-
gML$
X$p. kyfi A_. ApTp
kL$[ rhcpN
u V$u.A.Q[hpZu ApVpi$k AfiX$
S>.hu. NpL$m V$V$ L$pdk L$pgS>, fp^_`yf - 385340
rS>. `pV$Z (D.NyS>fp[)
kL$[ kprle_u dyM L$r[Apdp kNu[(S>e]$hL$[ Nu[Npth]$_p rhij
Aepk_p k]$cdp )
:: L$piL$ ::
u Ap_[-kL$[-kL$r[-hpepe k\p_,
dlkpZp
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 2
Sanskrut Sahityaman Bharatiya Sangit
by Prof. Dr. Suresh N. Oza
ISBN 978-81-927464-8-7
L$piL$ : u Ap_s kL$s-kL$rs hpepe kp
11, ugL$W$ bgpT, pNgyf,
dlkpZp-384002 (D.Ny.)
Aphrs : d
L$pi hj : 2013-14
s : 500
d|e : 150/-
dyL$ : X$uTpef kpebf L$pa, pV$Z.
Apv$ Apf. ju
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 3
p
AZ
kflv$u rhspfu Asfuepm ^fsudp rhpu eps NV$phu
"Adfeps' AppL$ sdS> pspp pd kpL$ h$ ^ pfZ L$fphu "tlds
rhpNf' ky^ u rhp^pd Dcy L$fu AL$ kpQp rhph$ sfuL$ kv$h AqL$s
egp NyS>fps rh^pkcpp |h Aenu A fpS>ursp Mfopsp Ahp
h.tldsgpg dygpZu kplb sdS> pspp Asfp JX$pZu pspp khL$p
Df Adur$ fpMpf, spr$ kp^pu gpL$rlsu cphp pspp Ny$d
bphu lfp gpL$pu s, d A ^u khp L$fpfp, Apeyhqv$L$ DQpfp
L$u gpL$pp ipfuqfL$ vy$:Mp lmhp L$fhp ldip sf flpf, ^pu
Aphsp
gpL$pu kdepApy kdp^p ddL$fpfd, ps:dfZued sdS> epNy$j
Ahp .|. v$if|fu bpy (R>pV$ rNfpf, hX$Ly$B, v$kpX$p^pd)p
QfZpdp
kpv$f AZ.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 4
pLpi$L$\_
kNusu Dpv$esp kL$s kprleu rhrh^ L$rsApdp S>ZpB Aph R>.
kNusp Brslpkdp B.k.u lgpp kde kNusu OZu depv$pAp kp kL$mpegp
R>. epf B.k. R>uu ispv$uu kNusipy qfh h$ OX$sf ey; Ahy
kNusippp AhgpL$ Dfu S>ZpB Aph R>. Adpe Mpk L$fu kL$s
kprleu L$rsApdp Ap kv$c rhij dprlsu dm R>.
sys ysL$dp kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus kv$c S>ev$h
frQs NusNpthv$ rhij L$ p fpMu sp Aepk kNusn L$fg R>.
Ap ysL$ b L$fZdp rhcps L$fg R>. d rhcpNdp kL$s
kprleu dyM L$rsAp S>hu L$....
cfsy pV$ip, v$qnZ cpfsue Np, byQqfspqv$ dlpL$pep,
L$pdk| kprle, drsNp, S> kprle, |fpZ kprle hNfp Aepk
kdprh$
L$fg R>. epf bu rhcpNdp L$rhu S>ev$hp qfQe A sp
NusNpthv$dp
v$ris L$peL$gp DNf L$fhpp rhd epk L$fpeg R>.
kL$s kprlep Aepk fkuL$p kL$s kprleu kp kpNusuL$
opkp kspjpeA lsyu d dpfp rhd epk fSy> L$fg R>.
- kyfi A. ApTp
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 5
AphL$pf A_ Arc_]$_
cpfsue kNusp Dv$ch R>L$ hv$L$pmdp ep R>. hv$u F>QpAp
R>v$pb
A kNuspdL$ R>. "kpdhv$' sp kNusp N R>. cpfsue kNus
kpdhv$u
kpd-F>QpApdpu ep R>, Ahp khdpe ds b^ pep R>. kL$s
kprleu dyM
L$rsAp kNusp Nus, hp A e A Ze dyM kNusshpu fkpegu R>.
sys Np kNus-ddo A NpeL$-L$gpL$pf p. X$p. kyfi A. ApTpA
R>L$
hv$u Apfcu k|kprle, sL$-kprle, A$pepeu, Aip, dydrs,
fpdpeZ-dlpcpfs, bp-kprle sdS> kL$s kprleu pV$ippqv$
L$rsAp,
v$rnZ cpfsue L$rsAp, byQqfs, eohL$e drs, NysL$pgu kNus
L$rsAp,
yfpZp hNfy qfiug L$fu s s Npdp rrls kNus-shp k$ps DNf
L$fhpp epk L$ep R>.
Apu kp S>, Aepku gML$ "kNus'u epep L$fu, kNusp Nus,
e, hp, hf hNf shpu dudpkp kp kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsAp gB
sdp X$gp kprNsuL$ shp sdS> Ap b^u L$rsApdp S>mhpegp kNusp
hpfkp
v$ris L$fphpp hsf epk L$fg R>. Ap kp S>ev$h frQs NusNpthv$
L$ S>
NursL$pe R> s Aepk L$ bphu kNus A kkL$sp Arhcpe kb^
V$L$phu fpMhp kyf, ge A spg b L$piui L$fg R>.
kL$s kprleu L$rsApdp kNusy v$i-cph L$fphhy, A AL$ hsf
rhje Z NZpe. kL$s kprle kNusp qfedp spku kNuso gML$
kL$sp AepkuAp AL$ hy cpy sepf L$fu Apey R>. "kNus' A
"kprle'p
kdhe L$fu rhhQL$ kip^ L$ p. X$p. kyfi A. ApTpA AL$ hu qv$ip
Mpgu
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 6
Apu R>. s qv$ipdp kL$s-hpP$dey MX$pZ-rhgjZ re sy fl, Ahu
Anp
fpMu iL$pe.
kL$s-rhp-rhdp hu cps Dkphsp sys ysL$ AphL$pfu Nus-
kNusL$pf A kL $s-kprlep cphL$ Apdue kyfi A. ApTp
Arcv$...Adp L$W$ A lepdpu uL$msp k|fp re kcmpep L$f A s
rgrb Z ep L$f Ahu Asfu Acukp.
- p.X$p. kdufLy$dpf L$. rs
(Akp.pakf, kL$s rhcpN)
u V$u.A. QshpZu ApV$k AX$
S>.hu. NpL$m V$V$ L$pdk, L$pgS>,
fp^yf-385340,
rS>. pV$Z. (D.NyS>fps)
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 7
A_y$drZL$p
kL$[ kprle_u dyM L$r[Apdp kNu[sphp : 54
rhcpN -1
(1) cfsp pV$ipdp kNus : 12 u 24
u L$pLy$hf - eS> :
u kshf :
u rp :
u L$W$ kNus :
u L$W$ kNus :
u L$W$ kNus :
u rhL$shf :
u hpv$u, khpv$u, rhhpv$u A Ayhpv$u hf :
u Npd :
(1) jX$S>Npd :
(2) dedNpd :
u cfsL$pmdp "fpN' :
u Nurs :
u cfsy "spg' kb^ u rhhfZ :
(1) q$ep :
(2) Nl :
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 8
(3) ers :
(4) ge :
(5) dpp :
(6) pV$ :
u pV$eipdp Ah hp :
u pV$eipdp e :
u pV$eipdp Ae kNuspgM :
u cfs hZhg NpeL$p v$pj :
(2) "v$rg' dp kNus :
rhcpN -2
v$rnZ cpfsue N :
(1) rkgeqv$L$pfd A 24
(2) drZdMgBdp kNus :
rhcpN -3
(1) byQqfspqv$ dlpL$pe, L$pdk|, 25 u 27
drs-kprledp kNus :
(2) hpepeL$s L$pdk|dp kNus :
(3) epohL$edrsdp kNus :
rhcpN -4
(1) NysL$pgu kNus : 27 u 31
(1) "dsN'p Ndp kNus :
(2) L$V$gpL$ S>k|pdp kNus :
(3) kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus :
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 9
rhcpN -5
(1) yfpZpdp kNus : 31 u 34
u Nus :
u hp :
u e :
(2) kNusp Apfpe v$h "rih' :
S>ev$h frQs "Nus Npthv$'p kdunpdL$ Aepk :
(rhij kNusp qfedp)
1. L$rh S>ev$h A NusNpthv$ : 35 u 39
(1) L$rh S>ev$h :
(2) NusNpthv$p qfQe :
2. NusNpthv$ Ap^pf S>ev$hu L$peL$gp : 39 u 45
(1) |hc|rdL$p :
(2) NusNpthv$p L$pkpf :
(3) NusNpthv$u igu :
u S>ev$hu furs :
3. "NusNpthv$' : kNusp qfedp : 45 u 60
u kN - 1 :
u kN - 2 :
u kN - 3 :
u kN - 5 :
u kN - 10 :
u kN - 11 :
u kN - 12 :
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 10
(1) kNusp Npp cph :
(2) AgL$pfippp cph :
(3) v$pirL$cph :
(4) yfpZp A sp kprlep cph :
u cpNhsu fpkQpepeu A NusNpthv$ :
u L$ZL$Zpds :
(5) NusNpthv$p Ae Df cph :
kv$c 61 u 70
klpeL$ kv$c N k|rQ 71 u 90
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 11
kL$[ kprle_u dyM L$r[Apdp kNu[sphp :
kNusp Brslpkdp B.k.u lgpp kde kNusu OZu depv$pAp
kp kL$mpegp R>, epf B.k. R>uu ispv$uu kNusipy qfh h$
OX$sf ey; Ahy kNusippp qfiugu S>ZpB Aph R>. Adpe cg
"pV$ip' A kNusipp ApNhp N NZpsp lpe, R>sp pV$ip sp
R> (6) Aepepdp kNusip kb^ u rhyg kpdNu v$p L$f R>. Ap
kpu
Ae kpdNu Z S>f kdn fpMsp s uQp pQ rhcpNpdp rhcs L$fu
iL$pe :
rhcpN -1 (1) cfsy pV$ip
(2) v$rg
rhcpN -2 (1) v$rnZ cpfsue N - rkgeqv$L$pf
(2) drZdMgB.
rhcpN -3 (1) AOpj (byQqfs A kpv$fv$ dlpL$pe)
(2) hpepeL$s L$pdk|
(3) epohL$edrs
rhcpN -4 NysL$pgu kNus
(1) "dsN'p Ndp kNus
(2) L$V$gpL$ S>k|pdp kNus
(3) kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus
rhcpN -5 yfpZpdp kNus
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 12
rhcpN -1
(1) cfsp pV$ipdp kNus :
cfsp |hpQpepdp pfv$ sdS> hprsy pd DgMue sp ANkf
R>. S>y AykfZ he cfs L$f R>; Ahy cfsp hQpu $ B e
R>.
hprsp N A S> pfv$ N^ hhv$p hsL$ L$lg R>; Ay rhje rspv$
ApS> ps u sy. pfv$ue rinpp $dp S> Ae L$pB L$rs pfv$p pd
ps
pe R> sp Adp kNusy ipue rhhQ L$V$gpL$ pdpgM ky^ u rkdus
R>.
bu bpbs A R> L$ rhppA A v$idu kv$u ky^udp fpMg R>.
cpfsue
kNusipp Aee dpV$ S> L$B kpdNu ApS> Dg^ R>; Ap
ZspApdp
cfsd|r S> Apqv$d p Aphy BA. L$dL$ Au lgp kNusip Df
frQs L$pB N ps sp u.
kNus kb^ u shpp rhhQdp cfs kNus pV$ey S> AL$ AN
v$iph R> A L$B qf[rsApdp Ap epN L$fpe, A bsph R>. lgp A
rhQpf
L$fhp S>$fu R> L$ cfsp kNus rkpspp rhgjZ lgp A rhQpf L$fhp
S>$fu
R> L$ cfs kNus pV$eu AsNs L$hu fus gu y^ ? cfs pV$L$ A N^ hdp
cv$
bspep R>.1 pV$L$dp Np^ hy lphy AV$gy S> S>$fu lsy
S>V$gy s fk rkpsdp
klpeL$ A ApheL$ lpe. cfs pspp pV$eipdp kNus kb^ u shpu
ZL$pfu S> fus Apu R> s fus sp sp Ap N kNus rhiu dprlsu
dpV$
Ap^pfc|s N L$lu iL$pe; S> uQ dyS>b R> :
u L$pLy$hf - eS> :
pW$dp L$W$hfp Dspf-QY$ph Ahp L$pLy$cv$, gecv$ hNf shp
kNusp Z Arc shp R>. Apu cfsL$s pV$eipp Aepe-19 en
$ kNus kb^ u lphp R>sp v$rL$ hdp Apsps kNus shpp r$Z
L$pfZ kNusu r$u Aes dlh|Z R>.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 13
u kshf :
ks hfpp rhrc fkpu kp kb^ rs L$fZdp Z bsphg
R>. kshfpu [qs rqs hfpsgp f lpe R>. hpsQus sp pW$dp Ap
L$pf rrs Asfpgpp epN kcrhs u. cfs A kchs: pV$L$u AsNs
khf L$pepW$ Ahp pW$ dpV$ hf DeprNsp L$pfZ gu ^g R>.
u rp :
rpp A S> AhpS>y Dr p A Ap L$pfu R>. AhpS>-
Dr dpV$p Z p Df, L$W$ A dsL$ R>. dye ifuf sdS> huZp bp
ks hf A Au spfsp Deys Z ppu Av$fu uL$m R>. L$pB v|$f
Dcg eqs bpgphhu lpe sp dsL$pue, L$pB de v|$fu Df lpe sp
L$W$pue A Aes L$ lpe sp Efpue hfpp DepN L$fhp BA.
u L$W$ kNus :
L$W$ kNus dphue L$gpApdp pQu R>. R>sp Z Ay rhgjZpdL$
Aee kNus kb^ u hppp AprhL$pf R>u S> ey A Ds ey.
pV$eipdp
Z Ahy S> L$y R>. kNusp hfpp b Ap^pf lpe R> : dyeu
L$W$$u huZp
A gpL$X$pu huZp. Ap gpL$X$pu huZp Dfu yrsApu Dr pe R>.
cpfsue
kNusipu r$A "yrs' kop M|b S> dlh|Z R>.2
u hf :
kNusp kps hf lpe R>. Adu kopAp cfs |hhs jX$S>, F>jc
hNf Ap R>.3 kps hfpp pfqfL$ Asfpg kb^ u cv$p rhjedp cfs
L$l
R> L$ Ap Qpf L$pfp lpe R> : hpv$u-khpv$u-Ayhpv$u A
rhhpv$u. Ap Qpfe
hfu epep Z cfs Ap R>.4 hfp Ap cv$pu epep yrsAp pfp L$fgu
R>. bu iv$pdp L$luA sp yrsApp epNu S> Ap Qpf cv$ rqds pe
R>.
hfu qfcpjp Ahp gnZ cfsp Ndp ps sy u fsy dsNp Apqv$
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 14
fhs} NL$pfpA Ap rhjedp s L$kpf Ap dpZ Apep R> L$...."S>
hr
Ahp pv$ he fS>L$ lpe; S> hr hrfpNu S>u lpe R>
s.5
u yrs :
kNusp ehlpfdp pv$p Z L$pf R> : dv$, de A spf. Ady
p $di: v$e, L$W$ A d|^ p R>. ifuf$u huZpdp Ap $di: uQu Df
sfa
e R>. fsy gpL$X$pu huZpdp Ap $d rhfus lpe R>. ipL$pfpA
pdp
kNus DepNu pv$p kpdpefus 22 L$pf L$p R>; S> 22 yrsApp
pdu
rk R>. A sp b^p Z R> L$ yrsAp kNusy d|g Ap^pf p R>.
hfpu i|
sdS> rhL$s AhpAp Ahp ppp sp Adp ff Asfy rv$i Ap
yrsAp L$f R>. Npdy Ap^pfp Z Ap yrsAp dpe R>. fhs}
ApQpepA
22 yrsAp L$lu R>. cfs pspp pV$eipdp Ap rhi Ais: L$pi pX$p
R>.6
cfs L$y R> L$ yrsApy spe A R> L$ hfpsg Z L$pfp lpe
R>. Qsy:yrs, ryrs A qyrs. Ap Ze X$sp 4+3+2 = 9 kep b
R>. Al] S>Zphg "khiysep' kop dlh|Z R>. pQu hfopA hi,
dpfgu
hNf kyrjf hppp rR>pu uL$mhphpmu hr kpcep A Deys Z L$pfp
Asf ey R>. S>dL$.....
Qsy:yrs : kp - d -
ryrs : f - ^
qyrs : N - r
Ad X$hpu 9 (h) hfpsg bi. Ap dpZ ksL$dp 4 yrs
Asfhpmp Z, Z yrs Asfhpmp b A qyrs Asfhpmp b hf. Ap b^p
dmhsp 22 yrsAp dm R>. v$p.s.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 15
4 # 3 = 12
3 # 2 = 6
2 # 2 = 4
Ly$g = 22
Deys gnZpu Aydp Ap^pf hfu epep Ap dpZ Apu
iL$pe : Ap A AyfZpdL$ pv$ R> S> L$pBZ L$pfp lpfu he D
sp
lpe, S> AyfS>L$ lpe, res yrsp f [s lphp R>sp Z pspp
pu
A^: L$ Dh Nrs pdhpu rhL$s sp lpe A Apdpu Ayc|rsAp Arces
L$fhpdp klpeL$ lpe. ApS> hf L$lhp dpu Au iy Ahp L$pdm kop
e
opip D pe R>. fsy cfsd|r hf dpV$ Ap kopApp DepN L$fsp
u.
u rhL$shf :
cfs Ap L$pfu kopApp epN L$ep u. cfs S> hf rhij
bsphg R> s b Npdu AsNs Aphhphpmu Asf, L$pL$gu kopAp R>. Ds
b hf
kp^pfZ rkhpe AL$ Ae hf kp^pfZhf rhij$ cfs DgM L$f R>. A
"H${eH$' (L$riL$) kop Apu R>. b Npdpp Ds hf kp^pfZ pfp huZp
f
ApZp furQs b^p hf p dmu e R>. S>d L$....
qyrs = f, riyrs = f,
Qsyyrs = f, Qyrs = N,
ksyrs = N, jX$yrs = d
ryrs sdS> Qsyyrs = 5,
qyrs = ^ ryrs = ^,
Qsyyrs = ^, Qyrs = r.
jX$yrs sdS> ksyrs = r.7
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 16
hf kp^pfZ b Npdpp lphp pR>my L$pfZ b fus R> : ded
Npddp
jX$S> kp^pfZ, ded Npddp ded kp^pfZ. Al] kp^pfZu hfrhij
Arcs
R>. Apu hfkp^pfZ L$lhpe R>. A S> dpZ ded Npddp Z
kp^pfZh
lpe R>. epNu k|dsp L$pfZ Ap hfkp^pfZy "L$riL$' pd DrQs
S>Zpe
R>.8 AL$p Asfpg hfsp sfuL$ DgM R>; S>pu Asf "N' A
L$pL$guu
rkq pe R>. bup hfrhij sfuL$ DgM L$f R>.
u hpv$u, khpv$u, rhhpv$u A Ayhpv$u hf :
kNusu Ap pqfcpqjL$ iv$phrgApp DgM cfs hfpu kp
L$ep R>. Adp DgMu pR>m cfsp dye Dv$i hfpsfpg bsphhpp
lsp
Ahp Ap dpedu cfs hfpsfpgpp rv$i L$ep R>. khpv$u, rhhpv$u
sdS>
Ayhpv$u sp $ fus hfpsfpgpp k|QL$ R>. S> b hfpdp kdcph Ahp
9
(h) yrs Asf sp kscph 13 (sf) yrs Asf lpe s ff khpv$u hf
lpe R>.9 Ap khpv$ |m L$ppu Z kpcmu iL$pe R>. rhhpv$u hfp
rhjedp
cfsy Ap dpZy L$ R>;10 S> hfpdp 20 yrsApy Asf lpe S>dL$,
f-N
A ^-r, cfsp dspykpf Ayhpv$u hf A R> L$ S> hpv$u, khpv$u A
rhhpv$u
rkhpep lpe.11
Ayhpv$u hf b^ pfZ Ap dpZ R> :
jX$S> Npddp - f - N - ^ - r
F>jc Npddp - d - - r
Np^ pf Npddp - d - - ^
ded Npddp - kp - d -
rjpv$ Npddp - kp - f
hpv$uhf dpV$ Al] L$lhpey R> L$ "khpv$uhfu X$up d hf hpv$u
L$lhpe R>; S> Ap^pf dpu khpv$u, Ayhpv$ Ahp rhhpv$ [f
L$fhpdp Aph
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 17
R>. b^u d|R>pApp Apfc "kp' u dpe R>. cg R>u s L$pBZ
hf lpe.
Apu Ap^pfhf S> hpv$uhf R>. "kp - d' Ap b hfdp "kp' hpv$u
R>. fsy "d
- kp' pe sp "d' hpv$u NZpe. L$pfZ L$ "d' p Ap^pf f "kp' p khpv$
BA
R> : Ap S> hpv$u hfdp epf 10 gnZpp epN pe R>, epf s
"Ae' L$lhpe
R>.
u Npd :
Npd kop cpfsue kNusu pQu ffp kp X$pegu R>. Npdu
epep cfsp kNus kb^ u Aepep AsNs dmsu u. ep sp ku^p b Npdpp
S> DgM dm R>. fsy pV$eipp kNusAepeu rc AL$ Aepedp
"Npd'
p rhjeu L$V$guL$ k|QpAp dm R>. rs sdS> yrsApu hf Npd b
R>. S>
dpZ yrscv$ kNusdp Npdu kr$ L$f R>. A dpZ hrcv$ kprledp
L$peb^ u kr$ L$f R>. jX$S> sdS> ded S> L$pf b |Z
hfNpd R> A dpZ
L$fZ sdS> pV$L$ Z dp b L$peb^ R>.12
Deys DgM Npdu L$pB ku^u epep v$p L$fsp u. L$pfZ L$
Al] Ap S> DgM Dv$plfZ h$ egp R>. Apu Npdu krns epep
dpV$
dsN Ahp ipfPNv$h$ S>hp fhs} NL$pfp sfa q$ps L$fhp X$i.
Npd kv$c dsNy L$ kndp Ap dpZ R> : S>d hf yrs hNfy
kd|lhpQu pd R> AV$g L$ AL$ rhri$ L$pfu hfyrs ehpu AsNs
S>V$gp
Z ff rc hfkd|l b R>, s b^p AL$ Npdu AsNs Aph R>.
kp^pfZ
Adp Z Npdp A kd|lhpQu S> R>. kNusdp rk b Npd Ap dpZ
R>.
jX$S> sdS> dedNpd, Np^ pf pdp u Npdp DgM pfv$ L$ep R>.
fsy A
Ap gpL$dp eys u. L$ kdL$pgu Ae kprlep sp S>k|pdp Ap
DgM dm R>. kpdhv$u hfpu sp hfpu Npdpu Drs B R>;13 A $
bpbs R>.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 18
dsN rkhpe ipfPNv$h Z Ap rhjedp su epep kqns$ Ap
dpZ Apgu R> : d|R>pApp Ape hf kd|l S> Npd R>. Ahp
S> Ap^pf
Df d|R>pAp bphpB R>. s Ap^pfp R>.14
cfs Apg b Npd (jX$S> A ded)y rhhfZ uQ dyS>b R> :$
(1) jX$S>Npd :
jX$S> Npd kv$c cfs pV$eipdp L$y R> L$ Ap Npddp kp-.
khpv$ R> A ded Npddp f- khpv$ R>.15 rhspfu BA sp A L$lu
iL$pe L$
jX$S> Npddp kp-5 khpv$ 13 yrsp Asfu L$fpe R>. ded Npddp
"5' ryrsL$
B S>hpu kp-5 khpv$ 12 yrsp Asf L$pfZ d-N B e R>. fsy kp
-
cphu f - khpv$ 9 yrsApp Asfu L$fhp gpN R>. cpfsue kNusdp
Z
Ap b S> yrs Asfhpmu dye hf X$u dpu R>.
(2) dedNpd :
ded Npdprp rhjedp cfsp rps k|p S> fhs}
NL$pfpA A^pf dpg R>. dedNpddp "5' AL$ yrs AL$j L$fpe
R>.16
pQu NL$pfpA "Npd' p $dp pspu d|m hfphqg rqs L$fu
R>; S>p Ap^pf Df d|R>py rdpZ ey lsy. d|R>pu epep cfs
sdS>
fhs} NL$pfpA Apgu R>.17 AL$ epep Ap^pf L$lu iL$uA L$ $du
ksL$
hfpp Apfpl-Ahfpl L$fhpu d|R>pApy rdpZ pe R>. kps hf L$pB
Z
lpe Aps L$pBZ Asfpghpmp lpe, Ap epN kshfpp DgM L$ep R>.
Ay pdpe kNusfpL$fu ps pe R>.18 AV$g L$ Npd AL$ Ahp hfkd|l
R> L$ S> d|R>pqv$p Ape lpe.
d|R>p Qpf L$pfu lpe R> :
(1) |Zp d|R>p - S>dp kps hf lpe.
(2) jpX$huhsp d|R>p - S>dp R> hf lpe.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 19
(3) ApX$huhsp d|R>p - S>dp pQ hf lpe.
(4) kp^pfZuhsp d|R>p - S>dp hf kp^pfZp
epN lpe. Aps L$pL$rg hfp. ApNmp b Npd kp d|R>p epe R>.
u cfsL$pmdp "fpN' :
cfsp Ndp rsApy S> rhhfZ dm R>; Apu A sus pe R>
L$ ApS> S> Adp "fpN' cpfsue kNusy ApheL$ sh R>, A rhss
Adp sp
rrs fus Qpfdp lsy. "fpN' hf sdS> cphp Ahp kdhe R>; S>
s
rhri$ h$ v$p L$f R>. "fpN' A cpfsue kNusy S> l], fsy rh
kNusy
Aqsue sh R>. ppe "dgpX$u'Ay bp $ S> dphpdp Aph R>.
cfsL$pmdp fpNp h$ Qpf AN cfsp L$V$gpL$ AhsfZp L$pi
pX$ R> : Aihfp 10 gnZp Apsp kde "{Z dg{V amJVw md
dVVo' Ap dpZ fpNp DgM dm R>. fS>L$hp Adp S> Ap "fpN'
kop
rss pe R>. AL$ Ae mp DgM fu rhppA rL$j L$pY$p R> L$
cfs
NpdfpNpp DgM L$ep R>.19 Al] iL$p pe R> L$ Ap kN "fpN' u
S>
Arcs lpe sp cfs "fpN' kop L$d ep l] ? kp kp A Z S>Zpe
R>
L$ |hhs} gpL$dp "fpN' fS>L$hp Adp ep R>.20
u Nurs :
kpdpe fus Nursp Npq$ep kp kb^ li. L$ cfsu NursApp
hfrhepk Ahp hfepNu kp Ap kb^ S>Zpsp u. Apd R>sp
Npq$epdp eys v$p Ahp pu hZ kOV$pu kb^ S>Zpe R>. Ap r$A
cfs pfp bsphpegu Qpf NursAp rhrc Ne R>v$p AsNs Anf rhepku
kb^ fpM R>. Qpf NursAp sdS> Adu krns epep cfsps Aidp B
iL$pe R>.21
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 20
V|$L$dp "Nursp v$pdp Anfpu kOV$pdp "kcprhspNurs' sdS> gOy
Anfpu kOV$pu' ygpNurs'u Dr pe R>. dpN^u sdS> A^dpN^u
NursApp kb^ Nursp v$p u Aphr Ahp yfphru q$epu
kp R>.
u cfsy "spg' kb^ u rhhfZ :
cfs spg kb^ u 31dp Aepey pd "spg eS>L$' Apg R>. cfsp
kNus kb^ u Aepepdp Ap Aes rhss Aepe R>. ^hpp spg kb^ u
lpe
R>. Apu "^hp'p Z Ap Aepedp kdphi pe R>.
"Vmb' iv$ Vb ^psy Dfu ey egp R>; S>p A "lpu
lmu' ghpdp Apep R>. dprgL$ $ Ap lp pfp spg Ahp ApOpsu
L$pg
(kde) Arces L$fhpp S> DgM rss pe R>. spg rhjedp cfs
L$fg
rhcpNpu QQpp V|$L$kpf Al] fSy> L$ep R> :
(1) q$ep :
q$epy spgdp dlh|Z p R>. Ap q$ep kiv$ A r:iv$ Ad
b L$pfu lpe R>,
* kiv$ q$epp Qpf L$pf bspep R>. S>dL$...
(i) ^hp : S>dp QV$up iv$ (hr) lpe R>.
(ii) iep : S>dp S>dZp lpp ApOps lpe R>.
(iii) spg : S>dp X$pbp lp KQp L$fu ApOps Aphpp lpe R>.
(iv) krps : S>dp b lpp ff ApOps Aphpp lpe R>.
* r:iv$ q$epAp Z Df dpZ pe R>; S>p Z Qpf L$pf R>.
(i) Apgp : lp Df DW$phu ApNmuAp Ly$rQs L$fhu.
(ii) rL$d : lmuAp A^pdyM fpMu 6 (R>) ApNmuAp agphhu.
(iii) rhn : lmu Df fpMu ApNmuAp agphu S>dZu bpSy> lp
gB S>hp.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 21
(iv) hi : lmu A^pdyM fpMu ApNmuAp Ly$rQs L$fhu.
(2) Nl :
Nus sdS> spgp Apfc b kp Ahp ApNm-pR>m hp
kNusepNdp ApS> Z B iL$pe R>. Ap S> Nlp L$pf L$lhpe
R>. pQuL$pmdp
Z AV$gp Ar^L$ Qpf lsp L$ A DrQs ehlpf hpv$u ^rsdp fpMg lsp.
Nlpp Z Qpf L$pf Apep R>. S>dL$
(i) kdNl : epf Nus sdS> spgp AL$ kp Apfc lpe.
(ii) AsusNl : Nuspfc ep R>u spgp Apfc pe.
(iii) rhjdNl : Arerds$u Nus spgp Apfc pe.
(iv) ApNsNl : Nusu i$Aps lgp spgp Apfc pe.
(3) ers :
v$s, de sdS> rhgrbs gepu kyv$fsp dmhpp dpN AV$g ers,
S> pQ L$pfu lpe R>. kders, NpyR>p hNf.
(4) ge :
v$s, de sdS> rhgrbs Ap Z L$pfp ge lpe R>; S>dp de
ge "dpZL$gp' L$lg R>.
(5) dpp :
rdjpu dpp sdS> dppApp AL$uL$fZu L$gpAp b R>.
(6) pV$ :
"pV$' spghN}e hpp f hNpX$hphpmp hZpnfp L$lg R>.
Deys dprlsu cfsp pV$eip Ap^pqfs R> Apd R>sp Ap bpbs
Df kNusp Nl Aepk AsNs rhij L$pi L$fZ - 8dp pX$g R>.
u pV$eipdp Ah hp :
cfsL$pmdp |hps Qpf L$pfp hp Qpfdp lsp. cfs pspp N
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 22
(A.33)dp eL$ hNu rc rc Ah hNp hppp rhjedp rhss
A spqhL$ QQp L$fu R>; S>dp Ap hppp L$pf, Au rhijspAp A
DepNpp
rhjedp ZL$pfu ps pe R>. Ap rkhpe dv$N, Zh sdS> vy$v$fp
hpv$p
rhjedp rhij$ kpdNu ps pe R>. Ap kv$c Ap Aepep pfc cfs
hprs sdS> pfv$ Z Np^ h sdS> hppu QQp L$fu R>, Ad
S>Zph R>. fsy
Adp N ApS> ps u A Ap rkhpe lgp L$pBZ gML$ App DgM Z
L$ep u.22
u pV$eipdp e :
pV$eipdp kp d ey ipue rhhfZ ps pe R>. ep
rhrc AN, eN, lp, N sdS> Ae ANpu NrsAp hNf Df cfs
Np Qpp Aepedp DgM L$ep R>. Apu L$lu iL$pe L$ effp Z kNusp
Ae shpu S>d eps rhL$qks Ahpdp lsu. ep ANp, DpNpu rhrh^sp
hNf Au ipuespp Z kL$s v$p L$f R>. cfs pfp bsphg L$V$gpL$
dypAp
sp kdL$pgu d|rsL$gpdp Z B iL$pe R>.
cfsp e kb^ u dlh|Z shp kndp Ap fus B iL$pe R>.
edp ifufp b^p ANpp epN L$fhpdp Aphsp lsp. cfs AprNL$ Arce
AsNs ep DgM L$ep R>. Aepe - 4 rkhpe cfs Aepe-8 dp DpNpp
rhjedp QQp L$fu R>. ep DpNp AsNs dsL$, r$, , |smu, cdf,
pL$, lpW$, Npg, v$pY$u, dyM sdS> Nmy hNfu kbr^s dypAp Aph
R>. Np
9dp Aepedp ep ANpp Arce kbr^ rhhfZ R>. Aepe-10dp
R>psu,
L$df, V$, O, sdS> Nu rhrc qf[rsAp, NrsAp Ahp Ds ANu
kbr^s Arce Df L$pi pX$g R>. Aepe-12 A 13dp dX$m A Qpg
Ahp Nrs rhjeL$ DgM dm R>.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 23
V|$L$dp cfsL$pm ky^ u e rrs $ AV$gy gpL$re sdS> Qrgs fy
li L$ Ap kds rhhfZy ApV$gy ipue h$ dmu iey. ep b L$pf
spX$h A gpe R>. spX$he ANlpfp sdS> fQL$u kp L$fg R>;
epf phsuA
L$pdm e L$ey lsy. Ap edp dv$N, cqf, V$l, qX$qX$d, NpdyM, Zh,
vy$v$f
hNf kNsp $dp eys eg lsp.23
u pV$eipdp Ae kNuspgM :
Deys dye DgMp rkhpe Z cfs pspp Ndp kNusp Ae
DepNu DgMp L$ep R>; S> V|$L$dp Ap dpZ fSy> L$ep R>
:
* cfs pspp Ndp "rs' rhip DgMp L$ep R>.24 Ap kop pV$L$
sdS> kNus DepNu R>. cfs Aphu rsp 10 gnZpy r$Z L$ey
R>.25
* cfs pspp Ndp pV$pepNu hZ, AgL$pfpqv$ Ahp pV$L$ AsNs
e|s hphpmp kNusdp hZ, AgL$pfpqv$p DgM L$ep R>. cfs S>
fus
pW$pepNu Qpf hZ Dv$p-Ayv$p-hqfs sdS> L$rs bsphg R>. A
S> fus
kNus DepNu Z Qpf hZ bsphg R> : Apfplu-Ahfplu-peu A kQpfu.
AgL$pfpp rhjedp cfsy A L$ R> L$ hZpp Ape Ahp Ap f Ap^pqfs
s lpe R>.26 sZ 33 L$pfp AgL$pfp bspep R>. kpqv$, kps,
kpes, kde, kd, rbvy$, rh, h, L$rs, L$yVy$qfs, frQs, Mprgs,
spfdk, dspfk, spf, kpv$, DR>prls, DgpL$, $d, ry$rS>s,
gpv$dp, frS>s, AphsL$, qfhsL$, Dv$OpqV$s, AprnsL$, kv$pe,
lrksd, lL$pf,
kr^R>pv$, rh|s, Dv$Nus A Np.
Ap rkhpe ^psy hZ, ^hp hZ, NpeL$-hpv$L$p NyZ-v$pj,
huZphpv$L$p NyZ, R>v$ epN hNfy hZ L$fg R>.
u cfs hZhg NpeL$p v$pj :
cfs NpeL$p v$pjpy k|dspu hZ L$f R> : L$rg, Aeh[s,
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 24
A[f, kv$$ Ahp v$ps uku Nphy, sybL$u, pL$u Nphy hNf cfs
NpeL$p
v$pjp sfuL$ bsph R>. epf hpcprhL$ L$W$ hf B e R> epf s
L$rg NpeL$u
L$lhpe R>. L$W$dp L$a S>dp lpe A Apu uL$msp hr Z L$rg
L$lhpe R>.
A[f L$W$hf AsNs hfu Arerds Y$spu DZ lphu s R>.
(2) "v$rg' dp kNus :
v$rgd|rp N S> kNus Df L$$ gMpeg R> s |Z N rss
sp u. cfs pspp Ndp kNuspepNu S> S> shpy rhspfu hZ L$ey
R>
s sdpd shpp krns $dp Al] dp pdpgM egp R>.
rhcpN -2
v$rnZ cpfsue N :
(1) rkgeqv$L$pfd A (2) drZdMgBdp kNus :
Ap b srdg dlpL$pep R>. bu ispv$up kprlreL$ dpZp AsNs
Ady Aes dlh|Z p R>; S> L$pf cfsp pV$eipdp ipue kNusu$fMp
rhss $ dmu Aph R>. A dpZ Ap L$pep ipue N lphp R>spZ kNusp
ipue np eps qfQe Ap R>. Apy dlh App kpdprS>L$sp kpL$rsL$
qfpdp B iL$pe R>. Ap Nu kNus sp eu DrufpQL$ L$p dmu Aph
R>;
AL$ hMs Bp v$fbpfdp kNusep kde Dhiu sdS> Byesp AyrQs ehlpf B
ANe Dhiu hep sdS> es hpkdp S>dghpp ip Apep. fsy F>rj ips
L$fhpu A ip ApR>p L$ep L$ e kNuspkb^ es kp ldip b^ peg fli A
Dhi}p kspp Ap kdedp huZli.27
Al] kNusu kbr^s AL$ shpp DgM L$fpeg R>. S>dL$ hf,v$, ksL$,
fpN, ge, spg hNf. Npe AsNs hf-rh^p, fpN-Npe, spg-gep kepN, Nus-fQp,
hppu epe kNrs sp eu kNrsp DgM Z
ps pe R>.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 25
rhcpN -3
(1) byQqfspqv$ dlpL$pe, L$pdk|, drs-kprledp kNus :
B.k. R>uu ispv$up Npdp Ap kprlepy dlh|Z p R>.
Ap kNusp rhrc np f L$pi pX$ R>. Ap L$pmp dyM Np cfsL$s
pV$ip S>hp kprsL$ Nu ehlpqfL$spp kL$s L$f R>. Ap b^p
Np
bp^du kbr^s R>. kNusu AsNs S>d lgp B Nep R>uA sd
Npe,
hpv$ sdS> ep kdphi pe R>. Al] Z Ap Z shp ps pe R>.
e,
Npe sp hpv$; epfL$ AL$ kp sp epfL$ rc-rc $ DgMus R>. dp
hpv$ S>p cfs "~{hJuV' sp fhs} ipfPNv$h iyL$ hpp pdu DgM
L$ep
R>. sp Al] Z DgM B iL$pe R>.28 Nus, hp sp e dpV$ Al]
"kNus'
kop ps pe R>; A AL$ L$gp Z L$lg R>.29
Npep DgMp AL$ m B iL$pe R>. Npe fpS>dlgu ipcp
NZhpdp Aphsy lsy. fpS>dlg huZp hNfu hr rkhpe Nushru Z
N|S>sp
lsp.30 Nus OZp L$pfp lsp. "~wM{aV' dey sdS> fZNusp DgM L$f
R>.
deyNus kchs: Nusp s L$pf li; S> L${Zfkp psL$ R>; S>u
rhjehsy
deyu kbr^s li. ApS> S> ApZ "dfiuep'p pdu ApmMue R>uA.
byu
dey kbr^s QQpdp Aphg deyNusu A Aydp L$fu iL$pe L$ deyNusy
rhjehsy kchs: eqs rhiju deyOV$pu kbr^s li. Aphp Nus KQp
hfu l] fsy dv$hf Ahp kNusu cpjpdp dv$ Ahp de ksL$dp Nhpsp
lsp.31 A S> dpZ fZNusp DgM Z ey-rhS>e hNfu kbr^s
rhjehsyu
eys Nusp S> kL$s L$f R>; S> hufp Dkplus L$fhp dpV$ Adu
uAp Npsu
lsu.32 hppp Qpf hNp dpV$ Al] L$V$guL$ hu kopAp L$pidp Aph
R>.33Al]ep
sshp kv$c huZpp dyM L$pfpp DgM ps pe R>. S>dL$...dlsu,
qfhpqv$u, hgL$u, kyOpjL$, hgfu sp hg|hpXy$.34
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 26
(2) hpepeL$s L$pdk|dp kNus :
L$pdk|dp kp d L$gpApy ipue h$ ps pe R>. kNusp
$ DgM A rk L$f R> L$ kNusp eps Qpf lsp. Ap kprle sL$pgu
kpdprS>L$ Ahpp AL$ rQspf Ap R>. kNus gML$ Ae L$gpApu
AsNs
kp d p v$p L$fg R>. kNusu AsNs Aphhphpmu Z L$gpApy dlh|Z
p lsy. S>dL$ Nus, hp A e. kNus dpV$ hpepe "Np^ h' kopp
epN L$f R>. Al] AL$ S>epA "JmYdembm' kop eys egu R>.35
L$pdk|dp
"gJrVH$m{Z' kop Z eys egu hp dm R>.36 Npe fQp Df Z Al]
ApriL$ L$pi pX$hpdp Apep R>. Ady L$ R> L$ kyv$f, kyd y^f
kNus Ahp
Npe u-yfyjp ff d prsy dped lpe R>. duy pd A Npedp
Aphsy lsy.37 App Dfu Ahp rL$j uL$m R> L$ A kdedp dp kNusp
L$pe$dp S> sp lsp; fsy Ap ehlpqfL$ n Z bm lsp. R>sp
ipue
rhQpf s kde L$fhpdp Aphsp lsp.38 kNusy kdpS>dp dlh|Z p
lphpp
kL$s Ap rinprh^pu Z dmu fl R>. kNusp DepN rhhplpqv$
kpdprS>L$
kNp f rhij fus sp. rhhplp Z qv$hk lgpu AL$ kspl ky^ u Npe-
hpv$ hNf sy lsy. Ap kN V$ Z pspp L$pe$d sys L$fsp lsp.39
Ap dpZ ApZ B iL$uA R>uA L$ L$pdk|p DgM A seu
yr$ L$f R> L$ epfp kdpS> kNusdu lsp.
(3) epohL$edrsdp kNus :
Ap kdep khpr^L$ dlh|Z ^ prdL$ kprley rsrr^h epohL$e
drs L$f R>. ApQpfpqv$ redpp rhhQ rkhpe kNpyL|$g kNusp Z A
R>sp dlh|Z Aipp DgM Ap Ndp B iL$pe R>. bpZ ^dp N A
bpZ pfp fQpeg lphp gu ^ "kpd'y dlh bsphhy hpcprhL$ lsy. fsy
"dydrs'u rhfus Al] Np^ hkNus Ahp Qrgs kpdsf kNusy Z dlh
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 27
bsphg R>. "kpd'p dlhp rhjedp L$V$gpL$ mp Df L$lg R> L$
"S> eqs
kpdy Aee L$f R> s v$hspAp k L$f R>.40$ S> eqs "kpd'y
Npe
eprhr^ khf sdS> kph^pu, AL$pNsp L$ Aepku L$f R> s bu pk
e
R>.'41 huZpp DgM Al] AL$ m eg R>. hv$p Aee kde huZpp
hr bp^L$ dpg lsp.42 Apu Aeeu AL$pNspdp cN hpu ApiL$p fl
R>. Al] "bpZ' pdL$ issu huZpp DgM Z Aph R>. kchs: Ap
huZp
Ap kdedp ^ prdL$ Ahkfp Df h^pf DepNdp Aphsu lsu. huZphpv$p
shpp
sp yrs, rs sdS> spg hNfp Ly$im opsp dpn dpN ps L$f R>.43
Ap
gpL$u kNusu $spy dpZ dmu fl R>. A S> dpZ Nuso dpV$ Z
Al]
L$lhpey R>.44
Ap dpZ Ap kdep dpZpu A rL$j L$pY$u iL$pe R> L$ kNus
L$pB L$pB fus b^p hNpdp hiu Q|ey lsy. ipue kNus epe Z r
dphpdp Apey u. hep hN pfp ipue fus S> L$B rkps lsp A
AV$gp
kyrhL$kus sdS> $db lsp L$ fhs} NL$pfpA A iv$k: Dspfu
gu^p.
rhcpN -4
(1) NysL$pgu kNus :
NysL$pm cpfsue Brslpk sdS> kL$rsp kyhZeyN L$lhpe R>.
Ap
L$pmdp b^u L$gpApu Drs B; S> rhL$pkp QfdpL$j kde L$lu iL$pe.
Ap
kdep kNus Df L$pi pX$hphpmp kprlepdp Ar^L$sf pV$L$p Aph R>.
S>dL$;
cpk, i|L$ sdS> L$prgv$pkL$s rhrc Np. Apdp pV$L$p AN$dp
kNusp
DgM sp R> S>; kp kp kNusu ipue iv$phguAp Z ps pe R>;
S>
rhL$pky k|Q L$f R>. Ap kdedp L$V$gpL$ S>k|py Z dlh|Z p
lsy.
R>sp Ap kde rhi dscv$ R>. Apd R>sp Z Ap k|p buu pQdu
ispv$uu
hQ S> S>Zpe R>.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 28
NysL$pmdp cpfsue kL$rsp rhyg rhspf ep. Ap kpu dlh|Z
N dsN dyrp "blv$v$iu' R>.
(1) "dsN'p Ndp kNus :
NysL$pgu kNus Df cph pX$hphpmp sdS> pV$u kNusp N
dsNp blv$v$iu Aes dlh|Z R>. v$rgp Nu S>d Ap Aes krns
u. R>sp Ap Z L$V$gpe Ai MqX$s R>; S> ApS> Ape R>.
R>sp S> h$ dm
R> s NysL$pgu rhL$kus kNusL$gpp psL$ dpu iL$pe R>.
blv$v$iudp fpNpepe,
hfpepe, sdS> b^ pepe S> dm R>. e sdS> hppepe dmsp u.
R>sp
ArchNys kyrjfhppp kv$cdp sp pev$h huZp Df Z dsN Dv$ ^s
L$fg R>. Ap Ai ApS> Ape R>.
dsNp Ap Ndpu S> L$B kNuspgM ps pe R> sp V|$L$kpf
Al] Apep R>. cfsps kshf d|R>p rkhpe bpf hfpu d|R>pApp
Z
dsN DgM L$f R>.45 Npdp hfpdpu eL$ AL$ R>u AL$ ApfqcL$
ppu
gB Apfpl-Ahfpl bphhpu q$ep cfspykpf L$lu iL$pe. dsN A kshf
d|R>p L$l R>. dsN pfp jX$S> A dedNpdu pv$i hf d|R>p
pR>m
Apg R>. Npedp hs fQpAp "b^ ' p $ Zu iL$pe R>. "b^ p'p
cfs L$pB DgM L$ep u. pV$L$u ^hpApp DgM rhhfZ krls L$fg
R>;
A S> Npep b^ py krns h$ L$lu iL$pe.
Apd blv$v$iudp b^ QQp, d|R>pu rsAp, Apgp-QQp hNf
L$fg R>. L$ Ap N kNusfpL$f S>V$gp rhss u R>sp Adp S>
Z r$Z
dm R> s eps S>Zpe R>.
(2) L$V$gpL$ S>k|pdp kNus :
S>k|pdp kNusp L$V$gpL$ Aes fpQL$ DgMp Aph R>. rhij
L$fu
hppp L$V$gpL$ pd Ahp Apep R> L$ S>p Ae DgM ps u. kNusp
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 29
ipue n Df Z L$V$gpL$ L$pi pX$hpdp Apep R>. hf, Npd,
d|R>p
hNfp DgMp Al] Apep R>. fsy d|R>pApp pdpp cfsu S>d
kdp
$d u dmsp. Al] Np^ pf Npdu Z d|R>p bsphpB R>. Npe Ahp
Nus
kb^ u AL$ DgM e sdS> hpu kp B iL$pe R>.46 kNus dpV$ "Np^
h'
kop Z Al] ps pe R>.47 Nusp Z ApL$pf, R> v$pj, ApW$ NyZ
sdS>
hp Z L$pf L$lg R>. jX$S>, F>jc hNf ks hfpp sp Ap
kps
ppp DgM Z ps pe R>. Ad "Ord- {ZgV' L$lu hfpp kb^
Sy>v$p Sy>v$p h kp X$pegp R>.48 hpv$ kv$c Z Al] DgM ps
pe R>.
Al] iM, tkNiM, Mfd|lu, ep, rqfrqfep, Zh, X$l, ccp, lpfcp,
cqf, Tgfu, vy$vy$cu, d|fe hNf |hps Qpf L$pfp hppp DgM L$f
R>.49ep Z A-s DgMp dmu Aph R>. v$pfu Df QY$u e L$fhy
sdS>
gp e b L$pfp ep Qpfdp lsp.
(3) kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus :
NysL$pgu kprlqeL$ L$rsApdp Ds gML$pu fQpAp Aes dlh|Z
p ^fph R>. Ap kNusp ehlpqfL$ sdS> ipue b np f kdp $
L$pi pX$ R>. L$prgv$pkp Np sp Ahy S>Zpe R> L$ sAp he
kNusL$pfp
kL$pfp ^ fphsp li. L$pfZ L$ phsup AhpS>u d y^fspy hZ L$fsp
kde sAp
Ardgu huZpu L$L$i hrp rrS> Aych Z bsph R>.50 Ds
kprlepdp
kNus dpV$ |h Qrgs "Np^ h' kopu kp "kNus' kop Z rhij L$fu ps
pe R>.51
kNus L$gp AsNs dpsy lsy. A DgMue R> L$ i|$L$ kNusp
DgM "L$gp hriL$u' Aps hep hNu kbr^s $dp L$fg R>.52 Npe
dpV$
"Nus' kopp DepN L$fg R>.53 Npep b h$p gpqL$L$ sdS> ipue
$
B iL$pe R>. gpqL$L$ Npep Aepk drlgp hNdp rhij lsp. eipNp
kchs:
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 30
fpApp kyL$epu kbr^s Npe lsy. L|$bfp eipNpp DgM Z B
iL$pe R>. fpApp Qqf Ahp Dd yfyjpp Qqf Df L$rh L$pe fQp
L$fsp
lsp. L$ W$ sdS> Npe b epe lpsp. hpduqL$ fpdpeZ Aphp L$pfy
W$ sdS> Npe epe L$pe R>; S> fpdQ S>hp kyfyj fpp hp
Qqfy
Npe R>.54
rhS>eNusp DgMp Z Al] dmu Aph R>. S> QpfZ, hsprgL$
sp
N^ h qL$fpqv$ pfp Nphpdp Aphsp. rhS>eNus pd dpZ $ R> L$
eqs
Ahp fp rhijp rhS>eu kbr^s fQp lpe R>. Apdp rhS>eNus
Nphphpmp
N^ h sdS> QpfZ, cpV$ hNf reys L$fhpdp Aphsp. rihu kpdp Z
Aphp
NpeL$ hp dm R>. cpV$pu p ApS> Z cpfsdp L$V$gpL$ pp f B
iL$pe
R>. S> rhhpl kN Aphu Nusp Npe R>. ipue Npe AsNs
kNusu
pqfcprjL$ kopAp B iL$pe R>. kpdpes: ipue Npeu AsNs rps
shpp kdphi L$fg R>. Npedp ge, spg, lphcph, fpN, Nurs, hZ,
d|R>p,
Apgp q$ep, Nusp fkcph sdS> sy R>v$pb lphy, ks iy hf sp
rhL$s
hfpp epN hNf dyM sh R>.55 Al] fpN-Npe, hZ, hpv$ hNfp
L$pfpu
QQp hp dm R>. Ap dpZ Npep ipue ndp Npep fkcphu kb^
Z $ B e R>. Ds DgMp sp A L$lhy epe S>Zpe R> L$ Ap
kdedp
ipue kNusp rhyg Qpf lsp sdS> Ar^L$pi S>spu {rQ Z AV$gu
S>
rirns lsu L$ S> s kd iL$. hp kv$c Al] sshp dlh|Z hp fy
R>;
S>u AsNs huZp dlhy hp R>. A AL$ f kdp dphpdp Aphg R>;
S>
kdyd kde ps eg lsy.56 huZp AV$gy b y^ dlh|Z hp lsy L$ L$rh
d|[R>s uu Ddp dpV$ kp d huZpu S> epv$ Aphu.57 ArhZ fp
ldip
huZp sdS> up kplQedp d flsp lsp.58 Dv$e hfv$p $ dmg
Opjhsu
huZp Z Ap hpy k|Q L$f R>. Ap rkhpe Al] Ah hp, kyrjf hp, ^
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 31
hp hNfp DgMp dmu Aph R>. huZphpv$ pfp S> uApA ArhZ
ApL$rjs L$ep lsp.59
rhcpN -5
(1) yfpZpdp kNus :
Apd sp yfpZpp fQpL$pm Arrs R>. Ap rhjedp OZp dscv$p
R>. R>sp Z NysL$pmu Apkpk Aphhphpmp yfpZpdp dyes: sp
kNusu
r$u dlh|Z sdS> pQusd yfpZp rrgrMs R>. hpey, dpL$X$e,
sp
rh^dpsf yfpZ. kNusp kpqsL$ ny rhyg rhhfZ rh^dpf yfpZdp
B iL$pe R>. ldip hpeyyfpZ sdS> dpL$X$e yfpZp DgMp Z
Acv$u
kp S> Al] ps pe R>. yfpZpdp kNusp DgM Ap Z ANp Nus, hp
sdS> eu kp S> ps pe R>. yfpZpdp kNusu Dr kb^ u AL$
pfprZL$
L$pAp Z B iL$pe R>. rhij L$fu hpeyyfpZ sp Ahu AL$ L$pApu
cfg
R>. epL$ rih sp epL$ Ae v$hspu kp kNus Dru L$p X$pegu
R>.60
yfpZpdp A hps Z rhij hp dm R> L$ eopu kp kNus Or$
h$ X$pegy lsy. eopu kp kNusp Ap kb^ hv$L$pmu R>. AV$g L$
hv$pp
L$pmu S> Ap kb^ Qpep Aph R>. R>sp Z Al] Ap kb^ h^pf Or$
B
Nep. AV$gp b^p Or$ L$ "sp'p pd Dfu eopp pd Aphp gpep. Ap
L$pfp L$V$gpL$ DgM dsNdyrA Z "blv$v$iu'dp L$fg R>. yfpZpdp
DgqMs
kNus Z rhcpNdp uQ dyS>b B iL$pe R> : Nus, hp A e.
u Nus :
yfpZpdp Z Npdpu QQp hp dm R>.61 cfs Np^ pfNpdp DgM
L$ep u. Ap Ap^pf Df L$V$gpL$ rhppA cfs rh^dpf yfpZ R>u
dpg R>. fsy S>hu fus rsq rhjeL$ dscv$ R>. Ap Ap^pf Df
Ap L$BL$ epe
S>Zpsy u. Apde cfsp DgMp S> Ar^L$ pQu S>Zpe R>.
yfpZpdp Ar^L$pi
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 32
A S> $dp AyL$fZ L$fu gu ^g R>. Adp 15 Np^ pf NprdL$pAp sp
49 sppp
eopp pdpu kp DgM dm R>; S> dsN Z L$ep R>. kNusp Z
pp
Df, L$W$ A dsL$p kp d DgM L$fg R>. Au kp S> dv$, de
sdS> spf
ksL$p Z $ DgM L$fhpdp Apep R>.62 Au rhss epep "cfs'
kb^ u Aepedp B iL$pe R>. epf bpv$ Z Npdpu QQp dm R>.
hpeyyfpZ
L$ Z Npdpp DgM L$f R>; R>sp L$y R> L$; jX$S> sdS>
ded Npd hu Df
Qrgs R>. Np^ pf Npd hN dpV$ k|frns R>.63
u hp :
yfpZpdp kNusy buSy> sh hp Z Ap dlhu kp AV$gy S>
DgqMs R> S>V$gy L$ d sh Nus R>. hppp ffpNs Qpf L$pfp
ss, kyrjf,
^ A Ahp DgM rhyfpZdp B iL$pe R>.64 Ae yfpZpdp Z
hppp DgM ep p L$fg R>. Ap Qpf L$pfp hppp gNcN cfsps
rh^pu kdp S> R>. su hppu hpv$rhr^ sdS> Au ^psy hNfy
rhiv$
hZ cfs kp kdhe kp ^ R>. spgp rhjedp Z AV$gy S> L$lhy DrQs
fli
L$ yfpZpdp S> DgM R> s cfsu Sy>v$p u. Ap dpZ Ae L$pfp
sdS>
skb^ u rhhfZ cfsu S>d S> dm R>. hppp S> S> pd dm
R>; Adp Z L$pB
rhsp S>Zpsu u.
u e :
Arce sdS> e kb^ u DgM cfsy S> AyL$fZ gpN R>. Apu
Au y{$qs Al] ApheL$ R>. Apd Ds yfpZpdp DgMue ep ipue
Ahp kpqsL$ n Df AV$gp Ar^L$ L$pi pX$ R> L$ ep Ap Aydp Z
cpdL$ flsp sp ehlpqfL$ n Z AV$gp S> bm b R>. |hNpp cph
lphp R>sp Z Ap DgMpy pspy Z rhij dlh R>; S> AhNZu
iL$pe.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 33
(2) kNusp Apfpe v$h "rih' :
5fdpdpA kS>g rh fdpdpu gugpc|rd dphpdp Aph R>.
Npu hgc L$epu fpkgugp A { rihu spX$hegugp fbp pv$
kNusp, iv$bp dplf suL$p R>. uL$Z hpkmup k|f Qph R>, sp
rih X$d{p spg spX$he L$f R>. hpkmu A X$d{ hNpX$u fdpdp Z
L$gl-L$L$pkp L$L$i k|fpu cfgp dph hdp k-klL$pfp khpv$u k|fp
fgphhpu BR>p pe R>.
rihyfpZu is{$u krlspdp L$y R> L$ rih sL$p Ahspf gB
dp A rldpgeu pk Adu L$ep phsuu dpNZu L$fu lsu. eu dypApu
k B sdZ pspu L$ep phsup g rih kp L$ep. rih sp pZre
phsu k L$fhp fpS> kepL$pm L$gpip kcpMX$dp spX$hep L$pe$d
epS>
R>. su S> rih kNus, e pV$L$p Ar^rs v$h NZpep R>.65
ApS> Z
e-pV$L$p L$pe$d AN fNc|rd Df kp d cNhp V$fpS> hv$ L$fpe
R>. V$f sp L$gpL$pfpp Apfpe v$h R>. v$rnZ cpfsp eL$
rihdqv$fdp
V$fpS>u L$gpdL$ d|rs ipcsu lpe R>. spX$he L$fu rihA v$neo,
spfL$pk|f,
A^ L$pk|f, r|V$ hNf AL$pL$ fpnkp dpep lsp. sp L$pp spX$he
pfp
sAp hup ge L$f R>. Ap S> e pfp sAp kr$y kS> Z L$f
R>. su
V$f rih klpf A kS> bp v$h dpe R>.
e kde Qsyc|S> V$fpS> AL$ lp X$d$ hNpX$ R>; epf bu
lpdp
Ar fpM R> A bu b lp ifZ sdS> Ace dypdp lpe R>.
ihippdp
Ahy Z L$y R> L$ X$d{p hpv$dpu Qpv$ dplf k|p uL$ep A k|p
Ap^pf
dlp epL$fZipu prZqA "dlpL$pe'u fQp L$fu. Al] mhoam{U AV$g
"hoamX AmJVm{Z &' dlf iL$f pku ps egp Ap Qpv$ k|p "dplf
k|p' L$lhpe R>. ffpNs fus Ahy dpe R> L$ cNhp iL$f spX$he
L$ep R>u
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 34
Qpv$hpf$ pspy X$d$ hNpX$y lsy. Adpu S> hrAp uL$ep s Ap Qpv$
k|p.66
' { rihy spX$h e DN R>, sp phsuy gpe e kyL$pdm R>. Ap b
ep
pfp kr$p kS> A klpfy L$pe Qpep L$f R>. rihyfpZu
"isfyukrlsp'
dp Ahy Z L$y R> L$ tgNh$ dlpv$h Apv$deu epr iqs phsu kp
X$pB dlpe L$f R>. Ap Ap^pf rih-phsuy keys "A ^pff' h$
A[shdp Apey.67
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 35
S>ev$h frQs "Nus Npthv$'p kdunpdL$ Aepk :
(rhij kNusp qfedp)
1. L$rh S>ev$h A NusNpthv$ :
"NusNpthv$' kL$s L$rh S>ev$h pfp frQs AL$ Ayd L$pe R>;
S>dp
fp^p-L$Zu L$rg L$pAp sp Adu Arckpf gugpApp Aes fkde rQZu
kp dp b^p S> cpfsue $py M|b S> sdesp sdS> Ly$imspu hZ
L$fg
R>. kdN kL$s kprledp Ap AL$ Ae L$pfu kyv$f fQp R>.
"NusNpthv$'
ApeprdL$ iNpfp AL$ Aes dpfd L$pe N R>; S>dp iv$ A Ay
Ahy
dpdy^ kpdS>e R> L$ kL$su AfuqQs eqs Z Apu cprhs ep
rhp flu iL$su u. L$Z-cqs kprledp "Nus-Npthv$' ^dNy p
pe ey R>. u hgc kv$pedp Z Ap L$pe udv$cpNhsyfpZ S>V$gy
rs$us NZhpdp Aph R>. hZhpp Ahp Y$ rhpk R> L$ Ap L$pe ep
Z
Nhpe R>; ep cNhp uL$Zy pNV$ Ahe lpe R>. Aphp kyv$f
L$pep
kNusp qfedp Aepk L$fsp |h L$rh A sp dpfd L$pep kprlqeL$
r$A qfQe dmhhp M|b S>$fu R>.
(1) L$rh S>ev$h :
L$rh qX$rX$d u hv$hpQpep yu S>ev$hpQpe AL$ AL$hpmu
pV$uL$p
"nryf bhar ZmQ>rH$m' y ApepS> L$fg R> sdp NusNpthv$p
L$sp L$rh S>ev$h
rkhpep Ae S>ev$hpp DgM Z ps pe R>.68 Ap pdp AL$ L$rhAp
uQ dyS>b B Nep R>.
u S>ev$h v$urns - L$ S>Ap tklp y A bgc i|gp kfnL$
R>.
u S>ev$h qX$s - cNuf dONy{.
u S>ev$h - v$pirL$ {rQv$ y
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 36
u S>ev$h hpNui - L$rh Qy, rhfpd rsp
u S>ev$h - AgL$pfisL$p fQresp
u S>ev$h - rgpQv$pk pfp Ds
u S>ev$h - NNp$v$up L$sp
u S>ev$h - rdp A S>pv$u Ds
u S>ev$h - n^fp pdL$ lqfrdp rie A cpB
u S>ev$h L$rh - ryfkyv$fuspp Zsp
u S>ev$h - rr^p gML$
u S>ev$h - fkpds fQresp
u S>ev$h - dlpv$h A kyrdpp y, QpgpL$ A kfpOhp
L$sp
u S>ev$h L$rh - cpS>v$h A fpdpv$hup y sdS>
NusNpthv$pqv$p
fQresp, hNf.
Al] NusNpthv$p fQresp S>ev$h rhjeL$ dprlsu uQ dyS>b
Apu
R> :
kfhsup hfv$pu S>dg sdS> kL$s NursL$pep ApMp f
kdp L$rhhf S>ev$hp S>d bNpgp "qL$vy$rbh' pdp Npddp ep lsp.
bNpgp
fp gdZkp69 ipkL$pmdp kL$s L$pep Arsd dlp L$rh S>ev$h ep
lsp. Ap qL$vy$rbh rhpku L$rh "cpS>v$hp' y lsp A Nph ^, ^pB,
ifZ
A Ddprs^fu kp Adu kcpu ipcphq L$fpfp pQ fpdpp AL$
lsp. "fp^pv$hu' sdu dpspy pd lsy. sdp rhhpl "phsu' pdu
kyv$f,
kyiug sdS> NyZhp L$ep kp ep lsp. Adu rlv$uu AL$ pu L$rhsp;
S>dp
lqf Npthv$u syrs R>; S> kyfrns dm R>; A "iuMp' p
Apqv$Ndp pQusd
L$lhpe R>. "csdpg'dp L$Z e S>d sApu dphue iqsp Akam
lphp
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 37
f fp^pp kpv$ey hZ L$fhpdp he Adu klpesp L$fu lsu. Adu cqsu
AL$ L$pAp DgrMs R>. Aphp rscpipmu eqsu buSy> L$B ps
hpu
rhrQsp gpN R>. fsy S> L$B Z lpe, Npthv$ AV$g Np-Npuepp
Bfp
$dp L$Zu gugpApy Np L$fhphpmp "NusNpthv$'u fQp L$fu S>ev$h
pspu
sfa AL$ rv$pj A Aepr^L$ Arch L$gpL$rsy rdpZ L$ey R>. Adu
rkq
sp A S> hpsu dprZs pe R> L$ kv$uAp ky^ u Adp kdp dpV$ v$f
hj sApp
S>dmdp AL$ Dkh dphhpdp Aphsp lsp, S>dp fp L$rhp Nusp
Nphpdp
Aphsp. B.k. 1499dp sp{v$h Apop Apu lsu L$ sL$ A hZh NpeL$p
dp S>ev$hu L$rsAp Npe Ahp iuM. B.k. 1292p AL$ ArcgMdp Ady
AL$ Dv$ ^s R>. Apu sdu pspu A OpjZp R> L$ L$rh
fpS>fpS> R>; S>
pspp S> v$idp rk ey R>. kp kp kf rhrged kp Ayhpv$p
dpedu
Z Adp is NyZpu dlpL$rh NV$A A S> dpZ ikp L$fu lsu; S>hu
fus
L$prgv$pkp dOv|$s A ipLy$sgu ikp L$fu lsu.70 pspu L$rhspdp
Aer^L$
pZv$ shp $dp Ahp Nusp fpMsu hMs S>ev$h r:kv$l crhedp
dqv$fp
sp Dkhpdp hphpmp A Nuspp DepNpp lgu kpnpL$pf L$fu gu^p lsp.
lsrgMus puApdp Nusp kNusp fpN A spg sdS> su kp pfp
ep pqfcprjL$ iv$p pfp W$uL$ W$uL$ kL$s kp Apg R>.71 L$rhp
Arcpe
rqs$u A R> L$ ApZ Nusp ApZp dpk-QnyApu kdyM Ap dpZ
Npsp BA.
(2) NusNpthv$p qfQe :
NusNpthv$y fQp L$pie rh sdS> dprgL$ R>. L$V$gpL$ ppe
rhpp Ap Pastoral Drama (Npe $L$) L$l R>.72 Ap L$pe Melo
Drama (kNus $L$) sfuL$ huL$pf R>. p. grh Ap Nus A $L$y
dehs}
$ dp R>.73 Al] DgMue R> L$ Ap L$pedp pV$L$u S>d AL$,
sphp hNf
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 38
L$B S> u. L$V$gpL$ rhpp s "iNpf dlpL$pe' L$l R>.
"NusNpthv$' L$pe AL$
|h$ R> A sp rhL$pk 16 du kv$udp eg u supfpeZhpduu fQp
"H$Ubrbm Va{JUr' dp hZhg R>.74 NusNpthv$ v$pu kp kNus A e
kb^ u fpN A spgp Apg pdpu A sey Aydp pe R> L$ L$rhu r$
L$v$pQ A kde bNpgdp Qrgs epp dlpkhp sfa flgu lpe, S>dp e
A
kNusu kp Nuspp DepN L$fhpdp Aphsp lsp.75
NusNpthv$ L$pedp 12 kN A 24 b^ p R>. Ap b^ py DrhcpS>
v$p Ahp Nuspdp ey R>. eL$ v$ Ahp Nuspdp ApW$ R>. Nuspp
hsp
L$Z, fp^p Ahp fp^pu kMu R>. Aes Bjp, epip, rfpip, $p^ ,
hdp,
yrdg sp ljpgpk hNfy sdesp sdS> Ly$imspu kp hZ L$fg
R>.76
dp Ap b^p $py hZ Aes fpQL$, kfk, A kh lphp Dfps AV$gy
b y^ kyv$f R> L$ Ad gpN dpp L$rh L$pdip cphpy h$ Apu s
L$rhspdp
qfZs L$fu fp R>. dphue kpv$ep rQZdp L$rs M|b S> dlh|Z
p
ps ey R>. Ap kv$cdp "NusNpthv$' L$pedp F>syfpS> hks, Q,
epkp,
k|frcs, kduf sp edyp sV$p dplL$ Ly$y kyv$f hZ hp dm R>.77 Al]
sp
nuAp Z du iqs A sp drldpu Nppy Np L$fsp hp dm R>.78
S>ev$h Ap L$pedp epL$ epL$ hv$c} furs, dp^ye eS>L$ hZphpmu
igup DepN
L$ep R>. L$pedp v$uO kdpkpp epN Ahe egp R> R>sp epe$
vy$bp^sp L$
qL$g$sp Aphu u. hsys: L$rhA rhij Dkhp Df khkp^pfZ Nuspu fQp
L$fu lsu. Apu sd kybp^ fpMhp S>$fu lsp. Nuspdp dp Akp^pfZ
hpcprhL$sp
S> R>; Ahy u. fsy Adp Ayd dp^ye Z R>. kpv$edp,
kNusde
hQpepkdp A fQpp kp$hdp k|Z kL$s kprledp "NusNpthv$' L$peu
iguu Ddp u dmsu. L$pep Aeeu $ pe R> L$ L$rhdp epL$ gOy
v$pu hNhsu ^pfp pfp, sp epL$ Qpsye kp fQg v$uOkdpkpu ge|Z
Nrs
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 39
pfp pspp pW$L$p-pspAp Df e$ cph pX$hpu Av$c|s ndsp R>.79
L$rh
rhrh^ R>v$pp epNdp S> rk ls u; fsy QfZpp de sdS>
Asdp
kdpsp gphhpdp Z Aqsue R>.80
2. NusNpthv$ Ap^pf S>ev$hu L$peL$gp :
(1) |hc|rdL$p :
fp gdZku kcpdp Ap Z dlpL$rh lsp. S>du gML$gpA
NusNpthv$ S>hp Adf L$peu fQp L$fu R>. dlpL$rh S>ev$h L$
S>Ap bNpmp
qL$vy$rbhp flhpku lsp. ApS> qL$vy$gudp lfp hZh kp y^S> AL$
B Ap
dlpL$rh pS>rg Ars L$f R>. cspA Adu gpL$psus higuy kfnZ
Qqfpdp M|b S> sfspu L$fgy R>. Ady h Apv$L$v$ hS>Qv$u
qv$ecqsdp
DR>fsp cqsde lsy. sApy h AL$ S> fku Av$f-blpf Apsps egy
lsy
A s lsp cqsfk.
Ap L$pedp 12 kN R>. v$fL$ kN Nuspu kbr^s R>. Nusp ff
dmhhp dpV$ sdS> L$pk|p mhhp dpV$ L$V$gpL$ v$p hZpdL$ Z R>.
NusNpthv$
cNhrs kL$s cpfsup kpv$e sp dp y^eu fpL$p$p R>. dlpL$rh
L$prgv$pku
L$rhspdp Z ApZ Aphp d y^fcphy v$i sy u. Ap L$pedp L$pdgL$ps
v$phguApp kfk cph sp d |^fcphpp kyv$f dm R>. L$Z sdS>
cNhsu
fpr^L$pu grgsgugpApy S>V$gy hZ Al]ep dm R> AV$gy buS>
epe dmsy
u. iv$dp y^e dpV$ A$v$uApy L$rhA epS> L$fgy R>; S>p
v$fL$ v$pdp iv$
dp y^e S>Zpe R>.81 cphpy kp$h Z v$pdp v$ephL$ R>.
rhfqlZu fpr^L$pp
hZdp L$rhu eyqs Apblb R>. fp^pp b pdpu Ay^ pfp hlu flu
R>.
Z L$ fplp v$ps M|u S>hpu Qdpu Av$fu Adsu ^pfp hlu flu
lpe.82
Ddpu L$p sp Dnpu fS|>Apsdp Ap L$pe Ayd sp R> S>; fsy
Apu
kpu dpV$u rhijsp A R> L$ Al]ep du Dv$p cphpy v$i pe R>.
fp^p-
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 40
L$Zp du rdmsp sdS> ApprdL$sp kyv$f iv$pdp Arces L$fpB
R>.
iNpf rifpdZu L$Z cNhs shy rsrr^h L$f R>, A NpuAp hy
suL$ R>. fp^p-L$Zy rdg h-by rdg R>. kp^dpNp AL$ sepy
fle Al] bsphg R>. Adp y^e Z Al] kyv$f fus ApgMpey
R>.83
fsy NusNpthv$u epL$ L$peL$gp sp lgp Ap L$pkpf Alu
Aphp DrQs gMpi :
(2) NusNpthv$p L$pkpf :
d kNp d b^ dp rhp v$iphspfu syrs84 sys L$fu
L$rhA qsue b^ dp L$Zphspfu syrs85 L$fu R>. S>d L$,
{lVH$bmHw$M-S>b YVHw$S>b E &
H${bVb{bVdZmb O O Xod hao ! &&86
hksF>sydp kyLy$dpfu fp^p L$pdhfu uqX$s B hdp uL$Z
ip^u flu R>. su kMu S>Zph R> L$ L$Z sp hksF>sydp
kyv$f eyhrsAp kp
hrhlpf L$fu fp R>. ApNm S>sp b uL$Z S|>A R> epf kMu
y: fp^p
L$l R> L$ NpuAp kp uL$Z rhgpk L$fu fp R>. NpuAp Z dy^cph
rhrh^
$uX$pApdp d R>. uL$Zp $rQZdp iNpfk d|rsds ep R>. Ap B
dpd fp^p NpuAp kdn S> uL$Z NpY$ AptgN L$fu g R>.
amgmobmg^aoU {d ^_ ^Vmm^ ra dm ^wOm
U n[aa {Z ^awa omYm amYm &
gmYw dXdXZ gyYm{{V m JrV-Vw{Va-
mOmXX^ Q>-Mw{~V-{V-Zmohmar h[a nmVw d &&87
uL$Zp kh NpuAp f kdp d B fukpegu fp^p L$pB gsp-
Ly$S>dp R|>pB kMu kp hpsp L$f R>. NpuAp kp rhgpkgu L$Zu
q$ep-
Q$pAp A cphpAp fp^pp drs V$g f sfrNs B flu R>. s uL$Z
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 41
pspu kp L$fgp kdpNdy dfZ pe R>. fp^p kMu L$l R> L$ s L$Z
kp
sp fdZp Dpe bsph.88 fp^p e ApL$$ L$Z Ae kyv$fuApp epN L$ep.
sAp fp^p sp edypsV$ bku psp L$fhp gpep, rhflpLy$g B Nep.
edypsV$u rLy$S>dp Ah[s L$Z kdu fp^pu kMu lpQ R>. s L$Z
kdn
rhepN-ers fpr^L$py ddi} rQZ L$f R>. s L$l R> L$ "App
kdpNd
hpu fp^py h kiedp R>.' uL$Z L$y "l Al] qsnp L$fu fp Ry>,
sy
fp^p dpfp Aye kcmphu Al] gB Aph.' epf kMu fp^p pk S>B
L$Zu
qsnp A rhflphpy hZ L$fu S>hpp Ayfp^ L$f R>. Al] kyepsu
k|Qp
R>.89
fp^p gspNldp D[s L$Zu kdu S>hpdp Akd R>. kMu L$Z
fp^pu Aklpe qqsu hpL$a L$f R>. Al] hpkL$kS> Ahpy rQZ
R>.
{dnwbnybH$nm{b $sVgrH$maV-
O{ZV O{S>H$mHw$mHw$b mhaVr &
Vd {H$Vd ? {dmmVH$Xn{MVr,
agOb{Y{ZZm mZbZm Jmjr &&90
hv$phdp Qdpu epkp R>hpB NB. L$Zp ApNddp rhgb
fp^p dpV$ Akpe bu Nep. s pspdp Ap$v$ L$fhp gpNu L$ "dp{
$-eph
ram Ney R>. l L$p ifZ D ? lh dey rrs R>. L$pB yehsu
L$prdu
L$Z rhgpk d L$fu flu li.91
kMu L$Z rhp pR>u Aphu epf fp^p re B Nep L$ L$pB QQgp
Npu L$Zu kp fdZ L$fu flu R>. fp^pp rhflpv$Npf es pe
R>.
M#mbHw$S>bX{bVH$nmobm, wI[aV aeZOYZJ{Vbmobm &
Hm{n Mnbm Yw[anwUm, {db{gV wd{Va{YH$JwUm &&92
fpr kdps B. cps L$Z Aphu fp^p Aye L$fu fp R>.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 42
hdpu fp^p L$Vy$hQ kcmph R>. Al] qX$s preL$p sys L$fpB
R>.
fp^pu kMu fp^p fpdi Apsp L$l R> : hpksu hpey hpB fp
R>,
L$Z he sdpfu pk Apep R>. sdp rs dp L$fp. rhjpv$dp kde $
L$fu
eph ram L$fp.93 Ap kde L$Z Ly$rs fp^pp Aye L$l R>: "l
Qp{iugp
fp^p ! dpp epN L$fu dpfp e AyL|$m pAp. sd dp{ c|jZ R>p, sd
khh
R>p, sd S> dp{ h R>p, ANp kykrS>s L$fp. dpp epN L$fu
d y^f hpZu
bpgp.'94 rQfL$pg ky^ u Aye L$fu L$Z fp^p k L$fu g R>. sAp
Ly$S>iep
f Qpep e R>. kMu fp^pp iNpf L$fu s L$Z kdu S>hpu kgpl Ap
R>.
fp^p L$ZprckpqfL$pp hi ^pfZ L$fu rLy$S> pf ky^ u lpQ R> A
L$Z sp
S> grS>s B e R>. s kde kMu s fZp Apsp L$l R> L$ "L$Z
kp L$rg-
rhgpk dpV$ Ly$S>dp hi L$fp.95 Apv$kcfp QQgpnu fp^p |yfhr
L$fsu L$fsu
L$rgLy$S>dp hi R>. uL$Z Qv$iu sfrNs kpNfu S>d fp^py
dyMQ sp
S> ljpdpv$u kcf B e R>. fp^pp pdpu ljpy hlhp gpN R>.
sd
iepp kL$s L$fu kMuAp blpf uL$mu e R>.96 kMuApp Qpep Nep
R>u
L$BL$ grS>s, L$pd-uqX$s dv$ lpe L$fsu fkpLy$g fp^p L$Z L$l
R>: "qL$kgeu
iep f QfZ-L$dm fpMp, AyL|$m Adsde hQpu d ss L$fp.' fp^p sdu
frsepQpp huL$pf L$f R>. frs$uX$pu ss fp^py hZ...
Hw$ XZXZ MXZ{e{eaVaoU H$aoU nmoYao &
JXnH$ Zmo^ dbH$beghmoXao &&
{ZOJmX gm XZXZo H$s@{V XmZXZo &&97
Apv$dp d fp^p As uL$Z rv$i L$f R> L$ sAp pspp lp
fp^pp kds ANp iNpf L$f. uL$Z s dpZ L$f R>.
aM H$wMmo n {M Hw$d H$nmobmo-
YQ> OYZo H$m#mr#m Om H$~ar^a &
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 43
H$b dbloUr nmUm nXo Hw$ Zynyam -
{d{V {ZJ{XV rV nrVm~amo@{Z VWmH$amoV &&98
Apd NusNpthv$p Ly$g 12 kNp, 24 b^ p A 277 gpL$pdp
fp^p-L$Zp dprdL$ frskhpv$ A iNpqfL$ Q$pApy cf|f hZ R>. Ap
L$pedp
kNusp L$V$gpL$ rhcpNpy Z ApZ v$i pe R>.
(3) NusNpthv$u igu :
NusNpthv$ L$pey fQp-L$pie rh sp dprgL$ R>. L$V$gpL$ ppe
rhpp A "Npe {L$' (Postoral Drama) L$l R> sp Ae kdunL$ A
"NurspV$L$' (Liric Drama) L$l R>, sp hmu L$V$gpL$ ds Ap L$pe
"qfL$s
epp' (Refined Yatra) R>. qig (Pichel) Ap L$pe "kNus
{L$'$(Mero
Drama) sfuL$ huL$pf R>. p.grh (Levi) Ap L$pe Nus sdS> {L$y
dehs}
Ahp kdrhs { (In Between Song and Drama) dp R>, fsy
S>ev$h
pspu Ap L$rs kNpdp rhcprS>s L$fu A pV$L$u S>epA L$pe
dphpu
pspu ^pfZp sfa kL$s L$fu v$u^p R> A Apde Ap L$pedp pV$L$u
S>d AL$,
sphp hNf L$BS> u. L$V$gpL$ rhpp A "iNpf dlpL$pe' Z L$l R>.
Ap
fus sp S>ev$hp NusNpthv$u iguy d|epL$ L$pepdL$ ArcNdu
spfhu
iL$pe.
u S>ev$hu furs :
S>ev$h pspp Ap L$pedp hv$c} furs sdS> dp^ye eS>L$
hZphpmu
igup Mpk epN L$ep R>. L$pedp epL$ epL$ v$uO kdpkpp epN
Ahe
egp R>. fsy Ap gu ^ epe vy$bp^ sp L$ qg$sp Aphu u. L$rhA
rhri$
Dkhp Df khkp^pfZ Nusp Nphp dpV$ S> Nuspu fQp L$fgu R>. Apu
A
kybp^ fpMhy M|bS> ApheL$ lsy. Nuspdp dp Akp^pfZ hpcprhL$sp
Ahp
AL$rdsp R>; AV$gy S> rl fsy sdp Ayd dp y^e Z R>. L$peu
fQp-
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 44
iguu ikp L$fsp dL$X$pg L$l R> L$ : kpv$edp, kNusde hQpepkdp
A
fQpp kp$hdp k|Z kL$s kprledp "NusNpthv$' L$peu iguu Ddp
epe dmsu u. Ap L$pe Ayd R>. L$pep Aeeu AV$gy sp $ B e
R> L$ L$rhdp epL$ gOyv$pu hNhsu ^pfp pfp sp epL$ Qpsyeu kp
fQpeg v$uO
kdpkpu ge|Z Nrs pfp pspp pspAp L$ hpQL$p Df e$ cph pX$hpu
k|Z ndsp R>.99
"NusNpthv$' L$pedp S>ev$h ffpNs fQp-Zpguy AykfZ
L$fsp khp hu sdS> dprgL$ igu Aphg R>. L$pedp eys gpL$,
N
A Nusy kpdS>e su Ayd fQpy k|Q L$f R>. L$rhA L$pk|p
rhpl
dpV$ Arns eepS>p Ahp Ahp rhijp rQZ hNfy hZpdL$ kNpdp
gpL$py ApepS> L$fg R>. ppu dpv$ipy k|Q L$fphhp dpV$
khpv$pdL$ kNpdp
Np epN L$fgp R>. sdS> cphpyc|rsu ArceS>p pdp L$fpeg
R>. Ap
dpZ "NusNpthv$'dp Aphpeg Arch fQp Zpgudp hZ, khpv$ A
Nurs ff Ahu fus Nypeg R> L$ Apu AL$ rhgnZ Apv$u Ayc|rs pe
R>.
fp^p-L$Zu L$rg-L$pAp sp Adu Arckpf-gugpApy fkde
rQZ "NusNpthv$' ApeprdL$ iNpfp dpfd N bphu v$ R>.
fp^p-L$Zp
Zep rQZdp du rhrh^ v$ipAp-Apip, rfpip, DL$W$p, Bep, $p^ ,
dp,
Ap$pi, rdgpkyL$sp, kv$ip, rdg hNf v$eNplu rQZ S>V$gy Ap
L$pedp
eg R>; sV$gy bu L$pepdp epe eg u.
L$rhA Al] rhrh^ AgL$pfpy epS> Z L$fgy R>. sdpe gjpdL$
cphu L$rh L$pepfc L$l R> L$...
dmXodVmM[aV{M{V-{MmgXm, nXmdVrMaUMmaUMH$dVu &
lr dmgwXoda{VHo${bH$Wm goV ^oV, H$amo{V OXodH${d ~Y
&&100
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 45
cNhp uL$Zu Ddpde hv$p L$fsp L$rh L$l R> L$,
{XZ{US>bS>Z ^dIS>Z E &
w{ZOZmZg hg O O Xod hao &&101
Al] L$rhA kyv$f Ddpy ApepS> L$ey R>. "dXZgamoO'102 iv$
eys L$fu L$rhA $L$ AgL$pf L$ZQqfsdp ApgMg R>. Vy$L$dp L$rhA
AgL$pf
epS> M|b S> Apblb L$fg R>.
Apd sp kdN L$pe cqsfku kcf R> sd R>sp fkr$Zu bpbsdp
L$rh iNpf fk M|b S> p^pe Apsp lpe Ahy gpN R>. L$Z kpp
d
kdpNd pdgu fp^p pspu kMu AychS>e L$l R> :
WgmJb{mVm nQw>MmQw>eVaZwHy$b,
XYwapV^m{fVm {e{WbrH$V OYZXHy$b &
g{I ho Ho${eWZwXma a m gh,
XZ ZmoaW^m{dVm g{dH$ma &&103
rhgc iNpfu kp kp L$rh kcpN iNpfp ApgMdp Z AV$gp
S> Ly$im R>.104
S>ev$hu igu khp L$pe kS> dpV$ DrQs Zu iL$pe. NusNpthv$
NursL$pepdp $sd L$pe R> A s su igu Apcpfu R> Ad L$lhpdp
S>fpe
Arsiepqs u.
3. "NusNpthv$' : kNusp qfedp :
"NusNpthv$' fpN-fprNZuApu kcf L$pe R>. S>ev$h L$rsdp
r$us
eL$ A$v$up Apfc fpN A spgp rv$i L$ep R>. S>d L$ kN-1 u
Ahspf
r$su A$v$up Apfc "mbdamJnH$Vmbo' iv$p d|ep R>. A S> fus
Sy>v$u-
Sy>v$u A$v$uApdp NyS>fufpN, hksfpN, fpdrNfufpN, dpghfpN,
L$pX$fpN,
v$ipTefpN hNfp DgM L$fpeg R>. kNusp dyM shpdp kNusfpL$fdp
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 46
Z dyM shp d|gp^pf sfuL$ NZphg R>.105 Ap Ze shpdpu Al]
NusNpthv$ dlv$Ai Ze shp Aykf R>. NusNpthv$p Ly$g-12 kN A
24 b^ R>. S>dp kNusy cf|f v$i ps pe R>. L$Z kpu
fpkgugp
fp^p sdS> Ae NpuApy L$rhdyM hZ, fp^p sdS> kMuApu Dqs
dyS>b
frsq$X$pdp kNusy bp^pS>L$ rhv$ sp DepNu rhv$ Al] ps pe
R>.
d dp y^edp kNusp kp^p, kNus hpQL$ iv$p, kNus hNf klpeL$
sfuL$
k|rQs pe R>. kNus Al] klS> fus hZu gu^y R>. kNusp
qfedp
NusNpthv$y kNpykpf epL$ hZ uQ dyS>b R> :
u kN - 1 :
NusNpthv$p d kNdp L$pdu uqX$s fp^p Dv$iu kMu L$l R> L$
: l fp ^ ! kyv$f v$Mppf ypu gsb hguApp iu dpv$L$ bg, dv$
hprls dgehu kp, cdfpApu lpfdpmpu Nys sp L$pegpp kNusu
Ly$rS>s Ly$bpAphpmp sp rhepNuAp kss L$fhphpmu Ap hksF>sydp
spfp resd
uL$Z sp Ae s{Zuep kp pQsp-Npsp afu fp R>.106 kNusp e A
Nus kb^ u shpy Al] k|Q R>.
frs$uX$pdp epp klpfp ghpy Av$c|s k|Q R>. fp^pu kMu
klpyc|rs v$iphsp fp^p L$l R> L$, fp ^ ! L$pdv$hp kyhZ rrds
v$X$hpmp R>
kdp QdL$sp sdS> pNypu rh kyiprcs bphhphpmp, L$pdv$hp
sfL$kdp
cfgp bpZ kdp cdfpu Ofpeg Nygpbp ypu hpsphfZdp kyN^ A
kpv$eu R>V$p hfhphpmu Ap hksF>sydp spfp du uL$Z sfyZu
sdS> {hsu
Np-bpmpAp kp e L$fsp L$fsp frs$uX$pp Apv$ gB fp R>.107
frs$uX$p
A ep kdhe ANp Al] kepb^ gpL$p ps pe R>.
mamLHo$ a{VHo${bgLH$baUma o^ Vm gmhg-
m H$mVOm {H${Xn[a ma{^ g ^mV &
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 47
{ZnXm OYZWbr {e{WbVm Xmod{bH${nV,
djmo r{bV{j nmfag rUm Hw$V {g{V &&108
L$rhy hf sdS> ksL$ op Apf R>. Al] L$rhA "n#mamJ'109
iv$ ep A yfhpf L$ey R> hf-ksL$ ANu rhss dprlsu L$fZ-2dp
($-53) dp Apg R>.
uL$Z Ae NpuAp kp fpk-rhgpkdp d B ny^ fp^p
AL$ps m gspLy$S>dp Aphu pspu kMu uL$Z kp pspp rdgu DL$V$
BR>py hZ L$fsp L$l R> L$ "hu p kdp pspu L$pdm, ygqL$s
sdS>
rhipm c|Apu lfp NpbpmpAp AptgN L$fhphpmp sp pspp lp,
N A R>psu Df ^pfZ L$fg Apc|jZpdp S>X$g fpu cpu A^
L$pfp
rhpi L$fhphpmp L$pi rhMfhphpmp uL$Z kp rdgdp Aes DkyL$
sdS>
Apsyf Ry>.110 Al] Apg "amgo' iv$ ey k|Q L$f R>.
NusNpthv$p d kNdp L$rhA Z L$ e ffp hNhsu
bphhpp epk L$fg R> A s pspp kNus ep Av$e op kNusu
qfcpjp R>su L$ep rhp flu iL$sp u. rhppA Apg kNusu qfcpjpy
op L$rhdp S>Zpe R>.
u kN - 2 :
NusNpthv$dp hpp L$pfp ANu Z dprlsu ps pe R>. Ap
kNdp L$rhA fp^p pfp L$Z-dfZ kNdp aL$ hp AsNs "bifu'p DgM
Ap dpZ L$ep R> : ""dp {v$ L$fsu fp^p pspu AL$ ANs kMu L$l
R> L$ :
re kMu, Adsu Z epe Ar^L$ sp A^f-fk u Z epe Ar^L$ grgs
sdS> d y^f pspp hru kds gpL$ dprls L$fhphpmu bifu
hNpX$hphpmp,
bifu hNpX$su hMs QQm L$V$pn L$fhphpmp, lpgsp dyLy$V$ sp Ly$X$gpu
Aes
dplL$ gpNhphpmp sp kv$h fpkdp dpfu kp qflpk L$fhphpmp
rhgpkre
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 48
uL$Zp kN dpV$ dp{ d Aes DkyL$ sdS> epLy$m B fy R>. d A
B
vy$:M pe R> L$ dpfp s rQQpf dpfu Dnp L$fu Ae NpbpmpApu kp
fpk
rhgpk L$fu fp R>.
MH$Mmya{eIS>H$S>bdb{VHo$e &
Mwa-nyaXaYZwaZwa[OVoXaw{Xagwdoe &
amgo h[a{h {d{hV{dbmg, a{V Zmo H$V n[ahmg &&111
kyd y^f kNus Aep Apv$ dpV$ R>. Ahp sp kNus AL$ Ahy hfv$p
R>; S> eqs ipL$dpu blpf gphu v$ R>. L$Zre kNus eqs
ApL$rjs L$fhp
knd R>. L$Zp Npeu ikp L$fsp fp^p sd L$l R> L$ : ""sdp$ dyM
sp
Qdpu S>d M|bS> iusm A Ads kdp d y^f, fpQL$ sdS> dplL$
R>. Ap sp
AV$gy duWy$ NpAp R>p L$ Z L$ppdp rdkfu cmhu lpe.''
amgmobmg^aoU {d ^ ^Vmm^radm ^wOm-
U n[aa {Z ^awa omYm amYm &
gmYw dXdXZ gwYm{{V m JrVVw{V-
mOmXX^ Q>Mw{~V pV Zmohmar h[a nmVw d &&112
"NusNpthv$'u NpuAp Z Z L$ kNus rhipfv$ R>. Aps Nusp
hf-ge-spg Apqv$u ops R>. uL$Zp rhepNdp kss egu A L$Zu
ip^ dp cV$L$su fp^p su L$u kMu uL$Zp fpk-du k|Qp Ap R>.
""l fp ^ ! AL$ NpuA sp uL$Z kp pQsp Adp ep ge Df spg
Aphp dpV$ L$Zu bifup gedp pspp L$L$Zp ge Ly$imsp |hL$ dmhu
v$u^p; S>pu uL$Z Z s Npuu kNus r|Zsp sp L$gpdL$sp Df i
B Nep.''
H$aVbVmbVabdbmd{bH$ {bVH$ bdZdeo &
amgago ghZnam h[aUm wd{V eego &&113
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 49
Al]ep L$rhA ge A spgy k|Q L$fg R>. kNusp b rhcpNu
QQp L$fZ - 8 ($, 251-53)dp rhss fus Apu R>. Ap kNdp hp,
Nus
frls kNusu rhcphp kyf fS|> B R>.
u kN - 3 :
frs$uX$p kde pspp resd uL$Z pfp L$fpegu dpfd Q$pApy
dfZ L$fu Ad dmhp DkyL$ fp^p pspu kMu L$l R> L$-re kMu !
pspp resdu kp frs-cpNdp h lphp gu^ dpfp Ndp lfg
Apc|jZpdp S>X$us O|O{Ap sp L$dfdp bp^ g O|O{Ap fZL$hpu rL$msp
hr
Ad b Aes dprls L$fsp lsp. frs$uX$pdp h uL$Z frscpNp rhspf
qf|Z L$fhpu BR>pu d L$dfu L$X$u sdS> pspu sfa MQu S>
fus
Q|b gsp lsp, Adp A Y$N d M|bS> re sdS> {rQL$f gpNsp lsp.48
LrhA
Al] kNusu d y^fsp, dplL$spp dplpey Np L$ey R> sp |yfp
TZL$pf
dpL$jZdp rdqL$ NZphg R>. TpTfp hr kyd y^f kNus epf L$lu
iL$pe;
epf dueyNg AL$ bu e lL$pfpdL$ hgZ ^fphsp lpe. Al] uL$Z A
fp^p b AL$bu e lL$pfpdL$ hgZ ^fph R>. dpV$ |yfp hr
dpL$jZdp
rrd b R>.
bifup k|fdpu uL$msp kyv$f sdS> dplL$ v$py hZ L$fphpfp
hru dy^ B Ae Nph |^Ap pfp Av$Mu pspu $u ANV$ cphu
fp^pp dyMQdp X$peg sp X$pL$u hpL$u lpgs B S>hpu lpgsp Ly$X$gp
A
dyLy$V$hpmp uL$Zp dplL$ L$V$pn cspp rQfL$pg ky^ u kyM v$hphpmp
sdS> Adp
L$epZ dpV$ R>.114$
Alu Z aL$hpp qfQe L$rh pfp ApZ dmu fl R>.
kNus A Apv$y k|QL$ R>. dye, iy, nu Ars Apv$u nZpdp
kyd y^f kNusy Np L$ hZ L$fsp lpe R>. L$ rhflphpdp d bQ
lphpu
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 50
v$v$S>L$ kNus Z ApS>p hsdp kdedp Dg^ R>. S>dL$
rihfS>u, spX$u,
hks, blpf hNf fpNp L${$Z qf[rsdp S> Nhpe L$ kcmpe R> Ahp
sp Aphp
fpNp kpcmhpu L$ Nphpu L$$Zpspy k|Q pe R>.115 fsy L$rhA sy
r{Z
Al] L$fg u. Apd kN-4 A kN 6 u 9dp Apv$v$peL$ kNusp DgM
u. Apu sy r{Z kNusp qfedp L$fg u.
u kN - 5 :
|yfp fZL$pf epL$ dpL$jZdp rrd b R>; sp epL$ sdp bp^p$
S>Zpe R>. fp^pu kMu uL$Zu rhepN rhlhmspu ZL$pfu fp^p Apu
s
Arhgb uL$Z pk S>hpp Ayfp^ L$fsp L$l R> L$ ""l kMu ! QQm,
M|bS>
fZL$pf L$fhphpmp A L$pd$uX$pp AL$ps MqX$s L$fhphpmp iy$u |yfp
Dspfu
aL$ L$pfZ L$ A lfu Qpghpu AL$ sp Ap fZL$pfu bu spfp S>hpu
ZL$pfu B e R>. buSy> epf sy uL$Z pk frs-rhgpk L$fui epf
|yfp
fZL$pfu A q$ep Nys rl fl.''116
Al] |yfp fZL$pf dpv$dp bp^p{ hZhpep R>. L$ kNus
L$pBZ h dpqkL$ qf[rsdp bp^p{ bsy u. bQudp Z kNusp
rihfS>u, kpluZu, hksblpf, S>hp fpNp dpZk AL$ L$pfu Apdue
l|a
Ap R>; A r:iL$ R>. Apd R>sp gcph NV$ L$fhp Ahp Ap
cph
R|>phhp L$rhA |yfhr duApp rdgdp bp^p{ dpg R>, L$ Al]
kNusp cphu L$pB L$pfpdL$ c|rdL$p fS|> u B. Ap bpbs dp
L$rs
kv$cp Ayk^ pdp S> kdS>hu BA.
u kN - 10 :
|yf fZL$pfp hr dpv$dp L$pfZc|s v$iphhpp L$rhA Al] y:
epk L$ep R>. pspp ehlpfu ny^ fp^p dphhpu Q$p L$fsp uL$Z
L$l
R> L$ : ""l re ! lh $p^ p epN L$fp A L$mi S>hp pspp Ds
sdS> rhipm
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 51
sp Df fpu dpmp lfp; S>u sdpfp DS>hm sp Df T|gsu s dpmp
sdpfp v$ef (he L$Z) dprls L$fu sdpfu sfa ApL$qjs L$f sp
sdpfp
AptgN dpV$ rhhi L$f. l fp ^ ! dp{ L$lhy dpp A pspp iZNpf
L$fp.
pspp L$dfdp L$f^u (L$v$pfp) bp^ p; S>u Adp gNphg psmp-psmp
TpTfp
dplL$ hr d L$pd$uX$pdp Apks hpy rdZ Apsp L$pp Arsd gpN
A A kNusu dprls B l sd dpfu c|Apdp bp^ u gK.117
Al] kNus S> dpgedp Dv$uL$y L$pd L$f R>; S>u Ze L$fsp
Z
kNus Z L$ L$rhA rhij p^pe Apey S>Zpe R>.
u kN - 11 :
|yf fZL$pfp hru resd ApL$qjs L$fhpy k|Q sp bifup
hr v|$fu sfyZuAp ApL$rjs L$fhp dpV$ eps R>; Ap DgM L$rhA
Al]
L$ep R>. kp kp kNusp kyd y^f hru kpd L$pdv$h he gpQpf R>.
pspu
L$pdgugp kfphhp he dS>b|f B S>hpu dprlsu Al] ps pe R>.
R>u s
hr cg |yf, bifu L$ R>u L$pegp kyd y^f Ly$S>p lpe.118
u kN - 12 :
frs$uX$pdp y|f fZL$pf bp^p{ lphpy Al] L$rhA k|Q L$ey R>.
L$pdpsyf fp^p iep f N fpMhpp Ayfp^ L$fu uL$Z L$l R> L$ ""re !
sy M|b
v|$fu Aphu R>p, su pL$u NB li. l dpfp lppu spfp QfZ A Op
v$bphy.
Apu spfu L$phV$ v|$f B S>i. bk sy dp dpfu S>d spfp iZNpf
v|$f L$fu pM.
Adpe Mpk L$fu spfp Ap TpTf S>u ApZp rhje-cpNdp Ap fZL$hpu
Ahfp^ Dcp pe.''119 Ap fus fk-prsdp v$pju bsp TpTf fZL$pf
bQphu L$rhA s Apv$fcph Apep R>.
sp hmu, epL$ L$dfp cpN bp^ g L$v$pfpp fZL$pf frsrhgpk dpV$
uL$Z DkyL$ L$f R>. gspNldp AL$psdp flgu fp^p pspu kp
frsrhgpkdp
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 52
pkplus L$fsp uL$Z L$l R> L$ ""l cprdu ! lh g R>pX$u v$p,
dpfu kp
frsrhgpkdp h B Ap A pspu drZde L$f^uu d^yf hr
kcmphp.''120
L$rh S>ev$h pspp N "NusNpthv$'dp Nh kp Oprjs L$ey R>
L$
ipue Npdp Np-rhp, kNus-L$gp sp hp hNf rhjepdp S>V$gy Z
rhhQ-rhgjZ Dg^ R> AV$gy sdpd L$pf NV$ L$fhpp epk L$fg
R>.121
hZh cqsfL$ Npdp cNhpy ep, tQs sp dfZ hNf S>V$gp $py
rh^p R>; A sdpdp kspj Al] ps pe R>. L$peipdp d y^ffkp
S>V$gp
cv$pcv$py hZ sp L$rhAp pfp A cv$p f rhhQ L$fgy R>, cNhp
uL$Z
kdrs sdS> Adp cqs-cph fL$ "NusNpthv$' L$pedp frkL$ qX$sp
Ap
b y^ S> AL$ S> m dmu fl R>. "NusNpthv$' L$pedp b^u
S> DL$$ L$gpAp
iNpfp cv$pcv$p sp cqsu Qfd rhL$qks kudpApp kyv$f kdpNd
R>.
L$rhA Al] fp^p-L$Zp dpv$y hZ "NursL$pe' kv$c L$fg R>. Apd
R>sp
Ap hZdp L$rhA epS>g kNus sfau cphp sp kNusp shpy S>
ApX$L$s{
k|Q L$fg R> s ikue R>. kp kp "kNusfpL$f' A "kNus pfus'
dp
S>Zphg hpp rhrh^ L$pfpy Z Al] k|rQs op dmu fl R>. Al]
epS>g
"{UOra'122 iv$dp "Ora' hpp L$pfpdpp AL$ L$pf "dfp' Ahp
"L$fspg'y k|Q B e R> L$ L$rhA s "peg' p Adp s eys L$fg
R>. fsy b ^psyApp AX$phpu Ecp sp fZL$pf AV$g "dfp' Ahp
kNusu
cpjpdp kpv$p A pe R>. Ap kv$c "Ora' AV$g "peg' Ahp "TpTf'
Ahp
DrQs A NV$ L$f R>. L$pfZ L$ Adpe b ^psyApp kkN L$pfZ hr D
pe R>.
(1) kNusp Npp cph :
L$rhhf S>ev$h pspu Ap L$rsdp uL$Z A fp^pu iNpqfL$ Q$pApy
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 53
r$Z ^p fpMg R>. su kpkp Ap Q$pAp kpNursL$ fus NV$ L$fhpp
Z ApN e L$ep R>. Ap L$pe dp iNpf ^p L$pe flsp kNus ^p
L$pe bhp pey R> s NusNpthv$p qfiug A Deys Aepku Zu
iL$pe R> A kpNursL$ cphpApu hQ L$rh Df Ae Np sdS>
NL$spApp
cph X$gp S>Zpe R>.
kNusp d|mshp Ahp Nus, hp, e hNfy Al] QpkpB |hL$
pg L$fhpdp Apey lphpu kNusipp Qqgs Npy L$rhdp op R>; A
r:iL$ R>. kNusp S> Ap d|mshp L$rhp Mfopu TpMu L$fphu e
R>.
"Nus' A kNusy Ahy sh R>; S> dppdm fQp kv$c Aph. kNusp
fpNpdp
L$pBZ Nus Y$pmhp dpV$ d ifs A flu R> L$ kNusp fpNdp $psqfs
pf
Nus k|Z dppdm lpe. Ap ifsp pgu S> Nus fpNb B iL$. Aep
fpN Ahfp^ Ecp hpu |Z iesp fl R>.123
L$ ApS>p kdedp fpN Ap^pqfs Nuspu fQp cpeS> hp dm
R>. L$pBZ Nus ApS>p kde rdfpNdp hp dm R>. Nusdp AL$u
h^pf
fpNu eyqs lpe sp sdp dppdm cN hpu iesp fl R> Ahp sp Ad
L$lu
iL$pe L$ dppdm cNu fQp rdfpNdp $psqfs$ L$fhu S>$fu b
R>.
V|$L$dp "Nus' Ahp kNusp d shu dp ZL$pfu S> L$rhp (kNus
kv$c) opu yr$ L$f R>.
(2) AgL$pfippp cph :
"hp' Ap^pqfs ZL$pfu Al] L$rhA gpL$Qrgs "bifu hp'
v$ris L$fg R>. hpp rhrh^ L$pfp (S> L$fZ-1dp) R>; sdp
kyrjf hp
AsNs bifup kdphi pe R>. Ap kv$c Ae rhppA rhij dprlsu Apu
R>.124 bifu aL$hp sfuL$ Qrgs hp R>. uL$Z kNusu r$A
d|ghuA
epf iM A bifu ep Df Ahe Aph. L$rhu L$rsdp "Ora' iv$ epN
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 54
Z egp R>. L$ s |yfp Adp egp R>. Apd R>sp Ap iv$
"dfp',
"L$fspg' hNf hp L$pfy k|Q L$f R>.
"e'p rhrh^ L$pfpy Al] v$i u sy R>sp e$uX$p Df L$rhp
iNpqfL$ cph Ae Npp A NL$pfpp L$rh Dfp cph k|Qh R>.125
ApQpe cfsd|rA pspp N "pV$ip'dp e kbr^ krhspf hZ Apg
R>. L$ L$rhA su l|bl| L$g u L$fu Apd R>sp L$lu iL$uA L$
"NusNpthv$'dp
ey rhhQ k|Z fus ApQpe cfsd|r Apcpfu R>. $
"NusNpthv$' L$pedp S>ev$h ffpNs fQp-Zpguy AykfZ dp
L$fsp khp rh sdS> dprgL$ igu Aphg R>. gpL$, N A Nusp
rdrs epNp pfp L$pedp Ayd fQp dp y^eu kr$ B R>. L$rhA
L$pk|p
rhpl dpV$ Arns e epS>p Ahp Ahp rhijp rQZ S>hp hZpdL$
kNpdp gpL$pp epN L$ep R>. ppu dpv$ip k|rQs L$fhphpmp
khpv$pdL$
kNpdp Np epN eg R>. sdS> cphpyc|rsu ArceS>p pdp
L$fpegu
R>. Ap dpZ "NusNpthv$'dp Aphg Arch fQp Zpgudp hZ, khpv$
A Nus ff Ahu fus N|peg R> L$ Apu AL$ rhgnZ Apv$u Ayc|rs
pe R>. Ap A|d fQp igup AprhL$sp S>ev$h ps S> pspp Ddp
kdp
R>.
sys L$fZp "NusNpthv$u igu' (p.87) rhcpNdp QQp B
Neg lphp R>sp yfphsp ce Z y: Ap hps Al] Aphu S>$fu R>.
S>d L$
""fp^p-L$Zu L$rg-L$pAp sp Adu Arckpf gugpApy fkde
rQZ "NusNpthv$' ApeprdL$ iNpfy dpfd e bph R>. fp^p-L$Zp
Ze rQZdp du rhrh^ qv$ipAp S>hu L$ Apip, rfpip, DL$W$p, Bep,
$p^ ,
dp, Ap$pi, rdgpkyL$sp kv$ijZ sdS> rdg hNfy v$eNplu rQZ Ap
L$pedp egy R>. Ap L$pfy rQZ Ae epe pe u.''
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 55
uL$Zu NpuAp kpp fpk-rhgpk fp^p kv$ L$fsu u A
kl Z L$fu iL$su u. fp^p pspu kMup dpedu uL$Z e pspp
Ap$pid|gL$ Dpgc dpL$gph R> fsy A Ae Zeuu ApV$gpu kspj
u sp. Ap d rcf-v$e pfp s resd e NpY$ AyfpN eqsNs
$u NV$ L$fhp rhhi L$fu v$ R>. fp^pp Aphhp f uL$Z hS>
kyv$fuApp kN
R>pX$u su sfa DdyM pe R>. fp^pu kMu uL$Z fp^pu sdS>
fp^p
uL$Zu AL$buu Nl Ayfqsp sp AL$buu v|$f flhp f Aychu
B flgu rhflS>e hv$py dprdL$ hZ L$f R>.
Qpv$e hp f Ze-epu Ar^fu bgu fp^p pspp Dus
AyfpN Df reZ fpMu iL$su u A Au Arceqs rhhi B e R>.
uL$Zp Aphhp Df Arcdp L$fpfu fp^p Dpgc cfgp hQp pfp Adp
rs pspp fpj-Ap$pi NV$ L$f R>.
Al] A DgMue R> L$ rhppA Ap kdN L$pe "Asys ikp'
dpu hpepdp R|>peg eep es L$fhpp e huL$pep R>.126 kchs:
Al] L$rh AgL$pfipy |Zs: op lpe ! Ad{isL$dp L$rh AgL$pf ipy
|Zs: op R>. L$pfZ L$ Ad$isL$ddp L$rh Ad$A Aphp S> L$pfu
eepdL$sp
pfp iNpqfL$ cphp NV$ L$fhpp e L$ep R>.
(3) v$pirL$cph :
rhppp dspykpf "NusNpthv$' L$pp peL$ uL$Z "hpp Apdp'
Aps kds kkpfp c|spp Apdp R>. NpuApu $uX$p AL$ L$pfu Ahu
Qgugp R>; S>dp Aop-Ahpdp akpeg dyeu Apdp cV$L$su fl
R>.
fp^p bpv$y suL$ R>; S> ps L$fu S> hpdp Qfd kyMu pqs pe
R>.
S>ev$h fp^pp DpkL$ lpB uL$Zp S> DpkL$ lsp.127 Apu uL$Z
dyepp
Apdpy suL$ lpB fdpdpy suL$ R>. Ap se rhppy dse fy R>
L$
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 56
iNpf rifpdrZ uL$Z cNhhp rsrr^ R> A Adu du NpuAp hy
suL$ R>. fp^p-L$Zy rdg h-by rdg R>. Ap L$pf kp^p dpNp
AL$ sepp flep Al] kygTphg R>.128
uL$Zp NpuApu kpp frs$uX$p ehlpf fdpdpp ANrZs
hpdpApdp fdZ L$fhp bfpbf R>; S>u Arsd qfZsu fp^p-d Aps
kdrs
hpdpp fdpdpdp kdphi sdS> Acv$ lphpp R>.129
"NusNpthv$' hsys: AL$ Ayd sdS> Av$c|s N R>; S>dp Dd
iNpf-hplp Assgdp fledeu dp y^e cphpu rN|Y$ ^pfp hlu flu
R>.
kdN kL$s kprledp Ap L$pqV$u d y^f fQp bu L$pB u. kL$s cpfsup
kpv$e A dp y^eu fpL$p$py AhgpL$ L$fhy lpe sp "NusNpthv$'y
Ayiug
L$fhy BA. Ap iv$rQpu kpv$e Z L$ R>gL$pB Aph R>. App Nuspy
v$-
gprge AgpqL$L$ dp y^ep kQpf L$f R>. Ap R>v$py pv$-kpv$e
A|h Apv$
ps L$fph R>. iv$ A Ay kpdS>e Ahy dpdy^L$pfu R> L$ kL$su
AfuqQs
eqs Z Apu cprhs ep rhp flu iL$sp u.
Apd "NusNpthv$'dp L$rh S>ev$h pspp |hNpdu Ahp L$V$gpe
NL$pfpu sdS> Npu R>pep Tugu R>. iNpqfL$ cphpp hZdp,
sdS> A
cphp kprNqsL$ fus NV$ L$fhpdp L$rhuA AL$ iNpf-L$rhAp sdS>
kNusp
Npp cph hl L$ep S>Zpe R>. kNusp dyM urs-redpy L$rhA
kcpZ
pg L$ey lpe Ahy S>Zpe R>.
(4) yfpZp A sp kprlep cph :
pfprZL$ DgMp Dfu ps dprlsu Ap^pf L$lu iL$pe L$ L$rhA
pspp Ap L$pe dpV$ yfpZp Ap^pf gu ^g R>. kp kp sp kprlep Z
L$rh Df cph S>Zpe R>.130 L$rh S>ev$h |hhs} Npdp hrZs
uL$Z A
fp^p NpuApu fpkgugpu cprhs B "NusNpthv$'u fQp L$fu lpe Ad
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 57
S>Zpe R>. uL$Zu fpkgugpp dye ps "cpNhs'u fpk-Qpepeu
dpe
R>;131 S>y hZ uQ dyS>b R> :
u cpNhsu fpkQpepeu A NusNpthv$ :
udv$ cpNhsdp Nph^-^pfZu gugpy hZ L$ep R>u L$rhA
uL$Zy fpkrhlpfu h$ rQrs L$ey R>. uL$Zy fb h$ $c|rddp
R>,
sd cNhp L$p R>. NpuNusdp uL$Zp rhpdp$u Dv$cphp R>.
ifv$|rZdpu kepA AL$pL$u L$Z hv$phdp edypsV$ Df rhdp R>.
hdp
Qdgup ypu kyN^ R>. epf |h rnrsS> f Dv$uedp Qdp L$Z dy^
L$fu
v$ R>. sAp bkfu hNpX$ R>. bkfup hr AV$gp dplL$ R> L$
hS>u uAp S>
Ahpdp R> s S> Ahpdp Qpgu ep Aphu e R>. sAp qfhpfS>pp
fpL$hp
R>sp dpsu u. uL$Z NpuAp pR>p hmu S>hp kdh R>, S>u
sdp Ofp
tQspdp X$.
NpuAp vy$:Mdp X|$bu e R>. sAp Ayps L$fsp uL$Z L$l R> :
"sd Adpfp epN L$fp. sd rQlfZ L$ey R>. sd Adpfp v$e A ifuf
ss
L$fp.' epf uL$Z NpuAp kp fdZ L$f R>. sAp sdu kp hdp A
edypu
fsu f rhlpf L$f R>. Al]ep NpuAp pfp Dd buu u L$Zu
bpmgugpApp
Arceu R>pep Z R>.132
Al] Npuu kp uL$Zu $uX$pApp kL$s dm R>. epf Npup
ddp Z v$p Dv$e pe R>, epf uL$Z Asrls B e R> A hMs
NpuNus fS|> ey R>, Adp uL$Zp AgpqL$L$ sp gpqL$L$ h$py
NpuAp
dfZ L$f R>.133
cpNhsu L$p dpZ ifv$F>syu AL$ fp uL$Z hpv$u
NpuAp ApL$j}. hpv$ kpcmu NpuApA uL$Z sfa p L$ey.
hNpApA uL$Zp hpv$u Ogu B pspspp L$pdu fhp L$fu.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 58
uL$Z NpuAp pR>u hpmhp A kNpkb^ uAp sfa vy$ehu af bhhp
kdh R>. As NpuApu rhflp hv$pcfu rhsu kpcmu uL$Z NpuAp
kp fpk$uX$p L$fhpy rhQpey.
S>ev$hp "NusNpthv$'dp hpv$u ApL$jpB Aphgu NpuAp kpu
fpk$uX$pu Aphu $c|rd u. hphsdp "cpNhs'u fpkL$p ifv$|rZdpu
AL$ fpru L$p R>. su L$pp Apfc hrhlpf134 A S>grhlpf135
kndp
sys R>. cpNhsp fpk ifv$F>sydp ep R>.136 Adp hrZs
fpkgugpy m
edypp fsude sV$ R>.137 fpke-S>e d v|$f L$fhp dpV$ uL$Z
NpuApu
kp y:edypp S>mdp hi L$fu $uX$p L$f R>. sps y: hdp rhlpf
pe
R>.138
NusNpthv$dp rhlpfp kde hksF>sy R> A gugpy m edypp
sV$ f iprcs hv$phu rLy$S> R>.139 Ap L$pdp L$pdpds fp^p
uL$Zu ip^
L$fu flu R> A su kMu fp^p uL$Zu kdu lpQpX$ R>, epf L$Z
lfp
NpuApu kp fpk gugpdp rd hpdp Aph R>.140
fp^p Al] AptgN L$f R> A L$pdp qfhs Aphu e R>, L$pu
L$p fp^p A L$Zp pfqfL$ ApL$jZ, Ze, Bep-dp, qhfl$ A kdpNddp
qfZs B e R>.141 S>ev$hp L$pey dye ge R> L$Z A fp^pdp
peL$-
preL$p cphu syrs A Ap dped pfp kNusL$gp, L$Zcqs sp iNpffk
AL$ kp L$pdmL$ps v$phgudp v$i}s L$fhp.142 NusNpthv$dp fp^p A
L$Zp
Ly$S>rhlpf R>. sdp S>grhlpf sdS> hrhlpfp kNp sys
L$fhpdp Apep
u. kpdyrlL$ fpk edyp-sV$ f Ah[s hv$phdp ep.143 "cpNhsyfpZ'dp
fp^p u; fsy L$Z-NpuApu Q$py AyifZ L$fu NusNpthv$L$pf
L$Z-fp^pu
Q$pAp pfp kNus^pL$rs bphhpp pspp e bf gpep R>.
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 59
u L$ZL$Zpds :
"L$ZL$Zpds' pdL$ sppdL$ NursL$pep fQresp R> L$rh
gugpiyL$,
Da rbhdNg. sAp kchs: v$prnZpe R>. sdp h A kde bpbs AL$
qL$hv$suAp A dsdspsf hs R>. cpfsp AL$ v$ipA sdS>
^prdL$
kv$pepA gugpiyL$ pspp dphpp epk L$ep R>. Ap bpbs
"L$ZL$Zpds'u
NyZhp A gpL$resp k|Qh R>. kpv$preL$ dpespAp sdS> v$sL$pAp
Aykpf
gugpiyL$p kde gNcN v$iduu sfdu kv$u ky^ up ApL$u iL$pe. kpdpe
ds
sd ArNepfdu kv$up bsph R>.
gugpiyL$ L$ rbhdNgp pd AL$ sppdL$ L$rsAp Dg^ pe
R>; Z sdpu AL$ L$rsApy L$se kqv$^ R>. sdy "L$ZL$Zpds'
kL$s
sp kprlep Brslpkdp cph, cpjp A rhjeu r$A huspy Dv$cphL$
L$ $prsL$pfu bu fl R>. "cpNhs'p sfyZ L$Zu NpuAp kpp iNpfu
$uX$pApp
rhjeu spL$pe L$ NursL$pedp AhspfZp L$fhpdp gugpiyL$ kchs:
khd
R>.144 Apd cpNhsp cph L$ZL$Zpds f A L$ZL$Zpdsp cph
NusNpthv$
Df ffpu X$p lpe Ad dphp AhL$pi fl R>.
(5) NusNpthv$p Ae Df cph :
NusNpthv$p cph AL$ pp A sdp AyNpdu L$rhAp Df
X$p S>Zpe R>; S>d NusNpthv$p epL$ cph Df cpfsdp S>
rl; fsy
dlpfp$, NyS>fps sdS> L$X$ S>hp pspp kprle Df X$gp
R>. dlpcy Qse
NusNpthv$u d y^fspp fd DpkL$ lsp. sdp ri$ sp{v$h L$ S>Ap
16du
kv$u Apkpk B Nep sApA DL$gp AL$ dqv$fpdp Ap L$pep reqds Npe
dpV$ c|rdv$pu ehp L$fgu lsu. dfpW$u kprledp dlpycphu NL$pf
cpL$fc$
bpfuL$f (B.k. 1275 - 1320)p L$peNdp NusNpthv$u AL$ cph Dg^
pe R>; S> NL$pf S>ev$hu rrs$ NlZ L$fg R>.
NyS>fpsp fp ipPNv$hp
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 60
AL$ rigpgMp dNggpL$dp NusNpthv$p d kNp Arsd d|L$hpdp
Aphg R>. AdeipuA (B.k. 1750) "iNpfL$priL$p' pdu epep Ap
N Dfu L$X$ cpjpdp gMgu R>. dk|fp fp rQ$v$h fpe (B.k.
1672-
1704) NusNpthv$p Apv$i Df "NusNppg' pdp kyv$f L$peu fQp
L$fgu
R>. S> L$X$ psdp NusNpthv$u gpL$respy $ dpZ R>.145
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 61
kv$c
1. Sy>Ap, pV$eip, 28.12
2. Sy>Ap, kNusfpL$f, 1.3
3. Sy>Ap, pV$eip, 28.13, . 317
4. dXZmV dmXr, gdXZmV gdmXr &
{ddXZmV {ddmXr, AZwdXZmV AZwdmXr && AS>, 28, .
316
5. Sy>Ap kNus fpL$f - 1-3-24, 25, blv$v$iu gpL$, 63
6. {H$m{H$MVwH$Vw kom deJVm dam & B{V Vmdm moVm
gdelwVmo Zd & pV$eip, 28, . 318
7. Sy>Ap, pV$eip, 28 DfZ, sprgL$p (Zh cpfsu, . 113)
8. da gmYmaU {{dY Jm{ H$mV ?
fS>OJmo fS>O gmYmaU Jmo gmYmaU gmYmaUd
A Vw moJgmmV H${eH${{VZm {ZnVo & pV$eip, 28
9. Sy>Ap, AS>, 28, . 318
10. Sy>Ap, AS>, . 74, hf rhhfZ kv$c - 2
11. dmXr, gdmXr, {ddmXrfw Wm{nVofw eofm AZwdmXrZ gkH$m &
AS>,
2
12. Om{V{^ lw{V{^d dam............ZmQ>mdWmgml &&
AS>,
20.5.6.7
13. blv$v$iu, . 20
14. Jm da gwh myN>ZmXo gml & Zh cpfsu, . 80
15. fS>O Jmo M fS>O gdmX nM M &
gdmXmo Jmo nMf^ M && pV$eip, 28.12
16. Jmo Vw lnH$> nM H$m & AS>, 28.23 u
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 62
35 . 318
17. H$wVm dam gVyN>Zmd{^g{kVm &
H$mdamUm gVmZmmamohMmdamohU && AS>, 28
18. Jm dagwh myN>ZmXo gml & kNusfpL$f, 1
19. wIo Vw Jm fS>O {VwIo V &
gmYm[aV VWm J ^o@eo H${eH$ && pV$eip, 28
20. EdoZ {dZm JmZ ZmQ> amJ Z JN>{V &
nydamJ{dYmZo Vw H$Vmo JmZOmo {d{Y && AS>, 32.45
21. AV D$d dm{ Jr{VZm{n bjU &
Wm mJYr kom {VrmMmYmJYr &&
g^ m{dVm VVrm M MVwWu Wwbm Vm &
{^Zd{m JrVm m gm Jr{VmJYr mm &&
AWH$mb{Zdmm M {dkom dYmJYr
g^ m{dVm M {dkom Jwdja g{dVm &
bdjadVm {Zm nWwbm gH$s{VVm && AS>, 29.76 u 79
22. AS>, A. 29
23. Sy>Ap, AS>, 33.525
24. AS>, 4.247, 48
25. AS>,
26. AS>, 33
27. V{b gm{h Ama gH${V, n. 117. 18
28. Sy>Ap, Ahv$pisL$, 17, . 42 u 44
29. ZJrV dm{X H$bmd{^km & qv$epv$p, 38, . 71.
30. Sy>Ap, byQqfs 1.44.45 A kpv$fv$, 10.36
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 63
31. wJrV OJwXlw{gV...............byQqfs, 27.64
32. dra n.....................aOrdanyOZ & AS>,
28.11.12
33. mVmd VVm VmVmZ dm hoVwZ wIamZ YZm & kpv$fv$,
10.25
34. Sy>Ap, qv$epv$p, 8.67 A rhiydN, 12.78, . 271.
35. Sy>Ap, hpepe L$pdk|, 1.15, .364
36. Sy>Ap, AS>, 1.4.23, . 48
37. Sy>Ap, AS>, 1.4.23, . 364
38. Vofm Mofm H$m gm H$bm gm dm........&
AS>, 1.4.35, . 51
39. gVmh gVy JbZmZ ngmYZZ gh^moOZ ojmg~{YZm M nyOZ&
AS>, 3.2.4, . 192
40. epohe drs, gpL$, 42, . 101
41. WmdYmZoZ nT>Z gm Jm{dda &
gmdYmZWmmgmna ~m{YJN>{V &&
Sy>Ap, AS>, Aepe-3 gpL$, 111
42. Sy>Ap, AS>, gpL$, 148, . 231
43. drUm dmXZVdk lw{VOm{V{demaX &
Vmbk mgoZ mojmJ {ZJN>{V &&
44. gm M yN>Zm, {h {dm gVdayN>Zm, mXeda yN>Zm Mo{V
&
blv$v$iu, . 22
45. ZQ>Q> JrV dmL> gaJ nyadaJ, gVmb &$ Sy>Ap,
Ahv$p k|,
. 167
46. JrVa{V JY ZQ>Q> Hw$ebo &$ Sy>Ap, AS>, .
196
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 64
Sy>Ap, AS>, Aepe-3 gpL$, 114
47. JrVkmo {X JrVoZ ZmZmo{V na nX & mZwMamo y^dm VoZd gh
moXVo &&
Sy>Ap, AS>, Aepe-3, gpL$, 115
48. Sy>Ap ppPN k|, . 671 u 72
49. Sy>Ap fpepkZue k|, . 62 u 64$
50. daoU VmVwVod O{nVmm{^OmVdm{M &
Anw>m {VHw$beXm lmoV{dVr[ad VmL>mZm &&
Ly$dpfkch, 1.45
51. JmYdo{^bmf & {MagJrVmonmgZoZ & rsopepN^ fpeZ, AL$,
2, .
28,
dR>L$qV$L$d AL$, 1, . 4
52. F$doX gmdoX J{UVW H$bm d{eH$s...... dR>L$qV$L$d AL$,
1.4
53. Sy>Ap, rsdppV$L$, 1.4, Qpfyv$d, . 49, AS>,
3.106.108,
gpL$-5
54. Sy>Ap, fOyhid, 2.12, dOv|$s, gpL$-10
55. Sy>Ap, fOyhid, 9.35, F>syklpf, 1.8, rh$dphiued,
AL$-1,
gpL$-3,
AL$-1, . 104
Arcop, AL$-1, AL$-5, dOv|$s, gpL$-25, dpgrhL$prrdd,
AL$-2.4
56. drUm {h Zm gwmo{WV aZ Hw$V &
Bhas A Stady, P. 423
dR>., AL$-3, . 104
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 65
rsop., AL$-3, . 48
57. Sy>Ap, fOyhid, 8.35
58. Sy>Ap, AS>, 19.13
59. Sy>Ap, AS>, 19.35.36
60. Sy>Ap, hpeyyfpZ, 11.24.25
61. Sy>Ap dpL$X$eyfpZ, 23.56; hpeyfpZ, 24.36
62. AS>, 11.254, rhyfpZ, A-3
63. hpeyyfpZ, 2.24
64. rhyfpZ, A-19
65. is{ukrlsp, cpN-1
66. ZmmdgmZo ZQ>amOamOmo, ZZmX T>H$m Zdn#mdma &
CVwH$m gZH$m{X{gmZ, EVX{deo {edgyOmb &&
kop L$fZ . 4 (kfhsu y.c., hks c$, .Ap. 1983, q.Ap.
1987)
67. Sy>Ap, is{ukrlsp (rihyfpZ), cpN - 1
68. ~bXod Cnmm gH$V gm{h H$m B{Vhmg, n. 239
69. dhr, n. 239
70. dhr, n. 239
71. wXJbny gmoa{MV, amJ{d~moY,
72. ~bXod Cnmm gH$V gm{h H$m B{Vhmg, n. 245
73. dhr, n. 246
74. H$Umdmr AmJa, A History of India Opera.
75. AmMm ~bXod Cnmm, n. 246
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 66
76. NusNpthv$; kN - 4
77. AS>, kN - 4
78. AS>,
79. AS>,
80. H$S>mZb, gH$V gm{h H$m B{Vhmg; n. 221
81. b{bVbdbVm...........JrVJmoqdX., gJ-1, n. 27
82. dh{V M...........VX, gJ-4, n. 59
83. Xem Vd Xmbgo...........VX, gJ-10, n. 120
84. NusNpthv$, kN-1, b^ -1, . 17 u 22
85. AS>, . 24 u 25, gpL$ - 2 u 9
86. AS>, . 23
87. AS>, b^ -4.3, . 36
88. AS>, kN-2, b^ -5.6
89. AS>, kN-5, b^ -10.11
90. AS>, kN-6, b^ -12, . 81
91. aUod.............gIrOZdMZd{OVm &&
VX, gJ-7, cmoH$-1.3, n. 85
92. VX, gJ-7, n. 89
93. dhr, gJ-9, ~Y-12
94. dhr, gJ-10, ~Y-19
95. dhr, gJ-11, ~Y-21
96. dhr, ~Y-22
97. dhr, gJ-12, n. 144
98. dhr, n. 147
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 67
99. H$S>mZb, gH$V gm{h H$m ~hX B{Vhmg H$m {d^mJ - II - n.
238
100. NusNpthv$, kN-1, b^ -1, gpL$-2, . 14
101. AS>, . 24
102. AS>, . 32
103. AS>, kN-3, . 43
104. H$mo{H$bH$bad...........go{dH$ma && AS>, kN-3, .
44
105. JrV ZV M dm...............kNus fpL$f, hp. 1, 1.1.29
JrV dm{XZmZm grVwVo & kNus pqfs, gpL$-20
106. b{bVbdbVmn[aerbZ H$mobbgrao &
YwH$a {ZH$a H$a{~V H$mo{H$bHy${OV Hw$OHw$Q>rao &&
{dha{V h[a[ah gagdgVo, Z{V wd{VOZoZ g g{I {da{hOZ
XaVo &&
NusNpthv$, kN-1, . 27
107. AS>, kN-12, . 141 u 146
108. AS>., kN-12, . 141
109. AS>, kN-1, . 31
110. {dnwbnwbH$ w^Onbddb{Vdbdwd{Vgh &
H$aMaUmoa{g {UJU y^fU{H$aU {d{^ZV{ &&
amgo h[a{h {d{hV{dbmg, a{V Zmo H$V n[ahmg &&
JrVJmoqdX, gJ-1, n. 39
111. AS>, kN-2, -8, gpL$-2, . 38
112. AS>, . 36
113. AS>, . 33
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 68
114. AS>, kN-3, . 44
115. {VH$R>{dbmobm{bVabmomg demoaX -
JrVWmZH$VmdYmZbbZmbjZ gb{jVm &
gwY YwgyXZ Ywao amYmwIoXm X -
nX nb{dV{Ma XXVw d j H$Q>mjmo && JrVJmoqdX, gJ-3,
n. 55.56
116. gJrV {demaX, n. 138
117. wIaYra O Ora [anw{d Ho${bfw bmob
Mb g{I Hw$O g{V{anwO erb Zrb{ZMmob &
Yra grao wZmVrao dg{V dZo dZmbr
JmonrnrZnmoYaXZMdbH$awJembr && JrVJmoqdX, gJ-5, n.
72
118. w$aVw Hw$M H$^mon[a {UOar aOVw Vd XXoe &
agVw agZm{n VdYZ-OYZ-S>bo KmofVw Y{ZXoe &&
{o Mmerbo {o Mmerbo #m { mZ{ZXmZ &
gn{X XZmZbmo Xh{V mZg Xo{h wIH$bYwnmZ &&
VX, gJ-10, n. 115
119. YZOYZVZ^ma^ao XaWaMaU{dhma &
wI[aV{UOarwno{h {dYo{h amb{dH$ma &&
wYo YwWZZwJVZwga am{YHo$ && VX, gJ-11, n. 122
120. H$aH$boZ H$amo{ MaUhmJ{Vm{g {dXa &
jUwnHw$ eZmon[a m{d ZynwaZwJ{Veya &&
AUYwZm ZmamUZwJVZwga m am{YHo$ && VX, gJ-12, n. 137
121. e{ew{I ! wIa {UaeZmJwUZwJwUH$>{ZZmX &
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 69
lw{V wJbo {nH$ad{d$bo e {MamXdgmX && VX, gJ-12, n.
139
122. XJmYdH$bmgo H$mebZwmZ M XdUd,
MN>ma{ddoH$VddZmH$mofw brbm{V &
Vgd OXodnpS>V H$do H$UH$VmZmZ,
gmZXm n[aemoYVw gw{Y lr JrVJmo{dXV &&
VX, gJ-12, n. 148
123. gm ggmggmZX Jmo{dXo bmobbmoMZm &
{gOmZm {UOra {ddoe {ZdoeZ && VX, gJ-11, n. 130
124. amJ{d~moY, n. 38
125. - ZmQ>em, Am-3
- g. aZmH$a, ^mJ - 2
- grV nm[aOmV, cmoH$ 21 go 25
126. ZmQ>em, Am-3
127. ddV$ L$s, L$pe L$pi, Dgpk - 10; fpS>iMf L$s,
L$pedudpkp.
mVm qH$ Z {b{V gwX[a & AeVH$, cmoH$-3
128. ~hX gH$V gm{h H$m B{Vhmg, ~bXod Cnmm
129. dhr,
130. Bemdm BX gd.........&& Bemdm Cn{ZfX wI
131. L$ZL$Zpds sp, .40
132. ^mJdXnwamU, 10.29.33
133. AZm@@am{YVmo ZyZ ^JdmZ h[aara &.......VX, Xe H$Y,
A.
30.28
134. VX, Xe H$Y, A. 31
-
kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus (S>ev$hL$s NusNpthv$p rhij
Aepkp kv$cdp) 70
135. VX, 10.29.44
136. VX, 10.29.45
137. VX, 10.3