ISC Economics Class 12 Syllabus _12ith.docx · Web viewISC Biology Class 12 Syllabus There is one paper of 3 hours duration divided into two parts. Part I (20 marks) consists of compulsory

ISC Biology Class 12 SyllabusThere is one paper of 3 hours duration divided into two parts.Part I (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.Part II (50 marks) is divided into three Sections A, B and C. You are required to answer two out of three questions from Section A (each carrying 5 marks), two out of three questions from Section B (each carrying 10 marks) and two out of three questions from Section C (each carrying 10 marks). Therefore a total of six questions are to be answered in Part II.SECTION A1. Origin and Evolution of Life(i) Origin of life: living and nonliving; chemical evolution; organic evolution - Oparin ideas, Miller-Urey experiments; interrelationship among organisms and evidences of evolution: morphological evidences - homology and analogy, vestigial organs, atavism; embryological, palaeontological (fossils) and biogeographical evidences, molecular (genetic) evidences.(ii) Theories of evolution: Lamarckism: evidences in favour of Lamarckism (giraffe’s neck), criticism of Lamarckism; Darwinism: basic postulates of Darwinism, drawbacks of Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism (Modern Synthetic Theory); Hardy Weinberg’s principle; variations:

causes of variation, mutation, selected examples and types of natural selection (DDT resistance in mosquito, sickle-cell anaemia); artificial selection; adaptations. Human evolution: Dryopithecus, Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, Cromagnon man and Homo sapiens; differences between apes and man.SECTION B2. MulticellularityA. Plants

(i) T. S of young dicot and monocot stem, T. S of young dicot and monocot root and V. S. of dicot and monocot leaf. Secondary growth in stem: brief idea of formation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem by cambium ring formation, annual rings.(ii) Absorption and movement of water in plants: diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, osmotic pressure, turgor pressure, wall pressure, water potential, diffusion pressure deficit. Mechanism of water absorption (active and passive absorption), root pressure, transpiration, transpiration pull theory for ascent of sap, mechanism of opening and closing of stomata (active potassium theory), guttation.(iii) Photosynthesis: ultra structure of chloroplast, photochemical and biosynthetic phases, absorption and action spectra, factors affecting photosynthesis, photophosphorylation; photorespiration, transport of solutes.(iv) Reproduction and development in angiosperms: vegetative reproduction, structure of a typical flower,

types of inflorescence (racemose and cymose), sexual reproduction: development of male and female gametophytes, placentation, pollination, fertilisation (Amphimixis) and formation of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruits (broadly classified). Apomixis, Polyembryony, Parthenocarpy. Significance of seed and fruit formation.(v) Differentiation and organ formation.B. Animals

Reproduction (human): internal structure of human testis and ovary, menstrual cycle, gametogenesis, embryonic development in mammals (up to three germ layers). Medical termination of pregnancy, infertility. Amniocentesis. Assisted reproductive technologies.SECTION C3. Genetics(i) Fundamentals of Genetics: concept of alleles: dominant and recessive; phenotype and genotype, homozygous and heterozygous, mono and dihybrid crosses.(ii) Mendel’s experiments with peas; Mendel’s Principles of inheritance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance and multiple alleles, Polygenic inheritance, Pleiotropy.(iii) Genes: packaging of hereditary material in chromosomes. Linkage and crossing over; mutation, sex determination and sex linkage, search for DNA as genetic material, central dogma; genetic code, protein synthesis. Human genome project. DNA finger printing.

(iv) Recombinant DNA technology and its applications.4. Applications of Biology(i) Crop improvement: methods of crop improvement: selection, hybridisation, plant breeding, plant introduction, tissue culture; single cell protein; biofortification; biopesticides.(ii) Biotic community: intraspecific and interspecific relationship, commensalism, predation, scavenging, parasitism, symbiosis, biotic stability, biotic succession and ecological adaptations.(iii) Biodiversity today: importance of biodiversity, types of biodiversity, genetic conservation, gene banks and cryopreservation. Loss of biodiversity - threatened, endangered and extinct species. Strategies for conservation of biodiversity - in-situ and ex-situ.(iv) Biofertilisers: green manure, nitrogen fixation - symbiotic and non-symbiotic organisms, nitrogen cycle.(v) Human Diseases: Body’s defence mechanisms: (specific and non-specific); immune disorders (SCID and AIDS); allergies, interferons. Communicable diseases: causative agent, symptoms and prevention of the following: bacterial diseases (typhoid and pneumonia), viral diseases (common cold, swine flu and dengue), protozoa (malaria, and amoebiasis), helminthes (ascariasis, ringworm, and filariasis); sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Non-communicable diseases: cancer (types, causes, diagnosis and treatment); human genetic disorders: (haemophilia, thalassaemia, Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner syndrome). Rh factor incompatibility - during transfusion and pregnancy.

Genetic counselling; a brief idea of stem cells, organ transplants and immunosuppression.(vi) Adolescent issues: alcoholism and drugs.(vii) Biomedical Engineering: (only applications) Instruments - ECG, EEG, CT scan, ultrasound, MRI, pacemakers, implants, dialysis, external prosthesis.(viii) Human population: population growth curves, causes of increase in population.(ix) Animal Husbandry: Dairy farm management, poultry farm management, apiculture, pisiculture.

ISC Chemistry Class 12 Syllabus

There is one paper of 3 hours duration divided into 2 parts.Part I (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.Part II (50 marks) is divided into 3 Sections, A, B and C. You are required to answer two out of three questions from Section A (each carrying 10 marks), two out of three questions from Section B (each carrying 5 marks) and two out of three questions from Section C (each carrying 10 marks). Therefore, a total of six questions are to be answered in Part II.

SECTION A1. Relative Molecular Mass and Mole(i) Normality, molality, molarity, mole fraction, as measures of concentration.(ii) Raoult's law and colligative properties.(iii) Nonvolatile, non electrolytic solute.(iv) Dissociation - Electrolytic solute.(v) Association.(vi) Relative molecular mass of non-volatile substances:

(a) By relative lowering of vapour pressure. (b) Depression in freezing point. (c) Elevation in boiling point method. (d) Osmotic pressure and its application in the

determination of relative molecular mass. (e) van’t Hoff factor. (f) van’t Hoff equation and its interpretation. (g) Simple numerical problems on different methods

mentioned above for the determination of molecular masses. Abnormal molecular masses in case of electrolytes and in case of solutes which associate.

2. States of Matter: Structure and PropertiesSolid State

Crystalline and amorphous substances; lattice; unit cell; 3–D packing of atoms in a crystal lattice; relation between radius, edge length and nearest neighbour distance of atoms in a unit cell; density of a unit cell;

interstitial void; imperfections in solids, ionic, metallic and atomic solids, electrical and magnetic properties.3. Chemical KineticsQualitative meaning of chemical kinetics, comparison with chemical dynamics; slow and fast reactions; rate of reactions; factors affecting the rate of reaction such as: concentration, temperature, nature of reactants and products, surface area of reactants, presence of catalyst and radiation; Rate constant; Rate law; Law of Mass Action; concept of energy barrier; threshold energy, activation energy; formation of activated complex; exothermic and endothermic reactions; collision theory for a chemical change; order of a reaction; rate equation of zero and first order reaction; half life period; molecularity of a reaction; mechanism of elementary and overall reaction; variation of rate constant with temperature; Arrhenius equation – K=Ae-Ea/RT; related graphs; catalyst.4. Chemical Equilibria(i) Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium. The concept of equilibrium constant in terms of concentration or partial pressure to indicate the composition of the equilibrium mixture. The following are the examples: the dissociation of dinitrogen tetroxide, hydrolysis of simple esters, the Contact Process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, the synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s process.(ii) Le Chatelier’s Principle and its applications to chemical equilibria.5. Ionic Equilibria

(i) Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation. Strength of acids and bases based on their dissociation constant.(ii) Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and bases, Multistage ionization of acids and bases with examples.(iii) Ionic product of water, pH of solutions and pH indicators.(iv) Common ion effect.(v) Salt hydrolysis.(vi) Buffer solutions.(vii) Solubility product and its applications.6. Electrochemistry(i) Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis, Coulometer.(ii) Relation between Faraday, Avogadro’s number and charge on an electron. F = NAe should be given (no details of Millikan’s experiment are required).(iii) Galvanic cells, mechanism of current production in a galvanic cell; and electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode, electrochemical series, Nernst equation.(iv) Electrolytic conductance: specific conductance. Measuring of molar and equivalent conductance; Kohlrausch's law.(v) Corrosion.(vi) Batteries.

SECTION B7. Coordination CompoundsConcept of complexes; definition of ligands; classification of ligands, coordination number, coordination sphere; IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds; isomerism; magnetic characteristics of coordination compounds on the basis of valence bond theory and crystal field theory. Stability constant; uses of coordination compounds in different fields.8. Chemistry of p-Block ElementsGroup 16, 17, 18 - The following should be included: (a) Occurrence, (b) Physical State, (c) Electronic configuration, (d) Atomic and ionic radii, (e) Common oxidation states, (f) Electronegative character, (g) Ionisation enthalpy, (h) Oxidising nature, (i) Nature of oxides, hydroxides, hydrides, carbonates, nitrates, chlorides, sulphates, wherever applicable.  9. Preparation/ Manufacture, Properties and Uses of Compounds of Groups 16, 17Ozone, Hydrogen peroxide, Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid10. Chemistry of Transition and Inner-Transition Elementsd-Block: 3d, 4d and 5d seriesf-Block: 4f and 5f seriesStudy in terms of metallic character, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, oxidisation states, variable

valency, formation of coloured compounds, formation of complexes, alloy formation.Lanthanoids: Lanthanoid contraction, shielding effect, radioactive nature.Actinoids - general electronic configuration, oxidation state, comparison with lanthanoids and uses.Metallurgy of Al, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ag in terms of equations, thermodynamics and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals; electrolytic refining and uses.Compounds

1. Silver nitrate: equation of preparation, use in laboratory and in photography.

2. Potassium permanganate: structure, shape, equation of extraction from pyrolusite ore, its oxidising nature in acidic, basic and neutral medium, use in redox titration.

3. Potassium dichromate: equation of extraction from chromite ore, structure and shape of molecule and its use in titration.

SECTION C11. Alkyl and Aryl Halides(i) The nomenclature of aliphatic compounds containing halogen atom.(ii) Preparation, properties, uses of haloalkanes.(iii) Preparation, properties, and uses of the following: ethyl bromide, chloroform, iodoform, haloform reaction.

(iv) Chlorobenzene.(v) Organometallic compounds.12. Alcohols and Phenols(i) Classification, general formulae, structure and nomenclature.(ii) Methods of preparation, manufacture, properties and uses.(iii) Preparation, properties and uses of ethane-1, 2 diol, propane-1, 2, 3 triol (outline - no details).(iv) Conversion of one alcohol into another.(v) Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.13. Ethers, Carbonyl Compounds.(i) Ethers: general formula and structure. Nomenclature; preparation, properties and uses of ether (outline, no detail), with reference to diethyl ether.(ii) Carbonyl compounds: methods of preparation, properties and uses of aldehydes and ketones.14. Carboxylic acids and Acid Derivatives(i) Carboxylic acids: classification, general formulae, structure and nomenclature: monocarboxylic acids, general methods of preparation, properties and uses of acids.

(ii) Acid derivatives: laboratory preparation, properties and uses of acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, acetamide, ethylacetate; urea preparation (by Wohler's synthesis), properties and uses of urea, manufacture of urea from ammonia and by cyanamide process.15. Cyanides, Isocyanides, Nitro compounds, Amines and Diazonium SaltsTheir nomenclature, general methods of preparation, correlation of physical properties with their structure, chemical properties, their uses. 16. PolymersPolymerisation: the principle of addition and condensation polymerisation illustrated by reference to natural and synthetic polymers e.g. proteins, polyolefins and synthetic fibres; thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, chemotrophs; reference should also be made to the effect of chain-length and cross-linking on physical properties of polymers.17. Biomoleculescarbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins and nucleic acids.

ISC Commerce Class 12 SyllabusPart 1 (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary / fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.

Part II (60 marks) consists of eight questions out of which you are required to answer five questions, each carrying 12 marks.1. Business EnvironmentConcept, and importance of Business Environment.2. Financing(i) Capital: Sources of finance for sole trader; partnership; Joint Stock Company; financial planning.(ii) Sources of finance for a Joint Stock Company.

(a) Different types of shares: equity, preference. Bonus shares, rights issue, ESOP, Sweat Equity Shares, Retained earnings.

(b) Loan capital: debentures. (c) Loans from commercial banks and Financial

Institutions.  (d) Short-term sources of funds. 

(iii) Banking - latest trends.3. Management(i) Management: Meaning, objectives and characteristics of management.(ii) Nature of Management - Science, Art and Profession.(iii) Importance of Management.(iv) Principles of Management: nature of principles; need for principles.

(v) Functions of Management: Planning; Organising; Staffing; Directing; Controlling and Coordinating.4. Marketing(i) Marketing: concept and functions.(ii) Marketing Mix.(iii) Consumer protection: rights of consumers, methods of consumer protection.

ISC Economics Class 12 SyllabusPart 1 (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary / fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.Part II (60 marks) consists of eight questions out of which candidates will be required to answer five questions, each carrying 12 marks.1. Micro Economic Theory(i) Demand: meaning, factors affecting demand; Demand function; Law of Demand; derivation of demand curve; movement and shift of the demand curve; exceptions to the Law of Demand.Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equimarginal Utility, consumer’s equilibrium through utility approach (Cardinal) and indifference curve analysis (Ordinal).

(ii) Elasticity of demand: meaning, types of elasticity of demand, measurement of elasticity of demand; factors affecting elasticity of demand.(iii) Supply: meaning; difference between stock and supply; determinants of supply; Law of Supply; movement and shift of the supply curve; elasticity of supply.(iv) Market Mechanism: Equilibrium and disequilibrium; Equilibrium price and effect of changes in demand and supply on the equilibrium price. Simple applications of tools of demand and supply.(v) Concept of production and production function (short run and long run production function), returns to a factor, total, average and marginal physical products; Law of Variable Proportions and its three stages.(vi) Cost and revenue: Basic concepts of cost; fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, marginal cost and average cost – their relationships; opportunity cost; short run and long run cost curves. Revenue: meaning; average revenue, marginal revenue and total revenue and their relationships under perfect competition and imperfect competition, Producer’s equilibrium.(vii) Main market forms: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly, monopsony; characteristics of the various market forms; equilibrium of a firm in perfect competition under short run and long run.2. Theory of Income and Employment

Basic concepts and determination of Income and Employment3. Money and Banking(i) Money: meaning, functions of money, supply of money.(ii) Banks: functions of commercial bank; high powered money, credit creation by commercial banks; Central Bank: functions.4. Balance of Payment and Exchange RateBalance of Payment - meaning, components; foreign exchange - meaning, determination of exchange rate (Flexible).5. Public Finance(i) Fiscal Policy: meaning and instruments of fiscal policy.(ii) Government Budget: meaning, types and components.6. National Income(i) Circular flow of Income.(ii) Concepts and definition of NY, GNP, GDP, NNP, private income, personal income, personal disposable income, National Disposable Income and per capita income; relationship between the income concepts.

(iii) Methods of measuring National Income: product or value-added method; income method and expenditure method with simple numericals based on them.

ISC Geography Class 12 SyllabusThere is one Theory paper of three hours duration divided into two parts - Part I (30 marks) is compulsory and consists of Section A and Section B. Section A includes compulsory short answer questions testing knowledge, application and skills related to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus Section B consists of one question on map work.Part II (40 marks) consists of seven questions. You are required to answer four out of seven questions. Each question in this part carries 10 marks.1. Physical Environment(i) Locational setting - India: size and area. Present importance of the location of India with reference to the Indian Ocean Rim countries and the Northern and Western frontiers. Comparison with China and Australia.Extent, position with reference to latitude and longitude, length of coastline and frontiers with neighbouring countries. The locational advantages of India in the Indian Ocean and as a subcontinent.

(ii) Structure of India - Geological formation, relief and drainage; major physiographic divisions and their characteristics.(a) Outline of the geological evolution and structure: basic definitions - geology, era, periods, physiography, geological structure, stratigraphy.Names of the main Standard and Indian geological eras with reference to Indian Geology.Geological evolution of: the Peninsular Plateau, the Himalayas and the Great Plains. Difference between the Peninsular Plateau and the Himalayas. (The Geological rock formations of India are not required).(b) The three-fold physiographic divisions: the Himalayan mountain complex, the Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains and the Peninsular Plateau.Himalayan mountain complex: (orthoclinal structure)

The three parallel ranges, the northwest and northeast offshoots, comparison between Western and Eastern Himalayas. Regional divisions of the Himalayas (Kashmir/ Punjab Himalayas, Himachal/ Uttranchal/ Kumaon Himalayas, Nepal Himalayas, Assam Himalayas).Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains

The relief features - bhabar, tarai, bhangar, khaddar, bhur, barind, barkhans, khols, dhaya, bet, chos, doabs. Regional divisions of the plains: Rajasthan plain (the Great Indian desert), Punjab plain, Ganga plain, Brahamaputra/ Assam plain.).

The Peninsular Plateau

The Malwa plateau, Chotanagpur Plateau and Deccan Plateau: the relief features - badland, barkhans, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Aravalis. Comparison between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.The above three physical divisions are to be studied with reference to their extent, altitude, slope and landform characteristics.

Coastal Plains

Comparison between Western and Eastern Coastal Plains and their divisions. The relief features: Lagoons, estuaries, deltas.Islands

Difference between Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshwadweep islands. (c) Drainage (i.e. rivers) and drainage systems: Names and sources of the main rivers and their major tributaries (Extent of river basin area not required).Comparison of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.(iii) Climate: India - Factors affecting India’s climate: Temperature - factors affecting temperature. Atmospheric pressure conditions during the year; origin and mechanism of the monsoon, Jet streams, Southern Oscillations; wind and rainfall distribution during the year; characteristics of the four main seasons - hot and dry, hot and wet, cool and dry, cool and wet with reference to temperature distribution in north and south India,

pressure, wind conditions – distribution of resultant rainfall; variability of rainfall, incidence of droughts and floods. Temperature and rainfall graphs of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Jaisalmer, Leh, and Hyderabad.Role of various factors affecting Indian climate – latitudinal extent, distance from the sea, northern mountain ranges, physiography, monsoon winds, upper air circulation, western disturbances and tropical cyclones, southern oscillation, El Nino; understanding of the concept and mechanism of monsoon; Indian Monsoonal Regime – onset, rain bearing system, break in the monsoon, retreat of the monsoon;Seasons of India – with reference to temperature, pressure distribution, wind systems and local winds (loo, kalbaisaki/ Norwesters, Mango showers; explanation of the variability of rainfall in different areas over different seasons.Droughts and Floods - meaning, causes, affected areas and mitigation programmes. Temperature and rainfall graphs of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Leh, Jaisalmer and Hyderabad.(iv) Natural vegetation: Major vegetation types of India, their geographical distribution with reference to rainfall and temperature conditions - description of the important tree types and their adaptation to the climate. Forest - area covered, importance, use, misuse and potential both for exploitation and conservation. Present forest policy.Distinction between vegetation, flora and forest, virgin vegetation; factors affecting vegetation.

Classification of vegetation types - tropical evergreen, monsoon forests, tropical dry forests, arid forests, deltaic forests, mountain forests and their geographical distribution and adaptation; importance of the trees in these forests.Importance of forest to man; Impact of human activity on vegetation. Forest area and forest cover in India. Forest Conservation - need, Social Forestry (Agro forestry, community forestry, commercial farm forestry, non-commercial farm forestry, urban forestry); Forest Conservation Movement: Van Mahotsav, Chipko Movement, Forest Conservation Act (1980).National Forest Policy (1988): objectives of the Forest Policy; Integrated Forest Protection Scheme.2. Population and Human settlements(i) Population of India compared to six countries - China, Australia, USA, Canada, Russia and Brazil.Population of India as compared to the other six countries with reference to percentage of world population and India’s position in the world.(ii) National and State level patterns of population distribution.Definition of census. Index of concentration (highest and lowest index of concentration as per the latest census), density of population - arithmetic and physiological.Spatial distribution of population in India and explanation of the factors influencing it - landforms, climate, accessibility and level of development that result in this

pattern. Comparison of the density at the State level and factors influencing it.(iii) Pattern of population growth in the last three decades; implications for development.Meaning of terminologies such as population, birth rate, death rate, population growth rate, natural growth rate and absolute growth of population, migratory growth, positive and negative growth.Population growth of India at national level - trends of 1921, 1951 and 1981 to the latest Census, of absolute growth rate of population. Demographic characteristics of India at the National level- birth rate, death rate, and natural growth rate from 1991 to the latest Census.Impact of rapid growth rate on economic development, on environment; need for planned development (to maintain the ecological balance).(iv) Migration trends over the last 25 years.

Explanation of the important terms - migration, commutation, out migration, in migration, step-wise migration and migrant, push and pull factors.Types (National and International migration, inter migration and intra migration, urban migration and rural migration) and trends of migration.Streams of migration: (rural-rural, rural- urban, urban-urban and urban-rural).Causes for migration - natural, economic, political and social.

Comparing the consequences of each type of migration on cities and rural areas.(v) Demographic attributes at National level - trends and patterns of: 1. Rural urban population 2. Age and sex composition 3. Literacy levels 4. Working and non- working population; implications for development.Study of the causes and trends of rural urban composition, age and sex ratio, literacy level, working and non-working population at the National level (highest and lowest figures for each of the above) in the latest census. Implications for development.(vi) Rural settlements - size and number of villages as per the latest census. Types and patterns in hill areas, plains and coastal locations.Distinction between Rural and Urban settlements; Rural and Urban Population. Classification of villages as per the latest census.Factors affecting the types (distinction between compact and dispersed) and patterns (linear, circular, star shaped, rectangular, shapeless) of rural settlements in plains, coastal areas, mountains and plateau areas.(vii) Urban settlements - size classification of towns as per the latest census. Study of population growth in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai from1951 till the latest census.Definition of an Urban area according to the latest census; Urban agglomeration, conurbation, urban sprawl, ribbon settlement, infill, metropolis, megalopolis.

Trends of urbanization only in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai from 1951 till the latest census.Factors that influence the growth of urban centres in India. Problems and advantages of urban growth.3. Resources of India and their Utilisation(i) Need for environmental management vis-à- vis development.

Understanding that from the development point of view, environment may mistakenly be seen as a 'resource' to be exploited, whereas, environment needs to be viewed as a 'capital' that needs to be managed carefully.(ii) Land resources: Land use pattern in India - quality of cultivable land, size of land holdings.Defining the term land resource; its importance and problems. Land use pattern - net sown area, area sown more than once, forests, land not available for cultivation, permanent pastures and other grazing lands, land under miscellaneous tree crops, culturable (cultivable) waste, fallow land, quality and size of cultivable land holdings. Methods to reduce fragmentation of land holdings.(iii) Water resources and types of irrigation.

Types of water resources: Surface and ground water. Meaning, importance and need for irrigation in India.Sources of irrigation:Traditional Methods: wells, tanks, tube wells; (study of two states where each of the above types of irrigation is mainly prevalent).

Modern methods: tube wells, sprinkler irrigation, Perennial canals (Names of two canals each in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra).Advantages and disadvantages of all the methods of irrigation.Overwatering - reasons and regions affected by it; dangers of over watering.(iv) Agriculture: Types, development and problems.

(a) Wet and dry farming, crop rotation and crop combination, intensity of cropping, problems of Indian agriculture; use of technology in agriculture. Modern inputs, change over from subsistence to commercial agriculture, need for Green Revolution. Diversifying Indian agriculture - importance of animal husbandry.(b) Comparative study of:(i) Conditions of growth (soil, temperature, rainfall requirements, crop seasons, secondary crops cultivated with them). (ii) World production and India’s position. (iii) Major producing States in India and their rank as producers of the following crops:Food grains - Rice (China/Japan), Wheat (China/Pakistan), Coarse grains - Sorghum (Jowar, Maize), Pennisetum (Bajra or Camboo), Eleusine (Ragi), pulses. (India, inter-state).Commercial and Industrial crops - Coffee (Nilgiris and N.E. India), Tea (Sri Lanka), Cotton (Pakistan), Sugarcane

(China), Jute (Bangladesh), oilseed cultivation in India particularly of Groundnut, Coconut (Sri Lanka).Importance of Market Gardening and Orchard Farming - reasons and trends in development in recent years. Self-explanatory(v) Fishing in India, Japan and Bangladesh.

Methods, types of fish caught, fishing grounds; factors affecting the importance and development, fishing ports and markets, need and methods of fish conservation.Recent Indian Fisheries Policy - a brief understanding only.Understanding of marine and inland fisheries; deep sea and inshore fishing; pelagic and demersal fishing should be done. Problems affecting fishing in India, Japan and Bangladesh should be also taken up.Two ports and two types of fishes of each coastal State in India should be studied.(vi) Sources of Energy

(a) Minerals and power resources.Distinguishing between metallic and non-metallic minerals; ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.Production and distribution (three leading States and three leading centres in each State) of Iron ore, mica, coal, manganese and petroleum; their uses.Iron ore, mica, coal: their types.

The main power resources - Nuclear thermal, hydel; three main States for generation of nuclear thermal and hydel power in India.(b) Conventional energy sources - fossil fuels and firewood, potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source, methods of harnessing and environmental consequences of their use.Conventional energy sources: Firewood - for heating and cooking along with agricultural and animal waste.Coal, Petroleum, diesel, LPG - their potential and limitations in India. Environmental concerns with regard to their use (global warming, thermal pollution in waters, fly ash, atmospheric pollution, etc.).(c) Non-conventional energy sources - types of non-conventional sources (bio- mass, solar, wind, ocean, hydel, geothermal, nuclear), potential (Indian context) and limitations of each source, methods of harnessing and their environmental consequences, need to promote non-conventional energy sources.Advantages and limitations of each non-conventional energy source. Uses of these energy sources and distribution. Understanding the need to promote non-conventional energy sources.4. Infrastructural Resources (Development of Transport and Communication).(a) Railways, Roadways, Water transport (inland and coastal), Air transport, Pipelines - these modes of transport are to be studied with regard to

Location and state wise distribution of air, road and rail routes; location of waterways and pipelines; natural and economic factors that govern their distribution; density and growth. Patterns in India.The present position, areas well and poorly served by each mode.Problems - comparative advantage of each mode of transport, national goals to be achieved in the development of modes of transport (The Golden quadrilateral - its north-south and east-west corridor).(i) Ports, their location and advantage; major exports and imports of different ports. Nature and direction of trade from the ports. International trading patterns and products in the last five years.Distinguishing between harbour and port; natural and artificial harbours. Location of major ports in India and their advantage; main items of export and import from different ports and the patterns in the last five years.(b) Communication - importance of communication in rural development and its policy. Importance of infrastructure as key to the development of an industrial economy.Modern means of communication - satellites and remote sensing - Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cellular phones, radio, doordarshan, internet; difference between mass communication and tele communication. Prasar Bharti. Infrastructure as key to the development of an industrial economy.5. Industries

(a) Study of the location and distribution of important industrial centres; a general comparison of disparities.Self-explanatory.(b) Major and minor industrial regions - factors governing their growth.Reasons for the spread of industrial areas; Understand how the distribution of heavy and consumer industries varies in the different regions; Understanding why certain industries are more in a particular region.Major Industrial regions: Mumbai-Pune, Hooghly, Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Chota Nagpur, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut.Minor Industrial regions: Ambala-Amritsar, Saharanpur-Muzaffarnagar, Northern Malabar.Factors governing the growth of the above to be studied.(c) Location, production and growth of the following industries:

(i) Agro based industries - Sugar, cotton textile and ready-made garments.(ii) Mineral based industries - Iron and steel, aluminium, cement, and transport equipment. Petrochemicals, including refineries and fertilizers. Difference between key and footloose industry; industrial clusters and indices to identify industrial clusters; industrial inertia.

Maps and sketches of Industrial regions and centres (location of agro based and mineral based industries) should be the basis for explaining the pattern of industrial development(d) Tourism industry - Major natural and cultural tourist areas in India. Their special features and level of development - impact on environment and local economy. Tourist flows.Definition of tourism, growth of tourism, advantages of tourism, important places - both natural and cultural. Positive and negative impact of tourism, problems of tourism and measures for developing eco-tourism.6. Regional Economic Development (Case studies)Case studies will be preceded by a brief understanding of the meaning of development, multilevel planning and planning regions. These case studies will be undertaken with reference to the advantages and disadvantages that have accrued to the people and area - aspects covered will be their geographical location, resource base, developmental history, present trends of population, occupations, agriculture and industrial activities, issues of development.1. Area development in Chattisgarh region - mining, silk industry and farming.2. Electronics industry in Bengaluru - reasons for its development, extent, national and international linkages and problems.3. Growth of Haldia port, its industries and hinterland.

7. Map WorkA question on map work will be set to identify, label and locate any of the following items studied in topics 1-6:MAP LIST:

Locational setting of India: 8°4’N-37°6’N, 68°7’E- 97°25’E (Latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India); 23.5°N (Central latitude) and 82.5°E (Central longitude); Indira Col and Cape Comorin (Northern and Southern point of mainland India).Mountains: 3 parallel ranges of Himalayas, Trans Himalayan range - Karakoram, Pir Panjal, Ladakh, Zaskar. Aravallis, Vindhyas, Satpura, Western and Eastern Ghats, Nilgiris, Cardamom hills, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia hills, Patkoi hills, Naga hills, Mizo hills.Peaks: Mount Everest, Godwin Austin, Kanchenjunga, Gurushikhar, Dodabetta, Anaimudi, Mahendragiri,Plains: Indus-Ganga-Brahmapurtra region, Konkan, Kanara, Malabar, Coromandel, Northern Circars.Plateaus: Malwa, Chota Nagpur, Deccan, Meghalaya.Peninsula: Kathiawar, Kachchh.Lakes: Chilika, Pulicat. Waterbodies: Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Palk Strait, Gulf of Kachchh, Gulf of Khambat,Passes: Karakoram, Shipki La, Nathu La, Bomdi La, Palghat, Bhorghat, Thalghat.

Rivers: Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi, Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son, Damodar, Luni, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Brahmaputra.Climate of India: Movement of Southwest and North east monsoon winds from season to season, area of low and high pressure varying from season to season, direction of westerly and easterly jet streams, average annual rainfall distribution in India, Main drought prone and flood prone areas.Natural Vegetation: Main area of: Tropical Evergreen, Tropical Deciduous, Tropical dry, Deltaic and Arid forests.Population: The States of India (according to the latest Census) for the following: The Lowest density of population, highest density of population, highest level of urbanization, lowest level of urbanisation, highest Index of Concentration of population, the highest sex ratio, the lowest sex ratio, the highest literacy, the lowest literacy;Urban cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Patna, (metropolitan and capital cities).Resources of India: Main region of intense cropping in India; Main State/regions of India for: wells, tanks, tube wells, perennial canals.Agriculture: Main producing States/regions of India for: Rice, Wheat, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, Pulses, Coffee, Tea, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Groundnut, Coconut.Minerals: Iron Ore (Keonjhar, Bellary, Raigarh, Singhbhum), Coal (Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj), Petroleum

(Digboi, Mumbai High, Ankleshwar, Bassein), Manganese (Sundergarh, Nagpur) Mica (Nellore, Bhilwara).Power resources: Nuclear Power (Kaiga, Kalpakkam, Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Narora, Kakrapara), Thermal Power (Bongaigaon, Santaldih, Panipat, Ahmedabad, Chandrapur, Nevyelli, Trombay, Vijaywada); Hydroelectric power stations (Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar, Nagarjunasagar, Tungabhadra, Rihand).Industries:

Sugar Industry: Ahmednagar, Pune and Coimbatore;Cotton Textiles: Mumbai, Ahmedabad Surat and Madurai.Iron and Steel: TISCO (Jamshedpur), Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant (Bhilai), Vishakhapatnam Iron and Steel Plant (Vishakhapatnam);Aluminium: INDAL (Hirakud), HINDALCO (Renukoot);Cement: (Katni) and (Udaipur);Transport equipment: Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (Kolkata) and DLW (Diesel Locomotive Works - Varanasi).Automobile Industry: Maruti Udyog (Gurgaon), Hindustan Motors (Kolkata); Fiat industry-Mumbai.Ship Building Industry: Hindustan Shipyard Limited (Vishakhapatnam), Cochin Shipyard Limited (Kochi), Mazgon Dock (Mumbai); Garden Reach Workshop (Kolkata).Aircraft Industry: HAL - Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (Nasik, Bengaluru, Kanpur);

Petro Chemicals: UDEX (Koyali) and IPCL (Vadodara);Oil refineries: IOCL (Digboi, Barauni and Haldia); Fertilizers: FCI (Sindri), IFFCO (Kandla).Transport: Trace the route of: National Highway 1, National Highway 2, National Highway 6, National highway 7, Golden Quadrilateral - 4 sides, North south Corridor, East West Corridor; Kerala - the state with the Highest Density of roads; Delhi - the Union territory with highest density of roads.Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Haldia, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Kolkata.Hinterland: Mumbai, Kolkata, Kochi, Chennai.

ISC History Class 12 SyllabusPart I (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions testing fundamental factual knowledge and understanding of the entire syllabus. Part II (60 marks) is divided into two sections, Section A and Section B, each consisting of five questions. Each question carries 12 marks. You are required to attempt two questions from each Section and one question from either Section A or Section B. A total of five questions are to attempted from Part II.SECTION A: INDIAN HISTORY1. Towards Independence and Partition: the Last Phase (1935-1947).

(i) Important political developments: growth of socialist ideas, trade union activities, Kisan Sabha movement; growth of communalism (Hindu & Muslim).These developments can be done briefly.(ii) Working of provincial autonomy: Congress and other ministries.Provincial Autonomy should be explained briefly. A critical account of the election of 1937 and the working of the Congress and other ministries.(iii) National Movement during the Second World War: The outbreak of World War II and the resignation of the Congress ministries, Lahore Session of the Muslim League in 1940 and the deadlock up to the August Offer (1940). Failure of the Cripps Mission; Quit India resolution; arrest of Congress leaders; violent public reaction; Government repression of revolt of 1942.Why the Cripps Mission was sent to India should be explained along with its proposals. Reasons for the rejection of its proposals should lead directly to the Quit India resolution. A compact account of the movement, its repression and a brief analysis of its significance is needed.(iv) Subhash Chandra Bose and the INA.Subhash Chandra Bose’s background in the context of the freedom struggle: his escape and years in Germany should be touched upon; role in the national movement and his differences with Gandhi. Background to the formation of the IIL and INA; Bose’s revival of the INA

should be emphasized, a brief account of its operations, eventual defeat and significance.(v) Transfer of power (1945-1947): changed attitude of British Government; the Cabinet Mission Plan proposals; Congress and League reaction; Direct Action by League; communal riots; Attlee's declaration of 1947; the Mountbatten Plan; partition and independence.Changes in the attitude of the British government after World War II – Wavell Plan and its failure: Cabinet Mission – major provisions. Election to the Constituent Assembly and the results – controversy between Congress and League over the question of grouping – Muslim League’s Direct Action and boycott of the Constituent Assembly – communal riots. League’s decision to join the Interim Government.1947: Attlee’s Declaration of 20th February 1947; Mountbatten Plan - main features: acceptance of the Plan by major political parties; modifications in the Indian Independence Act. Reasons why the Congress accepted partition.2. Establishment and development of Indian democracy (1947 - 1984)(i) 1947 – 1967

The following should be discussed:(a) The refugee problem, the transfer of assets and the river waters dispute.

(b) Origin of the Kashmir problem. The role of Sardar Patel in reorganisation and integration of princely states with special reference to Junagarh and Hyderabad.(c) The foundation of Indian Democracy: significance of the first general election based on universal adult suffrage (1952): role of political parties, preparation, process, result and impact of the elections.(d) The linguistic reorganisation of states: movement for linguistic reorganisation – case study of Andhra; redrawing of the map of India on the basis of linguistic identity.(ii) 1967 – 1977

Importance of the election of 1967: the factionalism in the Congress (Syndicate vs. Indira Gandhi) and emergence of Opposition political parties and their main leaders.Naxal Movement: causes of its rise; ideological basis (Eighth Historic Document) origin (1967), main leaders (Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal); areas where they operated; government measures against it; decline in the 1970’s and its impact.JP Movement (1974-75): main features (causes, origin, course, leadership), significance and impact. Emergency (1975-76): reasons for imposition, suspension of democratic rights, its impact and withdrawal.(iii) 1977 – 1984

(a) The Janata Government (1977 – 1979). Restoration of democracy: formation, programme and its implementation; reasons for its breakup.(b) Return of Congress to power (1979 – 1984). Centre-State relations to be studied with reference to Punjab: separatist demands and the Centre’s response.3. India’s Foreign Policy(i) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

Reasons for following a non-aligned policy in the context of the Cold War to be discussed.Aims - PanchsheelEstablishment and growth – Bandung and Belgrade conferences; Cold War and NAM in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s (broad outlines of trends during significant Cold War events); Impact of the end of Cold War – shift in focus.(ii) Pakistan (1948-49, 1965, 1971)Indo-Pak wars: causes and consequences.(iii) China

Tibet issue: Chinese takeover and asylum of the Dalai Lama in India. Indo-China War (1962): causes and consequences.4. Social Developments(i) Women’s Movements

Towards Equality Report (1974) – The status of women, Anti-Dowry Movement and struggle against domestic violence to be studied with reference to the Report.(ii) Demand for Autonomy (North East)

Centre-State issues: identification of the North Eastern states and reasons for their demand for autonomy. Assam’s agitation for more autonomy and the Centre’s response to be done in detail; Mizoram and Nagaland to be touched upon.SECTION B: WORLD HISTORY5. World War II(i) Factors leading to the War: aggressive policy of Germany and Italy; Anglo-French appeasement policies.Should be discussed in some detail, showing how these aggressive policies made war more likely and worldwide in scope.Appeasement: why Britain and France chose to follow this policy and how it brought war closer.(ii) Course of the War: Europe, Africa and Far East. American entry and contribution.Main theatres of the War should be done separately in chronological order; the main battles should be done in greater detail; El Alamein, Stalingrad, Midway, the Normandy landings and the policy of "island hopping" in the Pacific. The US contribution should be done separately for Europe and the Pacific.(iii) Reasons for the defeat of the Axis Powers.

Each of the reasons for the defeat of the Axis should be explained.6. De-colonisation - in Asia (China), Africa (Ghana & Kenya).(i) China: civil war and the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949; Mao Tse Tung; agrarian and industrial policy; political and economic developments; contribution of Mao.An outline of the post-war struggle between the KMT and CCP and the victory of the Communists. The causes of Communist victory should be stated and briefly explained. A short background of the problems facing the Communists in 1949: in agriculture, the gradual process from land distribution to collective farms should be outlined; in industry, the Five Year Plan and Soviet help. The 100 Flowers Campaign should be covered in brief. The Great Leap Forward should be covered in more detail, particularly the development of commune and assessment of the GLF. Finally, a brief outline of the Cultural Revolution and its impact on China. Estimate of Mao should be short and to the point.(ii) Ghana: democracy, dictatorship and military government.Brief background to independence, Nkrumah’s role, reasons for his overthrow; coup of 1966.(iii) Kenya: conflict and independence.Background: conflict over independence and role of Kenyatta.

7. Cold War 1945-91 – origin, course, end and impact:(i) Causes of the Cold War. End of wartime unity; Yalta and Potsdam Conference; rift widens - Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe (1945-1947).The main points raised at the two post-War Conferences as well as the major points of differences should be explained. A general account of the Soviet expansion in East Europe until 1947 and the major causes of the Cold War should be done in this context.(ii) The Cold War and rival Alliances: Truman Doctrine; Marshall Plan; communist coup in Czechoslovakia; Berlin Blockade; NATO; division of Germany; “thaw” in the Cold War- how partial was it? Warsaw Pact (1953-1959); the Vietnam War (1964-75); crisis in east-west relations; detente (1970s).Each of the events referred to above should be done in some detail; the two phases of the Vietnam War, the French and the US involvement after the Tonkin Gulf incident. In the 1960-62 period, the U-2 affair and the Berlin Wall incident should be mentioned; the Cuban Missile crisis should be done in detail – the easing of tension can be done as a result of the crisis. Only the outline of the reasons for détente and how it worked should be done.(iii) Breakup of the USSR & changes in Eastern Europe – USSR, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia.Reasons for collapse of USSR: economic failure; Gorbachev’s policies (Glasnost and Perestroika).

Fall of communism in East Europe in the following countries to be touched upon: Poland, Germany and Czechoslovakia.8. Protest MovementsCivil Rights Movement, anti-Apartheid Movement; Feminist Movement.(i) Racial problems and civil rights in USA: Racial discrimination, change in the government’s attitude, campaign for equal rights (Dr. Martin Luther King’s role).(ii) Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa: main features of Apartheid, opposition to Apartheid (Dr Nelson Mandela’s role), transition to black majority rule and the end of Apartheid.(iii) Feminist Movement in USA: Equal Pay Act of 1963 – its implications for American women, successive measures taken by Johnson (Civil Rights Act of 1964), role of National Organisation for Women (NOW) and its campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).9. Middle East: Israeli-Palestine conflict (1917- 1993).(i) Post War conflict in Palestine after World War I, till the formation of the state of Israel.

A brief background of Arab nationalism and Zionism in the late 19th century. Impact of World War I: the conflicting promises made to the Arabs and the Jews: Husain- MacMahon correspondence, the Sykes- Picot Agreement and the Balfour Declaration. All these need to be understood clearly. A general outline of events from 1919 to the Arab Revolt of the late 1930s (the increased

immigration of Jews under the mandate and the resultant conflict). The impact of World War II and the intensification of the conflict against Britain’s decision to withdraw – the UNO’s plan. Creation of Israel and the War of Liberation (a chronological account should suffice here).(ii) The Arab-Israeli Wars from 1948 to Camp David Accord.

The following conflicts should be studied – (1948-1949), the Suez Crisis (1956), the Six Day War (1967), the Yom Kippur War (1973), Sadat and the Camp David Accord (1979). For each of these events, the causes and results should be studied in detail. Events to be covered briefly.(iii) Israel PLO Peace Accord (1993).

Change in attitude of Israel and PLO leading to the Peace Accord: its main features.

ISC Mathematics Class 12 SyllabusThe syllabus is divided into three sections: A, B and C. Section A is compulsory for all candidates. You have a choice of attempting questions from either Section B or Section C. There is one paper of three hours duration of 100 marks.Section A (80 marks) consists of nine questions. You are required to answer Question 1 (compulsory) and five out of the rest of the eight questions.

In Section B/C (20 marks), you are required to answer two questions out of three from either Section B or Section C.SECTION A1. Determinants and Matrices(i) Determinants

Order. Minors. Cofactors. Expansion. Properties of determinants. Simple problems using properties of determinants

Cramer's Rule(ii) MatricesMartin’s Rule2. Boolean AlgebraBoolean algebra as an algebraic structure, principle of duality, Boolean function. Switching circuits, application of Boolean algebra to switching circuits.3. ConicsAs a section of a cone.Definition of Foci, Directrix, Latus Rectum.PS = ePL where P is a point on the conics, S is the focus, PL is the perpendicular distance of the point from the directrix.

(i) Parabola(ii) Ellipse(iii) Hyperbola4. Inverse Trigonometric Function5. Calculus(i) Differential Calculus(ii) Integral Calculus6. Correlation and Regression

Definition and meaning of correlation and regression coefficient.

Coefficient of Correlation by Karl Pearson. Rank correlation by Spearman’s (Correction

included). Lines of regression of x on y and y on x.

7. Probability Random experiments and their outcomes. Events: sure events, impossible events, mutually

exclusive events, independent events and dependent events.

Definition of probability of an event. Laws of probability: addition and multiplication laws,

conditional probability (excluding Baye’s theorem).8. Complex Numbers

Argument and conjugate of complex numbers.

Sum, difference, product and quotient of two complex numbers additive and multiplicative inverse of a complex number.

Simple locus question on complex number; Triangle inequality. Square root of a complex number. Demoivre’s theorem and its simple applications. Cube roots of unity: 1,ω,ω2 ; application problems.

9. Differential Equations Differential equations, order and degree. Solution of differential equations. Variable separable. Homogeneous equations and equations reducible to

homogeneous form. Linear form

SECTION B10. Vectors

Scalar (dot) product of vectors. Cross product - its properties - area of a triangle,

collinear vectors. Scalar triple product - volume of a parallelopiped, co-

planarity.Proof of Formulae (Using Vectors)

Sine rule. Cosine rule Projection formula Area of a Δ = ½ ab sin C

11. Co-ordinate Geometry in 3-Dimensions

(i) Lines

Cartesian and vector equations of a line through one and two points.

Coplanar and skew lines. Conditions for intersection of two lines. Shortest distance between two lines.

(ii) Planes

Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Direction ratios of the normal to the plane. One point form. Normal form. Intercept form. Distance of a point from a plane. Angle between two planes, a line and a plane. Equation of a plane through the intersection of two

planes12. ProbabilityBaye’s theorem; theoretical probability distribution, probability distribution function; binomial distribution - its mean and variance.SECTION C13. DiscountTrue discount; banker's discount; discounted value; present value; cash discount, bill of exchange. 14. AnnuitiesMeaning, formulae for present value and amount; deferred annuity, applied problems on loans, sinking

funds, scholarships. NOTE: Annuity due is required to be covered.15. Linear ProgrammingIntroduction, definition of related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, isoprofit, isocost lines; advantages of linear programming; limitations of linear programming; application areas of linear programming; different types of linear programming (L.P.), problems, mathematical formulation of L.P problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum feasible solution.16. Application of derivatives in Commerce and EconomicsCost function, average cost, marginal cost, revenue function and break even point.17. Index numbers and moving averages

Price index or price relative. Simple aggregate method. Weighted aggregate method. Simple average of price relatives. Weighted average of price relatives (cost of living

index, consumer price index). 

ISC Physics Class 12 SyllabusPaper I is of 3 hours duration and is divided into two parts.

Part I (20 marks): This part consists of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.Part II (50 marks): This part is divided into three Sections A, B and C. There are six questions in Section A (each carrying 5 marks) and you are required to answer four questions from this Section. There are four questions in Section B (each carrying 5 marks) and you are required to answer three questions from this Section. There are four questions in Section C (each carrying 5 marks) and you are required to answer three questions from this Section. Therefore, you are expected to answer ten questions in Part II.SECTION A1. Electrostatics(i) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of charge; permittivity of free space.(ii) Concept of electric field E = F/qo; Gauss' theorem and its applications.(iii) Electric dipole; electric field at a point on the axis and perpendicular bisector of a dipole; electric dipole moment; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.(iv) Electric lines of force.(v) Electric potential and potential energy; potential due to a point charge and due to a dipole; potential energy of an electric dipole in an electric field. Van de Graff generator.

(vi) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V, farad; capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor; C = ε0A/d. Capacitors in series and parallel combinations; effective capacitance and charge distribution. Energy stored(vii) Dielectrics (elementary ideas only); permittivity and relative permittivity of a dielectric (εr = ε/εo). Effects on pd, charge and capacitance. Electric polarisation.2. Current Electricity(i) Mechanism of flow of current in metals, drift velocity and mobility of electrons, Ohm’s Law and its proof. Resistance and resistivity and their relation to drift velocity of electrons; description of resistivity and conductivity based on electron theory; effect of temperature on resistance, colour coding of resistance.(ii) Potential difference as the power supplied divided by the current. Ohm's law (V-I characteristics) and its limitations; Combinations of resistors in series and parallel; Electric energy and power.(iii) Electromotive force in a cell; internal resistance and back emf. Combination of cells in series, parallel and mixed grouping.(iv) Kirchoff's laws and their simple applications to circuits with resistors and sources of emf; Wheatstone bridge, metre-bridge and potentiometer; use to measure potential difference and for comparison of emf and determination of internal resistance of sources of current; use of resistors (shunts and multipliers) in ammeters and voltmeters.3. Magnetism

(i) Magnetic field B, definition from magnetic force on a moving charge; magnetic field lines; magnetic field and magnetic flux density; the earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements; Magnetic field of a magnetic dipole.(ii) Properties of dia, para and ferromagnetic substances; susceptibility and relative permeability, hysteresis.4. Electromagnetism(i) Oersted's experiment; Biot-Savart law, the tesla; magnetic field near a long straight wire, at the centre of a circular loop, and at a point on the axis of a circular coil carrying current. Amperes circuital law and its application to obtain magnetic field due to a long straight wire and a solenoid.(ii) Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field; force on a current carrying conductor kept in a magnetic field; force between two long and parallel current carrying wires; definition of ampere based on the force between two current carrying wires. Cyclotron.(iii) A current loop as a magnetic dipole; magnetic dipole moment; torque on a current loop (magnetic dipole); moving coil galvanometer.(iv) Electromagnetic induction, magnetic flux and induced emf; Faraday's laws and Lenz's law, motional emf; eddy currents.(v) Mutual and self inductance: the henry. Growth and decay of current in LR and RC circuits (dc) (graphical approach), time constant. Transformer.

(vi) Simple a.c. generators. Basic differences between a.c. and d.c.5. Alternating Current Circuits(i) Change of voltage and current with time, phase; peak and rms values of voltage and current; their relation in sinusoidal case.(ii) Variation of voltage and current in a.c. circuits consisting of only a resistor, only an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor representation), phase lag and phase lead.(iii) The LCR series circuit: phasor diagram, expression for V or I; phase lag/lead; impedance of a series LCR circuit (arrived at by phasor diagram); Special cases for RL and RC circuits.(iv) Power P associated with LCR circuit = ½VoIo cosφ =VrmsIrms cosφ = Irms

2R; power absorbed and power dissipated; choke coil (choke and starter); electrical resonance; bandwidth of signals and Q factor; oscillations in an LC circuit (ω = 1/√LC).SECTION B6. Wave Optics(i) Complete electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays; transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Huygen's principle; laws of reflection and refraction from Huygen's principle.

(ii) Conditions for interference of light, interference of monochromatic light by double slit; Young’s double slit experiment, measurement of wave length.(iii) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction (elementary explanation).(iv) Plane polarised electromagnetic wave (elementary idea), methods of polarisation of light. Brewster's law; polaroids.7. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments(i) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.(ii) Refraction of light at a plane interface, Snell's law; total internal reflection and critical angle; total reflecting prisms and optical fibres.(iii) Refraction through a prism, minimum deviation and derivation of relation between n, A and δmin.(iv) Refraction at a single spherical surface (relation between n1, n2, u, v and R); refraction through thin lenses (lens maker's formula and formula relating u, v, f, n, R1 and R2); lens formula, combined focal length of two thin lenses in contact. Combination of lenses and mirrors [Silvering of lens excluded] and magnification. Spherical aberration.(v) Dispersion; dispersive power; pure and impure spectrum; Scattering of light. Chromatic aberration.(vi) Simple microscope; Compound microscope and their magnifying power.

(vii) Simple astronomical telescope (refracting and reflecting), magnifying power and resolving power of a simple astronomical telescope.(viii) Human Eye, Defects of vision and their correction.SECTION C8. Electrons and Photons(i) Photo electric effect, quantization of radiation; Einstein's equation; threshold frequency; work function; stopping potential; energy and momentum of a photon. Determination of Planck’s Constant.(ii) Wave particle duality, De Broglie equation, phenomenon of electron diffraction (qualitative only).9. Atoms(i) Charge and size of nuclei (α-particle scattering); atomic structure; Bohr's postulates; radii of Bohr orbits for hydrogen atom; energy of the hydrogen atom in the nth state; line spectra of hydrogen and calculation of ΔE and f for different lines.(ii) Production of X-rays; maximum frequency for a given tube potential. Characteristic and continuous X -rays. Moseley’s law.10. Nuclei(i) Atomic masses; Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones; unified atomic mass unit u and its value in MeV; composition and size of nucleus; mass defect and binding energy. Energy - mass equivalence.

(ii) Radioactivity: nature and radioactive decay law, half-life, mean life and decay constant. Nuclear reactions.11. Nuclear Energy(i) Nuclear fission; chain reaction; principle of operation of a nuclear reactor.(ii) Nuclear fusion; thermonuclear fusion as the source of the sun's energy.12. Semiconductor Devices(i) Energy bands in solids; energy band diagrams for distinction between conductors, insulators and semi-conductors - intrinsic and extrinsic; electrons and holes in semiconductors.(ii) Junction diode; depletion region; forward and reverse biasing, V-I characteristics; half wave and a full wave rectifier; solar cell, LED and photodiode. Zener diode.(iii) Junction transistor; npn and pnp transistors; current gain in a transistor and transistor as an amplifier in common emitter mode (only circuit diagram and qualitative treatment); transistor as a switch; oscillator.(iv) Elementary idea of discreet and integrated circuits, analogue and digital signals. Logic gates (symbols; working with truth tables; applications and uses) - NOT, OR, AND, NOR, NAND. Combination of gates.13. Communication SystemsPropagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, need for modulation, amplitude and frequency modulation, bandwidth of

signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, basic elements of a communication system (block diagram only).

SC Political Science Class 12 SyllabusPart I (20 marks) consists of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/ fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus.Part II (60 marks) is divided into two sections A & B. You are required to answer three questions out of five from Section A and two questions out of three from Section B. Each question in this part carries 12 marks.SECTION A: Constitution and Government1. Forms of GovernmentTotalitarian and Authoritarian States, Liberal Democratic State, Unitary and Federal States, Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government.Meaning and features of Totalitarian State, Authoritarian State and Liberal Democratic State.Meaning and features of Unitary and Federal States with reference to U.K. as a Unitary state, U.S.A. as a Federal State and India as a Quasi-federal State.Meaning and features of Parliamentary and Presidential forms of government (U.K. and U.S.A.).

2. ConstitutionMeaning; kinds of Constitutions: Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible, Enacted and Evolved: merits and demerits. Amending procedures; Conventions.Meaning; kinds: Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible, Enacted and Evolved: merits, demerits of each. Is the difference between Written and Unwritten, Rigid and Flexible a real one?Amending procedures of the Constitutions of U.K., U.S.A and India.Conventions: meaning and examples with reference to U.K., U.S.A. and India.3. Franchise and RepresentationUniversal Adult Franchise; Methods of Election; Constituency; Minority Representation. Political Parties; Party System.Universal Adult Franchise - meaning, merits and demerits.Methods of Election: Direct and Indirect - meaning.Meaning of Constituency, Single member and Multi-member.First Past the Post System – meaning, merits and demerits.Minority Representation - meaning, rationale and kinds: Proportional Representation, Cumulative Vote System, Nomination and Reservation.

Political Parties - meaning, definition and functions. Kinds – Single party, Bi-party, Multi- party system - meaning, merits and demerits.Organs of the Government4. The LegislatureFunctions of Legislature; Unicameral and Bicameral legislatures. The legislature in India and U.S.A. - a comparative study.Meaning and functions of Legislature. Meaning of Unicameral and Bi-cameral legislature. The legislatures in India and U.S.A.- Composition (strength, method of election and tenure) and functions (legislative, constituent, executive, judicial, electoral and financial), of the legislatures in these two countries - a comparative study.Composition and powers of the House of Representatives and the Senate, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.Comparison of the Rajya Sabha and the U.S. Senate; Lok Sabha with the U.S. House of Representatives.5. The ExecutiveFunctions; The Civil Services. Difference between the Political Executive and the Permanent Executive. Political Executive in India and U.S.A. - a comparative study.Meaning, and functions of the Executive. Meaning and role of Civil Services.Difference between the Political and Permanent Executive in India. Political Executive in India and U.S.A. - a

comparative study. Powers and functions of executive heads of India (President and Prime Minister), and U.S.A. (President). Changing role of the Indian Prime Minister in the Coalition Era (1996 onwards) – with reference to increasing role of regional political parties.6. The JudiciaryMeaning and functions of Judiciary. Conditions of Independence of Judiciary. Judiciary in India and U.S.A. - a comparative study. Judicial Review.Meaning and functions of judiciary; conditions of independence of judiciary with reference to India and U.S.A. The Judiciary in India and U.S.A. – composition and powers of Indian Supreme Court and American Supreme Court. Judicial Review – meaning, principles and critical evaluation with special reference to U.S.A. and India. Meaning of Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint.SECTION B: Indian Democracy7. Indian Constitution(i) Preamble

Preamble and its importance. Meaning of the key words contained in the Preamble.(ii) Salient features of the Indian Constitution.

Written and Comprehensive; a Constitution drawn from several sources; Federal structure with Unitary spirit; Partly rigid and Partly flexible; Fundamental Rights and Duties; Directive Principles of State Policy; Parliamentary form of Government; Single Citizenship; Bi-cameral

legislature; Universal Adult Franchise; Single Integrated and Independent Judiciary; Judicial Review; Emergency powers; Special provisions for Schedule castes and Schedule tribes.8. Fundamental Rights and Directive PrinciplesFundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.Fundamental Rights: meaning and importance of Fundamental Rights; detailed study of all Fundamental Rights in India.Directive Principles of State Policy: meaning and purpose; classification, importance and implementation.Relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.9. Local self-government73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.Three tier system of Panchayati Raj: Rural and Urban local bodies - their composition; features of 73rd and 74th Amendments. Challenges and solutions.10. Democracy in India - a perspective of the challenges faced.(i) Challenges faced by the Indian Democracy: Caste, Communalism, Regionalism and Political Violence. Strengthening Indian Democracy.Caste: meaning, role of caste in Indian Politics.

Communalism: meaning and effects.Regionalism: meaning and causes.Political Violence: meaning, forms and effects.Strengthening Indian Democracy: measures to overcome the challenges faced by Indian Democracy.