsIslamIslam

AAViolentViolent

Religion?Religion?

Islam: the peaceful religionIslam: the peaceful religion• IslamIslam comes from the Arabic word for “Peace” comes from the Arabic word for “Peace”• Jihad Jihad can be interpreted many ways.can be interpreted many ways.

– Holy War, struggle against infidels (un-believers)Holy War, struggle against infidels (un-believers)– Concept that includes “struggle against evil Concept that includes “struggle against evil

inclinations against oneself, struggle to improve the inclinations against oneself, struggle to improve the quality of life in society, struggle in the battle for quality of life in society, struggle in the battle for self-defense or fighting against tyranny and self-defense or fighting against tyranny and oppression,” (oppression,” (Islam: Opposing ViewpointsIslam: Opposing Viewpoints, p 14), p 14)

– ““Whoever killed a human being, except as a Whoever killed a human being, except as a punishment for murder or villainy in the land, shall punishment for murder or villainy in the land, shall be looked upon as though he had killed all be looked upon as though he had killed all mankind,” (mankind,” (Islam: Opposing ViewpointsIslam: Opposing Viewpoints, p 14)., p 14).

BuddhisBuddhismm

ChristianiChristianityty

HinduisHinduismm

IslamIslam JudaisJudaismm

ConfucianisConfucianismm

FollowerFollowers s WorldwiWorldwidede

338 338 MillionMillion

1.9 1.9 BillionBillion

764 764 MillionMillion

1 1 BillionBillion

13.4 13.4 MillionMillion

Not Not AvailableAvailable

Name of Name of DeityDeity

No No deitydeity

GodGod BrahmaBrahma, , Vishnu, Vishnu, ShivaShiva

God/God/

AllahAllah

God/God/

YahweYahwehh

ConfuciouConfuciouss

FounderFounder The The BuddhBuddhaa

Jesus Jesus ChristChrist

No one No one founderfounder

MuhammMuhammadad

AbrahaAbrahamm

ConfuciouConfuciouss

Holy Holy BookBook

No one No one bookbook

BibleBible No one No one bookbook

Qur’anQur’an HebreHebrew w BibleBible

The The AnalectsAnalects

LeadershLeadershipip

BuddhisBuddhist monks t monks and and nunsnuns

Clergy/Clergy/

Priests Priests and and MinistersMinisters

Guru, Guru, Holy Holy Man, Man, Brahmin Brahmin PriestPriest

No No ClergyClergy

RabbiRabbi No ClergyNo Clergy

Muslim Culture in NYC

Muslim Culture in NYC

The Islamic Center, New York City