isij II - Dreamtech Press

d{kk VI–VIII

osaQnzh; vè;kid ik=krk ijh{kk (CTET)

lh Vh bZ VhdkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM

EXAM G ALPOST™

Paper I

Edited by Editorial Team, Exam Goalpost

lkekftd vè;;u@ lkekftd foKkuisij II

fnlEcj 2018 dk iz'u i=k gy lfgr

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)ii

CTET Exam Goalpost Comprehensive Guide Paper-II Social Studies/Social Science

Published by Dreamtech Press, 19-A, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002

Copyright © 2019 by Dreamtech Press

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lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) iii

fo"k;&lwphiqLrd dh vf}rh; fo'ks"krk,¡ .................................................................................................................................. xxvi

ohfM;ks yslu ,Dlsl djus dk rjhdk ................................................................................................................... xxvii

ijh{kk dh j.kuhfr .................................................................................................................................................. xxviii

lh Vh bZ Vh dh lajpuk rFkk fo"k;&oLrq .................................................................................................................. xxviii

ikB~;Øe ...................................................................................................................................................................... xxx

lkWYoM isij ..................................................................................................................................1–20

lkWYoM isij fnlEcj 2018 (O;k[;kRed mÙkj lfgr) .............................................................................. 3–20

Hkkx&I: cky fodkl rFkk vè;kiu dyk .......................................................................21–130

vè;k; 1: o`f¼ ,oa fodkl dh vo/kj.kk rFkk vf/xe ls mldk laca/ .................................23–27fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk ................................................................................................................................23

fodkl ds fl¼kar ................................................................................................................................... 23

o`f¼ ,oa fodkl esa varj .........................................................................................................................23

fodkl ds vk;ke ....................................................................................................................................24

vf/xe dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk ..................................................................................................................24

fodkl vkSj vf/xe dk laca/..................................................................................................................25

vè;k; 2: cky fodkl ds fl¼kar ....................................................................................28–32cky fodkl ds fl¼kar ............................................................................................................................28

cky fodkl dh çÑfr ............................................................................................................................ 28

cky fodkl ds {ks=k ................................................................................................................................ 29

cky fodkl dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ...............................................................................................29

cky fodkl ds fl¼karksa dk 'kSf{kd {ks=k esa egÙo ......................................................................................29

cky fodkl dh vè;;u fof/;k¡ ............................................................................................................. 29

vè;k; 3: vkuqoaf'kdrk rFkk okrkoj.k dk çHkko ................................................................33–38vkuqoaf'kdrk dh ifjHkk"kk rFkk Lo:Ik .......................................................................................................33

vkuqoaf'kdrk dk çHkko ............................................................................................................................33

oa'kkuqxr y{k.k ....................................................................................................................................... 33

okrkoj.k dh ifjHkk"kk .............................................................................................................................34

okrkoj.k dk çHkko .................................................................................................................................34

vkuqoaf'kdrk rFkk okrkoj.k dk laca/ .......................................................................................................34

vkuqoaf'kdrk rFkk okrkoj.k dk cqf¼ ij çHkko ........................................................................................ 34

f'k{kkFkhZ dk fodkl ,oa okrkoj.kh; dkjd .............................................................................................. 34

f'k{kkFkhZ dk fodkl ,oa ikyu&iks"k.k dk çk:i ....................................................................................... 34

f'k{kkFkhZ ;k f'k'kq vkSj vfHkHkkod dk ijLij laca/ ................................................................................... 34

,dy vFkok la;qDr ifjokj ds okrkoj.k dk f'k'kq ij çHkko .................................................................... 35

f'k'kq dk ifjokj ,oa mldk fyax fu/kZj.k ................................................................................................. 35

lgksnj laca/ dk okrkoj.k ij çHkko ....................................................................................................... 35

vkl&iM+ksl ds okrkoj.k dk f'k{kkFkhZ ij çHkko ........................................................................................ 35

leo;Ld f'k'kqvksa dk çHkko .................................................................................................................... 35

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)iv

fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k ij çHkko ............................................................................................................. 35

tulapkj ds lk/u dk okrkoj.k ij çHkko .............................................................................................. 35

vkuqoaf'kdrk rFkk okrkoj.k ds cky fodkl ij iM+ jgs çHkkoksa dk 'kSf{kd egÙo ...................................... 35

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, okrkoj.k dk egÙo .................................................................................................... 36

vè;k; 4: lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k ....................................................................................39–43Lkekthdj.k dh vo/kj.kk .......................................................................................................................39

Lkekthdj.k dh vo/kj.kk laca/h ifjHkk"kk,¡ .............................................................................................. 39

f'k{kkFkhZ dh vyx&vyx voLFkkvksa esa lekthdj.k dh çfØ;k .................................................................. 40

Lkekthdj.k ds rÙo ................................................................................................................................40

Lkekthdj.k dh çfØ;k esa f'k{kd] ifjokj vkSj lekt dh Hkwfedk ..............................................................41

Lkekt fuekZ.k esa ySafxd eqís ......................................................................................................................41

lekthdj.k ,oa O;fDrRo fuekZ.k.............................................................................................................. 42

vè;k; 5: fi;kts] dksg~ycxZ rFkk okbxksRLdh ds fl¼kar .......................................................44–49fi;kts dk fodkl voLFkk dk fl¼kar ......................................................................................................44

dksg~ycxZ dk uSfrd fodkl dh voLFkk dk fl¼kar ...................................................................................45

okbxksRLdh dk lkekftd fodkl dk fl¼kar ..............................................................................................45

okbxksRLdh dk laHkkfor fodkl dk {ks=k ................................................................................................... 46

vè;k; 6: cky&dsfUær f'k{kk rFkk çxfr'khy f'k{kk dh vo/kj.kk .........................................50–56Ckky&dsfUær f'k{kk ...................................................................................................................................50

cky dsfUær f'k{k.k ds fl¼kar ................................................................................................................. 50

Ckky&dsfUær f'k{kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ..............................................................................................................50

f'k{k.k fof/ ........................................................................................................................................... 50

ikB~;Øe dk Lo:i ................................................................................................................................ 51

f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk .................................................................................................................................. 51

ewY;kadu ,oa ijh{k.k fof/ ...................................................................................................................... 51

O;oLFkkiu vkSj vuq'kklu ........................................................................................................................ 51

çxfr'khy f'k{kk rFkk bldk egÙo ............................................................................................................51

loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku vkSj eè;kÉ Hkkstu Ldhe ...............................................................................................52

f'k{kk dk vf/dkj vf/fu;e .................................................................................................................. 52

loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku (SSA) ........................................................................................................................ 52

vè;k; 7: cqf¼ fuekZ.k rFkk cgqvk;keh cqf¼ ..................................................................... 57–62Ckqf¼ dk vFkZ rFkk ifjHkk"kk,¡....................................................................................................................57

cqf¼ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ .................................................................................................................................. 57

cqf¼ dh ifjHkk"kk .................................................................................................................................... 57

cqf¼ ds çdkj ........................................................................................................................................ 57

cqf¼ ds fl¼kar ......................................................................................................................................57

cgqdkjd fl¼kar ..................................................................................................................................... 58

çfrn'kZ ;k uewuk fl¼kar .......................................................................................................................... 58

lewg dkjd fl¼kar ................................................................................................................................ 58

cgqvk;keh cqf¼ ...................................................................................................................................... 58

cqf¼&yfC/ ,oa cqf¼&ijh{k.k ...................................................................................................................59

ckSf¼d of¼ ,oa fodkl ........................................................................................................................ 60

'kSf{kd {ks=k esa cqf¼&ijh{k.kksa dk egÙo .....................................................................................................60

f'k{kk esa cqf¼ ijh{k.k ds ykHk ................................................................................................................ 60

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) v

vè;k; 8: Hkk"kk rFkk fparu .............................................................................................63–67Hkk"kk ......................................................................................................................................................63

cPpksa esa Hkk"kk dk fodkl ........................................................................................................................63

Hkk"kk dh çÑfr ....................................................................................................................................... 63

Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ .................................................................................................................................. 63

Hkk"kk fodkl ds fl¼kar ...........................................................................................................................63

Loj dh ifjiDork dk fl¼kar................................................................................................................. 63

vuqca/u fl¼kar ...................................................................................................................................... 63

pkWeLdh dk Hkk"kk fl¼kar ........................................................................................................................ 64

Hkk"kk fodkl dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ..............................................................................................64

vo/kj.kk ............................................................................................................................................... 64

rdZ ........................................................................................................................................................ 64

Hkk"kk&nks"k ...............................................................................................................................................64

fparu dh çÑfr ......................................................................................................................................64

fparu çfØ;k .......................................................................................................................................... 65

fparu ds çdkj ....................................................................................................................................... 65

vè;k; 9: vf/xe dk ewY;kadu .......................................................................................68–72ewY;kadu .................................................................................................................................................68

ewY;kadu ds mís'; ................................................................................................................................... 68

ewY;kadu dk egÙo ................................................................................................................................. 68

ewY;kadu çfØ;k ;k ewY;kadu ds in ........................................................................................................ 68

ewY;kadu dh çdfr ................................................................................................................................. 68

fo|ky; vk/kfjr ewY;kadu ......................................................................................................................68

fo|ky; vk/kfjr ewY;kadu dh fo'ks"krk,¡..................................................................................................69

fo|ky; vk/kfjr ewY;kadu dh rduhd ................................................................................................... 69

lrr ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu ........................................................................................................................69

ewY;kadu ds çdkj ...................................................................................................................................69

jpukRed ewY;kadu .................................................................................................................................. 69

ladyukRed ;k ;ksxkRed ewY;kadu .......................................................................................................... 69

uSnkfud ewY;kadu .................................................................................................................................... 70

ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ ...............................................................................................................................70

ckÞ; ewY;kadu ........................................................................................................................................ 70

vkUrfjd ewY;kadu ................................................................................................................................... 70

ekud vk/kfjr ewY;kadu ......................................................................................................................... 70

ekunaM vk/kfjr ewY;kadu ........................................................................................................................ 70

çnÙk dk;Z ;k xg dk;Z }kjk ewY;kadu ...................................................................................................... 71

vè;k; 10: miyfC/ dk ewY;kadu rFkk fofHkUu çdkj ds ç'uksa dk fuekZ.k ................................73–78miyfC/ dk ewY;kadu ..............................................................................................................................73

jpukRed ewY;kadu ..................................................................................................................................73

jpukRed ewY;kadu ds fy, vuq'kalk,¡ ...................................................................................................... 73

jpukRed ewY;kadu dk fl¼kar ................................................................................................................ 73

jpukRedrk ewY;kadu dk;kZUo;u ...............................................................................................................73

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu ,oa ijke'kZ ...........................................................................................................74

'kSf{kd funsZ'ku .........................................................................................................................................74

O;fDrxr funsZ'ku ......................................................................................................................................74

funsZ'ku dh fof/;k¡ ...................................................................................................................................74

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)vi

ijke'kZ dh vo/kj.kk ...............................................................................................................................74

ijke'kZ ds çeq[k rÙo ...............................................................................................................................74

funsZ'kd ijke'kZ ........................................................................................................................................74

vfunsZ'kd ijke'kZ .....................................................................................................................................74

leUof;r ijke'kZ ..................................................................................................................................... 75

iz'u iwNuk .............................................................................................................................................. 75

iz'u iwNus ds mís'; ................................................................................................................................. 75

vPNs ç'u dh fo'ks"krk,a ..........................................................................................................................75

ç'uksa ds çdkj ........................................................................................................................................75

iwjd ç'u ............................................................................................................................................... 75

fuca/kRed ç'u ....................................................................................................................................... 76

fuca/kRed ç'u iwNus ds mís'; ................................................................................................................ 76

y?kq mÙkjh; ç'u ...................................................................................................................................... 76

y?kq mÙkjh; ç'u ds mís'; ....................................................................................................................... 76

vfr y?kqmÙkjh; ç'u................................................................................................................................ 76

vfr y?kqmÙkjh; ç'u ds mnkgj.k ............................................................................................................. 76

fp=kkRed ç'u ......................................................................................................................................... 76

fuoZpukRed ç'u .................................................................................................................................... 76

fjDr LFkku ds ç'u ................................................................................................................................. 76

vè;k; 11: lekos'kh f'k{kk rFkk fofo/ i`"BHkwfe ds ckydksa dh igpku ...................................79–82Lkekos'kh f'k{kk ........................................................................................................................................79

lekos'kh f'k{kk dh leL;k,¡ ..................................................................................................................... 79

lekos'kh f'k{kk ds ykHk ........................................................................................................................... 79

lekos'kh f'k{kk ds fy, d{kk esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk c<+kus ds dqN rjhds .................................................... 79

lekos'ku ds egÙoiw.kZ fl¼kar ................................................................................................................. 79

lekos'kh f'k{kk dh liQyrk ds dkjd ...................................................................................................... 79

vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds ckydksa dh f'k{kk ......................................................................80

vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsus ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ ....................................... 80

fiNM+s o fu/Zu ckydksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ .....................................................................................80

?kqearw cPpksa dh f'k{kk .............................................................................................................................. 80

'kgjh oafpr cPps ................................................................................................................................... 80

detksj oxksZa ds fy, f'k{kk ;kstuk,¡ ......................................................................................................... 80

fiNM+s ckydksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, dsaæhÑr ;kstuk ...................................................................................... 81

vè;k; 12: fodykax rFkk vf/xe v'kDrrk okys ckydksa dh igpku ......................................83–87fodykax ckyd ......................................................................................................................................83

'kkjhfjd :Ik ls fodykax ckydksa dh igpku ............................................................................................83

'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk ds çdkj .................................................................................................................. 83

Ekkufld :Ik ls fodykax vFkok ean cqf¼ okys ckydksa dh igpku djuk ...................................................84

Ekkufld :Ik ls fodykax vFkok ean cqf¼ okys f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{kk ......................................................... 84

fodykax ckydksa dh leL;k,¡...................................................................................................................84

fodykax f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ..................................................................................................... 84

vf/xe v'kDrrk ....................................................................................................................................85

çeq[k vf/xe v'kDrrk ...........................................................................................................................85

viQsT;k ................................................................................................................................................... 85

fMLysfDl;k ............................................................................................................................................. 85

fMLdSYdqfy;k.......................................................................................................................................... 85

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) vii

gkbijysfDl;k ......................................................................................................................................... 85

fMLxzkfiQ;k .............................................................................................................................................. 85

vysfDl;k ............................................................................................................................................... 85

fMLeksjfiQ;k ............................................................................................................................................ 85

vè;k; 13: çfrHkk'kkyh] l`tukRed rFkk fof'k"V ckydksa dh igpku .......................................88–92çfrHkk'kkyh ckyd ..................................................................................................................................88

çfrHkk'kkyh ckydksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ............................................................................................................ 88

çfrHkk'kkyh ckydksa dh igpku ................................................................................................................88

ckSf¼d ,oa 'kSf{kd çn'kZu ds vk/kj ij .................................................................................................. 88

oSKkfud nf"Vdks.k rFkk lkekftd nf"Vdks.k ............................................................................................. 88

çfrHkk'kkyh ckydksa dh f'k{kk ..................................................................................................................88

fo'ks"k d{kk,¡ rFkk fo|ky;...................................................................................................................... 89

xfro/Zu ................................................................................................................................................. 89

laof/Zr ikB~;Øe..................................................................................................................................... 89

l`tukRed ckyd ....................................................................................................................................89

ckydksa ds fy, ltukRedrk dk egÙo .................................................................................................... 89

ltukRedrk ds ijh{k.k ........................................................................................................................... 89

ltukRed ckydksa ds fy;s 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe .............................................................................................. 89

ean cqf¼ ckyd ......................................................................................................................................90

ean cqf¼ Nk=kksa dk f'k{k.k ........................................................................................................................ 90

fiNM+s ckyd ..........................................................................................................................................90

fiNM+s ckydksa dh igpku ........................................................................................................................ 90

ckydksa esa fiNM+us ;k 'kSf{kd eanrk ds dkj.k ........................................................................................... 90

fiNM+s ckydksa dh 'kSf{kd leL;k ds fuokj.k ds mik; .............................................................................. 91

leL;kRed ckyd ................................................................................................................................... 91

leL;kRed ckydksa ds çdkj ................................................................................................................... 91

vè;k; 14: cPpksa esa lkspuk rFkk lh[kuk .............................................................................93–96cPps dSls lksprs gSa\ ................................................................................................................................93

lkspus vFkok fparu dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ............................................................................................................ 93

lkspus dk fu;e ......................................................................................................................................93

lkspus ds Hksn .......................................................................................................................................... 93

cPps fdl çdkj lh[krs gSa\ .....................................................................................................................94

cPpksa esa lh[kus ds fu;e ......................................................................................................................... 94

cPpksa esa lh[kus ds çdkj ......................................................................................................................... 94

cPpksa esa vf/xe çfØ;k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ..................................................................................................... 95

cPpksa esa lh[kus dh çfØ;k ls lacaf/r leL;k,¡ ......................................................................................... 95

vè;k; 15: f'k{k.k rFkk vf/xe dh vk/kjHkwr çfØ;k,a.......................................................97–101f'k{k.k rFkk vf/xe dh çfØ;k ................................................................................................................97

f'k{k.k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ............................................................................................................................... 97

f'k{k.k dh voLFkk,¡ ................................................................................................................................ 97

f'k{k.k vf/xe ds fl¼kar .......................................................................................................................98

Lo;a djds lh[kus dk fl¼kar .................................................................................................................. 98

ljy ls tfVy dh vksj lh[kus dk fl¼kar ............................................................................................... 98

Kkr ls vKkr dh vksj lh[kus dk fl¼kar ................................................................................................. 98

ewrZ ls vewrZ dh vksj c<+us dk fl¼kar ..................................................................................................... 98

iw.kZ ls va'k dh vksj lh[kus dk fl¼kar .................................................................................................... 99

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)viii

f'k{k.k rFkk vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ....................................................................................99

'kjhj&fØ;kRed dkjd ............................................................................................................................ 99

euksoSKkfud dkjd .................................................................................................................................. 99

lkekftd&laosxkRed dkjd ..................................................................................................................... 99

'kSf{kd dkjd ......................................................................................................................................... 99

ifjos'k laca/h dkjd ............................................................................................................................... 99

çfriqf"V ................................................................................................................................................100

f'k{k.k fof/ .........................................................................................................................................100

vè;k; 16: cPpk% ,d leL;k lek/kudrkZ rFkk ,d oSKkfud vUos"kd ds :Ik esa ................ 102–105leL;k&lek/ku dk vFkZ ....................................................................................................................... 102

leL;k lek/ku dk O;ogkjoknh fl¼kar .................................................................................................102

cPpk% ,d lEkL;k lek/kudÙkkZ ds :Ik esa ............................................................................................. 102

f'k{kkFkhZ }kjk leL;k lek/ku djus dh oSKkfud fof/ ............................................................................102

leL;k lek/ku ds pj.k .......................................................................................................................102

cPpk% ,d oSKkfud vUos"kd ds :Ik esa ................................................................................................. 103

vUos"k.kkRed gksus ds ykHk .....................................................................................................................103

f'k{kdksa ds vUos"k.kkRed f'k{kkFkhZ ;k cPps dk rkRi;Z ..............................................................................103

vè;k; 17: ckydksa esa vf/xe dh oSdfYid vo/kj.kk,¡ .................................................. 106–110vf/xe dh ifjHkk"kk,a ........................................................................................................................... 106

vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ...................................................................................................106

vfxe ds fl¼kar dks fuEu fl¼karksa ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ..............................................................106

vf/xe fl¼kar ds egRoiw.kZ rF; ..........................................................................................................106

FkkuZMkbd ds vf/xe fu;e................................................................................................................... 106

FkkuZMkbd ds vf/xe fu;e ds f}rh;d fu;e .......................................................................................106

iSoykWo ,oa okVlu dk 'kkL=kh; vuqca/ dk fl¼kar .................................................................................107

bl fl¼kUr ds vU; uke ....................................................................................................................... 107

'kkL=kh; vuqca/ fl¼kUr dk 'kSf{kd egÙo .............................................................................................. 107

ikWoyko dk ç;ksx ................................................................................................................................. 107

okWVlu dk ç;ksx .................................................................................................................................. 107

'kkL=kh; vuqca/ ç;ksx ds ckjs esa ............................................................................................................. 107

fLduj dk lfØ; vuqcU/u fl¼kar .........................................................................................................108

fLduj dk ç;ksx ...................................................................................................................................108

fLduj ds lfØ; vuqca/ dk 'kSf{kd egÙo ............................................................................................108

dksg~yj dk varnZ`f"V fl¼kar ...................................................................................................................108

dksg~yj dk ç;ksx ..................................................................................................................................108

varnZf"V fl¼kar dk 'kSf{kd egÙo..........................................................................................................108

ysfou dk vf/xe laca/h fl¼kar ............................................................................................................108

dkyZ jkstlZ dk vuqHkotU; vf/xe fl¼kar .............................................................................................109

vè;k; 18: laKku rFkk laosx ........................................................................................ 111–115laKku dk vFkZ...................................................................................................................................... 111

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa laKkukRed fodkl .............................................................................................................111

'kS'kokoLFkk esa laosxkRed fodkl ............................................................................................................111

ckY;koLFkk esa laosxkRed fodkl ............................................................................................................111

eè; ckY;dky esa laKkukRed fodkl ..................................................................................................... 111

fi;kts dk laKkukRed fodkl fl¼kaar .................................................................................................... 111

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) ix

laosx dk vFkZ ...................................................................................................................................... 112

laosx dh ifjHkk"kk .................................................................................................................................112

loaxksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ............................................................................................................................. 112

laosx ds çdkj ......................................................................................................................................112

laosx dk 'kSf{kd egÙo .........................................................................................................................113

vè;k; 19: vfHkçsj.kk rFkk vf/xe ............................................................................... 116–121vfHkçsj.kk dk vFkZ rFkk ifjHkk"kk ........................................................................................................... 116

fofHkUu euksoSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj vfHkçsj.kk dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ ........................................................................116

vfHkçsj.kk ds çdkj ...............................................................................................................................116

vfHkçsj.kk ds lzksr .................................................................................................................................116

lh[kus esa vfHkçsj.kk dh Hkwfedk .............................................................................................................117

vfHkçsj.kk dh eq[; fof/;k¡ ...................................................................................................................117

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks çsfjr djus okys dkjd ................................................................................................... 118

vkRe laçR;; ........................................................................................................................................118

vko';drk ...........................................................................................................................................118

vko';drk inkuqØe fl¼kar .................................................................................................................118

vfHkofÙk;k¡ ............................................................................................................................................119

vfHkofÙk fuekZ.k dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ......................................................................................119

vfHk#fp...............................................................................................................................................119

vè;k; 20: vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ........................................................... 122–126vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ................................................................................................... 122

vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okys O;fDrxr dkjd ..................................................................................... 122

ifjokj ..................................................................................................................................................122

f'k{kkFkhZ ds vf/xe esa ifjokj dh Hkwfedk ..............................................................................................122

vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okys okrkoj.kh; dkjd ................................................................................. 123

leqnk; .................................................................................................................................................123

f'k{kkFkhZ ds vf/xe esa leqnk; dh Hkwfedk ..............................................................................................123

vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okyh f'k{k.k&lgk;d lkexzh........................................................................... 123

çkS|ksfxdh .............................................................................................................................................123

f'k{kdksa dk vkbZlhVh Kku vkSj dkS'ky ...................................................................................................123

vkbZlhVh (lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh) dk f'k{k.k esa ç;ksx...................................................................................123

ijaijkxr n'; lgk;d lkexzh ................................................................................................................124

oMZ okWy ;k cqysfVu cksMZ ......................................................................................................................124

ifjos'kh fçaV..........................................................................................................................................124

vf/xe dks çHkkfor djus okys JO; lgk;d lkexzh ............................................................................... 124

vè;k; 21: jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk ....................................................................... 127–130cPpksa dks dSls rFkk fdl çdkj i<+k;k tk,............................................................................................ 127

lh[kuk rFkk Kku .................................................................................................................................. 127

ikB~;p;kZ ds {ks=k ................................................................................................................................. 127

f'k{kdksa dh f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ <k¡pk .........................................................................................128

fo|ky; rFkk d{kk dk okrkoj.k .......................................................................................................... 128

çkFkfed d{kk .......................................................................................................................................128

ekè;fed d{kk ......................................................................................................................................128

mPp ekè;fed Lrj ij ..........................................................................................................................128

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)x

Hkkx&II: fganh Hkk"kk ...............................................................................................................131–178

vè;k; 1: vifBr x|ka'k ,oa i|ka'k ............................................................................ 133–141vifBr x|ka'k ...................................................................................................................................... 133

lhVhbZVh ijh{kk esa fganh ..........................................................................................................................133

vifBr i|ka'k .......................................................................................................................................133

lhVhbZVh ijh{kk esa Hkk"kk–1 ds :i esa fganh .............................................................................................133

vè;k; 2: vf/xe vkSj vtZu ..................................................................................... 142–144vf/xe ............................................................................................................................................... 142

vf/xe dk vFkZ ....................................................................................................................................142

vf/xe ds çdkj ................................................................................................................................. 142

fofHkUu euksoSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj Hkk"kk&vfèkxe ........................................................................................ 142

Hkk"kk vtZu dh fofèk;k¡ ..........................................................................................................................142

Hkk"kk&vfèkxe rFkk vtZu dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd .......................................................................... 142

'kCn&Hk.Mkj dk fodkl ........................................................................................................................ 143

vè;k; 3: Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds fl¼kar .............................................................................. 145–148Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds fl¼kar ........................................................................................................................ 145

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dk egÙo ......................................................................................................................... 145

f'k{k.k ds lkekU; fl¼kar ..................................................................................................................... 145

Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds mís'; .......................................................................................................................... 146

vè;k; 4: Hkk"kk ds dk;Z ,oa blds fodkl esa cksyus ,oa lquus dh Hkwfedk ......................... 149–153f'k{k.k ................................................................................................................................................ 149

f'k{k.k ds çdkj ....................................................................................................................................149

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ........................................................................................................................................ 149

ekrHkk"kk ds :i esa fganh f'k{k.k dk mís'; .............................................................................................149

çkFkfed Lrj ij Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k ds mís'; .................................................................................................149

çkFkfed Lrj ij Hkk"kk f'k{k.k................................................................................................................150

Hkk"kk fodkl dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd ........................................................................................... 150

Hkk"kk fodkl esa lquus dh Hkwfedk ........................................................................................................... 150

Hkk"kk fodkl esa cksyus dh Hkwfedk ......................................................................................................... 150

vè;k; 5: Hkk"kk vf/xe esa O;kdj.k dh Hkwfedk ............................................................ 154–156Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k ............................................................................................................................... 154

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa O;kdj.k dk egÙo........................................................................................................ 154

O;kdj.k f'k{k.k ds mís'; ..................................................................................................................... 154

KkukRed mís'; .....................................................................................................................................154

dkS'kykRed mís'; .................................................................................................................................154

HkkokRed mís'; .....................................................................................................................................154

O;kdj.k f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k¡ .................................................................................................................. 154

O;kdj.k dh dqN egÙoiw.kZ f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ ............................................................................................ 154

O;kdj.k f'k{k.k dks jkspd vkSj Nk=kkuqdwy cukus ds mik; ...................................................................... 155

vè;k; 6: Hkk"kk;h fofo/rk okys d{kk&d{k dh leL;k,¡ ................................................ 157–160Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡ ......................................................................................................................157

fganh f'k{k.k rFkk cgqHkkf"kdrk ............................................................................................................... 158

fganh f'k{k.k esa cgqHkkf"kdrk dh t:jr ..................................................................................................158

cgqHkk"kh d{kk ds xq.k ............................................................................................................................158

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xi

vè;k; 7: Hkk"kk dkS'ky ............................................................................................. 161–165Hkk"kk dkS'ky ........................................................................................................................................ 161

Hkk"kk;h dkS'kyksa ds f'k{k.k dk egÙo .....................................................................................................161

Hkk"kk dkS'ky rFkk mudk f'k{k.k .............................................................................................................161

Jo.k&dkS'ky ds mís'; ......................................................................................................................... 161

Jo.k&dkS'ky dh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ .......................................................................................................... 161

ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky f'k{k.k .........................................................................................................161

iBu dkS'ky (lLoj okpu] ekSu okpu) ................................................................................................ 162

iBu dkS'ky ds çdkj RkFkk fof/;k¡ ........................................................................................................ 162

lLoj okpu ds xq.k ..............................................................................................................................162

ekSu okpu dk mís'; .............................................................................................................................163

iBu dkS'ky f'k{k.k dh fofèk;k¡ .............................................................................................................163

v{kj&Kku djus dh fuEu fofèk;k¡ ...........................................................................................................163

ys[ku dkS'ky rFkk blds mís'; .............................................................................................................. 163

ys[ku dkS'ky dh f'k{k.k fofèk;k¡ ........................................................................................................... 163

ys[ku dkS'ky f'k{k.k dk mís'; ..............................................................................................................164

vè;k; 8: Hkk"kk cks/ esa çoh.krk dk ewY;kadu ............................................................... 166–170Hkk"kk;h dkS'kyksa dk ewY;kadu................................................................................................................. 166

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa ewY;kadu dh vko';drk ................................................................................................166

Hkk"kk f'k{k.k esa ijh{k.k ..........................................................................................................................166

Hkk"kk ds ewY;kadu esa lrr~ vkSj O;kid ewY;kadu dk egÙo ...................................................................... 166

fgUnh ds ewY;kadu gsrq ç;ksx dh tkus okyh fof/;k¡ ................................................................................166

Hkk"kk ds fofHkUu dkS'kyksa dk ewY;kadu ....................................................................................................167

vPNh ijh{kk ds xq.k ............................................................................................................................. 168

ç'u&i=k dk fuekZ.k ,oa Cyw fçUV .......................................................................................................... 168

vè;k; 9: f'k{k.k&lgk;d lkexzh ................................................................................. 171–174f'k{k.k&lgk;d lkexzh ...........................................................................................................................171

f'k{k.k&vfèkxe lgk;d lkexzh rFkk mlds çdkj .....................................................................................171

fganh f'k{k.k esa ikB~;iqLrd .................................................................................................................... 171

fganh dh vPNh ikB~;iqLrd ds xq.k ........................................................................................................172

cky lkfgR; rFkk fganh f'k{k.k ...............................................................................................................172

cky lkfgR; dk egÙo ..........................................................................................................................172

lgk;d lkexzh ç;ksx ds mís'; ...............................................................................................................172

ikB ;kstuk ...........................................................................................................................................172

ikB ;kstuk esa vkus okys lkekU; rFkk fof'k"V mís'; ...............................................................................173

çkFkfed Lrj ij x| f'k{k.k ds fof'k"V mís'; .......................................................................................173

dfork f'k{k.k (i|) ............................................................................................................................173

dfork f'k{k.k ds fof'k"V mís'; ............................................................................................................173

vè;k; 10: mipkjkREkd f'k{k.k .....................................................................................175–178mipkjkREkd f'k{k.k rFkk bldk egÙOk .....................................................................................................175

mipkjkRed f'k{k.k dk egÙo ................................................................................................................ 175

okpu lacafèkr nks"k ,oa mipkj ...............................................................................................................175

okpu nks"kksa dk mipkj .......................................................................................................................... 175

mPpkj.k nks"k ds fofHkUu çdkj ...............................................................................................................176

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xii

Hkkx&III: vaxzsth Hkk"kk ..........................................................................................................179–232

Chapter 1: Reading Comprehension .................................................................... 181–191Reading Comprehension: Prose .................................................................................................... 181

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 181

RC in Competitive Exams ...............................................................................................................181

Reading Comprehension: Poetry/Verse ........................................................................................ 183

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................183

Poetry-based RC in Competitive Exams .......................................................................................183

Chapter 2: Learning and Acquisition .................................................................... 192–195Learning ........................................................................................................................................... 192

Characteristics of Learning ............................................................................................................ 192

Effective Methods of Learning ......................................................................................................192

Factors Affecting Learning ............................................................................................................192

Stages of Learning .......................................................................................................................... 192

Meaning of Acquisition .................................................................................................................. 193

Stages or Developmental Order of First Language Acquisition (FLA) or L1 ............................193

Stages of L2 Acquisition or New Language Learning (NLL) ......................................................193

Chapter 3: Principles of Language Teaching ....................................................... 196–200Meaning of Language ..................................................................................................................... 196

Definitions of Language ................................................................................................................. 196

Characteristics of Language .......................................................................................................... 196

Characteristics of English Language ............................................................................................196

Nature of Language ........................................................................................................................ 196

Functions of Language ...................................................................................................................196

Importance of Language ................................................................................................................196

Importance of English Language ..................................................................................................197

Native Language or Mother Tongue ..............................................................................................197

Importance of First Language and How it Helps in Personality Development .......................197

Impact of Native Language on the Second Language ...............................................................197

Positive Impact of Mother Tongue ................................................................................................197

Negative Impact of Mother Tongue ..............................................................................................198

Principles of Language or Linguistic Principles ........................................................................... 198

Differences between Aims and Objectives of Teaching ............................................................... 199

Objectives at Junior Level (Classes VI- VIII) .................................................................................199

Chapter 4: Role of Listening and Speaking ......................................................... 201–203Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 201

Functions of Language ................................................................................................................... 201

Listening .......................................................................................................................................... 201

How Children Use Listening Skills ................................................................................................202

Speaking .......................................................................................................................................... 202

How Children Use Speaking as a Tool ..........................................................................................202

Chapter 5: Critical Perspective on the Role of Grammar in Learning a Language .......204–210Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 204

Types of Grammar ........................................................................................................................... 204

Merits of Grammar .......................................................................................................................... 204

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xiii

Demerits of Grammar ..................................................................................................................... 204

Methods of Teaching Grammar ..................................................................................................... 204

Aims of Teaching Grammar ............................................................................................................ 205

Chapter 6: Challenges of Teaching Language in a Diverse Classroom ............. 211–214Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 211

English Language in India .............................................................................................................. 211

Implications for Teachers ...............................................................................................................211

Challenges in Teaching English Language ................................................................................... 211

Suggestions for Making Teaching Effective ................................................................................. 212

Chapter 7: Language Skills ................................................................................... 215–218Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 215

Listening Skills (L) ........................................................................................................................... 215

Essential Conditions for Listening Skills ......................................................................................215

Aims of Listening Skills ..................................................................................................................215

Speaking Skills (S) .......................................................................................................................... 215

Aims of Speaking Skills ..................................................................................................................215

Suggestions to Improve Speaking Skills ......................................................................................215

Reading Skills (R) ............................................................................................................................ 215

Characteristics of Reading ............................................................................................................216

Aims of Reading Skills ....................................................................................................................216

Types of Reading .............................................................................................................................216

Writing Skills (W) ............................................................................................................................ 216

Aims of Writing Skills ......................................................................................................................216

Handwriting ..................................................................................................................................... 216

Chapter 8: Evaluating Language Comprehension and Proficiency ................... 219–222Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 219

Bloom’s Taxanomy in evaluation ................................................................................................... 219

Concept of Evaluation .................................................................................................................... 219

Evaluation of a Teacher during Teaching .....................................................................................220

Evaluation of a Pupil during the Learning Process .....................................................................220

Tools for Evaluation ......................................................................................................................... 220

Comprehensive Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 220

Evaluation of Language Skills (LSRW) .........................................................................................221

Evaluation of Reading Skill (R) ...................................................................................................... 221

Chapter 9: Teaching Learning Materials ............................................................. 223–227Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 223

Meaning of Audio-Visual Aids ........................................................................................................ 223

Characteristics of Audio-Visual Aids ............................................................................................. 223

Objectives of Using Audio-Visual Aids ........................................................................................... 223

Types of Audio-Visual Aids .............................................................................................................. 223

Some Abbreviations Related to Audio-Visual Aids ......................................................................224

Microteaching and Lesson Planning ............................................................................................. 224

Microteaching ..................................................................................................................................224

Definitions ........................................................................................................................................224

Characteristics of Microteaching .................................................................................................224

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xiv

Phases of Microteaching ...............................................................................................................224

Steps of Microteaching ..................................................................................................................225

Classification of Time in Microteaching ......................................................................................225

Advantages of Microteaching .......................................................................................................225

Disadvantages of Microteaching ..................................................................................................225

Skills for Microteaching .................................................................................................................225

Lesson Planning ..............................................................................................................................225

Definition of Lesson Planning ........................................................................................................225

Importance of Lesson Planning ....................................................................................................225

Advantages of Lesson Planning ....................................................................................................226

Various Approaches of Lesson Planning ......................................................................................226

Chapter 10: Remedial Teaching.............................................................................. 228–232Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 228

Meaning and Aim of Remedial Teaching ...................................................................................... 228

Principles of Remedial Teaching ................................................................................................... 228

Suggestions for Remedial Teaching .............................................................................................228

Classification of Remedial Teaching ............................................................................................. 228

Exceptional Children....................................................................................................................... 229

Classification of Exceptional Children .........................................................................................229

Backward Children ......................................................................................................................... 229

Characteristics of Backward Children .........................................................................................229

Special Education in the context of Exceptional Children .......................................................... 229

Hkkx IV: lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku ............................................ 233–361

vè;k; 1: bfrgkl .................................................................................................................................235–286dc] dgk¡ vkSj dSls ........................................................................................................................... 235

vrhr ds ckjs esa dSls tkus .................................................................................................................... 235

iqjkrkfRod lzksr .....................................................................................................................................235

lkfgfR;d lzksr ......................................................................................................................................235

fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa dk fooj.k .....................................................................................................................235

bfrgkl esa frfFk;ksa dks fy[kus dh i¼fr .................................................................................................235

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr .................................................................................................................... 236

/eZxzaFk ................................................................................................................................................. 236

oSfnd /eZxzaFk ....................................................................................................................................... 236

ckS¼ /eZxzaFk ......................................................................................................................................... 236

tSu /eZxzaFk ...........................................................................................................................................237

,sfrgkfld ,oa lelkef;d xzaFk ..............................................................................................................237

iqjkrRo laca/h lk{; ..............................................................................................................................237

çkjafHkd lekt ....................................................................................................................................237

vkjafHkd ekuo ......................................................................................................................................237

vkajfHkd ekuo ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dSls feyrh gS\ ..................................................................................237

ik"kk.k vkStkjksa dk fuekZ.k ..................................................................................................................... 238

vkx dh [kkst ...................................................................................................................................... 238

cnyrh tyok;q .................................................................................................................................... 238

'kSy fp=kdyk ...................................................................................................................................... 238

uke vkSj frfFk;k¡ .................................................................................................................................. 238

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xv

çFke Ñ"kd vkSj pkjokgs ................................................................................................................... 238

[ksrh vkSj Ik'kqikyu dh 'kq#vkr ............................................................................................................. 238

clus dh çfØ;k................................................................................................................................... 238

,d uohu thou 'kSyh .......................................................................................................................... 239

tkuoj pyrs & fiQjrs ^[kk| HkaMkj* ....................................................................................................... 239

LFkk;h thou dh vksj............................................................................................................................ 239

esgjx<+ ................................................................................................................................................ 239

nkvkstyh gsafMx .................................................................................................................................... 239

çFke 'kgj .......................................................................................................................................... 240

gM+Iik ................................................................................................................................................. 240

gM+Iik lH;rk ds dqN egRoiw.kZ LFky .....................................................................................................240

gM+Iik lH;rk ds uxjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ..................................................................................................... 240

uxj ;kstuk ...........................................................................................................................................240

Hkou fuekZ.k .........................................................................................................................................240

uxjh; thou ....................................................................................................................................... 240

uxj vkSj u;s f'kYi .............................................................................................................................. 241

iQs;WUl ................................................................................................................................................. 241

O;kikj ................................................................................................................................................. 241

Ñf"k .................................................................................................................................................... 241

/kfeZd thou ....................................................................................................................................... 241

xqtjkr esa gM+Iikdkyhu uxj .................................................................................................................. 241

fla/q lH;rk dk iru ............................................................................................................................ 241

dqN egRoiw.kZ frfFk;k¡ ........................................................................................................................... 241

çkjafHkd jkT; ..................................................................................................................................... 241

dqN yksxksa ds 'kkld cuus ds çfØ;k ..................................................................................................... 241

tuin ................................................................................................................................................. 242

egktuin ............................................................................................................................................ 242

NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds lksyg egktuin .............................................................................................. 243

egktuin dj O;oLFkk .......................................................................................................................... 243

Ñf"k esa ifjorZu ................................................................................................................................... 243

ex/ ................................................................................................................................................... 243

ofTt .................................................................................................................................................. 243

u;s fopkj .......................................................................................................................................... 243

ifjp; ................................................................................................................................................ 243

tSu /eZ ............................................................................................................................................... 244

ckS¼ /eZ ............................................................................................................................................. 244

la?k ..................................................................................................................................................... 244

fogkj .................................................................................................................................................. 244

mifu"kn~ ............................................................................................................................................... 245

vkJe O;oLFkk ..................................................................................................................................... 245

bZjku esa tjFkqL=kokn ............................................................................................................................... 245

çFke lkezkT; ..................................................................................................................................... 245

ex/% ,d lkezkT; ............................................................................................................................... 245

ex/ dk ç'kklu .................................................................................................................................. 245

v'kksd (bZ.iw 304 ls bZ.iw 232)% ,d vuks[kk lezkV ............................................................................... 245

v'kksd dk dfyax ;q¼ ......................................................................................................................... 245

v'kksd ds f'kykys[k ............................................................................................................................. 245

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xvi

v'kksd dk /Ee D;k Fkk? ..................................................................................................................... 245

ekS;Z lkezkT; dk iru ........................................................................................................................... 246

lqnwjorhZ HkwHkkxksa ds lkFk lEidZ ........................................................................................................ 246

nwjLFk Hkwfe ls lEidZ esa O;kikfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk ........................................................................................ 246

leqæ rV ls yxs jkT;ksa dk nwjLFk Hkwfe ls laidZ ...................................................................................... 246

dq"kk.k ................................................................................................................................................. 246

nwjLFk Hkwfe ls vk;s rhFkZ;k=kh .................................................................................................................. 246

jktuSfrd xfrfof/;k¡ ......................................................................................................................... 246

ifjp; ............................................................................................................................................... 246

u;s lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd lewg ........................................................................................................ 247

bfrgkl ds dky[kaM ............................................................................................................................. 247

18oha 'krkCnh esa u;s jktuhfrd xBu ..................................................................................................... 247

eqxy lkezkT; ds fy, ladV dh fLFkfr .................................................................................................. 247

iqjkus eqxy çkar .................................................................................................................................... 248

gSnjkckn .............................................................................................................................................. 248

caxky ................................................................................................................................................. 248

vo/ .................................................................................................................................................. 248

jktiwrksa dh oru tkxhjh ....................................................................................................................... 249

flD[k ................................................................................................................................................. 249

ejkBk .................................................................................................................................................. 249

tkV .................................................................................................................................................... 250

laLÑfr vkSj foKku ............................................................................................................................ 250

ifjp; ................................................................................................................................................ 250

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr .................................................................................................................................... 250

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ...................................................................................................... 250

fujarjrk vkSj cnyko ............................................................................................................................ 250

fofo/rk vkSj ,drk ............................................................................................................................. 251

HkkSfrdoknh vkSj vè;kReoknh .................................................................................................................251

çkphu Hkkjr esa foKku ...........................................................................................................................251

u{k=k foKku ..........................................................................................................................................251

xf.kr 'kkL=k ......................................................................................................................................... 252

/krq foKku .......................................................................................................................................... 252

Hkwxksy ................................................................................................................................................. 252

eè;dkyhu Hkkjr esa foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh .............................................................................................. 252

tho foKku .......................................................................................................................................... 253

jlk;u 'kkL=k ........................................................................................................................................ 253

{ks=k foKku ........................................................................................................................................... 253

vkS"kf/ foKku ...................................................................................................................................... 253

u;s lezkV vkSj lkezkT; ...................................................................................................................... 253

leqæxqIr .............................................................................................................................................. 253

g"kZo/Zu ............................................................................................................................................... 254

nf{k.k ds jkT;ksa esa lHkk,¡ ...................................................................................................................... 254

lkroha 'krkCnh ds ckn ds jktoa'k .......................................................................................................... 254

jkT;ksa esa ç'kklu ................................................................................................................................... 255

ç'kfLr;k¡ vkSj Hkwfe vuqnku ................................................................................................................... 255

/u ds fy, ;q¼ .................................................................................................................................. 255

pksy jkT; ........................................................................................................................................... 255

Ñf"k vkSj flapkbZ .................................................................................................................................. 256

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xvii

pksy lkezkT; dk ç'kklu ...................................................................................................................... 256

Hkwfe ds çdkj ...................................................................................................................................... 256

fnYyh ds lqYrku ................................................................................................................................ 256

ifjp; ................................................................................................................................................ 256

jft;k lqYrku ....................................................................................................................................... 256

fnYyh lYrur dk foLrkj ..................................................................................................................... 256

fnYyh ds 'kkld jktiwr oa'k ................................................................................................................ 256

f[kyth vkSj rqxyd oa'k ds vUrxZr ç'kklu ...........................................................................................257

15oha rFkk 16oha 'krkCnh esa lYrur ...................................................................................................... 258

okLrqdyk ........................................................................................................................................... 258

gM+Iik dky ......................................................................................................................................... 258

oSfnd dky ......................................................................................................................................... 258

ckS¼dky ............................................................................................................................................. 258

çkphu Hkkjr esa LFkkiR; dyk ................................................................................................................ 258

fujkoyfEcr efUnj ............................................................................................................................... 259

eè;dkyhu LFkkiR; dyk ...................................................................................................................... 259

{ks=kh; lkezkT;ksa esa LFkkiR; dyk ............................................................................................................. 260

eqxy LFkkiR; dyk ............................................................................................................................... 260

lkezkT; dk l`tu ............................................................................................................................... 260

eqxy lkezkT; ....................................................................................................................................... 260

eqxy dkSu Fks\ ..................................................................................................................................... 260

eqxy lezkV ,oa muds çeq[k vfHk;ku ..................................................................................................... 260

ckcj (1526–1530 bZ-) ..................................................................................................................... 260

gqek;w¡ (1530–1540 bZ- ,oa 1555–1556 bZ-) .......................................................................................261

vdcj (1556–1605 bZ-) ....................................................................................................................261

eqxyksa ds vU; 'kkldksa ds lkFk laca/ ......................................................................................................261

eulcnkj vkSj tkxhjnkj ........................................................................................................................261

vdcj dh uhfr;k¡ ................................................................................................................................261

tCr vkSj tehankj ..................................................................................................................................262

lkekftd ifjorZu.............................................................................................................................. 262

eè;dky esa lkekftd ifjorZu .............................................................................................................. 262

HkfDr vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr ds lkaLÑfrd dkj.k .................................................................................... 262

nf{k.k Hkkjr esa u;ukj vkSj vyokj ....................................................................................................... 262

n'kZu vkSj HkfDr ................................................................................................................................... 262

cloUuk dk ohj 'kSookn vkUnksyu ......................................................................................................... 263

ukFkiUFkh] fl¼ vkSj ;ksxh ..................................................................................................................... 263

bLyke vkSj lwiQh er ............................................................................................................................ 263

mÙkj Hkkjr esa /kfeZd cnyko ................................................................................................................ 263

dchj .................................................................................................................................................. 263

ckck xq# ukud .................................................................................................................................... 263

{ks=kh; laLÑfr;k¡ ................................................................................................................................. 264

{ks=kh; laLÑfr;ksa dk fodkl .................................................................................................................. 264

psj tu vkSj ey;kye dk fodkl ......................................................................................................... 264

txUukFkh lEçnk; ................................................................................................................................. 264

jktiwrkuk ............................................................................................................................................. 264

dRFkd u`R; .......................................................................................................................................... 264

y?kq fp=kksa dh ijEijk ............................................................................................................................ 265

ckaxyk Hkk"kk dk fodkl ....................................................................................................................... 265

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xviii

dEiuh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk .................................................................................................................. 265

iwoZ esa bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dk vkuk ........................................................................................................ 266

bZLV bafM;k dEiuh }kjk caxky esa O;kikj dh 'kq#vkr .............................................................................. 266

O;kikj ls ;q¼ rd ............................................................................................................................... 266

Iyklh dk ;q¼ ..................................................................................................................................... 266

dEiuh ds viQlj ^uokc* cu cSBs ......................................................................................................... 267

dEiuh dk iQSyrk 'kklu ....................................................................................................................... 267

ejkBksa ls yM+kbZ .................................................................................................................................... 267

Vhiw lqYrku ^'ksj&,&eSlwj*...................................................................................................................... 267

loksZPprk dk nkok ............................................................................................................................... 267

foy; uhfr .......................................................................................................................................... 267

u;s 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ........................................................................................................................... 268

xzkeh.k thou vkSj lekt ................................................................................................................... 268

dEiuh dh vkenuh .............................................................................................................................. 268

LFkk;h cUnkscLr .................................................................................................................................... 268

jS;rokM+h O;oLFkk ................................................................................................................................. 268

;wjksi ds fy, iQlysa ............................................................................................................................. 268

Hkkjrh; uhy dh ek¡x ........................................................................................................................... 268

Hkkjr esa fczVsu dh c<+rh fnypLih ........................................................................................................ 268

^uhy foæksg* vkSj mlds ckn ................................................................................................................. 269

mifuos'kokn vkSj tutkrh; lekt .................................................................................................... 269

tutkrh; lewgksa ds yksxksa dk thou ....................................................................................................... 269

vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk vkfnokfl;ksa ds thou ij çHkko ......................................................................... 269

ou dkuwu dk vkfnokfl;ksa ds thou ij çHkko ....................................................................................... 269

fcjlk eq.Mk......................................................................................................................................... 269

1857–58 dk foæksg ......................................................................................................................... 269

1857 ds foæksg ds dkj.k ................................................................................................................... 270

jktuhfrd dkj.k...................................................................................................................................270

vkfFkZd dkj.k ...................................................................................................................................... 270

lkekftd vkSj /kfeZd dkj.k ................................................................................................................ 270

foæksg dh vliQyrk ............................................................................................................................ 270

foæksg dh lkFkZdrk vkSj çHkko .............................................................................................................. 271

efgyk,¡ vkSj lq/kj ............................................................................................................................ 271

jktk jkeeksgu jk; vkSj lrh çFkk dk fojks/ ........................................................................................... 271

çkFkZuk lekt% L=kh f'k{kk ,oa fo/ok fookg ............................................................................................ 271

vk;Z lekt ,oa lekt lq/kj ................................................................................................................. 272

jkeÑ".k fe'ku vkSj L=kh iqu#¼kj .......................................................................................................... 272

bZ'ojpUn fo|klkxj ,oa ukjh f'k{kk ....................................................................................................... 272

efgykvksa dh fLFkfr lq/kj esa vU; lq/kjdksa dk ;ksxnku .......................................................................... 272

iafMrk jekckbZ .......................................................................................................................................272

rkjkckbZ f'kans .........................................................................................................................................272

tkfr O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh ....................................................................................................................... 272

lrukeh vkUnksyu ................................................................................................................................. 272

jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu .............................................................................................................................. 273

igyk fo'o;q¼ .................................................................................................................................... 273

f[kykiQr vkanksyu vkSj vlg;ksx vkanksyu .............................................................................................. 273

lfou; voKk dh vksj ......................................................................................................................... 273

1937 bZ- dk pquko ............................................................................................................................. 273

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xix

vxLr ØkfUr (1942 bZ-) .................................................................................................................... 273

ikfdLrku dh ek¡x (1940 bZ-) ............................................................................................................ 273

fØIl çLrko (1942 bZ-) .................................................................................................................... 273

Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu (1942 bZ-) ......................................................................................................... 274

Hkkjr dk laoS/kfud fodkl .............................................................................................................. 274

dEiuh 'kklu ds v/hu yk;s x;s vf/fu;e ........................................................................................... 274

1773 dk jsX;qysfVax ,DV ..................................................................................................................... 274

1784 dk fiV~l ,DV .......................................................................................................................... 274

1786 dk ,DV .................................................................................................................................... 274

1793 dk pkVZj ,DV ........................................................................................................................... 274

1813 dk pkVZj ,DV .......................................................................................................................... 274

1833 dk pkVZj ,DV .......................................................................................................................... 274

1853 dk pkVZj ,DV .......................................................................................................................... 274

Økmu 'kklu esa fodkl .......................................................................................................................... 274

fczfV'k laln }kjk ikfjr 1858 dk vf/fu;e .......................................................................................275

vf/fu;e (1858) dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ ..................................................................................................275

1861 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vf/fu;e .....................................................................................................275

1892 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vf/fu;e .....................................................................................................275

1909 dk Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vf/fu;e .....................................................................................................275

1919 dk Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e ........................................................................................................275

1935 dk Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e ........................................................................................................275

1947 dk Hkkjrh; Lok/hurk vf/fu;e .................................................................................................275

Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr ................................................................................................................... 275

Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k .............................................................................................................. 275

egkRek xk¡/h dh gR;k ........................................................................................................................... 276

usg: dh fons'k uhfr ............................................................................................................................ 276

Hkkjr&ikfdLrku laca/ ........................................................................................................................... 276

rk'kdan le>kSrk .................................................................................................................................. 276

ckaXykns'k dk mn;................................................................................................................................ 277

f'keyk le>kSrk ................................................................................................................................... 277

Hkkjr&Jhyadk laca/ ...............................................................................................................................277

Hkkjr&HkwVku laca/ .................................................................................................................................277

Hkkjr&phu laca/ ...................................................................................................................................277

iap'khy le>kSrk ...................................................................................................................................277

Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ .................................................................................................................................... 278

Hkkjr dh ,f'k;kbZ uhfr ......................................................................................................................... 278

lkdZ ................................................................................................................................................... 278

vè;k; 2: Hkwxksy ................................................................................................................................... 287–313lkekftd vè;;u ,oa foKku ds :i esa Hkwxksy dh vo/kj.kk ......................................................... 287

Hkwxksy dh vo/kj.kk ............................................................................................................................ 287

Hkwxksy% foKku ds :i esa ....................................................................................................................... 287

ifjHkk"kk,¡ ..............................................................................................................................................287

Hkwxksy dk egÙo .................................................................................................................................. 287

xzg% lkSjeaMy esa i`Foh ....................................................................................................................... 288

[kxksy'kkL=k .......................................................................................................................................... 288

[kxksyh; fiaM ....................................................................................................................................... 288

vkdk'kxaxk .......................................................................................................................................... 288

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xx

lkSj eaMy ............................................................................................................................................ 288

u{k=k eaMy .......................................................................................................................................... 288

lw;Z ..................................................................................................................................................... 288

xzg ..................................................................................................................................................... 289

i`Foh ................................................................................................................................................... 289

lw;ksZPp ,oa vilkSj ...............................................................................................................................289

xzg.k (Eclipse) .................................................................................................................................... 289

lw;Z xzg.k (Solar Eclipse) ......................................................................................................................289

paæ xzg.k (Lunar Eclipse) .....................................................................................................................290

paæek ...................................................................................................................................................290

{kqæ xzg (Asteroids) ..............................................................................................................................290

mYdk fiaM (Meteroite) .........................................................................................................................290

ekuo fufeZr mixzg ................................................................................................................................290

Xyksc .................................................................................................................................................. 290

Xyksc dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa vo/kj.kk ...........................................................................................................290

v{kka'k ..................................................................................................................................................290

egRoiw.kZ v{kka'k (lekukarj) js[kk,¡ ........................................................................................................291

le; fu/kZj.k ekud le; .....................................................................................................................291

i`Foh ds rki dfVca/ ............................................................................................................................291

ns'kkarj js[kk,¡ ........................................................................................................................................291

ns'kkarj vkSj le; ..................................................................................................................................291

LFkkuh; le; ........................................................................................................................................ 291

varjkZ"Vªh; frfFk js[kk .............................................................................................................................291

i`Foh dh xfr ,oa ifjØe.k ...................................................................................................................291

?kw.kZu ;k nSfud xfr ..............................................................................................................................291

ifjØe.k ;k okf"kZd xfr .......................................................................................................................292

çnhfIr o`Ùk ...........................................................................................................................................292

ekufp=k ................................................................................................................................................292

i`Foh ds ifjeaMy ..................................................................................................................................292

ok;qeaMy...............................................................................................................................................292

tyeaMy ...............................................................................................................................................292

thoeaMy ..............................................................................................................................................292

HkweaMy .................................................................................................................................................292

egk}hi .................................................................................................................................................293

vizQhdk ................................................................................................................................................293

i;kZoj.k% çkÑfrd ,oa ekuo i;kZoj.k ............................................................................................. 293

i;kZoj.k ...............................................................................................................................................293

çkÑfrd i;kZoj.k .................................................................................................................................293

ekuoh; i;kZoj.k ...................................................................................................................................294

ifjra=k ..................................................................................................................................................294

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ....................................................................................................................................294

ok;q .................................................................................................................................................... 294

ok;qeaMy ,oa Hkwe.Myh; rkiu ...............................................................................................................294

ok;qeaMy esa ik;h tkus okyh xSlksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ .......................................................................................294

xzhu gkÅl çHkko ,oa xSl ......................................................................................................................295

ok;qeaMy dh lajpuk .............................................................................................................................295

{kksHke.My (Troposphere) .....................................................................................................................295

lerkie.My (Stratosphere) ................................................................................................................295

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xxi

eè;e.My ............................................................................................................................................295

ckg~;e.My ..........................................................................................................................................295

cfgZe.My .............................................................................................................................................295

ekSle vkSj tyok;q ................................................................................................................................295

tyok;q dk oxhZdj.k ............................................................................................................................296

rkieku .................................................................................................................................................296

lw;kZri (Insolation) ..............................................................................................................................296

vkriu .................................................................................................................................................296

ok;qnkc ................................................................................................................................................296

iou .....................................................................................................................................................296

vkæZrk ..................................................................................................................................................296

ty .....................................................................................................................................................297

ty dh miyC/rk ,oa rF; ....................................................................................................................297

ty&pØ ..............................................................................................................................................297

yo.krk ................................................................................................................................................297

egklkxjh; ifjlapj.k ,oa Tokj HkkVk .....................................................................................................297

rjax ......................................................................................................................................................297

Tokj&HkkVk ........................................................................................................................................... 298

egklkxjh; /kjk,¡ ................................................................................................................................. 298

çeq[k BaMh ty/kjk ................................................................................................................................298

vkokl] ifjogu ,oa lapkj ............................................................................................................... 298

vkokl dh vo/kj.kk ........................................................................................................................... 298

cfLr;k .................................................................................................................................................298

ifjogu ds Lo:i ,oa lqfo/k,¡ ............................................................................................................. 298

lM+d ekxks± dh fLFkfr ........................................................................................................................... 298

Lof.kZe prqHkqZt egk jktekxZ ..................................................................................................................299

jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ......................................................................................................................................299

jkT; jktekxZ .........................................................................................................................................299

ftyk ekxZ .............................................................................................................................................299

vU; lM+dsa ............................................................................................................................................299

jsyekxks± dh fLFkfr ................................................................................................................................ 299

tyekxks± dh fLFkfr ............................................................................................................................... 299

Hkkjr ds çeq[k canjxkg ........................................................................................................................ 299

ok;qekxZ ............................................................................................................................................... 300

ikbiykbu ............................................................................................................................................ 300

lapkj dh vo/kj.kk ,oa çdkj .............................................................................................................. 300

çkÑfrd ,oa ekuo lalk/u ............................................................................................................... 300

çkÑfrd lalk/u dh vo/kj.kk ............................................................................................................. 300

lalk/uksa ds çdkj ..................................................................................................................................300

fodkl Lrj ij lalk/u ........................................................................................................................ 300

LokfeRo vk/kj ij lalk/u ................................................................................................................... 301

lalk/uksa dk fodkl ,oa i`Foh lEesyu ................................................................................................... 301

i`Foh lEesyu ....................................................................................................................................... 301

lalk/u fu;kstu ,oa mldh çfØ;k ........................................................................................................ 301

Hkw&lalk/u ,oa mldk laj{k.k ................................................................................................................ 301

lalk/uksa dk laj{k.k ...............................................................................................................................302

Hkkjr esa Hkw&mi;ksx çk:i ...................................................................................................................... 302

Hkwfe fuEuhdj.k vkSj laj{k.k mik; ........................................................................................................ 302

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xxii

e`nk ds çdkj ,oa e`nk vijnu .............................................................................................................. 302

enk ds çdkj ........................................................................................................................................302

enk vijnu ds çdkj ...........................................................................................................................302

enk vijnu ds dkj.k ...........................................................................................................................303

ou lalk/u ,oa oU; tho laj{k.k .......................................................................................................... 303

yqIrçk; tho&tUrq .................................................................................................................................303

ladVxzLr tho&tUrq ...............................................................................................................................303

[kfut rFkk ÅtkZ lalk/u ...................................................................................................................... 303

[kfut D;k gS\ ......................................................................................................................................303

[kfutksa dk oxhZdj.k .............................................................................................................................303

çeq[k [kfut ,oa ykSg v;Ld ................................................................................................................ 303

ykSg v;Ld ..........................................................................................................................................303

vykSg [kfut ........................................................................................................................................304

v/kfRod [kfut ...................................................................................................................................304

pV~Vkuh [kfut......................................................................................................................................304

ijEijkxr ÅtkZ ds lzksr% dks;yk] isVªksfy;e] fo|qr ,oa ijek.kq ÅtkZ ....................................................... 304

dks;yk .................................................................................................................................................304

isVªksfy;e ..............................................................................................................................................304

fo|qr ...................................................................................................................................................304

ijek.kq ÅtkZ .........................................................................................................................................304

çkÑfrd xSl ,oa ck;ks xSl ................................................................................................................... 304

xSj&ijEijkxr ÅtkZ ds lk/u ................................................................................................................. 305

lkSj ÅtkZ ..............................................................................................................................................305

iou ÅtkZ .............................................................................................................................................305

Tokjh; ÅtkZ .........................................................................................................................................305

Hkw&rkih; ÅtkZ ..................................................................................................................................... 305

ÅtkZ lalk/uksa dk laj{k.k ...................................................................................................................... 305

ekuo lalk/u ....................................................................................................................................... 305

tula[;k .............................................................................................................................................. 305

tula[;k dh fo'ks"krk,¡% fyax vuqikr ,oa lk{kjrk nj ............................................................................. 305

fØ;k'khy tula[;k dh lajpuk% mRiknu] miHkksx] LokLF; ,oa fd'kksj tula[;k ........................................ 305

Ñf"k ................................................................................................................................................... 306

Ñf"k ds çdkj ...................................................................................................................................... 306

thfodk fuokZg Ñf"k ............................................................................................................................. 306

xgu thfodk Ñf"k ............................................................................................................................... 306

okf.kfT;d Ñf"k ................................................................................................................................... 306

Ñf"k ,oa mldk 'kL; çk:i .................................................................................................................. 306

eq[; [kk|kUu iQlysa ............................................................................................................................. 306

[kk|kUUk ds vykok vU; iQlysa .............................................................................................................. 306

ckxokuh iQlysa .................................................................................................................................... 307

Ñf"k çkS|ksfxdh esa laLFkkxr lq/kj .......................................................................................................... 307

oS'ohdj.k dk Ñf"k ij çHkko ............................................................................................................... 307

vè;k; 3: lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd foKku .......................................................................................314–332Hkkjr esa fofo/rk ............................................................................................................................... 314

ifjp; ................................................................................................................................................ 314

fofo/rk esa ,drk ................................................................................................................................ 314

fofo/rk ,oa HksnHkko ............................................................................................................................ 314

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xxiii

:f<+c¼ /kj.kk,¡ cukuk ........................................................................................................................ 314

lekurk,¡] vlekurk,¡ vkSj foHkktu ....................................................................................................... 315

lkekftd foHkktuksa dh jktuhfr ............................................................................................................ 315

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa lekurk ds fy, mik;.............................................................................................. 315

ljdkj ............................................................................................................................................... 315

ifjp; ................................................................................................................................................ 315

jk"Vªifr ............................................................................................................................................... 315

mijk"Vªifr ........................................................................................................................................... 316

eaf=kifj"kn~ ............................................................................................................................................ 316

LFkkuh; ljdkj................................................................................................................................... 316

ifjp; ................................................................................................................................................ 316

iapk;rh jkt ........................................................................................................................................ 316

iapk;rh jkt ls lacaf/r lfefr;k¡ .......................................................................................................... 316

cyoar jk; esgrk lfefr ........................................................................................................................ 316

v'kksd esgrk lfefr .............................................................................................................................. 317

MkW- ih-oh-ds- jko lfefr ........................................................................................................................ 317

MkW- ,y-,e- fla?koh lfefr ..................................................................................................................... 317

iapk;rh jkt dk f=kLrjh; Hkkx ...............................................................................................................317

uxjh; LFkkuh; ç'kklu ..........................................................................................................................317

yksdra=k .............................................................................................................................................. 318

yksdra=k D;k gS\ ................................................................................................................................... 318

yksdra=k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ........................................................................................................................... 318

yksdrkaf=kd vf/dkj ............................................................................................................................. 318

yksdra=k ds ifj.kke .............................................................................................................................. 318

yksdra=k dh pqukSfr;k¡ ............................................................................................................................ 318

jktuhfrd lq/kjksa ij fopkj .................................................................................................................. 319

jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx vkSj jkT; ljdkj .................................................................................. 319

jk"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx ................................................................................................................... 319

jkT; ljdkj ........................................................................................................................................ 319

fo/kulHkk ,oa ljdkj dk xBu ............................................................................................................ 320

fo/ku ifj"kn~ ....................................................................................................................................... 320

fo/ku ifj"kn~ dk fuokZpu .................................................................................................................... 320

jkT; ea=kheaMy ,oa eq[;ea=kh .................................................................................................................. 320

LokLF; esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ................................................................................................................ 321

ehfM;k dh le> ............................................................................................................................... 321

lapkj .................................................................................................................................................. 321

lapkj ds dk;Z ..................................................................................................................................... 321

tu&lapkj ekè;eksa dk oxhZdj.k ............................................................................................................ 322

lekt esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ................................................................................................................. 322

foKkiu ds dk;Z ................................................................................................................................... 322

foKkiu ds ykHk ................................................................................................................................... 322

foKkiu ds nks"k .................................................................................................................................... 322

lkekftd ifjorZu esa ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk ................................................................................................ 322

ehfM;k dk jktuhfr ij çHkko ............................................................................................................... 323

ehfM;k }kjk jk"Vªh; mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ....................................................................................................... 323

foKkiu% vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk .................................................................................................................... 323

fyax&Hksn lekfIr ................................................................................................................................ 323

fyax cks/ ;k tsaMj ............................................................................................................................... 323

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xxiv

efgykvksa dk dke vkSj lekurk ............................................................................................................ 323

ySafxd eqís vkSj jktuhfr ....................................................................................................................... 323

efgykvksa dk jktuhfrd çfrfuf/Ro ....................................................................................................... 323

lafo/ku .............................................................................................................................................. 324

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku fuekZ.k ds vkjfEHkd ç;kl ........................................................................................... 324

fofHkUu ns'kksa ds lafo/kuksa ls fy;s x;s çko/ku ........................................................................................ 324

lafo/ku lHkk vkSj lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k ................................................................................................... 324

lkekftd U;k; ,oa gkf'k, ij [kM+s yksx ................................................................................................ 325

vkfnoklh vkSj gkf'k;kdj.k .................................................................................................................. 325

vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ................................................................................................... 325

vè;k; 4: lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku dh vo/kj.kk ,oa çÑfr ....................................333–336lkekftd vè;;u dh vo/kj.kk ........................................................................................................... 333

Lora=k fo"k; ds :i esa lkekftd vè;;u...............................................................................................333

lelkef;d thou ij vk/kfjr .............................................................................................................333

ekuoh; laca/ksa ds fuekZ.k dk vè;;u ....................................................................................................333

mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ ukxfjd dk fuekZ.k .........................................................................................................333

lkekftd foKku dh /kj.kk,¡ .................................................................................................................333

lkekftd vè;;u vkSj lkekftd foKku esa varj .....................................................................................334

lkekftd vè;;u ,oa lkekftd foKku ds chp lg&la;ksth laca/ ............................................................334

lkekftd vè;;u vkSj lkekftd foKku dk ikB~;Øe ..............................................................................334

vè;k; 5: d{kk çfØ;k,¡] xfrfof/;k¡ ,oa çca/ ...............................................................................337–340d{kk&d{k lapkyu ................................................................................................................................337

ikB~;Øe dk çLrqrhdj.k .......................................................................................................................337

ikB~;&oLrq dks lqn`<+ djuk .....................................................................................................................337

d{kk&d{k dh xfrfof/;k¡ ......................................................................................................................337

d{kk ds ckgj dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;k¡ .................................................................................................337

lg&ikB~;Øe xfrfof/;ksa dk mís'; ........................................................................................................337

O;k[;ku&çLrqrhdj.k ............................................................................................................................. 338

O;k[;ku fof/ ds ykHk ..........................................................................................................................338

O;k[;ku fof/ dh gkfu;k¡ ......................................................................................................................338

d{kk&d{k esa ijLij laokn .................................................................................................................... 338

ikB~;Øe dh leL;k dk fujkdj.k ......................................................................................................... 338

f'k{k.k ds mikxe ................................................................................................................................. 338

f'k{k.k&'kkL=k dh foospuk ..................................................................................................................... 338

vè;k; 6: rkfdZd fpUru dk fodkl ................................................................................................341–343rkfdZd fpUru dh vo/kj.kk ................................................................................................................ 341

rkfdZd fpUru dk mís'; ...................................................................................................................... 341

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds chp rkfdZd fpUru dk fodkl ........................................................................................ 341

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks funsZ'k ,oa ijke'kZ nsuk .................................................................................................... 342

vè;k; 7: ifji`PNk] vUos"k.k ,oa vuqHkotU; lk{; ........................................................................ 344–347ifji`PNk ,oa vUos"k.k ........................................................................................................................... 344

ifji`PNk ds mís'; ................................................................................................................................ 344

ifji`PNk dh lajpuk ............................................................................................................................. 344

ifji`PNk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ .......................................................................................................................... 344

vuqla/ku@vUos"k.k dh vo/kj.kk ........................................................................................................... 344

vuqla/ku ds xq.k .................................................................................................................................. 344

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xxv

vuqla/ku ds nks"k ...................................................................................................................................344

vuqHkotU; lk{; ................................................................................................................................. 345

vuqHkotU; lk{; dk egÙo .................................................................................................................. 345

vuqHkoksa dk fu;kstu ,oa lek/ku .......................................................................................................... 345

vè;k; 8: lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k dh leL;k,¡ .............................................348–351lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k dh lhek,a¡ ....................................................................................................... 348

fØ;k'khyrk fl¼kar .............................................................................................................................. 348

O;fDrxr fHkUurk (fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ckSf¼d Lrj esa fHkUurk)........................................................................ 348

f'k{k.k fof/ ls lacaf/r leL;k,¡ ........................................................................................................... 348

çkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{k.k&fof/;k¡ ............................................................................................................349

ek/;fed Lrj ij f'k{k.k&fof/;k¡..........................................................................................................349

mPp fo|ky; Lrj ij f'k{k.k&fof/;k¡....................................................................................................349

lkekftd vè;;u f'k{k.k dks çHkko'kkyh cukus ds lw=k ........................................................................... 349

leL;k lek/ku .................................................................................................................................... 349

f'k{kd çf'k{k.k ................................................................................................................................... 349

vè;k; 9: lzksr çkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d ................................................................................................352–354lzksr dk vFkZ ........................................................................................................................................ 352

lzksrksa ds çdkj ..................................................................................................................................... 352

lekkftd vè;;u f'k{k.k esa lzksrksa dk mi;ksx ......................................................................................... 352

ewy lzkrksa ds ç;ksx esa dfBukb;k¡ ........................................................................................................... 352

lzksr fof/ ds ykHk ............................................................................................................................... 352

vè;k; 10: ifj;kstuk dk;Z .................................................................................................................... 355–357ifj;kstuk dk;Z dh vo/kj.kk ............................................................................................................... 355

ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds çdkj ....................................................................................................................... 355

ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds pj.k ....................................................................................................................... 355

ifj;kstuk dk;Z dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ................................................................................................................ 355

ifj;kstuk dk;Z i¼fr dh lhek,¡ ........................................................................................................... 356

lkekftd vè;;u esa ifj;kstuk dk;Z dh tk¡p ........................................................................................ 356

ifj;kstuk fof/ ds ykHk ....................................................................................................................... 356

vè;k; 11: ewY;kadu ...............................................................................................................................358–361ewY;kadu dh vo/kj.kk ......................................................................................................................... 358

ewY;kadu dk mís'; ............................................................................................................................... 358

ewY;kadu i¼fr;k¡ ................................................................................................................................. 358

fujh{k.k çfof/ .....................................................................................................................................358

?kVukor (,usdMkWVy fjdkWMZ~l) .............................................................................................................358

ç'ukoyh ..............................................................................................................................................358

lk{kkRdkj ..............................................................................................................................................358

ijh{kk çfof/ ........................................................................................................................................358

vkdyu rFkk ewY;kadu .......................................................................................................................... 358

vkdyu dk mís'; ............................................................................................................................... 359

f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dk vkdyu ......................................................................................................................... 359

Lo&vkdyu ......................................................................................................................................... 359

vkdyu dk lapkyu ............................................................................................................................ 359

Index-QR Codes ....................................................................................... 362–364

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xxvi

çR;sd ç'u dk foLr`r gyiqLrd esa çR;sd ç'u dk mÙkj O;k[;kRed :i ls fn;k x;k gSA

(3) iksVZiQksfy;ks Hkk"kk& ewY;kadu dk oSdfYid Ïksr gS] ftlds varxZr Hkk"kk osQ pkjks a dkS'kyksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk osQ bu pkjks a dkS'kyksa dk ewY;kadu ikjLifjd] O;k[;kRed rFkk çLrqrhdj.k dh fofèk;ksa osQ ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g cPpksa dh Øfed çxfr dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA

O;k[;k

(1) f=kHkk"kk lw=k esa Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh ekuh xbZ gSA f=kHkk"kk lw=k osQ varxZr Hkk"kk&1 osQ :i esa 'kkÏh; Hkk"kk] Hkk"kk&2 osQ :i esa jktHkk"kk rFkk Hkk"kk&3 osQ :i esa ;wjksih; Hkk"kk dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

O;k[;k

iz'u

1. iksVZiQksfy;ks

(1) cPpksa osQ vkdyu dk lcls ljy rjhdk gSA

(2) cPpksa osQ vfHkHkkodksa dks iw.kZ tkudkjh nsrk gSA

(3) cPpksa dh Øfed çxfr dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA

(4) cPpksa dh gj çdkj dh çxfr dk iw.kZ ys[kk&tks[kk gSA

iz'u

2. f=kHkk"kk lw=k esa fgUnh dk LFkku

(1) jktHkk"kk osQ :Ik esa gSA

(2) lg jktHkk"kk osQ :Ik esa gSA

(3) jk"VªHkk"kk osQ :Ik esa gSA

(4) 'kkL=kh; Hkk"kk osQ :Ik esa gSA

lh Vh bZ Vh ™EXAM G ALPOST dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij-II lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku bl iqLrd dk izk:i lh Vh bZ Vh ijh{kk ij vk/kfjr gSA bl iqLrd esa egÙoiw.kZ rFkk çklafxd fo"k;ksa ij vè;k; ,oa i;kZIr vH;kl ç'u fn;s x;s gSa] tks vH;fFkZ;ksa dks ijh{kk dh rS;kjh djkus esa lgk;d gksxsaA

iqLrd dh vf}rh; fo'ks"krk,¡

foLr`r fo"k;&lkexzhlh Vh bZ Vh ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls bl iqLrd esa vfuok;Z fo"k;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA iqLrd dh lHkh fo"k;&lkexzh dks fofHkUu vè;k;kas esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA bu vè;k;ksa dks foLr`r ,oa lqcks/ :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xxvii

ohfM;ks yslu ,Dlsl djus dk rjhdkbl iqLrd esa ^,DliVZ* dh ohfM;ks nh x;h gS ftls vki ,si dss tfj;s iqLrd esa fofHkUUk LFkkuksa ij fn;s x;s QR dksM dks LdSu djds] vius LekVZ iQksu ;k VScysV ij ns[k ldrs gSaA

LVsi 1 — ,si MkmuyksM rFkk baLVkWy djsafu%'kqYd ohfM;ks ,Dlsl ds fy;s] vkidks ,Iiy ,si LVksj (vkbZ V~;wUl) ;k xwxy Iys LVksj ls ^okbys VsLV izSi* MkmuyksM djus dh vko';drk gSA

LVsi 2 — QR dksM dks LdSu djsa Wiley Test Prep ,si dks liQyrkiwoZd MkmuyksM djus osQ ckn] ohfM;ks ns[kus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr LVsi dks iwjk djsa %

1. ,si dks [kksysa rFkk QR dksM LdSu vkWI'ku dks fDyd djsaA

2. fMokbl ds dSejs QR dksM ij iQksdl djsa rFkk ^fVd* dh vkokt vkus rd dqN lSds.M dk bartkj djsaA ,d ckj QR dksM LdSu gksus ds ckn] vki lhèks ohfM;ks ls tqM+ tk,xsaA

ohfM;ks yslubl iqLrd esa egRoiw.kZ ohfM;ks yslu fn;s x;s gSa] ftUgsa QR dksM dks LdSu djosQ ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;s ohfM;ks yslu ikB~; lkexzh dks csgrj <ax ls le>us esa vkidh lgk;rk djsaxsA

vf/xe rFkk fodkl fo"k; ij ohfM;ks ns[kus ds fy, bl QR dksM dks LdSsu djsaA

ohfM;ks yslu

fiNyh ijh{kk dk iz'ui=k gy lfgr

fiNys o"kZ osQ ç'u&i=k dks i<+us ls vH;FkhZ lh Vh bZ Vh osQ v|ru çk:i vkSj 'kSyh ls ifjfpr gksrs gSaA fiNys o"kZ oQk ç'u&i=k vH;fFkZ;ksa dks muosQ çn'kZu dk Lrj rFkk {kerk dk vkdyu djus esa enn djrk gSA

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xxviii

lh Vh bZ Vh dh lajpuk rFkk fo"k;&oLrqlh Vh bZ Vh esa lHkh iz'u] ,d lgh mÙkj osQ lkFk] pkj fodYi okys cgq&fodYih; iz'u (,elhD;w) gksaxsA izR;sd iz'u ,d vad dk gksxk A udkjkRed vad ugha fn, tk,axs lh Vh bZ Vh osQ nks isij gksaxs%

(i) isij I ,sls O;fDr osQ fy, gksxk tks d{kk I ls V rd osQ fy, f'k{kd cuuk pkgrk gSA

(ii) isij II ,sls O;fDr osQ fy, gksxk tks d{kk VI ls VIII rd osQ fy, f'k{kd cuuk pkgrk gSA

isij II (d{kk VI ls VIII osQ fy,) lajpuk vkSj fo"k;&lwph (lHkh vfuok;Z)% ijh{kk dh vof/% <kbZ ?kaVk

Ø- la[;k fo"k; iz'uksa dh la[;k vkoafVr vad

(i) cky fodkl vkSj vè;kiu dyk 30 30

(ii) Hkk"kk I (vfuok;Z) 30 30

(iii) Hkk"kk II (vfuok;Z) 30 30

(iv) lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku 60 60

oqQy 150 150

ijh{kk dh j.kuhfr

lcls igys] mu ç'uksa osQ mÙkj nsus dk ç;kl dhft,] ftudk mÙkj vkidks Hkyh&Hkkafr irk gSA fdlh ç'u ij vf/d le; cckZn u djsaA

ç'u dk mÙkj fcuk fdlh ncko osQ tYnh nsaA ncko esa vkdj vki lgh mÙkj Hkwy ldrs gSaA

vkidks vius le; dk çca/u çHkkodkjh rjhosQ ls djuk gksxkA ijh{kk esa 150 ç'uksa

osQ mÙkj 150 feuV esa nsus gSaA

Hkys gh vki mÙkj osQ ckjs esa lqfuf'pr ugha gksa] fiQj Hkh vkidks lHkh ç'uksa dks gy djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A pwafd mÙkjksa dk dksbZ Í.kkRed ewY;kadu ugha fd;k tk;sxk blfy, vkiosQ ikl [kksus osQ fy, oqQN Hkh ugha gSA

Js"Brj

vad ykus osQ lq>ko

ijh{kk dh j.kuhfr

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xxix

iz'uksa dh izo`Qfr vkSj Lrj

~ cky fodkl vkSj vè;kiu dyk osQ ckjs esa ijh{kk fo"k;&oLrq] 11&14 o"kZ vk;q lewg ls lac¼ vè;kiu vkSj vf/xe osQ 'kSf{kd euksfoKku ij osQfUnzr gksxhA os fofo/ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj vko';drkvksa dks le>us] f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ lkFk vU;ksU;fØ;k vkSj vf/xe osQ ,d vPNs ^isQflfyVsVj* osQ xq.koÙkkvksa vkSj xq.kksa ij dsfUnzr gksxhA

~ Hkk"kk I esa ijh{kk ensa vuqns'kksa osQ ekè;e ls lacaf/r fuiq.krkvksa ij osQfUnzr gksxhA

~ Hkk"kk II esa ijh{kk ensa Hkk"kk osQ rRoksa] lEizs"k.k vkSj O;kid {kerkvksa ij osQfUnzr gksxhA

~ Hkk"kk II Hkk"kk I ls vyx Hkk"kk gksxhA ,d vH;FkhZ }kjk miyC/ Hkk"kk fodYiksa esa ls fdlh ,d Hkk"kk dk vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk I o vU; dk Hkk"kk II osQ :i esa pquko fd;k tk, vkSj iqf"Vdj.k i`"B esa bldk fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k djuk gksxkA

~ xf.kr vkSj foKku] vkSj lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku esa ijh{kk ensa bu fo"k;ksa dh ladYiukvksa] leL;k lek/ku djus dh {kerkvksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd le> ij osQfUnzr gksxhA xf.kr vkSj foKku esa ijh{kk ensa rhl&rhl vadksa dh gksaxhA ijh{kk ensa ,ulhbZvkjVh }kjk d{kk VI—VIII osQ fy, fu/kZfjr ml fo"k; osQ ikB~;Øe fHkUu&fHkUu [k.Mksa osQ fo"k; esa leku :i ls forfjr dh tk,xhA

~ isij II osQ fy, ijh{kk esa iz'u d{kk VI–VIII osQ fy, ,ulhbZvkjVh osQ ikB~;Øe esa fu/kZfjr fo"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksaxs fdarq mudk dfBukbZ Lrj osQ vykok la;kstu] lhfu;j lSosQ.Mjh Lrj rd dk gks ldrk gSA

vgZd vad vkSj lh Vh bZ Vh çek.k&i=k iznku djuk

,ulhVhbZ }kjk tkjh vfèklwpuk osQ vuqlkj VhbZVh ijh{kk esa 60 çfr'kr ;k mlls vfèkd vad çkIr djus okys O;fDr dks gh mÙkh.kZ ekuk tk,xkA

(d) fo|ky; çcaèku (ljdkjh] LFkkuh; fudk;] ljdkjh lgk;rk çkIr vkSj xSj lgk;rk çkIr) }kjk mudh orZeku vkj{k.k uhfr osQ vuqlkj v-tk-/v-t-tk-] v-fi-o- fof'k"V :i ls l{ke O;fDr bR;kfn ls lacafèkr O;fDr;ksa dks NwV nsus ij fopkj dj ldrs gSaA

([k) lh Vh bZ Vh esa vgZrk çkIr djus ls fdlh O;fDr dk HkrhZ/jkstxkj osQ fy, vfèkdkj ugha gksxk D;ksafd ;g fu;qfDr osQ fy, osQoy ik=krk ekunaMksa esa ls ,d gSA

lh Vh bZ Vh çek.k&i=k dh oSèkrk vofèk

1- fu;qfDr osQ fy, lh Vh bZ Vh vgZd çek.k dh oSèkrk lHkh Jsf.k;ksa osQ fy, blosQ ifj.kke dh ?kks"k.kk dh frfFk ls lkr o"kZ dh vofèk rd gksxhA

2- ,d lh Vh bZ Vh çek.k&i=k çkIr djus osQ fy, ,d O;fDr }kjk fd, tkus okys ç;klksa dh la[;k ij dksbZ çfrcaèk ugha gSA lh Vh bZ Vh esa vgZrk çkIr O;fDr vius çkIrkadksa esa lqèkkj osQ fy, iqu% ijh{kk ns ldrk gSA

vuqç;ksT;rk

lh Vh bZ Vh osQUæh; ljdkj osQ fo|ky;ksa (dsUæh; fo|ky;] uoksn; fo|ky; o frCcrh Ldwyksa vkfn) rFkk la?k jkT; {ks=k paMhx<+] nknj ,oa ukxj gosyh] neu ,oa nho] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg] y{k}hi] vkSj jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k fnYyh osQ ç'kklfud fu;a=k.k osQ vèkhu fo|ky;ksa osQ fy, ykxw gksxkA lh Vh bZ Vh xSj&lgk;rk çkIr çkbosV fo|ky;ksa osQ fy, Hkh ykxw gksxk] tks lh Vh bZ Vh osQ fodYi ij fopkj djuk pkgrs gSaA

fVIi.kh,sls O;fDr tks nksuksa Lrj (d{kk I ls V vkSj d{kk VI ls VIII rd) osQ fy, f'k{kd cuuk pkgrs gSa mUgsa nksuksa isijksa dh ijh{kk (isij I vkSj II isij) esa cSBuk gksxkA

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku)xxx

ikB~;Øeisij II (d{kk VI ls VIII osQ fy,) izkjafHkd voLFkk

I. cky fodkl vkSj vè;kiu

d) cky fodkl (izkjafHkd fo|ky; dk ckyd) ~ fodkl dh voLFkk rFkk vf/xe ls mldk laca/ ~ ckyd osQ fodkl osQ fl¼kar ~ vkuqokaf'kdrk vkSj Ik;kZoj.k dk izHkko ~ lekthdj.k ncko % lkekftd fo'o vkSj ckyd (f'k{kd]

vfHkHkkod vkSj fe=kx.k) ~ fi;kts] dksg~ycxZ vkSj okbxksRLdh % fuekZ.k vkSj

foosfpr lan'kZ ~ cky&osQfUnzr vkSj izxkeh f'k{kk dh vo/kj.kk,a ~ ckSf¼drk osQ fuekZ.k dk foosfpr lan'kZ ~ cgq&vk;keh ckSf¼drk ~ Hkk"kk vkSj fparu ~ lekt fuekZ.k osQ :Ik esa fyax% fyax Hkwfedk,a] fyax&iwokZxzg

vkSj 'kS{kf.kd O;ogkj ~ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ eè; oS;fDrd foHksn] Hkk"kk] tkfr] fyax]

leqnk;] /eZ vkfn dh fofo/rk ij vk/kfjr foHksnksa dks le>uk

~ vf/xe osQ fy, ewY;kadu vkSj vf/xe osQ ewY;kadu osQ chp varj] fo|ky; vk/kfjr ewY;kadu] lrr ,oa O;kid ewY;kadu] lan'kZ vkSj O;ogkj

~ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh rS;kjh osQ Lrj osQ ewY;kadu osQ fy,] d{kk esa f'k{k.k vkSj foosfpr fparu osQ fy, rFkk f'k{kkFkhZ dh miyfC/ osQ fy, mi;qDr iz'u rS;kj djuk

[k) lekos'kh f'k{kk dh vo/kj.kk rFkk fo'ks"k vko';drk okys ckydksa dks le>uk

~ xSj&ykHkizkIr vkSj volj&oafpr f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa lfgr fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe;ksa ls vk, f'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks le>uk

~ vf/xe laca/h leL;kvksa] ^dfBukbZ* j[kus okys ckydksa dh vko';drkvksa dks le>uk

~ es/koh] l`tu'khy] fof'k"V izfrHkkoku f'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks le>uk

x) vè;;u vkSj vè;kiu ~ ckyd fdl izdkj lksprs vkSj lh[krs gSa_ ckyd fo|ky;

izn'kZu esa liQyrk izkIr djus esa dSls vkSj D;ksa ^vliQy* gksrs gSaA

~ f'k{k.k vkSj vf/xe dh cqfu;knh izfØ;k,a_ ckydksa dh vè;;u dk;Zuhfr;ka_ lkekftd fØ;kdyki osQ :Ik esa vf/xe_ vf/xe osQ lkekftd lanHkZ

~ ,d leL;k lek/kudrkZ vkSj ,d ^oSKkfud vUos"kd* osQ :Ik esa ckyd

~ ckydksa esa vf/xe dh oSdfYid ladYiuk_ vf/xe izfØ;k esa egRoiw.kZ pj.kksa osQ :Ik esa ckyd dh ^=kqfV;ksa* dks le>uk

~ cks/ vkSj laosnuk,a ~ izsj.kk vkSj vf/xe ~ vf/xe esa ;ksxnku nsus okys dkjd & futh ,oa

Ik;kZoj.kh;

I. Hkk"kk–I d) Hkk"kk cks/xE;rk

vuns[ks vuqPNsnksa dks i<+uk & nks vuqPNsn ,d x| vFkok ukVd vkSj ,d dfork ftlesa cks/xE;rk] fu"d"kZ] O;kdj.k vkSj ekSf[kd ;ksX;rk ls lacaf/r iz'u gksaxs (x| vuqPNsn lkfgfR;d] oSKkfud] o.kZukRed vFkok rdZewyd gks ldrk gS)

[k) Hkk"kk fodkl dk vè;kiu

~ vf/xe vtZu

~ Hkk"kk vè;kiu osQ fl¼kar

~ lquus vkSj cksyus dh Hkwfedk_ Hkk"kk dk dk;Z rFkk ckyd bls fdl izdkj ,d midj.k osQ :Ik esa iz;ksx djrs gSa

~ ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr :Ik esa fopkjksa ds laizs"k.k osQ fy, fdlh Hkk"kk osQ vf/xe esa O;kdj.k dh Hkwfedk ij foosfpr lan'kZ

~ fHkUu d{kkvksa esa Hkk"kk i<+kus dh pqukSfr;ka_ Hkk"kk dh dfBukb;ka] =kqfV;ka vkSj fodkj

~ Hkk"kk dkS'ky

~ Hkk"kk cks/xE;rk vkSj izoh.krk dk ewY;kadu djuk% cksyuk] lquuk] i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk

~ vè;kiu & vf/xe lkefxz;ka% ikB~;&iqLrd] eYVh& ehfM;k lkexzh] d{kk dk cgqHkk"kk;h lalk/u

~ mipkjkRed vè;kiu

III. Hkk"kk–II d) cks/xE;rk

nks vuns[ks x| vuqPNsn (rdZewyd vFkok lkfgfR;d vFkok o.kZukRed vFkok oSKkfud) ftuesa cks/xE;rk] fu"d"kZ] O;kdj.k vkSj ekSf[kd ;ksX;rk ls lacaf/r iz'u gksaxs

[k) cks/xE;rk

~ Hkk"kk vè;kiu osQ fl¼kar ~ lquus vkSj cksyus dh Hkwfedk_ Hkk"kk dk dk;Z rFkk ckyd

bls fdl izdkj ,d midj.k osQ :Ik esa iz;ksx djrs gSa ~ ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr :Ik esa fopkjksa osQ laizs"k.k osQ fy,

fdlh Hkk"kk osQ vf/xe esa O;kdj.k dh Hkwfedk ij fu.kkZ;d lan'kZ

~ ,d fHkUu d{kk esa Hkk"kk i<+kus dh pqukSfr;ka_ Hkk"kk dh dfBukb;k¡] =kqfV;k¡ vkSj fodkj

~ Hkk"kk dkS'ky

lh Vh bZ Vh dkWEizhgsfUlo xkbM isij&II (lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku) xxxi

Dreamtech Press ijh{kksi;ksxh izkekf.kd tkudkjh nsus dk iz;kl djrk gS_ gkyk¡fd] lac¼ 'kklh fudk; osQ ikl uksfVl osQ lkFk@osQ fcuk ijh{kk izk:i] le;kof/] ikB~;Øe] ijh{kk osaQnz vkfn cnyus dk vf/dkj lqjf{kr gSA blfy,] uohure@v|ru lwpuk osQ fy, ikBdksa dks vkf/dkfjd osclkbV ns[kus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA

vLohdj.k

~ Hkk"kk cks/xE;rk vkSj izoh.krk dk ewY;kadu djuk% cksyuk] lquuk] i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk

~ vè;kiu&vf/xe lkexzh% ikB~;iqLrd] eYVhehfM;k lkexzh] d{kk dk cgqHkk"kk;h lalk/u

~ mipkjkRed vè;kiu

IV. lkekftd vè;;u@lkekftd foKku

d) fo"k;&oLrq

bfrgkl ~ dc] dgk¡ vkSj dSls ~ izkjafHkd lekt ~ izFke o`Q"kd vkSj pjokgs ~ izFke 'kgj ~ izkjafHkd jkT; ~ u, fopkj ~ izFke lkezkT; ~ lqnwjorhZ HkwHkkxksa osQ lkFk laioZQ ~ jktuSfrd xfrfof/;k¡ ~ laLo`Qfr vkSj foKku ~ u, lezkV vkSj lkezkT; ~ fnYyh osQ lqyrku ~ okLrqdyk ~ lkezkT; dk l`tu ~ lkekftd ifjorZu ~ {ks=kh; laLo`Qfr;k¡ ~ daiuh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ~ xzkeh.k thou vkSj lekt ~ mifuos'kokn vkSj tutkrh; lekt ~ 1857&58 dk fonzksg ~ efgyk,¡ vkSj lq/kj ~ tkfr O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh ~ jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu ~ Lora=krk osQ Ik'pkr~ Hkkjr

Hkwxksy ~ ,d lkekftd vè;;u rFkk ,d foKku osQ :Ik esa Hkwxksy ~ xzg% lkSje.My esa i`Foh ~ Xyksc ~ viuh lexzrk esa Ik;kZoj.k% izko`Qfrd vkSj ekuo Ik;kZoj.k ~ ok;q ~ ty ~ ekuo Ik;kZoj.k% cfLr;k¡] ifjogu vkSj laizs"k.k ~ lalk/u% izdkj & izko`Qfrd ,oa ekuoh; ~ o`Qf"k

lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd thou ~ LFkkuh; ljdkj ~ vkthfodk gkfly djuk ~ yksdra=k ~ jkT; ljdkj ~ ehfM;k dks le>uk ~ fyax&Hksn lekfIr ~ lafo/ku ~ lalnh; ljdkj ~ U;k;ikfydk ~ lkekftd U;k; vkSj lhekar yksx

[k) vè;kiu laca/h eqn~ns ~ lkekftd foKku@lkekftd vè;;u dh vo/kj.kk vkSj

i¼fr ~ d{kk dh izfØ;k,¡] fØ;kdyki vkSj O;k[;ku ~ foosfpr fparu dk fodkl djuk ~ iwNrkN@vuqHkotU; lk{; ~ lkekftd foKku@lkekftd vè;;u i<+kus dh leL;k,¡ ~ lzksr & izkFkfed vkSj ekè;fed ~ izkstsDV dk;Z ~ ewY;kadu

fVIi.khd{kk IV ls VIII rd dh foLrr ikB~;p;kZ osQ fy, oQi;k ,ulhbZvkjVh ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;&iqLrdksa dk voyksdu djsa A