ISLAM 600 - 1200. Origins Mecca – caravan city on Arabian Peninsula Mecca – caravan city on Arabian Peninsula Ka’ba – shrine – believed to be site of.

ISLAMISLAM

600 - 1200600 - 1200

OriginsOrigins

Mecca – caravan city on Arabian Mecca – caravan city on Arabian PeninsulaPeninsula

Ka’ba – shrine – believed to be site of Ka’ba – shrine – believed to be site of altar Abraham was to sacrifice his son altar Abraham was to sacrifice his son onon

Pilgrimage site for Jews and ChristiansPilgrimage site for Jews and Christians Other shrines to local gods also in cityOther shrines to local gods also in city

MuhammadMuhammad

Born in Mecca – 570Born in Mecca – 570 Orphaned – raised by uncleOrphaned – raised by uncle Married Khadija – widowMarried Khadija – widow Meditated in mountains – Angel Meditated in mountains – Angel

Gabriel visitedGabriel visited Revelations continued until he diedRevelations continued until he died Shared with family Shared with family

FoundationsFoundations

Muslim – one who makes submissionMuslim – one who makes submissionIslam – to the will of GodIslam – to the will of God

5 Pillars of faith5 Pillars of faith::-There is no God but God and Muhammed is his -There is no God but God and Muhammed is his prophetprophet- pray 5 times a day- pray 5 times a day- make the hajj to Mecca- make the hajj to Mecca- give alms to the poor- give alms to the poor- fast during the month of Ramadan- fast during the month of Ramadan

Local EffectLocal Effect

Chased out of Mecca (hijra)Chased out of Mecca (hijra) People of Medina welcomed him – settled People of Medina welcomed him – settled

disputesdisputes Founded an umma – community defined Founded an umma – community defined

by acceptance of Islam and Muhammad as by acceptance of Islam and Muhammad as the “Messenger of God”the “Messenger of God” Jews and Christians – people of the Book Jews and Christians – people of the Book Respect for them led to praying toward Mecca Respect for them led to praying toward Mecca

– site of Ka’ba– site of Ka’ba

Return to MeccaReturn to Mecca

Skirmishes with Mecca – sapped the city’s Skirmishes with Mecca – sapped the city’s strengthstrength

Led to many in Mecca to see Muhammad Led to many in Mecca to see Muhammad as true prophetas true prophet Muhammad and followers able to make hajj to Muhammad and followers able to make hajj to

MeccaMecca Had disagreement with Jews, exiled them from Had disagreement with Jews, exiled them from

MedinaMedina Medina still seen as a holy siteMedina still seen as a holy site

Death of MuhammadDeath of Muhammad

632 – died after brief illness632 – died after brief illness Medina stayed as special site Medina stayed as special site

because of the ummabecause of the umma Abu Bakr – successor to MuhammadAbu Bakr – successor to Muhammad

Father of Muhammad’s favorite wifeFather of Muhammad’s favorite wife Close friendClose friend Given title Given title caliph (khalifa) –caliph (khalifa) – means means

successorsuccessor

QuranQuran

The RecitationThe Recitation Words of God, not MuhammadWords of God, not Muhammad Written after Muhammad’s deathWritten after Muhammad’s death

LeadershipLeadership

Civil wars break out over who should Civil wars break out over who should leadlead

33rdrd Caliph assassinated Caliph assassinated Ali – Muhammad’s son-in-law chosen Ali – Muhammad’s son-in-law chosen

to leadto lead Leads to more warLeads to more war Ali ultimately gets killedAli ultimately gets killed

Shi’itesShi’ites

Sect who saw Ali as rightful Sect who saw Ali as rightful successorsuccessor

All leaders of Shi’ites claim leaders All leaders of Shi’ites claim leaders must be descendants of Muhammadmust be descendants of Muhammad

Caliph seen as more secular than Caliph seen as more secular than religiousreligious

Sunna’sSunna’s

Consider caliphs as ImamsConsider caliphs as Imams Do not possess power to define true Do not possess power to define true

beliefbelief Can’t expel heretics or discipline clergyCan’t expel heretics or discipline clergy

Supported 1Supported 1stst three caliphs three caliphs Most Muslims of this group (@90%)Most Muslims of this group (@90%) Believe that individuals should read Believe that individuals should read

and interpret Quran for themselvesand interpret Quran for themselves

CaliphatesCaliphates632 - 1258632 - 1258

22ndnd Caliph – Umar Caliph – Umar Conquered Syria and EgyptConquered Syria and Egypt Defeated last Sasanid shahDefeated last Sasanid shah

711 – Berbers conquered Spain711 – Berbers conquered Spain 711 – Southern Indus Valley & 711 – Southern Indus Valley &

western India conqueredwestern India conquered

How was Muslim Conquest How was Muslim Conquest Achieved?Achieved?

Social structure of Arab societySocial structure of Arab society Arabs prohibited from owning Arabs prohibited from owning

conquered lands, kept men in the conquered lands, kept men in the armyarmy

Military controlled non Islamic Military controlled non Islamic populations, collected taxespopulations, collected taxes

Little effort made to convert Little effort made to convert conquered peopleconquered people

Umayyad CaliphateUmayyad Caliphate661 - 750661 - 750

Ruled over Arabs, not a religious Ruled over Arabs, not a religious empireempire

Muslim Arabs in armyMuslim Arabs in army Used locals as secretaries and tax Used locals as secretaries and tax

collectorscollectors Later replaced local men with MuslimsLater replaced local men with Muslims Introduced Arab as government Introduced Arab as government

languagelanguage

Fall of UmayyadFall of Umayyad

Dissatisfaction of locals with rule and Dissatisfaction of locals with rule and exclusionary policiesexclusionary policies

Capital – Damascus – resentment of Capital – Damascus – resentment of other Arab people – felt left outother Arab people – felt left out

Caliphs seen as irreligious and too Caliphs seen as irreligious and too secularsecular

Rebellions start to occurRebellions start to occur

Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate750 - 1258750 - 1258

Overthrew last Umayyad caliphOverthrew last Umayyad caliph Seen as family of Ali – gained Shi’ite Seen as family of Ali – gained Shi’ite

supportsupport Theology and religious law Theology and religious law

foundations of governmentfoundations of government Adopted customs of Sasanid shahsAdopted customs of Sasanid shahs Capital established in BaghdadCapital established in Baghdad

Golden AgeGolden Age

Early years of Abbasid CaliphateEarly years of Abbasid Caliphate Translations Greek worksTranslations Greek works Cultural diffusion – Greek, Iranian, Cultural diffusion – Greek, Iranian,

Central Asian, and African cultures Central Asian, and African cultures blendedblended

Papermaking from ChinaPapermaking from China The Arabian NightsThe Arabian Nights – written at this time – written at this time Conversion of conquered people Conversion of conquered people

solidified rulesolidified rule

Decline of AbbasidDecline of Abbasid

Conversion weakened power base of Conversion weakened power base of Arab CaliphsArab Caliphs

Frontier revolts too far away to be Frontier revolts too far away to be stoppedstopped

As more converted, less need for As more converted, less need for centralized government centralized government

Money stopped flowing into BaghdadMoney stopped flowing into Baghdad

Abbasid ReactionAbbasid Reaction

Purchased mamluks – Turkic slaves Purchased mamluks – Turkic slaves from central Asians – created from central Asians – created standing armystanding army

Expensive to keep – Turks overthrew Expensive to keep – Turks overthrew caliphscaliphs

Various groups control parts of Various groups control parts of Islamic empire for next centuryIslamic empire for next century

Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks1050 - 12581050 - 1258

Gained controlGained control Nomadic ruleNomadic rule Let infrastructure of cities crumbleLet infrastructure of cities crumble Old system of paying soldiers and Old system of paying soldiers and

managing territories over taxed land managing territories over taxed land and peopleand people

CrusadesCrusades10991099

Jerusalem captured by ChristiansJerusalem captured by Christians Muslims forced to stop fighting among Muslims forced to stop fighting among

themselves and deal with Europeansthemselves and deal with Europeans Saladin – unified Egypt and SyriaSaladin – unified Egypt and Syria

Reclaimed Jerusalem -1187Reclaimed Jerusalem -1187 Worked out treaty with Richard the Worked out treaty with Richard the

LionheartedLionhearted Trade between Europe and Middle East Trade between Europe and Middle East

occurredoccurred

Mongol InvasionsMongol Invasions

1260 – mamluks defeated Mongols1260 – mamluks defeated Mongols Mongols were successful elsewhere – Mongols were successful elsewhere –

shifted Silk Road trade northshifted Silk Road trade north Cities destroyed by Mongols never Cities destroyed by Mongols never

recoveredrecovered Society changed after Mongols Society changed after Mongols

arrivedarrived

Islamic LawIslamic Law

Pre-Muhammad – no legal systemPre-Muhammad – no legal system Custom and Muhammad’s authority – Custom and Muhammad’s authority –

primary guidesprimary guides Slowly developed laws to govern social Slowly developed laws to govern social

and religious lifeand religious life Hadith – Hadith – words or deeds of Muhammad words or deeds of Muhammad

used to guide lifeused to guide life Personal behaviorPersonal behavior Quran – best sources of guidanceQuran – best sources of guidance

Shari’aShari’a

Books of the Books of the hadith hadith Sunnis use 6 booksSunnis use 6 books Shi’ites use 4Shi’ites use 4

Became basis of urban lifestyles – Became basis of urban lifestyles – little variation from Morocco to Indialittle variation from Morocco to India

Role of WomenRole of Women

Adopted veiling in public from Sasanid and Adopted veiling in public from Sasanid and ByzantineByzantine

Law gave women more status than Law gave women more status than Christian or Jewish lawChristian or Jewish law Inherit propertyInherit property Could remarryCould remarry Could divorce Could divorce Practice birth controlPractice birth control Go on pilgrimageGo on pilgrimage

SlavesSlaves

Allowed non-Muslims to be enslavedAllowed non-Muslims to be enslaved People of the Book – could not be People of the Book – could not be

enslaved unless they were prisoners enslaved unless they were prisoners of warof war

Hereditary slavery did not developHereditary slavery did not develop Offspring of Muslim men and slave Offspring of Muslim men and slave

women born freewomen born free

Change over TimeChange over Time

Conversion was not organized Conversion was not organized Different areas interpreted Islam Different areas interpreted Islam

differentlydifferently Iranians start to migrate to India and Iranians start to migrate to India and

AnatoliaAnatolia Set up Set up madrasamadrasa – religious colleges – religious colleges growth of Sufi sect – seek union with growth of Sufi sect – seek union with

God through ritualsGod through rituals