PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
SUBMITTED BY
NAME
:KUNAL JOSHI
College Roll No.
:13MJIXX603
Class & Branch
:MBA III Semester
Session
:2014-2015
Training Period
:20 May 2014 To 03 July 2014 Days 45SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Punita Soni
Head, Department of Management Studies
JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JODHPUR
PREFACEPractical knowledge means the visualization of the
knowledge, which we read in books, for this we perform experiments
and get observations. Practical knowledge is very important in
every field. One must be familiar with the problems related to that
field so that he may solve them and become a successful person.
After achieving the proper goal a Management Trainee enters in
his professional life. According to this life, he has to serve an
industry, may be Public or Private sector or self-owned. For the
efficient work in the field he must be well aware of practical
knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge.
To be good management Trainee, one must be aware of the
industrial environment and must know about management, working
procedure of the industry; labour problems etc. so he can tackle
them successfully.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would sincerely like to thank the Management & Staff of
ISCON surgical Ltd. Jodhpur which gave me the opportunity to
complete my summer training in their reputed and esteemed
industry.
I would like to convey my sincere regards for
Mr.-------------------- for giving me the opportunity of undergoing
the training at ISCON surgical Ltd. Jodhpur I would express deepest
gratitude for Mr. -------------------- , Managing for giving proper
guidance in their department. It would rather be inappropriate if I
dont thank the rest of the ISCON staff without the ground support
of whom my training would have been incomplete.
I would like to thank Honble Prof. Dr. Abhishek soni & all
professors of JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
JODHPUR, Who guided me for training.
(KUNAL JOSHI)
INDEX
S.NO.PARTICULARSPAGE NO.
01
INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN SURGICALS
02ISCON SURGICAL : AN OVERVIEW
03SWOT ANALYSIS
04RECRUITMENT & SELECTION
05CONCLUSION
06RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
CHAPTER-IST
INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN SURGICALS INSTRUMENTS
Asurgical instrumentis a specially designed tool or device for
performing specific actions of carrying out desired effects during
asurgeryor operation, such as modifying biological tissue, or to
provide access for viewing it. Over time, many different kinds of
surgical instruments and tools have been invented. Some surgical
instruments are designed for general use in surgery, while others
are designed for a specific procedure or surgery. Accordingly, the
nomenclature of surgical instruments follows certain patterns, such
as a description of the action it performs (for
example,scalpel,hemostat), the name of its inventor(s) (for
example, theKocher forceps)or a compound scientific name related to
the kind of surgery (for example, a tracheotomeis a tool used to
perform atracheotomy).
The expressionsurgical instrumentationis somewhat
interchangeably used with surgical instruments, but its meaning in
medical jargon is really the activity of providing assistance to a
surgeon with the proper handling of surgical instruments during an
operation, by a specialized professional, usually asurgical
technologistor sometimes anurseorradiographer.HISTORY:-
Surgical instruments have been manufactured since the dawn of
pre-history. Rough trephines for performing round craniotomies were
discovered in neolithic sites in many places. It is believed that
they were used by shamans to release evil spirits and alleviate
headaches and head traumas caused by war-inflicted wounds.
In the Antiquity, surgeons and physicians in Greece and Rome
developed many ingenious instruments manufactured from bronze, iron
and silver, such as scalpels, lancets, curettes, tweezers,
speculae, trephines, forceps, probes, dilators, tubes, surgical
knifes, etc. They are still very well preserved in several medical
museums around the world. Most of these instruments continued to be
used in Medieval times, albeit with a better manufacturing
technique.
In the Renaissance and post-Renaissance era, new instruments
were again invented and designed, in order to accompany the
increased audacity of surgeons. Amputation sets originated in this
period, due to the increased severity of war-inflicted wounds by
shot, grapnel and cannon.
However, it was only with the discovery of anesthesia and
surgical asepsis that new surgical instruments were invented to
allow the penetration of the inner sanctum, or the previously
forbidden body cavities, namely the skull, the thorax and the
abdomen. A veritable explosion of new tools occurred with the
hundreds of new surgical procedures which were developed in the
19th century and first decades of the 20th century. New materiais,
such as stainless steel, chrome, titanium and vanadium were
available for the manufacturing of these instruments. Precision
instruments for microsurgery in neurosurgery, ophthalmology and
otology were possible and, in the second half of the 20th century,
energy-based instruments were first developed, such as
electrocauteries, ultrasound and electric scalpels, surgical tools
for endoscopic surgery, and finally, surgical robots.
CHPTER II ndCOMPANY OVERVIEW
"ISCON" - where growth and innovation is the way of
life.ISCONGroup was first established in the year 1978 by three
Techno-entrepreneurs in the name of JAIN METAL COMPONENTS PVT. LTD.
to manufacture High Precision Machined Metal Components,
Sub-assemblies & Assemblies for varied Engineering Industries.
The flagship company ISCON SURGICALS LTD. was established in the
year 1994 to meet the growing demand of Disposable Medical
Devices.Keeping the pulse on the clinical needs and considering the
growing demand for Medical Devices, the company
subsequentlyinvested not only in the machines but in the complete
manufacturing linesto manufacture products from raw material to
finished products, viz.
ISCON SURGICALS LTD. is an ISO 9001:2000, ISO: 13485 & WHO
GMP Certified company. Today the company is manufacturing and
exporting wide range of products used for ANAESTHESIA, ANGIOGRAPHY,
UROLOGY, ONCOLOGY, VETERINARY, OPHTHALMIC and other surgical
applications in PRICON Brand.
The group has its manufacturing base at four different locations
spread over more than 1,50,000 sq. Ft. land area and approx. 90,000
Sq. ft. architecturally supported built up area and have following
manufacturing facilities in India:
1. CNC/VMC backed Metal Machining Centre
2. State of Art Insert / Injection Moulding with Tool Room
3. Fully Automatic Needle Point Grinding & Cannulae
Manufacturing
4. Automatic Needle & Syringe Assembly Machines
5. ETO Sterilization, Blister Packing Machines,
Quality Assurance and specification adherence are the hallmark
of the company. Entire manufacturing activities are carried
adhering GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) as per WHO guidelines
under Class 10,000 or Class 100,000 Clean Room as may be required.
About 300 employees support the company, which includes Engineers,
Technologists, Machinist, Tool makers, Plastic Technologists and
skilled Craftsmen expert in their field.
We assure to establish strategic partnership with our valued
customers assuring maintaining of all technical and commercial
confidentiality.
The Company has sales offices, distributors, and authorized
dealers all over the country & overseas and exports to U.S.A.,
U.K., France, Italy, Spain, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey,
Indonesia, Malasyiya and many other countries.
Consciousness of eco-social responsibility we have invested in
water saving systems, power conservation, load factor management
and solar heating systems resulting into benefit to the
organization and the mother earth.
SURGICAL PRODUCT:-
Cone Biopsy Reusable Needle
Product name: Cone Biopsy Reusable Needle ISCON surgical ltd.
are leading manufacturer, supplier & exporter of needle,
syringe, and insulation set & surgery sets
Auto Disposable SyringesWe are involve in offering high quality
Auto Disposable Syringes. These Auto Disposable Syringes are highly
demanded in the market. These Auto Disposable Syringes are
available in market at most economical.Tuohy (Weiss Type) Reusable
Needle
Product name: Tuohy (Weiss Type) Reusable Needle ISCON surgical
ltd. are leading manufacturer, supplier & exporter of needle,
syringe, insalution set & surgery sets
Tuohy Disposable Needle(With Marking)Product name:Tuohy
Disposable Needle(With Marking) ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading
manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set
& surgery sets
Silverman Standard Reusable Needle Split CanulavProduct
name:Silverman Standard Reusable Needle with Split Canulav ISCON
surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of
needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets
Quincke Babcock Reusable NeedleProduct name:Quincke Babcock
Reusable Needle ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading
manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set
& surgery sets
Menghini Technique AspiratingReusable Needle SetProduct
name:Menghini Technique Aspirating Reusable Needle Set ISCON
surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of
needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets
Jamshedi Reusable NeedleProduct name:Jamshedi Reusable Needle
ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter
of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets
Cope Reusable Needle SetProduct name:Cope Reusable Needle Set
ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter
of needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets
Barker Reusable NeedleProduct name:Barker Reusable Needle ISCON
surgicals ltd. are leading manufacturer,supplier&exporter of
needle,syringe,insalution set & surgery sets
Animal Feeding Reusable NeedleProduct name:Animal Feeding
Reusable Needle ISCON surgicals ltd. are leading
manufacturer,supplier&exporter of needle,syringe,insalution set
& surgery sets
Other Products: - Graspers, such asforceps Clamps and occluders
forblood vesselsand other organs
Retractors, used to spread openskin,ribsand other tissue
Distractors, positioners andstereotactic devices Mechanical
cutters (scalpels,lancets,drill
bits,rasps,trocars,Ligasure,Harmonic scalpel, rongeurs etc.)
Dilatorsandspecula, for access to narrow passages or
incisions
Suctiontips and tubes, for removal of bodily fluids
Sealing devices, such assurgical staplers Irrigation
andinjection needles, tips and tubes, for introducing fluid
Powered devices, such asdrills,dermatomes Scopes and probes,
includingfiber opticendoscopesand tactile probes
Carriers and appliers foroptical, electronic and mechanical
devices
Ultrasoundtissue disruptors,cryotomesand cuttinglaserguides
Measurement devices, such asrulersandcalipersAn important
relative distinction, regarding surgical instruments, is the amount
of bodily disruption or tissuetraumathat their use might cause the
patient. Terms relating to this issue are 'atraumatic' andminimally
invasive. Minimally invasive systems are an important recent
development in surgery.
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Organization is the structural framework of duties and
responsibilities required of personal in performing various
functions within the company. It is essentially a blue-print for
action resulting in a mechanism for carrying out functions to
achieve the goals setup by the company.
An organization structure shows the authority and responsibility
relationship between various position in the organization and also
clarifies who reports to whom. It is a set of planned relationships
between groups of related functions and between physical factors
and personnel required for the achievement of organizational
goals.
The organization structure is generally shown on organization
chart. It represent authority relationship between various
positions in the organization by showing who reports to who me. It
is a set of planned relationships between groups of related
junctions and between physical factors and personnel required for
the achievement of organizational goals.
An organization chart is a diagrammatical form which shows
important aspects of an organization including the major functions
and their respective relationship. It is a graphic portrayal of
positions in the enterprise and of the formal line of
accountability among them. It provides a bird eye-view of the
relationship between different departments or division of an
enterprise as well as the relationship between the executives and
the subordinates at various levels.
An organization cannot work cutting without a detents structure.
The first step in designing the structure of an organization is to
insetting and group the activities involved, which is expressed as
departmentation, because of the intimate connection between the
felonry over time and cost accounts it is necessary before consider
the letter in details to deal.
Departmentation of ISCON
Instrument Care Cleaning, disinfecting and sterilising are the
three levels of instrument care. Cleaning removes dirt, debris and
biological material from surgical instruments. You can clean
surgical instruments manually or mechanically using water and
detergents or an enzymatic cleaner. Thoroughly clean your
instruments, because debris that remains on instruments can
interfere with further disinfection/sterilisation or corrupt
research data. Cleaning is the first step toward sterilisation and
sometimes is all that is required.
Disinfection can be broken down into three tiers: low level
disinfection (LLD), intermediate level disinfection (ILD) and high
level disinfection (HLD). LLD eliminates all vegetative bacteria
(except tubercle bacilli), lipid viruses, some non-lipid viruses
and some fungi in less than 10 minutes. ILD destroys tubercle
bacilli, mycobacteria, lipid enveloped and some non-lipid enveloped
viruses and fungus spores. In addition to killing these
microorganisms, HLD can also kill bacterial spores, though not in a
high number. The CDC recommends a 90 minute soak at
25C.Sterilisation destroys all microbial life. Some chemical
sterilants can be used as HLD disinfectants when used for shorter
exposure periods. Dry heat or autoclaving are the preferred method
of sterilising surgical instruments.CleaningThe first step in
properly cleaning your surgical instruments is to rinse off all
blood, bodily fluids and tissue immediately after use. Dried soils
may damage the instrument surface and make cleaning more difficult.
Rinse your instruments in cool water. Hot water can cause
proteinous substances to coagulate. If desired, soak your surgical
instruments in cool water with an enzymatic detergent. The
detergent helps to dissolve the proteins and break down oils. Then,
the instruments may be cleaned manually or mechanically in a washer
or ultrasonic bath.Manual CleaningIf a mechanical cleaning method
is unavailable, manual cleaning may be necessary. Likewise, if
instruments are easily damaged, complex (requiring disassembly) or
have small lumens, they may need to be cleaned manually.
When cleaning your instruments manually, wear heavy-duty rubber
gloves, a plastic apron, eye protection and a mask. Use only
neutral pH detergents. If your instruments are not rinsed properly,
low pH detergents may break down the protective surface of
stainless steel instruments and cause black staining. Likewise,
alkaline detergents may leave surface deposits that cause a brown
stain and interfere with the smooth operation of the instrument.
Use soft plastic cleaning brushes to scrub the instruments. Do not
use steel wool, wire brushes or other abrasive materials that could
scratch the finish or dull your instruments. Hold the instruments
below the surface of the water when you scrub them to avoid
splattering contaminants. Be sure to brush out all crevices, teeth
and grooves. Rinse each instrument thoroughly under running water.
Open and close hinged instruments like scissors, hemostats and
needle holders under running water to thoroughly rinse detergent
from the hinges.
Visually inspect your instruments to ensure they are free of
stains and tissue. Check each instrument for proper function and
condition. Scissors blades should be tight and should open and
close smoothly. Forceps and tweezer tips should be properly
aligned. Like the scissors, the hemostats should not be loose.
Verify that they lock and unlock easily. Close the needle holders
and hold them up to the light. Light coming through the tip
indicates that the jaws are worn. Knives and cutting blades should
be sharp and free of nicks and chips. After a visual inspection,
dry the instruments with a soft cloth. This minimizes the risk of
corrosion and the formation of water spots. Use a spray lubricant
in the hinges to improve the function of the instrument.
Mechanical CleaningTypically, a washing machine runs through
several cycles. A cold water rinse removes debris. Then, a hot
water bath and rinse cycle is followed by a blow dry with hot air.
Some washers are also disinfectors. These units use 100C water in
the hot water cycle. Follow the manufacturers instructions when
using a mechanical washer. Be sure to lubricate hinged instruments
after the last rinse cycle and prior to sterilisation.Ultrasonic
cleaning is the most effective cleaning method, because of its
cavitation. As the sound waves vibrate through the cleaning
solution, they create microscopic bubbles, which grow as the
pressure in the unit changes. Eventually the bubbles implode. The
bursting bubbles effectively dislodge debris, even in the most
difficult to reach places. A neutral pH detergent improves the
effectiveness of the cleaner, because it increases the number of
bubbles.
Before you begin, fill the ultrasonic cleaner with deionised
water and detergent according to the manufacturers directions. Run
the cleaner for several minutes to allow the temperature to
equilibrate and to remove any gases from the solution.
Separate instruments by metal type and process them in batches.
For example, do not mix chrome plated and stainless steel
instruments in the same cleaning cycle. Fully submerge all
instruments. Place hinged instruments into the solution in an open
position. Make sure that any sharp instruments do not touch other
instruments. Allow the instruments to process for 510 minutes
before removing them from the ultrasonic bath and rinsing
thoroughly. As before, visually inspect each instrument, dry it
with a soft cloth and lubricate any hinges.
DisinfectionBoth thermal and chemical methods are available for
HLD. As a general rule, surgical instruments are not susceptible to
heat, making boiling the preferred method for disinfecting. Boiling
instruments in 100C water for at least one minute kills all
microorganisms, except for a few bacterial spores. Boiling does NOT
sterilise equipment.
Bring the boiler to a rolling boil. Submerge open instruments in
the boiling water. When the water returns to the boiling point,
turn the heat down to a gentle boil. A rolling boil could damage
instruments as they bounce around in the boiler. After one minute,
remove the instruments from the water using a set of disinfected
tongs. Allow the instruments to dry and lubricate the hinges. Do
NOT leave boiled instruments in the water as it cools, because they
could be re-contaminated. Discard the water when you finish
disinfecting your instruments.
To eliminate lime buildup on boiled instruments, use distilled
water for boiling or add a small amount of white vinegar to the
boiler before you process your instruments.
Chemical disinfection can be used when instruments will be
damaged by heat. Some chemicals that may be considered include
glutaraldehyde 2% for 20 minutes, hydrogen peroxide 6%7.5% for 2030
minutes, peracetic acid 0.20.35% for 5 minutes and
ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) for 512 minutes.
SterilisationSterilisation kills all microorganisms and spores.
Autoclaving (saturated steam under high pressure) is the most
common method for sterilising surgical instruments, however, dry
heat and chemical sterilants (ethylene gas, hydrogen peroxide gas
plasma, etc.) can also be used.
AutoclavePrior to autoclaving, clean the instruments and
lubricate all hinged instruments with a surgical instrument
lubricant. Do not use WD-40 or other industrial lubricants. Always
autoclave instruments in an open position. Locking an instrument
prevents the steam from reaching all the surfaces. The heat also
causes the metal to expand, which can crack the hinges of locked
instruments. Never overload the autoclave chamber. Instruments can
be placed in sterilisation trays or wrapped in paper or muslin
before autoclaving. This helps to prevent contamination of the
instruments after sterilisation.
Arrange the instruments, sterilisation trays or packs in the
autoclave without stacking them. The steam must circulate freely
inside the autoclave. Follow the manufacturers directions for
adjusting the time, temperature and pressure of the autoclave
cycle. Process the instruments as follows:
Unwrapped instruments at 121C for 20 minutes at 15 PSI above
atmospheric pressure or at 134C for 34 minutes at 30 PSI above
atmospheric pressure
Wrapped instruments at 121C for 30 minutes at 15 PSI above
atmospheric pressure or at 134C for 15 minutes at 30 PSI above
atmospheric pressure
When the autoclaving cycle is complete and the pressure reaches
zero, open the door a centimeter or two to allow the steam to
escape. Run the drying cycle as recommended by the autoclave
manufacturer until all the instruments are dry. It should take
about 30 minutes. Using sterile tongs, remove all the instruments,
trays and packages. Allow them to cool to room temperature before
storing.
Unwrapped items must be used immediately or may be stored in
covered, dry, sterile trays for up to a week. Store wrapped
packages in a warm, dry, closed cabinet. Instruments remain sterile
as long as the wrap is dry and intact.
Dry HeatDry heat may also be used to sterilise surgical
instruments. Instruments can be wrapped in aluminum foil or placed
in sterilisation trays before putting them in the oven. Refer to
the manufacturers directions to heat the oven. Instruments can be
heated to any of the following to be considered sterilised: 180C
for 30 minutes
170C for 1 hour
160C for 2 hours
149C for 2.5 hours
141C for 3 hours
Allow the instruments to cool to room temperature inside the
oven and store them as described above.Cold SterilisationSoaking
surgical instruments in most cold sterilants requires 10 hours to
sterilise them. This can be detrimental to fine instruments. If
disinfection is required (and not sterilisation) a 1090 minute soak
in a cold sterilant may be all that is required. When using
instruments with tungsten carbide inserts (needle holders,
scissors, forceps), avoid using solutions with benzyl ammonium
chloride.When Do I Sterilise?
Many years ago, Earle H. Spaulding proposed a simple method to
determine the level of sterilisation required for patient
protection. It is still a suitable guideline for most applications
today. Spaulding categorised equipment as critical, semi-critical
and non-critical.
Critical items must be sterilised, because they pose the
greatest risk for infecting a patient. These include any item that
enters or touches sterile tissues, the vascular system or bodily
fluids like blood. This includes surgical instruments, catheters,
implantable sensors and other equipment used inside a patient.
If an item comes into contact with mucous membranes but is not
used inside sterile tissues, it is considered semi-critical. Mucous
membranes are not usually susceptible to a small number of
bacterial spores, so a high level disinfection is suitable for
semi-critical items. These items include anaesthesia equipment,
some scopes (endoscope) and temperature probes.
Non-critical items do not come into contact with mucous
membranes but touch intact skin. Equipment like blood pressure
cuffs, surgical beds and stereotaxic frames are considered
non-critical. They must be thoroughly cleaned, but will not require
sterilisation. A low level disinfection may also be used.
Make Your Instruments Sing
With proper care and maintenance, your instruments will last for
years to come. Understanding the difference between cleaning,
disinfecting and sterilising can safeguard your research and
protect your investment in surgical instruments, equipment and
laboratory animals.
Our ClienteleThe Syringes & Needles are presently exported
to South Africa, Sudan, Kyrgystan, Russia, etc. are being exported
to U.S.A., Philippines, Thailand, South Korea, Turkey, Egypt,
Malaysia, Canada and many other developed countries under the
registered brand name of PRICON.
Quality AssuranceQuality control and specification adherence are
the hallmark of Iscon Surgical and we follow stringent quality
control norms and methods at every stage of our process to ensure
the smooth and flawless production. Guidelines and procedures
issued by WHO / WHO-GMP are followed in order to deliver a
non-toxic and non-pyrogen range of surgical disposables and
equipments to our valued clients. The products are packaged in
durable packaging material to ensure uncontaminated
transportation.
The company is an OEM service provider and holds prestigious
membership of PLEXIL.
Our InfrastructureThe company has manufacturing facilities at
four different locations in Jodhpur, India, spread over more than
150,000 sq. ft. land area and have architectural area of about 75,
000 sq. ft. Our overall setup have been categorized into the
following divisions:
Engineering Division
Medical Division
OEM Design and Manufacturing Division, etc.
Entire manufacturing activity at Iscon Surgicals Ltd. is carried
out in consonance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). About
300 employees support the company that includes engineers,
technologists, machinist, designers, tool makers and plastic
technologists, and few others who are specialist in their
field.
Our Technological StrengthThe company's production unit is
outfitted with latest technologies and equipments like:
Injection Molding Machines
Fully Automatic Cannulate Grinding Machines
Blasting Machines
Electro Polishing Machines
Semi and Fully Automated Needle Assembly Lines
Semi and Fully Automated Syringe Assembly Lines
Blister Packaging Machines
Ribbon Packing Machines and many more.
Backed by such a well planned technological strength, Iscon
Surgicals Ltd. has out paced many of its rivals in the markets.
Our R & D DepartmentThe Company's R&D Center is our core
asset. This department focuses on every ongoing research programme
in consultation with world's reputed large industrial houses and
surgeons of global repute to produce more efficient variety of
medical application products.
CredibilityWe, Iscon Surgicals Ltd., a dignified member of the
Iscon Group, are the proud winner of several distinguished awards
including Second Best National Productivity Award and State
Excellence Export Award. With three decades of experience, Iscon,
as a group, is capable of responding efficiently to the present
market needs. Besides this, we also undertake OEM product
manufacturing by developing prototypes and offering services
straight from the product conceptualization to the final
manufacturing and delivery.
Why Us? A wide range of superlative products
Competitive prices
Prompt delivery schedules and client satisfactio: our
priority
State-of-the-art facility loaded with modern technologies
Team of experts to monitor production process
Strict compliance of WHO-GMP and other internationally accepted
production norms.
Facilities : -
1. Drinking Water:At all the working places safe hygienic
drinking water should be provided.2. Facilities for sitting:In
every organization, especially factories, suitable seating
arrangements are to be provided.3. First aid appliances:First aid
appliances are to be provided and should be readily assessable so
that in case of any minor accident initial medication can be
provided to the needed employee.4. Latrines and Urinals:A
sufficient number of latrines and urinals are to be provided in the
office and factory premises and are also to be maintained in a neat
and clean condition.5. Canteen facilities:Cafeteria or canteens are
to be provided by the employer so as to provide hygienic and
nutritious food to the employees.
6. Spittoons:In every work place, such as ware houses, store
places, in the dock area and office premises spittoons are to be
provided in convenient places and same are to be maintained in a
hygienic condition.7. Lighting:Proper and sufficient lights are to
be provided for employees so that they can work safely during the
night shifts.8. Washing places:Adequate washing places such as
bathrooms, wash basins with tap and tap on the stand pipe are
provided in the port area in the vicinity of the work places.9.
Changing rooms:Adequate changing rooms are to be provided for
workers to change their cloth in the factory area and office
premises. Adequate lockers are also provided to the workers to keep
their clothes and belongings.10. Rest rooms:Adequate numbers of
restrooms are provided to the workers with provisions of water
supply, wash basins, toilets, bathrooms, etc.
CHPTER III rdSWOT ANALYSISASWOT analysis(alternativelySWOT
matrix) is a structuredplanningmethod used to evaluate
thestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threatsinvolved in
aprojector in abusinessventure. A SWOT analysis can be carried out
for a product, place, industry or person. It involves specifying
the objective of the business venture or project and identifying
the internal and external factors that are favorable and
unfavorable to achieve that objective. Some authors credit SWOT
toAlbert Humphrey, who led a convention at the Stanford Research
Institute (nowSRI International) in the 1960s and 1970s using data
fromFortune 500companies.[1]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis" \l
"cite_note-2"[2]However, Humphrey himself does not claim the
creation of SWOT, and the origins remain obscure. The degree to
which the internal environment of the firm matches with the
external environment is expressed by the concept ofstrategic
fit.
Strengths: characteristics of the business or project that give
it an advantage over others.
Weaknesses: characteristics that place the business or project
at a disadvantage relative to others
Opportunities: elements that the project could exploit to its
advantage
Threats: elements in the environment that could cause trouble
for the business or project
CHPTER - Vth
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
A surgeon performing a surgical procedure should be able to
assume that the instruments used are safe and reliable particularly
if they are new. To ensure the quality of these instruments, the
Health Care Standards Policy Committee directed the British
Standards Institution to produce requirements for the materials,
design, dimensions and other features of surgical instruments. As a
result, British Standards (BS), incorporating International
Organisation of Standardisation (ISO) standards, were
published.1Each year, large numbers of new instruments are ordered
by healthcare facilities across the UK, and those ordering them
should be able to rely on these standards. This study reports the
results of local quality control by the clinical engineering
department of all new instruments supplied to a single NHS
trust.