ISBN 9788192746425

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X$p. kyfi A_. ApTp

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rS>. `pV$Z (D.NyS>fp[)

kL$[ kprledp cpf[ue kNu[(D]pi$ch, rhL$pk A_ h$`)

:: L$piL$ ::

u Ap_[-kL$[-kL$r[-hpepe k\p_,

dlkpZp

kL$s kprledp cpfsue kNus (Dv$ch, rhL$pk A h$) 2

Sanskrut Sahityaman Bharatiya Sangit

by Prof. Dr. Suresh N. Oza

ISBN 978-81-927464-2-5

L$piL$ : u Ap_s kL$s-kL$rs hpepe kp

11, ugL$W$ bgpT, pNgyf,

dlkpZp-384002 (D.Ny.)

Aphrs : d

L$pi hj : 2014-15

s : 500

d|e : 150/-

dyL$ : X$uTpef kpebf L$pa, pV$Z.

Apv$ Apf. ju

""kL$s kprle AL$pv$duu AprL$ klpeu L$pris''


pLpi$L$\_

pQu eyNdp kNus dyep Asfdp lsy. L$rsp shp Ahp iy,

nu hNfp L$W$dp Np lsy. AyL$fZ-hru dye pspp du cphp A

Asfu Ayc|rs kh iqsdp kdn NV L$fsp fp. Ap Arceqsdp hf-

hrQe cg lpe fsy "k|f' AV$g L$ " |^' Ahp "hr' kdprh$ lsp; S>dp

AL$pv$ Dqs L$rsu p hr kpp kpe dprZs L$f R>. kpdhv$,

kNus fpL$f, kNus dL$fv$ hNf Np kNusu qfcpjp NV$ L$fpfp R>;

S>dpu kNusu epep $ pe R>. kNusp Nl Aepkdp Ap Np fL$

A Dpv$e bu fp R>.

sys ysL$dp kNusp Dv$ch A rhL$pk Aphfu gu ^g R>; S>u

kL$s-kprledp kNus shp kpfu fus kd iL$pe. hv$L$pmu dpX$u Aepf

ky^ up kNus shp (JrV Zm dm M) (JrV Zm dm M) (JrV Zm dm M) (JrV Zm dm M) (JrV Zm dm M) y krhspf hZ L$fg R>.

Ap ysL$ b L$fZpdp rhcps L$fpey R>.

- L$fZ-1dp cpfsue kNusip: Dv$ch, rhL$pk A h$y

ApgM L$fhpdp Apey R>. Adp "kNus' iv$p A kdhu "kNus'p Dv$ch

A $rdL$ rhL$pk ApgMpep R>. Dv$ch-rhL$pky L$pmrhcpS> Ap fus L$ey R>.

(1) B.k.|. 800 u |hy kNus (hqv$L$L$pmy kNus)

(2) B.k.|. 800 u B.k.|. 400 ky^ uy kNus (k| kprleu rinp-

prsipepdp kNus) A

(3) B.k.|. 400 u B.k.|. 100 ky^ uy kNus (L$pqV$ep Aip sdS>

pQu S> k|pdp kNus)

- L$fZ-2dp kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNusy ApgM L$fg


R>. kNusp Dv$ch, rhL$pk A h$y d L$fZ hv$L$pmu pQu S>k|

kprle ky^u kurds fMpeg R>; epf sys L$fZdp ApQpe cfsd|rp

pV$eipu gB yfpZ kprle ky^ u kNusp rhL$pk ApgMg R>. sys

L$fZ pQ rhcpNdp rhcprS>s L$fg R>.

"kNus' A kL$s-kprledp kNus-shpp cph dpV$ sys ysL$

kNus A kprledu AespAp sdS> cphL$p DepNu B X$i, Ahp d

ds es L$fy Ry>.

- kyfi A. ApTp


AphL$pf A_ Arc_]$_

cpfsue kNusp Dv$ch R>L$ hv$L$pmdp ep R>. hv$u F>QpAp R>v$pb

A kNuspdL$ R>. "kpdhv$' sp kNusp N R>. cpfsue kNus kpdhv$u

kpd-F>QpApdpu ep R>, Ahp khdpe ds b^ pep R>. kL$s kprleu dyM

L$rsAp kNusp Nus, hp A e A Ze dyM kNusshpu fkpegu R>.

sys Np kNus-ddo A NpeL$-L$gpL$pf p. X$p. kyfi A. ApTpA R>L$

hv$u Apfcu k|kprle, sL$-kprle, A$pepeu, Aip, dydrs,

fpdpeZ-dlpcpfs, bp-kprle sdS> kL$s kprleu pV$ippqv$ L$rsAp,

v$rnZ cpfsue L$rsAp, byQqfs, eohL$e drs, NysL$pgu kNus L$rsAp,

yfpZp hNfy qfiug L$fu s s Npdp rrls kNus-shp k$ps DNf

L$fhpp epk L$ep R>.

Apu kp S>, Aepku gML$ "kNus'u epep L$fu, kNusp Nus,

e, hp, hf hNf shpu dudpkp kp kNusipp Dv$ch-rhL$pku $fMp

sys L$fu R>.

kL$s kprleu L$rsApdp kNusy v$i-cph L$fphhy, A AL$ hsf

rhje Z NZpe. kL$s kprle kNusp qfedp spku kNuso gML$

kL$sp AepkuAp AL$ hy cpy sepf L$fu Apey R>. "kNus' A "kprle'p

kdhe L$fu rhhQL$ kip^ L$ p. X$p. kyfi A. ApTpA AL$ hu qv$ip Mpgu

Apu R>. s qv$ipdp kL$s-hpP$dey MX$pZ-rhgjZ re sy fl, Ahu Anp

fpMu iL$pe.


kL$s-rhp-rhdp hu cps Dkphsp sys ysL$ AphL$pfu Nus-

kNusL$pf A kL $s-kprlep cphL$ Apdue kyfi A. ApTp

Arcv$...Adp L$W$ A lepdpu uL$msp k|fp re kcmpep L$f A s

rgrb Z ep L$f Ahu Asfu Acukp.

- X$p. drZcpB B. rs

(fp$rs kdprs yfL$s)

11, ugL$W$ bgpT, pNgyf,

dlkpZp-384002


A_y$drZL$pkL$[ kprledp cpf[ue kNu[

(D]pi$ch, rhL$pk A_ h$`)

sphp : 14

A.A.A.A.A. "ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ : 14 14 14 14 14

b. kNusp Dv$ch A $rdL$ rhL$pk :

(1) hqv$L$L$pmy kNus : (B.k.|. 800 u |hy kNus) 15 u 24

(i) kNusy d sh : Npe

(ii) kNusy qsue sh: hpv$

(A) hqv$L$L$pmdp su (ss) hp :

(b) hqv$L$L$pmdp kyrjf hp :

(X$) hqv$L$L$pmdp Ah hp :

(iii) kNusy ssue sh : e

(iv) kNusp ks hf :

(v) kNus sdS> u hN :

(2) B.k.|. 800 u B.k.|. 400 ky^ uy kNus : 24 u 35

(1) k|-kprledp kNus :

(i) k| kprledp kpd-Npe

(ii) k| kprledp kpdsf kNus

(iii) k| kprledp hp

ss hp :

kyrjf hp :

Ap hp :

^ hp :


(iv) k| kprledp e :

(2) sL$-kprledp kNus :

(i) sL$pdp DgrMs gpqL$L$-kNus :

(ii) sL$ kprledp DgqMs hp :

ss (su) hp :

kyrjf hp :

^ hp :

Ap hp :

(iii) sL$ kprledp "s|e' :

(iv) sL$ kprledp e :

(3) "A$pepeu' dp kNus : 35 u 50

"A$pepeu' dp hp :

(i) Ap hp$ :

(ii) ^ hp :

(iii) kyrjf :

(4) rinp - prsipepdp kNus : 50

(3) B.k.|.300 u B.k.|. 100 ky^ uy kNus :

(1) "Aip'dp kNus :

(2) dydrsdp kNus :

(3) fpdpeZdp kNus :

fpdpeZdp "e' :

(4) "dlpcpfs'dp kNus :

(A) "dlpcpfs'dp kpd Npe sdS> Npp :

(b) "dlpcpfs'dp gpqL$L$ kNus :


(1) Npe :

(2) hp :

ss hp :

Ap hp :

kyrjf hp :

^ hp :

(3) e :

(L$) dlpcpfsdp kNusu Ae R>pep :

kNusp uAp kpp kb^ :

fpe sp kNus :

Ny{ - rie ffp :

kNusp shuAp kp kb^ :

kNusy kpdprS>L$ sf :

(5) sS>qg L$s dlpcpedp kNus : 50 u 52

(6) bp kprledp kNus : 52 u 53

5prg ruV$L$pdp kNus :



kL$[ kprle_u dyM L$r[Apdp kNu[sphp : 54

rhcpN -1

(1) cfsp pV$ipdp kNus : 55 u 67

u L$pLy$hf - eS> :

u kshf :

u rp :

u L$W$ kNus :

u L$W$ kNus :

u L$W$ kNus :

u rhL$shf :

u hpv$u, khpv$u, rhhpv$u A Ayhpv$u hf :

u Npd :

(1) jX$S>Npd :

(2) dedNpd :

u cfsL$pmdp "fpN' :

u Nurs :

u cfsy "spg' kb^ u rhhfZ :

(1) q$ep :

(2) Nl :

(3) ers :


(4) ge :

(5) dpp :

(6) pV$ :

u pV$eipdp Ah hp :

u pV$eipdp e :

u pV$eipdp Ae kNuspgM :

u cfs hZhg NpeL$p v$pj :

(2) "v$rg' dp kNus :

rhcpN -2

v$rnZ cpfsue N :

(1) rkgeqv$L$pfd A 67

(2) drZdMgBdp kNus :

rhcpN -3

(1) byQqfspqv$ dlpL$pe, L$pdk|, 68 u 70

drs-kprledp kNus :

(2) hpepeL$s L$pdk|dp kNus :

(3) epohL$edrsdp kNus :

rhcpN -4

(1) NysL$pgu kNus : 70 u 74

(1) "dsN'p Ndp kNus :

(2) L$V$gpL$ S>k|pdp kNus :

(3) kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus :


rhcpN -5

(1) yfpZpdp kNus : 74 u 77

u Nus :

u hp :

u e :

(2) kNusp Apfpe v$h "rih' :

kv$c 78 u 94

qfri$ 95 u 101

agL$ rQp 102 u 109

klpeL$ kv$c N k|rQ 110 u 129


kL$[ kprledp cpf[ue kNu[

(D]pi$ch, rhL$pk A_ h$`)

sphp :

pQu eyNdp kNus dyep Asfdp lsy; epf L$rsp shp iynu

hNfp L$W$dp Np lsy. AyL$fZhru dye pspp du cphp L$qsu

kpd NV$ L$fsp fp. khiqsdpu kdn pspp Asfu Ayc|rs NV$ L$fsp

fp. Ap ArceS>pdp hf hrQe cg p lpe fsy "kyf' AV$g L$ " |^'

Ahp "hr' kdprh$ lsp; S>dp AL$pv$ Dqs L$rsu p hr kpp

kpe dprZs L$f R>.1

hsys: cpfsue kNus cpfsue kL$rs A kespy Dpv$p R>.

cpfsue grgs L$gpApdp kNusL$gp Dd dphpdp Aphu R>; S>dp hs

grgsL$gp A fs grgsL$gp Ahp b rhcpNp kdphi pe R>; S>p lsy

dp OpV$u Mpsf OpV$ D L$fhpp lpe Ahu hs grgs L$gpAp; S>hu L$

kNus, rQ, L$psfL$pd, L$pe fQp hNf. A S>p lsy L$pB DeprNsp |fu pX$

shp OpV$ bphhpp lpe s fs grgsL$gpAp; S>hu L$ kypfuL$pd, kpuL$pd,

dpmuL$pd, dpV$uL$pd, L$pQu bphV$ hNf. Ap fs L$gpAp grgsf L$gp Z

L$l R>. rhrh^ L$pip2 dp Ap rhi rhNs QQp L$fgu R>. kNusp $qdL$ rhL$pk A

kNusp h$u dprlsu ApZ bpZ kprle, rinpN, prsipe hNfdp

dm R>. Ap b^pp klpf ApZ kNusu rhL$pk q$ep sp |h sys QQp

L$fhu Z S>$fu R>.

A.A.A.A.A. "ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ :"ku[' i]$_p A\ :

"ku['"ku['"ku['"ku['"ku[' iv$u eyr rhip gNcN kdp dsep ps pe R>:

g+J+V3 Aps klNp, kd|lNp Aps "dmu Npegy'. hp epu kNrs

lgp Npeg d Ahp bu iv$pdp L$luA sp "e sdS> hp kp Nphpu

L$gp.'


$g+J4+g (kp) A J (Nphy) Aps Npe, hpv$ A ep

kdplpf.5 kpfu fus Nphy, hNpX$hy A e L$fhy s kNus Ahp Npe rhp.

rL$j $ L$lu iL$pe L$ spg kp Npeu kOmu fQpp kdpk

hptS>pdp L$fhpdp Aph s kNus; S>u Akf dph-d Df B iL$. L$V$gpL$

kNusp A as "Nphy' Ahp L$f R>; S> epe u. L$pfZ L$ "kNus' iv$dp

Z bpbspp kdphi L$fhpdp Aph R>.6 Ap Ze bpbspdp "Npe' dye R>.

Nphpu fpNy h$ A eu cphy h$ dyeh S>Zpe R>. Apu Ze

"kNus rhp' pe R>.

"kNusrhp' A "kNusL$mp' Ad kNusp b rhcpN R>. S> L$pB

kNusu QuS>7 fpN, hf, spg, ge A Npdu $uA epe bphu, Nphp-

hNpX$hp epe bphu sy pd "kNusrhp' A A QuS> red dpZ NpB-

hNpX$u bsphhu Ay pd "kNusL$mp.'

b. kNusp Dv$ch A $rdL$ rhL$pk :

kNusp Dv$chu dpX$u sp rhL$pku $uA sp Ap AN AL$ L$pfp

Aydppp Ap^pf ghp X$ R>. sd R>sp kdeu $uA su rhL$pkeppy ApgM

Aes kygc |fhpf pe R>. hv$ A cpfsue pQudp pQu kprle dpe R>.

Apu kNusu Dr hv$L$pmu NZhu Ap kv$c h^pf DrQs fli. Ap $uA

sp $rdL$ Dv$ch A rhL$pk uQ dpZ r$u iL$pe :

(1) hqv$L$L$pmy kNus : (B.k.|. 800 u |hy kNus)

hqv$L$ kprledp Ae L$gpApu kp kp kNusL$gpp Z Qyf

DgM A-s fpegp S>Zpe R>. hv$ kNus kb^ u kprle u, R>sp Ap

kprle A hNu kprlqeL$ kpdNu AsNs fMpeg R>; S> kNusp DgM

dp L$f R>. Ap Ap^pf kNusL$gpp pfqcL$ Brslpky AL$ Aa|V$ fMprQ

L$pBZ L$pf rrds L$fu iL$pe R>.


Npe dpV$ Al] "Nus' kop sp Npe, hpv$ A ep DgM

dm R>.8 kNusL$gp AsNs fhs} kNus ffpdp Deys Ze sh qfNrZs

L$fg R>.9 hqv$L$ L$pmdp Ap Ze shpy v$i uQ dyS>b L$fu iL$pe R> :

(i) kNusy d sh : Npe

Npey rsrr^h ""kpd'' Np L$f R>; S> hqv$L$L$pmp Npep

kL$s L$f R>. Ap L$pmdp kpd Npp khpr^L$ Qpf lsp. eo hNf kNpA

kpdNp O ApheL$ dpsy lsy10 A sp R>v$pb epN sp lsp.11

kpd rhrc spcpfp Nphpdp Aphsy lsy. Ap spc hqv$L$ Npep

"AgL$pf' dpsp lsp.12 Ap spcp krls A spcp rhp Ad b L$pfu

"kpd' Nhpe R>.13 kpdp NpeL$ "Dv$Npsp' L$lhpe R>. Aphp Dv$Npsp R>v$pb

kpd Np L$fsp lsp. sAp pspApp d dpfS> Aphpu kp Adpu

kdpus Z sp lsp. Apd Nuspu fQp sp Adp Npedp redbsp,

DQpfZ-iysp, fS>L$sp hNf Df |fsy ep Aphpdp Aphsy lsy.

Npe "syrs' $dp Z sy lsy. k|e, Ar hNfu kpd-spp

pfp epf L$pB v$h rhiju eodp syrs su sp Apu v$h k sp lsp.

Aps kpdNpdp v$hu iqsp rhpk dphpdp Aphsp. eou kdprs Z

kpdNp kp S> su lsu. Ap dpZ hqv$L$L$pmdp kpd-Np Qrgs lsy. A

L$W$-kNus (hp L$ hf klpe hNfy)u kdL$n A $ dphpdp Aphsy

lsy.14 Ap L$pfy kNus ^prdL$ kNp, eopqv$ ^prdL$ kL$pfp hNfu kbr^s

lphp L$pfZ gpqL$L$ Npe AsNs Aphsy lsy. F>hv$dp kpdu Dr y{j-

rsu dphpdp Aphu R>. Ap kpdu qv$eprp prdL$ DgM R>.

Npe kb^ u k|Qp L$V$gpL$ Ae DgMpu Z dm R>. hpv$u kp

Npe Z sy. ApS> Z Npeu kp hf sdS> spg bu kNrshpmp

kNushpp (su hp, kyrjf hp, Ah hp)y hpv$ pe R>. kpd-syrsp


kN eoNldp "~mU' pdp hpu kp s s h$ Npe sy lsy. eo kNpA

Dv$NpspApu uAp rhrc huZpAp pfp kNrs L$fsu. "drUmJmWr' kop S>

hqv$L$ bpZ sdS> nre bu D[rs ApheL$ dpsu lsu. L$ Adp

rhje AgN AgN flsp.

bpZ sdS> nre eo kN hfrQs Np Z L$fsp. sAp NpeL$

Ahp "drUmJmWr' "Cmam' pdL$ d|R>p Ahp Npeu AL$ rhij Asfpg

epS>p pfp (hfphgu pfp) kNus-AyfpNu fpp rhjedp hfrQs Npe

L$fsp, Ahp DgM is bpZdp dm R>.15

"k|s' kop kchs: kNusL$pfpp Ap S> hN dpV$ eys S>Zpe R>;

S>dp sd eop brg pZuApu sprgL$p AsNs fpMg R>. NpeL$ hNy kdpS>dp

dlh|Z p lsy. Ap S> L$pfZ lsy L$ eo S>hp dlh|Z ANdp sdp kdphi

L$fg. hpS>keu krlspdp "gyV' kop e L$fhphpmp sp "ebyf' NpeL$ dpV$

eys L$fg R>, fsy sfue bpZdp Apu rhfus NpeL$ dpV$ "gyV' sdS>

V$-sL$pqv$ dpV$ "ebyf'p epN egp R>. S> DrQs Z S>Zpe R>. L$dL$ kL$s

kprledp "ebyf' khv$p V$p sp sL$p dpV$ S> eys eg R>. Adp NpeL$

kp L$pB kb^ u.

Npeu rhjehsy Df hqv$L$ kprle A L$pi pX$ R>; epf

bpZ NpeL$ eoL$spu i[sy Np L$fsp lsp. rhfus epf nre NpeL$

"Np' L$fsp epf su fQpu rhjehsy eoL$spu ey sdS> rhS>e kbr^s

flsu. Ds Aipu A hpsp Z kL$s dm R> L$ "{dUmJmWr' bpZ kd|l

Npe-hpv$ Z L$fsp A irs Npe Z "{dUmJU{JZ' kopu kpeZpQpe

sdS> "EJoqbJo' S> dpZ epep L$fu R>; Apu rL$j uL$m R> L$ A kdedp

Z Ny{ -rie ffp Qrgs lsu sdS> ApQpe huZphpv$u kdyrQs rinp

Apsp lsp. Ap dpZ Npe A hpv$p AL$ kp sdS> AgN-AgN Qpf

Z sp.


hqv$L$ kprledp kpd kNus rkhpep DgM p pe R>; S>dp Npp,

pfpiku hNfp DgM p pe R>. S> i[s Npe Ay$ NZu iL$pe.

F>hv$p v$kdp dX$mdp Npp sdS> pfpikuu fQpp AL$ AL$ ANp $dp

epN egp R>; S> kpdpe fus "Npe' Ap S> hpQL$ R>. Npp sdS> pfpiku

hqv$L$ eopp AV$gp Arc AN bu Q|L$gp lsp L$ Adp Npe dpV$p dpV$p

dlh|Z eopdp sp lsp. Ad^ eop qv$hk epf OpX$p R>pX$hpdp Aphsp

lsp; epf "drUmJU{JZ' Nppy Npe sy lsy. Ap Npp Adu hfrQs fQpAp

lsu A sy rhjehsy fpu i[s Apr^ flsy; Aphp DgM ApZ Df

B Nep R>uA. V|$L$dp bpZ sdS> nre S> Npp Npsp lsp s i[sAp S>

lpsu A S>dp kb^ Ad^ S>hp eopu kp S> hp dm R>.

fpApu NppApu S>d v$hspApu NppApp h$ Z hqv$L$

kprledp p pe R>; S>dp Bp kdpdp NppApp DgM dm R>.16

Apd hqv$L$L$pmdp kNusu $ b ^ pfpAp Qrgs lsu. kpd-kNus

A kpdsf kNus. kpdNpdp |Zs: ^prdL$ A v$hsyrs kb^ u F>QpAp lsu;

epf kpdsf kNusu rhjehsy kpdpes: i[sAp kb^ u R>; S> kNus

S>kp^pfZu L$ S>Zpe R>, R>sp Z Adp gpqL$L$ kNus dpu iL$psy u.

(ii) kNusy qsue sh: hpv$

hpv$ kNusy dlh|Z qsue AN dphpdp Aph R>. hpv$u

AsNs kh d hppp qfQe Aph R>. cfs sdS> Ae ApQpepA ipue

rhhQdp Qpf L$pfp hppp DgM L$fgp R>. VV, gw{fa, YZ A AZd

L$pBZ v$idp Ap Qpf L$pfp hp S> kcrhs R>. Adp S> ff rdZu

Ae L$pf b R>. hqv$L$L$pmdp Ap rhcpS> dmsy u, fsy Ap Qpf L$pfp

hppp k|rQs DgM dmu Aph R>.


(A) hqv$L$L$pmdp su (ss) hp :

huZp Ap hNy dyM hp R>. Ap AL$ DgM hqv$L$ kprledp p

pe R>. kchs: Ap L$pmy s khpr^L$ gpL$re hppdpy AL$ lsy.

Asfe ApfeL$dp dpyju huZpu sygp v$hu huZp kp L$fgu R>.

Ahp DgM p pe R>. S>dL$ v$hu (v$hL$s) huZp dyep ifuf (dsL$, Dv$f,

c, ApNmu, hf, i sdS> iv$ hNf)u eys S>Zpe R>, A S> dpZ Ap

AyL$fZ Df bgu dpyju (dpZk L$s) huZp Z Ds ANpu eys R>. AV$g

L$ rif, v$X$, hf, su, iv$u eys sdS> QpdX$pu dY$gu lpe R>.17

Ap Aiu Al] $ epep L$fu R>; S>pu huZpy d|s h$ ApMp

kpd Aphu e R>.18 hqv$L$L$pmdp huZpApu Sy>v$u-Sy>v$u kopAp Ap AL$ L$pfpu

kp$ kd iL$pe R>. bpZ, L$L$fu, L$pX$, AOpqV$gp, Np^ p huZp hNf L$BL$

Ahu kopAp R>. "bpZ' pdL$ su hp hqv$L$L$pmp khpr^L$ Qrgs sdS>

dlh|Z L$pf lsp, S> Au epepdp eys "dlphuZp' kopu Z $ pe

R>. dlphs eop kN sp kpdsyrs hMs F>rjNZ Ap bpZ pdp hpy

hpv$ sdS> Npe Z L$fsp; S>y hpv$ kshfp pfp sy lsy; S>p DgM

rhv$hu syrsp kNdp R>.19 Ap huZpp hfpy hpv$ ks R>v$p pfp L$fhpy

rh^p dm R>. S>$f Ap ks R>v$ kNusp ks hfpu L$BL$ L$BL$ kb^ fpM

R>.20

Qrhi bpZdp AL$ p Df rpp DgM dm R>. Dvy$bfp

gpL$X$p pfp rrds Ds issuhuZp Akp^pfZ dphpdp Aphsu lsu.21 Ap

"issubpZ'p Ai ApS> Z 100 spfhpmp Qrgs L$p[dfu hp ksyf,

v$rnZ cpfsue epg sdS> L$pepeu huZpp h$dp B iL$uA R>uA. L$gL$p

kNlpgedp L$pepeu huZpy Dv$plfZ dm R>; S> 100 spfpu eys R>. A

B ApZ "bpZ' u L$BL$ L$p L$fu iL$uA R>uA. S>dL$ ApS> Z Qrgs


huZpAp bphpe R>. "kpd' NpeL$ Z Ap huZp hNpX$sp lsp. "bpZ' rkhpe

L$L$fu huZp, L$pX$ huZp, AOpqV$gp hNf huZpApp dp DgMp Z hqv$L$L$pmdp

dm R>; S>y hpv$ eo-kN NpeL$pu uAp L$fsu.

Ds DgMp kd|l hpv$y Z k|Q L$f R>. huZp hpv$L$pp AL$

rhij hN bgp lsp; S>p DgM "y{jd^ ' eop brg$ pZuApu spguL$pdp

L$fgp R>. cfsp ipue rhhQ dpZ Al] kchs: hpv$u AV$gu rhL$ksu

rs sp u S>, fsy L$BL$ L$BL$ rhri$ rs Ahe flgu li; S>p DgM

kchs: kNusp hs N lphp L$pfZ ps sp u.

(b) hqv$L$L$pmdp kyrjf hp :

Ap Z AL$ hp-L$pf R>; S>u AsNs hy dlh|Z p R>.

|h hqv$L$ eyNdp "doUw' rhij L$fu hpk dpV$ eys L$fhpdp Aphpfp iv$ lsp;

S>y spv$pe ApNm S>sp hu eg hqv$L$ kprledp hiu hp dpV$ ^ L$fu

"syZh' kop eys egu R>.22 ZmS>r Z ApS> "der' hpy epe lsy; S>p

A fLy$V$u bgu hu lsp; Ap $ DgM ApQpe kpeZ su epepdp

L$ep R>.23 dL$X$pg sdS> L$u Z "VwUd'u hiuhpp spe gu ^g R>; S> A

kdyrQs Z S>Zpe R>.24

S> L$pf huZphpv$L$p A peL$pp AL$ hN bu Negp lsp, hiuhpv$L$pp

Z AL$ hN lsp. A Z y{jd^ u brg$ pZuApu sprgL$pdp fpMg R>.

eop Ahkf Df Ae hppu kp "syZh' hpy hpv$ Z Arns lsy.

(L$) hqv$L$L$pmdp ^ hp :

"^ hp' AsNs ge kb^ u hpp S>dL$ L$fspg, dfp hNf Aph

R>. Ap hNy hp Z hqv$L$L$pmdp Qrgs lsy. Ap hNu AsNs "AmYma' Ahp

"AmYm[a' pdp hppp DgM dm R>. kpeZ A su hp huZpp S> AL$

L$pf dp R>.25 fsy L$u, dL$X$pg sdS> rhrged rhv$ Appu rhfus Au


epep dfp Ahp L$fspg h$ L$fu R>.26 Ap epep Ar^L$ DrQs S>Zpe R>.

hqv$L$L$pmp kNuso lphX$ spg Aphpu rsu Z qfrQs lsp;

S>p Z AdyL$ hN lsp. A Z brg$ pZuApu sprgL$pdp fpMg lsp.27

"nm{UgYmV' kop Z dm R>.28 Aps b lppu spg Aphp. Ap rhr^y op

he ^ hppp Z qfQeu yr$ L$fu v$ R>. kpeZ "nm{UgYmV' u epepdp

Ap hps $ L$fu R> L$ spg Aphpy L$pe b lpp kepNu pe R>.29

(X$) hqv$L$L$pmdp Ah hp :

Ap hNu AsNs khpr^L$ Qrgs hp vy$vy$rc, c|rd-vy$vy$rc (Np$)

lsy. Au bphV$p $ DgM F>hv$ Dfp kpeZcpedp dm R>.30 Ap

vy$vy$rcp L$p$ rrds lphpp DgM Qthi bpZdp Z eg R>. A dyS>b

huZp, cfu A h AsNs vy$vy$rcp Z kdphi pe R>.31 c|rd vy$vy$rcu

fQp vy$vy$rc Df hs: L$pi pX$ R>. c|rd vy$vy$rcy hpv$ bmv$u |R>X$u pfp

S> sy A Ap |R>X$u Ap f dY$g QpdX$pu kp flsu Ahp DgM R>. vy$vy$rcy

hpv$ v$X$u L$fhpdp Aphsy. Ap v$X$ "AmhZZ' sfuL$ ApmMpsp lsp.32

Apd vy$vy$rc sdS> c|rd vy$vy$rcy hqv$L$L$pmdp Aes dlh|Z p

lsy. i|fhufp Dkplus L$fhp dpV$ vy$vy$rcp epN L$fhpdp Aphsp Ahp DgM

F>hv$ A hpS>keu krlspdp L$fg R>.33 AV$gy S> ql Ahhv$dp rhS>e pr

dpV$ vy$vy$rcu syrs Z p pe R>. s iqsy suL$ dpg lsy.34 vy$vy$rc

L$hm fZhp S> lsy fsy Ap eo S>hp ^prdL$ L$pepdp A eohv$up Qpfe

M|Zp f qv$ip rhijdp A prs L$fpsy lsy. hpS>e eodp epf kpdy Z

hMs bpZ Npe L$fsp lsp epf hv$uu L$ b^ pegu 17 vy$vy$rcAp hNpX$hpdp

Aphsu lsu. Ahp DgM bpZ Npdp dm R>.35 Ap hNp L$V$gp Ae hppp

Z hqv$L$ kprledp DgM dm R>. S>dL$ "nUd' S> kpeZ "XJ' p AL$

L$pf sp cfs |L$f hppy dyM AN dpg R>.36


V|$L$dp hqv$L$L$pmp kNuso Qsyrh^ hpp Ahp Ap L$pfpu S> fuqQs

lsp fsy lsspg q$epu Z fuqQs lsp.

(iii) kNusy ssue sh : e

e Z kNusy AL$ AN dpg R>. R>sp Adp lphcph sdS> AN

kQpg Dfy f A Arceu Ar^L$ L$ lpQpX$ R>, R>sp s kNus kp

Or$ kb^ ^fph R>. Adp flg ge, spg sdS> Npe-hpv$u kNrs A

kNusy AL$ Arc sh bphu v$ R>. hp Ahp Npeu kNrs hNf e

ufk B e R> A epf s dp AN kQpg sp lphcph v$i S> L$lhpi.

Apd Npe-hpv$u eys e S> kNusy sh L$lhpe R>.

hqv$L$ kprledp ep Z AL$ mpA DgM ps pe R>.

Djpu sygp sL$uu L$fgu R>. S> eu dedp hic|jp bv$gu AL$ $

^pfZ L$f R>.37 sL$pp Z hs hN lsp. S>dp brg$ pZuApu sprgL$pdp

kdphi L$fgp lsp. Ap dpV$ ""eybyf'' kop ps pe R>.38 S>dp dpV$ hpS>keu

krlspdp ""gyV'' kop dm R>, epf bpZ sdS> fhs} kprlepdp ""eybyf''

kop ps pe R>. Npe, hpv$ sdS> s kdpS>dp AL$ L$pfp ehkpe bu

Nep lsp. ehkpep $dp "deZ{VZ'p DgM dm R>.39 AV$g L$ hpk Df

e L$fhphpmp. App Ahijp ApS> Z V$pdp hp dm R>. V|$L$dp hqv$L$L$pmdp

kNusp Z shp Nus, hp, A ep eprQs Qpf lsp.

(iv) kNusp ks hf :

hqv$L$L$pmp kNuo (NpeL$ sp hpv$L$) kNusp ks hfpu |Zs:

furQs S>Zpe R>. kNus kb^ u N lphp L$pfZ ks hfpp $ pd

ps sp u, R>sp Z "ks^psy' kop Ap p dm R>.40 Ap rL$ju

yr$ Z L$V$gpL$ dpZpp Ap^pf L$fu iL$pe R>. S>dL$ "~mU' pdL$ hp; S>u

epep kpeZ sdS> Ae rhppA "eVVr drUm' p h$dp L$fu R>. hpp


kv$cdp kps ^psyp epN, kNus "ks^psy' dphp S> f R>. L$pfZ L$

R>v$p Adp s Arcs lps sp kpeZ epfe Z hfpp h$dp epep

L$fs l]; epf d dX$mdp kshpZuu epep R>v$pu hpZup $dp S> L$fu

R>. kpeZ rkhpe "dL$X$pg' sdS> "L$u' sp "kV$uV$kbN hNfp L$pidp Z

A kNusp ks hfpu S> ^psL$ dpg R>.41

is bpZu 30du L$X$uL$pu Av$f "drUmJU{JZ' kop Aph R>;

S>u epep Ap dpZ Apg R>. "Z, kps sdS> kp spfpu eys huZpy hpv$

S> Ny{ riMh R> s huZp NZrN L$lhpe R>.'42 fhs} kprle S>hp L$ bp,

sL$, fpdpeZ sp pV$ip Apqv$dp kssu huZpp DgM dm R>; S>p

|h Qpf Z ks hfpp opp Apcpk L$fph R>. y: is bpZu ssue

L$X$uL$pdp AL$ Ae DgM Z Aph R>; S>dp "{ZfoX[a{V' kop eys L$fgu R>.

S>u kpeZpQpe rjpv$pqv$ hfpp $dp epep L$fu R>. Ap Z kshfpy op

lphpy dpZ Ap R>. Ap dpZp rkhpe khpr^L$ dlh|Z dpZ L$qX$L$p-

30dp Apg R>. S>dp "Cma_m' kNusp ipue sdS> pqfcpqjL$ iv$ R>;

Ahy k|Q pe R>. Ap kop huZp sdS> huZphpv$L$pu kbr^s $dp ps pe

R>.

Deys DgMpp Ap^pf dpu iL$pe L$ hqv$L$ NpeL$, hpv$L$ kNusp

ks hfpu kpfu fus fuqQs lsp. L$ Aphp DgM Ars A R>, R>sp Z

Aes dlh|Z R>.

(v) kNus sdS> u hN :

hqv$L$L$pmdp kNus kp uAp Z X$pegu lsu. Ap kv$c De|s

OZp DgMp ps pe R> : epf Npe-hpv$ eop kN sy epf eS>dppu

uAp kdp $ cpN gsu lsu. kNusdp uApu Ar^L$ $rQ lpe R>; Ap

hps ApS> Z kd dm R>. Ap $rQp kL$s hqv$L$kprlep AhsfZpu


ps pe R>. ep hpZu Np^ hpu pku v$hpA kpd gphhp dpV$ dpL$gu lsu.

Np^ hpA hpZu pspu pk fpMhpu BR>p L$fu. epu v$hspAp hpZu afuu

bpgphhp dpV$ huZp k$uu fQp L$fhu X$u A hpZu e- Nus iuMhhy

X$y.43 ApNm S>sp hpZu (kfhsu)p huZp kp Or$ kb^ b^ pB Nep. Ap

dpZ Ap rbp^ ke R> L$ y{j NpeL$-hpv$L$p rkhpe uApu kNusdp hpcprhL$

{$rQ sdS> epesp L$pfZ eps klepN lsp.

(2) B.k.|. 800 u B.k.|. 400 ky^ uy kNus :

Ap kdep kNus Df L$pi pX$hphpmu dyM kpdNu k| sdS>

sL$ kprle R>. L$ Ap bu rhQpf^pfp AgN-AgN R>. k| kprle

bpZ ffpy sdS> sL$ kprle bp ffpy rsrr^h L$f R>. k| A

bpZ kprle ^ prdL$ kprle R>, Apu kNus kb^ u DgM ^ du cprhs R>.

bp kprlep sL$pdp sL$pgu kdpS>y rQZ dm R>. su sL$ kprle

kNusp DgM kdpS>p b^p ANpu kbr^s h$dp L$f R>. Ds sep S>f

kdn fpMsp Ap kdep kNusy h$-r^pfZ L$fu iL$pe R>. Ap kdep

kNus Zhp dpV$ ApZu pk dyM sL$p A k|p rkhpe Ae L$pfp N

Z R>; S>dp prZue A$pepeu (epL$fZ) N, rinp sp prsipep hNfp

kdphi pe R>. Ap L$pfu kpdNuApdp kpdprS>L$ Ahp kpL$rsL$ $c|rd

u. Apu Appu ps rL$jpy rhhQ hs $u L$fgy R>. kp kp Ay

iy dlh R> sp s kNusp L$ep n Df L$pi pX$ R>, Ap Z ep bsphg R>.

kNus kpdprS>L$ A eqsNs dpfS> sp ^prdL$ Ar^$ppp

ApheL$ AN sfuL$ Ap kdedp NZphu iL$pe. bpZ, nre hNf DQ sp

kdpS>p Ae hNpdp Z kNusp Qpf lsp. kNus dpV$ hqv$L$L$pmu S>d Ap

kdedp Z "{en' kop ps pe R>.44 sp Npe, hpv$ sdS> e A

kNusp dyM shp dpsp lsp.45 sL$pdp kNus AsNs pV$ep Z DgM


Aph R>.46 pV$ he AV$gy rhss R> L$ kNus Ay AL$ AN dpu gu ^g R>;

S>y $ dpZ cfsL$s pV$eip $ B iL$pe R>.

Ap kdep kNusp DgMp sp A rL$j L$pY$u iL$pe R> L$ Ap

kdedp kNusu Z ^pfpAp Qpfdp lsu. d k|Z ^prdL$ kNus-kpd

kNus, qsue ^prdL$-gpqL$L$ kNus A ssue dp gpqL$L$ kNus k| kprledp

d b L$pfu ^pfpAp epf sL$ kprledp ssue L$pfu kNus^pfp Z

ps pe R>; S>y kkv$c r$Z uQ dyS>b L$fg R> :

(1) k|-kprledp kNus :

k| kprledp uQ dyS>b kNusgnu dprlsu ps pe R>.

(i) k| kprledp kpd-Npe

kpd-Npep k| kprle f cph $ fus hp dm R>; S>

Npe eo kN sp Ae kpdprS>L$ kNp Df sy lsy. dlphs eodp fsf

pdL$ Npe pfcdp S> sy lsy Ahp DgM R>.47 rhhpl kNdp hf-h |^ Nl

hi kde48 sp Arcr$dZ A pdL$fZ rhr^ kde "hpdv$e' pdL$

kpdp Npep DgM ps pe R>. kpd Npedp hppp klepN Ahp kNrs

flsu lsu. kpd NpeL$pu uAp, A kdp cpN gsu lsu s; AL$ L$pfp

hpp Df kpdp hfpy hpv$ sdS> Npe L$fsu lsu. kpd Npep L$V$gpe

L$pf Z Ap kdedp Qrgs lsp. S>dL$ ~hV, d$n, damO, emda, aWVa,

oO, adV, m{V, ^ m$S>, Jm, XoddV, AZodV, dmXo hNfp kdphi

pe R>.49 L$dL$ eo, L$dL$pX$p Ap eyN lsp; S>dp kpdNpe AL$ dyM AN dpsy

lsy.

(ii) k| kprledp kpdsf kNus

Ap kdedp Qrgs kpdkNusu rc Ap qsue ^ pfp R>; S> ^ prdL$-

gpqL$L$ kNus L$lu iL$pe. Apdp NppApp kdphi pe R>. S> ^prdL$ Ahkfp


Df Nphpdp Aphsu lsu. eop Ahkf f Npp-NpeL$ eoL$spu i[sy

Npe L$fsp lsp. bpZ Npp-NpeL$ Ap Ahkf f eS>dpu v$p kb^ u

i[s sp nre-NpeL$ eoL$spu rhS>e kb^ u i[sy Npe L$fsp lsp.

App Dfu AV$gy sp $ pe R> L$ Npp-NpeL$ bpZ sdS> nre b lpB

iL$sp lsp, fsy Adu i[sApu rhjehsy ff rc-rc flsu.50

NppApu kp huZphpv$ Z sy lsy. ApS> L$pfZ huZpNpu kopp rhij

DgM Aph R>.51 kpdsf Npe rhhplpqv$ Ahkfp Df sy lsy. L$epu kMuAp

sp Ly$im kNuso e, Npe, hpv$ sys L$fsp lsp.52 eop kN Nhpsp

Npep L$V$gpe L$pf lsp; S>p k| kprle DgM L$f R>. eo kdprs Df

ApW$-v$i Ly$dpfuL$pAp eu kp dmdoX, {^bwH$m, goZm sp gdga Nppy

Npe L$fsu lsu. Adpu b dmdoX {hp~Zr b {^bwH$m b gdga Npp sp b

dmdoX hVmdam pdu Npe L$fsu lsu.53

Deys Npe L$pfpu epep Ahp $uL$fZp Acphdp A

Aydp gNphu iL$pe R> L$ Ap Z eS>dpu i[su S> kbr^s Npe S>Zpe

R>. Ap bpbs Ap kdedp kd|lNpp Z kL$s L$f R>.54

(iii) k| kprledp hp

k| kprledp hpp sdS> hpv$ rhr^p DgM Aph R>. skde Qpf

L$pfp hpp Ap L$pf Qpfdp lsp :

ss hp :

su hppdp huZpy dlh|Z p lsy; S>dp kpu dlh|Z A

Qrgs huZp "issu' lsu; S>p DgM hqv$L$L$pmu QQpdp ApZ B Nep.

Ap huZp bpZp pdu Qrgs lsu; S>y hpv$ eopqv$ Ahkfp Df sy lsy;

S>p Qpf ApS> qv$ ky^ u AMX$ h$ Qpep Aph R>. Ap huZpp k| kprledp

rhiv$ DgM ps pe R>. kchs: App dlh gu ^ S> A "hVr drUm'


Ahp "hmdrUm' L$lhpeg R>. k| kprle Ap huZpu fQp-rhr^ sdS> hpv$-

rhr^ f $ L$pi pX$ R>. Ap huZpp v$X$ "Dvy$bf' Ahp "gpi'p gpL$X$pdpu

bphhpdp Aphsp A v$X$dp R>u L$fu v$fL$ R>udp 10-10 spfp bp^ hpdp

Aphsp lsp. spf dpV$ dyS> Ahp v$c Opkp epN Qrgs lsp.

kyrjf hp :

k| kprledp Ap hNp hppdp ZmS>r, VyUd, JmowI A {nN>mobm

hNfp DgM R>;55 S>dp Ap L$pfp hppu fQprhr^ Df L$pi pX$gp u.

fsy cpepp Ap^pf App h$ r^pfZ $u L$fu iL$pe R>. pX$u sdS>

syZh dyMu a|L$u hNpX$u iL$pe R>. App hpv$L$ "pgbL$' L$lg R>.56 p.

L$gX$ Au epep dyMu aL$ dpfu hNpX$hpdp Aphpfu huZp $ L$fu R>.

"NpdyM' pd dpZ Npeu dyMpL$rshpmy hp lsy. App ApS> Z Apqv$hpkuApdp

Qpf R>.

Ap hp :

cqf, vy$vy$rc, c|rdvy$vy$rc, v$ufrs, dv$N A Zh Ap b^p hpp

Ap hNp lsp; S>dp k| kprledp DgM dm R>. k|pdp c|rdvy$vy$rcu

fQp Df L$pi pX$g R>. App Ap^pf vy$vy$rcp h$y Z Aydp L$fu

iL$pe R>. c|rdvy$vy$rcu fQp hqv$L$L$pmdp S> dpZ L$fg R>, A S> dpZ Al]

L$fhpdp Aphu R>. vy$vy$rc gpL$X$p Ahp dpV$up pgp hpkZ Df QpdXy$ dY$u

bphpsy lsy A s v$X$ pfp hNpX$hpdp Aphsy lsy.

"v$ufrs' AL$ L$pfp "Y$pg' L$pfy hp S>Zpe R>.57 "ZXr' Aps

hjcu ApL$rshpmp Y$pg. fhs} kprledp "v$uV$l' pdp hpp DgM

ps pe R>. App Ap^pf Ap "Y$pg' S> dphp epe S>Zpe R>, S>p DepN

Nf-OpjZp, kde-k|Qp hNf dpV$ L$fhpdp Aphsp lsp. Appu A Aydp

Z L$fhpdp Aph R> L$ Ap AL$ rhipm Y$pg li. "dv$N' eps Qrgs L$pfp


Y$pg lsp. S> "L$V$gX$d' (Cattle Drum) L$lhpe R>, S>p DgM bp kprledp

rhij ps pe R>. "cqf' Ap hNy dlh|Z hp lsy. cqf hp Df AL$

k|Z sL$ gMpeg R>; S> " o^ardmX' sL$p pd dmu Aph R>. cfu hpv$L$py

kchs: Ly$m Z lsy, S> Appu S> AprhL$p Qgphsy lsy. ApS> Z ilpB

hpv$L$p Ap h$dp B iL$pe R>. "cfu' p hr suh lphpu s fZhpu

AsNs fpMhpdp Aphsy. fpp epZ hNf kNpA sy Ae hppu kp

hpv$ sy lsy.58

^ hp :

^hpp DepN spg A ge dpV$ L$fhpdp Aph R>. k| kprledp

Ap hNp hpp L$pB DgM dmhpu A dpu ghpu S>$f u L$ k| kprle

Ap L$pfp hppu AZ lsy. L$dL$ k| kprle lgp hqv$L$L$pmdp App $

DgM ApZ dmu Aphg R>. Ap kdedp sL$ kprleu Av$f Z Ap hNp

hppp DgM dm R>. sdS> spgy L$pe Ap hppu ghpsy lsy, S> ApS> Z

ghpe R>.

(iv) k| kprledp e :

k| kprledp ep DgM dmu Aph R>. eu kp Npe sy

lsy. AL$ sL$pgu Qrgs ep L$pf f k| kprle L$pi pX$ R>; S>dp

eop Ahkf f uAp pZuu cfgp OX$p dp fpMu eo mu Qpf bpSy>

e L$fsu. Ap "CXHw$^ erf' e L$lhpsy lsy.59 App Ahij ApS> Z

cpfsp gpL$edp B iL$pe R>. Ap e y{j A uAp b L$fsp lsp.

edp Ly$imsp f eps ep Aphpdp Aphsy lsy.

(2) sL$-kprledp kNus :

sL$ kprledp uQ dyS>b kNusgnu dprlsu ps pe R>.


(i) sL$pdp DgrMs gpqL$L$-kNus :

Ap L$pfy kNus kdpS>p eL$ hNdp, sp eL$ ndp Qrgs

lsy. Adfphsu Nfuu rhijspAp v$iphsp L$lhpey R> L$ Ap ldip hsyAp sp

shpu kp S> "JrV' iv$u Z eys flsu lsu. Ap S> p L$lhpey R> L$

NlepNu lgp rkp Nus sdS> k|s-dpN^pu dpNg syrs kpcmu lsu.

S>v$ L$epZu up Z DgM R> L$ Dd fursu e sdS> Npe L$fsu

lsu. fpeprcjL$p kN kNusy ApepS> sy lsy. kNusdp S> qv$hk-fps

d flhphpmp kdprs kdS>hpdp Aphsp lsp, S> cOV$ sL$u L$pu

$ pe R>. k|fp, Npe, hpv$, epqv$dp ldip d flhphpmp iW$p |

"YyV' L$lg R>. Ap dpZ sL$ kprledp epL$ Npe, epL$ hpv$, epL$ e

sp epL$ Zep AL$ kpp DgM hp dm R>. Ap kdep kprledp kNus

kb^ u rhyg DgM lphp R>sp vy$cpe gu ^ kNusu kp^pfZ ikp rkhpe

Ap L$pB ipue n Df L$pi u X$sp. Ap dp L$V$gpL$ DgMpp Ap^pf

Aydp S> gNphu iL$pe R> L$ kNus kb^ u hfpyLy$g Npe dpV$ S>$f L$pB

redp Qrgs li. sL$ kprledp d|R>pp $ DgM R>. Adp sp $

L$lgy R> L$ su, hf sdS> Nusp hfpdp ksyg lphy BA, AL$$sp lphu

BA. bpL$u s kNusu Zudp Aphu iL$ l] Aps A kde Npep Qpf

flsp li. Npep v$pj Df Z sL$ kprle L$pi pX$ R>. dyM apX$u Nphy

Adp NpeL$p v$pj dpg R>. A Z L$lhpey R> L$ rQu [fspu eys sdS>

iug|Z Npe lphy S>$fu R>. "hmhJ' sL$u S>Zpe R> L$ fp L$rhApu

Nus fQp L$fphsp lsp. sdS> A gpL$p kdn V$p pfp NhX$phsp sp v$i}s

L$fphsp lsp. V$p ps Z pspp rhjedp Npe NhX$phsp lsp. epdp V$u

pspp rhjedp Nus fQp L$fphu V$pu NhX$ph R>; S>u gpL$p psp Zu

iL$, Ahp DgM R>.


(ii) sL$ kprledp DgqMs hp :

sL$ kprledp uQ dyS>bp hppp DgM dmu Aph R>.

ss (su) hp :

ApNm ey sd huZpp AL$ L$pf Qgus lsp, Ay kd sL$

kprledp DgqMs "g~drUm' kopu pe R>.60 "g~' huZpp A "b^p

L$pfu huZp' Ahp pe R>. huZpApp L$pf cv$p Ap^pf sucv$ Z lsp.

L$dL$ kssu huZpp Aes $ DgM sL$ kprledp L$fg R>. sL$ kprle

kssu huZpp rhrc hNp f Z L$pi pX$ R>. Ap huZp QpdX$pu dY$gu

lpe R>, S>p v$X$ pR>mu lpmp A NpmpBhpmp sdS> kpdu $di: psmp

Ahp kLy$rQs lpe R>.61 sp ApL$pf kchs: cflsu d|rsL$gpdp AqL$s huZp

S>hp S>Zpe R>. Ap huZp ks spfpu eys lsu. d spf " ^aVr' L$lhpsp

lsp. d|rsL$gpdp AqL$s huZpp Ap^pf fu L$lu iL$pe R> L$ suApu gbpB

$di: dpV$u pu lsu A gbpBdp kpu dpV$p spf r hfpp ^psL$ lsp.

"Jw{mb' sL$ Ap huZp Df rhij L$pi pX$ R>.62

kyrjf hp :

sL$ kprle Ap hNp Z hppp DgM rhij L$f R>. S>dL$ h,

iM A MfdyM.

8 hhpv$u kp Npe Z sy lsy. hhpv$u kp qL$fup

Npe sp e bp DgM Ap kL$s L$f R> L$ hp epN

hppp kd|l hpv$ rkhpe rhij L$fu e sp Npeu kNs

dpV$ Z sp lsp.

8 Ap hNy AL$ hp "MfdyM' Z lsy; fsy $ h$ sp DgM

ps u. ApS>p kdedp Apqv$hpkuApp hppdp "MfdyM'pdy

hp L$ S> a|L$u hNpX$hpdp Aph R>; s L$v$pQ "dawI' hp

L$lhpsy li.


8 iM pdp hpp AL$ hppu kp DgM B iL$pe R>. kpdp

Ahp Dkh hNfdp iM-hpv$L$ klepN Apsp lsp. epfL$ epfL$

Ars gpbp h S>hp hppp AL$ iuf f X$u s gbphpsp lsp.

Aphy Adfphsuu d|rsL$gpdp B iL$pe R>.63 ApS> Ap kNusp

dyM hppdp NZpsy u. fsy Apqfkpdp ApS>e L$V$gpL$ iM-

hpv$L$ R> Ap Dfu Aydp L$fu iL$pe L$ Aphy hp s kde li.

^ hp :

^ hppp DepN spg sp ge dpV$ L$fhpdp Aphsp. Ap kdedp

Z sL$ kprle Ap hNp hpp DgM L$f R>. ge sp spgy L$pe Ap

hpu Z dmu e R>. sL$ kprledp Ap hNy TpTTreL$p64 Ahp TTf

hp ps pe R>. TTf hp TpTy suL$ R>; S> L$V$gpL$ dfpp $ Z

ApmM R>. spg sp lp pfp Z Apu iL$pe R>. lpu spg v$B Npe

L$fhphpmpp AL$ kd|l lsp; S>App kpd|rlL$ kNusdp klepN ghpsp. Ap

dpV$ "nm{Uga'65 kop ps pe R>; S> spg kb^ u ghpsp. k iv$ q$epy k|Q

L$f R>. spgp Npe, hpv$ sp e kp NpY$ kb^ lpe R>. sL$ kprledp

ep Z sp DgM Apep R>; ep ldip Npe, hpv$ sp ep kv$c S>

Apep R>.66

Ap hp :

sL$ Ap hNp hppp DgM Z L$f R>. S>dL$ dv$N, ApL$, Apgbf,

Zh, dyfS>, V$l, qX$qX$d, Ly$c|Z, vy$vy$rc, dplL$ sdS> Aptge, Deys

hppp h$ f rhij L$pi L$ X$sp u, R>sp epepAp sp Qpfp

Ap^pf f Ady h$ r^pfZ L$fu iL$pe R>; S>hu fus huZpp L$pfpp rhjedp

B Nep R>uA. Ap hp Z ff ApL$pf cv$ pfp sp hpv$ rhrh^p cv$p

pfp AL$buu Sy>v$p li. Dv$plfZ h$ "qX$qX$d' Ap y^rL$ X$d$u S>d pL$Xy$


Ap hp S>Zpe R>. Ahu fus "Ly$c|Z' pd dpZ dpV$uy bg hp S>Zpe

R>; S> ApS> Z Qpfdp R>.

(iii) sL$ kprledp "s|e' :

"s|e' iv$ dpV$ sL$ kprledp "Vy[a' kop ps pe R>; S> kop

kpdpe $u "hp' dpV$ Qrgs R>. Ap rkhpe Npe sp e krls A fqs

hpv$p Adp Z s|e kopp DgM R>. AL$ Ae Adp Z Al] "s|e'p

epN pe R>. ep s L$pBL$ hp rhij dpV$ eys eg R>;67 S>p $ DgM

rv$pL$pdp DgqMs QprNL$ s|eu pe R>. Ap pQ AN kchs: ss, rhs,

Ap, ^ A kyrjf li.

(iv) sL$ kprledp e :

"e' Df sL$ kprle eps L$pi pX$ R>; S>d k| kprledp

Z B Nep R>uA sd eu kp Npe-hpv$y Z rh^p lsy.68 edp

kyiugsp, lphcphu ri$sp, hpy kL$fZ Apqv$ shp f eps ep

Aphpdp Aphsy lsy. Ap Dfps edp Ari$spp DgM Z ps pe R>.

S>dL$ Ake e B lkfpS> pspu yup rhhpl sL$ dpf kp L$ep

lsp.69 eu kp b^p hNp hppy hpv$ A Npe Ad b sy lsy.

sL$pdp S> L$pf ep DgM ps pe R>, s dpV$p cpN V$ kb^ u S>Zpe R>.

S> cpgp Ahp v$X$hpmy e L$lu iL$pe R>.70 Aphp DgM is bpZdp

hieu Z pe R>.71

(3) "A$pepeu' dp kNus :

epL$fZp N lphp R>sp Z Ap N kNusy AL$ $ fMprQ fS|>

L$f R>. Npe, hpv$ sp e Ze shpp DgM prZr L$f R>. hv$-hpv$p

DgM A$pepeudp B iL$pe R>. kNus dpV$ prZrA "{en' kopp epN

L$ep R>.72 Ap r$A A ApZ AL$ L$gp dpu iL$uA. "{en' AsNs dp hp


kNus S> lu fsy Npe sp e Z B iL$uA R>uA. "M[shpv$' sL$dp

fpS>L$ue dpfS> AsNs Nus, hptS>, e sp pV$ fpMg R>.73 L$pqV$e

Z Nus, hp sp e kNusy AN dpg R>.74 A$pepeudp Npe dpV$

Nurs, Ne sp L$W$ kNus L$fhphpmp dpV$ NpeL$ sdS> u NpreL$p dpV$ NpreL$p

sp Npeu kop eys L$fgu R>.75 eL$sp dpV$ sL$ sp hp (huZphpv$L$)

kNusL$sp dpV$ "qfhpv$L$' iv$p epN L$fg R>.76 fNdQp Arce dpV$ pV$

kop dm R>. hv$-hpv$u rsp rhjedp Z A$pepeup L$V$gpL$ DgM

ps pe R>. kl-hpv$ dpV$ "s|e' kop sp eL$ kv$e dpV$ "s|epN' kopp

epN egp R>.77 sS>guA Z dlpcpedp huZphpv$L$ dpV$ "qfhpv$L$' kop

ep R>. prZrp AL$ k|pdp huZpp DgM dm R>.78 dv$ sp kdv$

pdL$ kNus $L$pp Z DgM L$ep R>;79 AV$g L$ kdpS>dp kNus $L$ Z

Qrgs lsp; S>dp L$W$ kNus, hpv$ sp e Zep kdphi pe R>. Ap

$L$p "^ahV' u L$gpdp B iL$pe R>. S> sdu gpL$resp sp Qpfp ^psL$

R>.80 kchs: "gmm' p DgM AipL$p ArcgMpdp hp dm R>. Aphp

kv$c agL$ rQpu epv$udp Apegp R>.81

"A$pepeu' dp hp :

A$pepeudp su hppdp huZpp DgM R>; S>dp "CndrU{V'

kop hpv$p kL$s L$f R>, epf "CndrU' hpv$ rhpp Npep kL$s L$f R>.82

prZr Z L$pfp hppp DgM L$f R>. (i) Ap (ii) ^ A

(iii) kyrjf.

(i) Ap hp$ :

Ap hppdp dX$Xy$L$, Y$$p, vy$v$f hNf hppp DgM R>. dX$Xy$L$ kchs:

pp ApL$pfhpmp Y$pg lsp. Y$L$X$p Z Ap hNy hp lsy; S> ApS> Z Qpfdp

B iL$pe R>. vy$v$f Ap hNy dlh|Z hp R>. pV$ipp Ap^pf Aydp


L$fu iL$pe R> L$ Ap hpp Qpf eps dppdp lsp. vy$v$f kchs: hpkZ S>hy

lpe R>; S> dpV$udpu Z bphpe R>. L$priL$pdp v$pvy$qfL$u epep Z hpcpX$

bphhphpmpp $dp L$fg R>.83 sL$pdp Apegu "Hw$^Ww{UH$' kop Apu

kdL$n kd iL$pe R>; S>u epep qV$L$pL$pfp "KQ>XXa' hpv$L$p $dp L$f R>.

(ii) ^ hp :

^ hppdp TTf hpp DgM Aph R>. Ap hpv$L$ dpV$ "TpTfuL$'

kop ps pe R>.84 Ap TpTy suL$ Ahp sp he TpTdpu iL$pe R>. lpu

spg Ahp ge Ahp Nrs v$iu rhr^ dpV$ prZ^p sp spg^ kop eys

L$fpegu R>. Ap dpV$ sL$pdp "prZkfp' kop rhij L$fu dm R>.

(iii) kyrjf :

kyrjf hpp kL$s "ZmS>r' kopu ps L$fu iL$pe R>.85 Ap kL$s

Z dpuA sp Ap hNp Ae hppp sL$pgu kprlepdp DgM B iL$pe

R>.

Ap epL$fZ kb^ u N lphp R>sp Al] Aphg DgMp Ap^pf L$lu

iL$pe L$ kNusp AV$gp b^p Qpf lsp L$ epL$fZipuApA Z pspp Npdp

sp dlh|Z DgM L$ep R>. epL$fZ kb^ u Ap Ndp kNusp kpdprS>L$ n

Df L$pi X$sp u.

(4) rinp - prsipepdp kNus :

Ap N kNusp ipue n Df S> rhij $ L$pi pX$ R>. ipue

kNusdp hfpy dlh|Z p lpe R> A hfp Df S> Ap N rhij L$pi

pX$ R>. k hfpp k|Z pdpp DgM Z Aphp Npdp S> kp d ps

pe R>. S>dL$ jX$S>, F>jc, Np^ pf, ded, Qd, ^hs sp rjpv$.86

rinp Npdp kNus kb^ u Ap ks hfpp kb^ hqv$L$ Dv$p, Ayv$p

sp hqfsu X$peg R>. NL$pf L$l R> L$ ks hfpdp Np^ pfy kpe Dv$pu,


F>jcy A ^hsy Ayv$pu sp jX$S>, ded, Qdy kpe hqfsu dpu

iL$pe R>.

Dv$p, Ayv$p sp hqfsp A DQspfsp, dv$spfsp A de-

spfsp pe R>. kpdy Npe Ap Z spfspu S> sy lsy. kp^pfZ fus bpgQpgdp

Z hfpu KQpB-uQpBp epN pe R>, R>sp s kNusp hfpu u

ApmMpsp. hqv$L$ pW$dp Dv$p-Ayv$pu Ap S> kpdpe A gB iL$pe R>. fsy

A kv$cdp Dv$ppqv$p jX$S> Apqv$u S>d rrs spfspp ^psL$ dpu iL$pe.

ks hfpu Deys Z spfspApp kb^ v$MpX$hp dpV$ NL$pfpA Dv$p-

Ayv$p-hqfsu ks hfpy kduL$fZ bspey R>.87 Ap epepu A hps

$ B e R> L$ A kdedp kNusp ks hfp kpfu fus Qpfdp lsp. ks

hfpu iy-nuApu hrApu Z sygp L$fgu R>.88

Ap dpZ rinp sp prsipe N kNusp dlh|Z ipue

npu Z k|Qp v$p L$f R>. L$V$gpL$ kNus kb^ u hppp DgM hp dm R>.

Apd Ap kdedp ApZ kNusp L$V$gpL$ rhL$kus h$ B iL$uA R>uA.

S>dp kNusp L$V$gpL$ dyM shp S>hpL$ ge-p-hf hNfp DgM A dprZs

L$f R> L$ Npeu rs redb lsu. kchs: AL$ Ly$im NpeL$ kNusp

ipy op flsy li A s riep rinp Z Apsp li. ipue np

ehlpqfL$ epN Ap kdeu Ae kpdNuAp $ L$fu v$ R>.

(3) B.k.|.300 u B.k.|. 100 ky^ uy kNus :

Ap kdep kNusy AhgpL$ L$fhphpmu kpdNu ff Sy>v$p L$pfu

R>. kprl[eL$ kpdNu rkhpe L$V$gpL$ d|rsL$gpp Ahij Z ps pe R>; S>p

DepN kprl[eL$ DgMpu qfyq$ dpV$ L$fg R>.

d|rsL$gpu AsNs dyes: kpQu cfls B iL$pe R>. hppp

spv$pe dpV$ pNpSy>u L$pX$p, Adfphsu hNfu d|rsL$gpy Z AhsfZ Apg


R>. L$dL$ Ap B.k.|. lguu bu kv$uu R>. d|rsL$gpp Ahijp krls Ae

kprlreL$ kpdNu kNusp kpdprS>L$, fpS>rsL$, ^prdL$ sp ehlpqfL$ n Df

sp L$pi pX$ S> R>. Dfps Ap kpqsL$ sdS> ipue n Df Z fpn fus

L$pi pX$ R>.

Al] Deys DgrMs rhrh^ kpdNup kv$cdp uQ dyS>bp rhcpNp

dpZ rhQpf L$fu iL$pe :

(1) "Aip'dp kNus :

L$pqV$e L$s Aip A fpS>rsL$ kv$cp ^fphsy kprle dpe R>;

S>dp kNusp kdN shpy v$i pe R>. S>dL$ "Vy' kopp Aipdp b

L$pf A gB iL$pe R>. d hp-hpv$ A bu hp-rhij "Vyahr'. Al]

ipdpipuA bu A gu ^g R>. sdS> S> kv$cpdp Ap iv$p DepN L$fg R>

A Z Ap A |fsy kd Ap R>. S>dL$ fpp L$pe$du kyQp, lf

kyQp hNf "s|flu' p hpv$u su lsu.89 epf L$pB L$peu OpjZp L$fhpdp

Aphsu epf Z "s|e Opj' S>$fu lsp. Ap Opj R>u Z L$pB eqs rrj L$pe

L$fsp lpe sp s bv$u bphu ghpdp Aphsp. fsy Au kp A Z rh^p lsy

L$ rQqL$kL$ hNf S>$fu ^ ^ phpmp eqsApu kp Ap red gpNy X$sp lsp.90

AL$ Ae hp AsNs "hpcpX$' p DgM dm R>;91 S> hpkZ pfp hNpX$hpdp

Aphsy lsy Ahp sp S> hpkZ hpp $ e|s lpsy s "hpcpX$' L$lhpsy lsy.

S> fus OX$py hpv$ (lpgp kdedp "dpZ' pe R> s) sy lsy. bu iv$pdp

L$luA sp hpv$ DepNu hpkZ "hp cpX$' L$lg R>.

kNus kb^ u hpp dpV$ Aipdp "AmVmo' kop ps pe R>.92

e dpV$ ZV, ZVZ hNf kopAp ps pe R>. Ap kNus L$hp L$pfy lsy ?

ipue L$ R>u kyNd ? Ap pp kdp^pu AipL$pgu kNusu epL$

rhL$pkepp A kNusu qfhspp epg Aphu iL$ R>. Aipdp kNus


sp kNusL$pfpp gNcN b^p mp f fpS>ursu kbr^s DgM dmu Aph

R>. fpeu kamsp Ap NysQf rhcpNu Ly$imsp f Ap^pqfs lpe R>.

AipL$pf S>u kamspp dye Ap^pf kNus dp R>. S>dL$ riu, eL$pf,

NpeL$ sp hpv$L$p NysQfp hi As:|fdp hi L$fhpy rh^p lsy.93 fpS>rsL$

L$pep dpV$ App DepNu L$fg lsp. kNusdp fpS>rsL$ S> l], fsy kpdprS>L$

ehpp h Apv$i dpV$ Z dpsy. fpp v$rL$ hdp lf k|Qp dpV$

dpfS> hNf dpV$ kNusy rh^p R>.94 S> AprhL$py kp^ Z lsy. NrZL$p

sp V$pu AprhL$p k|Z kNus Df Ap^pfus lsu. Adu hrp b^ fp

s S> L$fsp. NrZL$p sdS> sp |p Npe rhpp p Df kp d hi

Apsp lsp.95 fpp eqsNs V$, sL$, kNusL$pf hNfp As:|fdp flhpp

red lsp. Adp hppu ehp fp he L$fsp. NrZL$pApu kbr^s kNusy

h$ Ar^L$pi S> kp^pfZp sfy kfm S>Zpe R>. L$V$qgL$ NrZL$pAp S>

ipue kNus sys L$f R>. Ap hNu L$pqV$e kNus Z L$ DQ hNpu

hrQs L$fu v$u y^ R>. kNusL$pfp fpe sp kdpS>p Ape ps hp R>sp Z

fpe sfau Ad L$V$gpL$ hp R>sp Z fpe sfau Ad L$V$gpL$ reZ

Z flsp. kNusp ep ky^ u dpfS> kp kb^ R>, ep ky^ u sp f reZ

lsy. fsy ep yL$ip hpu ApiL$p flgu lpe R> ep epe reZ hpcprhL$

S>Zpe R>. Ap NpeL$, hpv$L$ sp sL$pdp Dhu iqs lpsu; S>u Adp Df

fpey reZ flsy lsy. Ap L$pfZ S> blpfp V$ hNf hiu Aydrs

Aphpdp Aphu lsu. Ly$iughpu tv$p L$fhphpmp v$X$ p dpsp lsp.96

fpS>rsL$ r$u Adp dlh|Z pp kL$s ps pe R>. Ap fus rL$j

L$pY$u iL$pe L$ A S> kNus Qrgs lsy L$ S> fpS>rsL$ sp kpdpL$ ehp dpV$

S>$fu lpe.


(2) dydrsdp kNus :

dydrsp ^ prdL$ kprle kp AV$g L$ rlvy$^d Ahp bpZ^dp

ApQpf-rhQpfu kbr^s N dpe R>. s ^prdL$ kprley rsrr^h Z L$f

R>. Ap N ^d kb^ u redpu kp-kp kNusy Z v$i erS>s L$f R>.

dydrsdp kpd-Npep DgM rhij hp dm R>. S>dp "kpd' rsq$s

dphpp AL$ DgMp Z dmu Aph R>. fpy L$se lsy L$ s re ps:L$pg

kpd, F>L$, eSy> hNfp opspu khp L$f R>.97 eSy>, kpd, F>L$$p Z hv$o opsp

bpZ sp fpu Ar^L$pf ps L$fg bpZ bk R>; Ahu bpu kdp

kcpp DgM R>.98 ^d kb^ u kv$l rhpfZ dpV$ S> Z sho bpZpu

kcp lpsu Adp AL$ p kpdhp Aphpdp Aphsy lsy; S>pu kpdhp

su dlpp Apcpk pe.99 qsph bpZpu k|rQdp e$ kpd NpeL$

fpMg R>.100 kpdhv$p v$hsp rsf dphpdp Aph R>. sp AL$ m Df A

DgM Apep R> L$ epf eSy>hv$y Aee Qpgsy lpe A kde kpdp hr Aph

sp Aee b^ L$fu v$hy BA.101

Ap fus kpdhpy AL$ rhij p dphpdp Aphsy lsy. kpdhv$

AV$gp dpV$ Arh dpg R> L$ Ap kb^ rsS>pu R>. A rsL$d R>u lp

^php X$ R>. kpdNpeu rhp}Apy ep, AL$pNsp hNf bpr^s hpu ApiL$pu

kchs: ""kpdhr'' p hZu kp Aepep kb^ X$gp S>Zpe R>.

dydrsdp gpqL$L$ kNus kchs: rhij p u Apey. s

NpeL$u AprhL$phpmp bpZp i| kdp dphpdp Aphsp lsp.102 dydrsdp

Ap dpZp Apv$i Apgp R> L$ fp "Hw$erbdmo' pspp fpedpu blpf

L$pY$u d|L$.103 NpeL$p A Mphpp Z rj^ dpg lsp.104 V$, NpeL$ sdS>

hpv$L$ hNf kpnu bphhpp Al] rj^ dpg R>.105 fpApu kp kNusp

kb^ |hhs lsp. dyA rh^p Apey R> L$ fp As:|fdp hppu hru lrjs


B k|h sdS> N.106 kNusL$pfp kdpue p Apg lsy. Ap rhje f

L$pB rqs dpZ u. L$dL$ bpZ hN S> $ dphpdp Aphsp lsp Adpdp

kNusp Ar^L$ Qpf lsp.

dyA AL$ m rhrc hNpp L$pep rv$i L$fsp "doUmo' (kbV$

L$epu D |) p L$pe Z bsphg R>. Ap L$pe hp hNfp hpv$L$ lsp.

S>dy L$pe Ap dpZp hpv$y S> lsy. ^prdL$ lphp L$pfZ ^prdL$ kNus

rsq$s v$MpX$hpp ArcNd hpcprhL$ S> lsp A AV$gp dpV$ L$BL$ AL$ nue

S>hy gpN R>.

(3) fpdpeZdp kNus :

fpdpeZ AL$ gpL$re A kNusp Brslpku fQp dpV$ Ay

dlh|Z p R>. AL$ kNus kcf dlpL$pe R>. fpdpeZ gpL$re L$pe lphpu

Adp Apg kNuspgMy dlh h^u e R>, S>y ipue sp kpqsL$ rhhfZ

cfsp pV$ipdp Apegy R>. su ehlpqfL$spp rhjedp fpdpeZ eps

L$pi pX$ R>. kNusL$pfpu kdpS>dp qqs sp rhrc qf[rsApdp kNusp

DepN A s rhjp DgMp dlh|Z R>. kNus dpV$ fpdpeZdp ""Np^ h'

kop sp kNus ey dpV$ "JmYd w' kop ps pe R>. Apu A sp $ B

e R> L$ Npe L$gp dpV$ "N^ h' kop Qrgs lsu. Npe kNusy Qrgs AN

NZpe R>. hpv$ sp e sp Ap Ape dpg R>. Np^ h iv$u epep ApNm

ApQpe cfsd|rA L$fgu R>.

"N^ h' AsNs hf, spg sp v$p kdphi L$fgp R>. eL$u Av$f

Aphhphpmp shpp Z DgM L$fgp R>. S>dL$ hfu AsNs yrs, d|R>p,

Npd, p hNf. Ap S> fus spg sp v$p shpp Z DgM L$fgp R>. A

R> L$ kNusu epep S> h$ cfs L$fu R> A h$ A AV$gp S> rhL$kus $

fpdpeZdp Z ps pe R> ? Ap rhje Df ApS>p rs$us rhp ApQpe


blrsA pspp N "^aV H$m grV {gmV &' dp cfs hpduqL$u |hL$pgu

dpg R>. sp Ap L$pf cfsp b^p rkpspu hpduqL$ fuqQs dpg R>.

fsy Ap ^pfZpu ApZ kspj sp u. cfs sdS> fpdpeZ bp L$pg f

eps dscv$ R>. fsy cfs fpdpeZu |h fpMhp L$pBZ fus DrQs gpNsy

u.

fpdpeZdp kNusp AdyL$ shpp DgM ps pe R>. S>dL$...Npe,

e Apqv$ Atl kNus dpV$ "Np^ h "sho'' iv$p ps pe R>.107 Npe dpV$

"JrV' kop rhij L$fu dmu Aph R>.108 Npe L$hp L$pfy lphy BA, A rhje

Df fpdpeZdp AL$ DgMp Aph R> : Npe, d y^f, Ze dpZp Ahp geu

eys, kps rsAp sp huZphpv$p geu dmgy lpe.109 Al] "rs' kNusy

dlh|Z pqfcprjL$ sh R>, S> ApZ ApS>p kNusp fpNpy |h$ dpu

iL$uA R>uA. S>y $uL$fZ ApNm L$fhpdp Aphi. fpdpeZp NL$pf kNusu

Qrgs kps iy rsApu furQs R>, Ahy S>Zpe R>. Npedp fkpy dlh

Z rpL$s Aiu $ B e R>.110

Ne L$pe Ahp Ne fQp fkpu eys lphu BA. L$pep eL$

cph psp f X$ Ap dpV$ fkpu Arceqs ApheL$ dpg lsu. fpdpeZdp

gh-Ly$ip Npe rhr^dp r|Z hf, spg, d|R>p, ppqv$p shop DgM

egp R>. Ap b^p kNusp Ap^pfc|s shp R>. Npeu rhjehsy rhij L$fu

i[sAp L$pfu flsu lsu, Ahy fpdpeZp Aee fu S>Zpe R>. gh-

Ly$ip S> Npep DgM ps pe R>; s fpdQqfs L$pe S> R>.111 Ap rkhpe

fphZh^ Df gMpeg L$pe Z Ne L$pe lsy. fpdpeZp Aeeu A $

pe R> L$ kpdNpeu ffp Al] Z Qpgu Aphu R>. fsy Ap kdedp AV$gp

b^p Qpf lsp; S>V$gp hqv$L$L$pmdp sdS> k|L$pmdp lsp.112 v$ifu Asr$

kN Z kpd NpeL$ bpZpA ipue rsu Np L$ey lsy.113 v$ifp


Ad^ eo kN sp DfL$pX$dp fphZ pfp kpdsp Npp DgM dm R>.114

Apd kpdNpe pQuL$pmu S> S>kp^pfZu ^prdL$ kNus sfau $qQ NV$

L$f R>. Aepf Z rhri$ kL$pfp kde kpdNpe L$fpe R>.

fpdpeZdp Aphgp L$V$gpL$ pqfcprjL$ iv$p A su epep ApNm

S>Zphgp hqv$L$L$pmu kp dlv$ Ai kdpsp ^fph R>. S>dL$, hf, rp,

d|R>p, rs, spg, ge, hpv$ hNf pqfcprjL$ iv$pp DgM sp su epep

|hhs R>. Al] s, kyrjf, ^, Ah hNf hppp DgM Z |hhs R>.

fpdpeZdp "e' :

ep AL$ DgMp fpdpeZdp B iL$pe R>. cpfshjdp ipue

Ahp gpqL$L$ epp Dv$ch L$pB v$hsp rhiju | sdS> AQpu eg dpe

R>. Ap bpbsp DgM DfL$pX$dp ps pe R>. ep fphZ e sp Npeu

kp cNhpu Apfp^p L$f R>.

fpdpeZdp e, s sp gpe Ap Zep DgM ps pe R>.

edp AprNL$ Arce pfp cph v$i, gpe AL$ L$pfy kyLy$dpf e R>.

Apdp Nushpu kp s Ahp e bp kdphi lpe R>.

(4) "dlpcpfs'dp kNus :

dlpcpfsdp kNus AsNs Npe, hpv$ sdS> ep rhij DgMp

dmu Aph R>. epL$ "Np^ h' kop Ap^pqfs rc-rc DgMp Z ps pe

R>.115 dlpcpfsdp kNusu |h Qrgs Ze ^ pfpAp B iL$pe R>. afL$ dp

AV$gp S> R> L$ Alu kpdNpe sp Npp hNfp AL$ kp DgM dmu Aph R>.

Apu dlpcpfsdp DgMus "Np^h' Ap fus ^prdL$ kNus L$luA sp L$B

MpVy$ u.

(A) "dlpcpfs'dp kpd Npe sdS> Npp :

dlpcpfsdp kpd sdS> Npp Npep DgM dm R>.116 S>d sp


kv$cpu $ R> L$ kpdNpe sp NppApp kb^ lgpu S>d bpZpu sp

lsp S>, fsy "rhphky' S>hp N^ hpu kp Z lsp. Apdpu Av$f ldip kpd

sdS> Ae hv$dpp hrAp hlsp lsp. F>rjdyr, |fprls sdS> N^ h hNf

kpd Npe L$fsp lsp. kpdp L$V$gpL$ L$pfp S>hp L$ e$, cpfyX$, bls hNfp

DgM A kL$s L$f R> L$ kpdNpep L$pfpu Aphp NpeL$p furQs lsp. Nppp

A S> lgp ApZ B Nep R>uA s dpZ fp Ahp eS>dpu i[sy

Npe S> R>. Ap h$ sp DgM Al] ps pe R>. L$ kpd Npep Ap

kdedp Qpf lsp; fsy AV$gp b^p l] S>V$gp hqv$L$L$pm L$ k|L$pmdp lsp A

Ap kdedp ^prdL$ kNusp pk sdS> gpqL$L$ kNusy pbe h^u fy lsy.

(b) "dlpcpfs'dp gpqL$L$ kNus :

(1) Npe :

dlpcpfs Npep hpv$ sdS> eu kp sp AgN DgM L$f R>.

Npe dpV$ "Nus' kop AL$ m hp dm R>.117 Npe rc Ahkfp f

Nhpsp lsp. S>dL$, ASy>p S>du |h epf ApL$pihpZu B A kde Akfphv$

Npe-hpv$ L$ey lsy A rk N^ h sybyfyA N^ hpu kp dmu Nuspfc L$ep

lsp.118 pv$up hehf m Sy>v$p-Sy>v$p v$ipdpu V$, hsprgL$, k|s, dpN^

hNf rdrs L$fgp lsp. A gpL$p dNgNp L$fsp lsp.119 L$pdyv$u dlpkh

pdp kNdp Ae iv$pu kp kp "Nus NpAp'p hrApp Z DgM

ps pe R>. epf Ly$fy$ eyr^r$f kcpdp hep lsp A kde Z dg, V$,

k|s hNfA dNg syrs pfp Adu Dpkp L$fu lsu. DpkL$pdp rQk, Adpe

krls sybyfy N^ h, qL$f, AkfpAp hNf lsp. Ap b^p kNus Ly$im lsp A

kNusp redpu eys Npe L$fsp lsp. S>dL$ ge, p sdS> spu e|s

Npe-hpv$ hNf. kcpdp ldip N^ h sp AkfpApp Npe-epqv$ sp

lsp120 gpL$pgu kcpdp N^ h sdS> AkfpApA h{Zu syrs L$fu lsu.


iy$u Dpkp R>u Nus, e sdS> hpp pfp v$hepu k L$fu lsu.121

N^ h sdS> AkfpAp ep flsu lsu s p ldip Nuspu hreys flsp

lsp. ASy> rhphky pku pQ-Npu rhp iuMu gu^u lsu.122 AV$gy S>

l] s A Z L$l R> L$ rhpkhkyp | rQk ASy>p rd bu Nep lsp

A sd Ddhpp sp Nuspp iv$ kpcep sp AkfpApp e Z ep

lsp.123 fp fuqns pMfpu L$ k|sp kde duW$p hfu eys Nusy hZ

L$epp DgM dm R>.124 Npe-hpv$dp Ly$im Ahu fpnkuApp DgM Z

dlpcpfsdp Aph R>; S> rhhp pdp F>rj k L$fhp dpV$ Ly$bf pfp ApB

lsu.125 ASy> Npe-L$gpp L$pieu S> rhfpV$ fpp As:|fu uApp

d hi L$fu gu y^ lsy. rhhpl kN hpv$y eu kp Npey Z ApepS>

sy lsy.126 fpApp ie sdS> NfZ Npe sp k|s-dpN^pu syrs kp

sp lsp. fp eeprsu kpd N^ h sdS> AkfpAp e-Nus L$fsu lsu. kpApu

hQ eyndp Z Npe sp bv$uS>pu syrs su lsu. epf Aphy sy

lsy epf ApeS>L$ kdS>hpdp Aphsy lsy. ASy>u S>e h^ L$fhpu rsop

kde Z k|s dpN^pA dNg k|QL$ Nusp Npep lsp. rhrc supp A

Apdpdp Nus-Npp DgMp ps pe R>.127 pfv$u sepu k B

dlpv$h Ad hfv$p Apey lsy L$ Nus hp pfp Ap ldip Ad AyNs fli.128

he dlpv$hp kv$cdp Z Nus, ep kv$cp dlpcpfsdp ps pe R>.129

v$hspApp dlpNus, dlpepqv$u krhs hpp bu Z DgMp Aph R>.

Ap dpZ dlpcpfsdp rhijs: hpv$ kp ep Z DgM B

iL$pe R>. Npe kb^ u L$V$gpL$ ipue iv$pp Z DgM dlpcpfsdp hp

dm R>.130 S>dL$ dpZ, ge, p, d|R>p, sp, Apgp, spg, kshfpp

pd hNf. dlpcpfsdp rqv$$ kNusu Ap qfcpjpp qfQe cfsd|rp

pV$eip A Ae kNusipp dpZ uQ dyS>b Apu iL$pe.131


u dpZ : Ap kNusu AL$ pqfcpqjL$ kop R>. Ap kb^ geu lpe

R>. v$s, de, rhgbus Ad Z L$pfp ge dpZ L$lhpe R>.

u ge : kde Ahp L$pgu redus Nrs kNusdp ge sfuL$

ApmMpe R>. S> lpu Ahp hpp pfp Z bsphu iL$pe R>.

u p : Ap kNusdp ksL$u ZL$pfu Aph R>. dv$-de sdS> spf

Ad Z ksL$ p L$lhpe R>.

u d|R>p132 :

u Apgp : Ap Z ipue kNusy AL$ sh R>; S>p pfp fpNy

b^ pfZ hpsphfZdp cmu e R>.

u sp : Ap Z Npedp eys hphpmp dyM shpdpy AL$ R>. S>

dpZ L$V$gpL$ hfpp dpedu rhgrbs Nrsdp Npe pe R>, s

Apgp R>. A S> dpZ hfpu v$sNrs sdS> $dpykpf QY$ph-Dspfu

Npe L$fhpu Zpgu "sp' L$lhpe R>.133

u spg : spg Z kNusu AL$ pqfcpjuL$ kop R>. geu Ap ^r$

kb^ R>. L$pgu rerds Nrs S> L$V$gpL$ redpu b lpe R>, s

spg L$lhpe R>. spg lpu sdS> hppp dpedu Z Apu iL$pe

R>. sy Npe-hpv$ sdS> e Ad Zedp kdp dlh|Z p

R>.134

u kshf : App pd dlpcpfsdp $ $ jX$S>, F>jc, Np^ pf,

ded, Qd, ^hs, rjpv$ $ ps pe R>.135 Np^ pf hf sdS>

Np^ pfu d|R>pp DgM sp pQS>e iMp F>jc hfpp Z

DgM dmu Aph R>.136

kNusp ipue n f L$pi pX$hphpmp Deys iv$p sp A

rL$j L$pY$u iL$pe R> L$ gpqL$L$ kNus qv$-rsqv$ rhL$pk sfa ApNm h^u fy


lsy. ApQpe cfsd|rA rkpsp $dp Au epepAp L$fgu R>. dlpcpfs

gpL$re L$pe R>. Apu kNusp ehlpqfL$ n Df Z L$pi X$ R>, epf

pV$ip rkps kb^ u N R>, Apu s kp[sL$ epep Ap R>.

Ap rkhpe kNusp Nl Aepk AsNs su L$V$guL$ ApsfuL$ bpbsp

Df Z rhij L$pi pX$hpdp Aphg R>. S>u QQp L$fZ - 8dp L$fg R>.

(2) hp :

dlpcpfsdp hpv$dp Z hp kb^ u hZ ps pe R>, S>dp Qpfe

L$pfp hppp DgM uQ dyS>b R>.

ss hp :

Apdp huZpy dlh |Z p R> A huZpp L$V$gpL$ L$pfpp DgM

Z dmu Aph R>. S>d L$ "rhQu' huZpp hf d y^f lpe R>. dlpcpfsdp Np^ pf

hfu d|R>p hrs L$fsu huZpu S>d duW$p hfu pv$uu sygp L$fgu R>.137

pv$up hehf kN h hNf hppu kp huZpp hr Z Ny fp lsp.138

Ap Dfps Ae kNpA dv$N hNfu kp139 dNgk|QL$ hpp AsNs140 sp

eo m f eu kNs kp huZp hpv$p DgM dmu Aph R>.

rhphky pdp N^ h du huZp-hpv$ L$fsp lsp. pfv$ Z huZp

hpv$ L$fsp lsp. Adu huZpy pd "H$N>nr' huZp lsy.141 S> dplf iv$p

(hr) hpmu lsu. Ap huZpp AL$ cpN L$R> (L$pQbp) p ApL$pfhpmp lsp.

kchs: Dfp cpNp ApL$pf ApS> Z Qpfdp B iL$pe R>. dyA sp ep

ky^ u L$y R> L$ huZp hNf Ofdp fpMhpy epS> v$h, bpZ sdS> Arsr|

kdp R>.142 hs^pfu yfyjp huZpp d y^f hfpu Nsp lsp. kL$u sdS>

rp fyjp dpV$ A rh^p lsy L$ dey R>u huZp, dv$Npqv$p hru k

rhdppdp kyM cpN L$fi.143 Apu rhfus S> uQ dpkplpfu yfyj R> sAp

fgpL$dp dv$N sdS> su hfpy hZ l] L$fu iL$.144


huZpp h$ Df dlpcpfs A L$pi pX$ R>. Au sygp ^ye

kp L$fgu R>. S> fus ^yedp v$pfu gu ^ b cpN pe R>, A fus huZpdp su

dpV$ b M|V$, S> fus ^ yedp v$pfu A fus huZpdp su, S> fus ^ yedp gpL$Xy$ lpe

R>; A fus huZpdp ybX$peys v$pX$u lpe R>. bp hr dlp lpe R>. huZpdp

S>d hf Ahp hZ lpe R> A dpZ ^yey dsL$ hZ kdp lpe R>.145 Ap

dpZ huZp rhjeL$ pe: qL$rQs dprlsu dmu Aph R>.

Ap hp :

dlpcpfsdp Ap hNp hppp DgM dmu Aph R> : vy$vy$rc, dv$N,

ApL$, dyfS>, Zh, |L$f, V$Xy$, ApX$bf, qX$[X$d, rv$hp, spdf sp cqf.146

Deys hpp h$ rhi dlpcpfsp DgMp L$pi pX$sp u. L$ L$V$gpL$p

h$ ApNmp Ap^pfp dmsp Aph R>. Ap hppp DepN ey, OpjZpp

Ahkfp f rhij L$fu sp lsp. Ap rkhpe kNus kb^ u DepN sp $ lsp

S>. Apy Npe, s hNfu kp kNsp $ sp hs hpv$ Z sy lsy.

kyrjf hp :

Ap hpdp h, $L$Q, NpdyM, iM, NprhjqZL$, qL$gqL$gp hNf hppp

DgM rhij dmu Aph R>. Deys hppdp qL$gqL$gpp d hMs hpp kbr^

dlpcpfsdp S> DgM dm R>. Ap hpp ApS> Z Apqv$hpkuApdp Qpf hp

dm R>. $L$Q Z tk^u S>hy hp S>Zpe R>; S>p fZ kb^ u DepN Ar^L$

Qrgs lsp. Deys hppp Z ey sdS> kNus kbr^ b L$pf epN sp

lsp.

^ hp :

Al] TTf, h[sL$, L$fspg hNf hppp kdphi pe R>; S>p

DgM dlpcpfsdp dmu Aph R>.147 lpu spg Aphpp DgM "prZhf'

sfuL$ ApmMhpdp Aph R>. TTf $$ "TpT'y k|Q L$f R>. Ap ^ psyy rhipm


ApL$pfy dfp S>hy hp lpe R>; S>p dye DepN kpdp pe R>. ApS> sp

DepN rhhpl kN B iL$pe R>. h[sL$ sdS> L$fspg Z Aphp L$pfp hp

R>. fsy s ApV$gp rhipm L$v$p lpsp u. L$fspgy AL$ Dv$plfZ L$gL$p

kNlpgedp sp cflsu L$gpdp B iL$pe R>.148 Aphp hppp DepN ge

dpV$ L$fhpdp Aph R>.

dlpcpfsdp "s|e' kop hppp krdrgs Adp e|s L$fpegu R>.

syfqL$epp Adp s|eu epep L$fu R>. L$V$gpL$ mpA Ap S> A kpL$ S>Zpe

R>.149 Apd R>sp dpV$pcpN "s|e' kop hpp dpV$ S> eys egu R>.

(3) e :

ep DgMp dlpcpfsdp AL$ S>epA Aph R>. epL$ Npe,

hpv$ L$ hs$ e B iL$pe R>.150 e AL$ Ahkfp f sy lsy.

Apqv$hdp ASy>p S>d kde v$hhpZu kN AkfpAp sdS> N^ hpp Npe-

hpv$u kp isgpQp AkfpApdp fcp, dpfdp sdS> kyrep hNfA e

L$ey lsy Ahp DgMp dm R>.151 pv$uu hehf kcp V$ sL$pp dX$mu

kyiprcs lsu.152 gpL$pgu kcpdp Z N^ h sdS> AkfpApp e sp

lsp. Ly$bf F>rj rhhp k L$fhp dpV$ e-Nusdp Ly$im Ahu Z fpnkuAp

Apu lsu.153 N^ h rQk e sdS> Npep ApQpe lsp; S>u pku

ASy> kNus rhp ps L$fu lsu. ASy> AkfpApp e pku kNus rhp

ps L$fu lsu. ASy> AkfpApp e ep lsp; S>p he DgM L$f R>.154

ASy> rhfpV$ fpu yu Dfp e sdS> Npeu rinp Apu lsu.155

ey dlh A bpbsu Z $ B e R> L$ Ap dpV$ spNpf

A[shdp lsp; S>dp ApQpe e rhp iuMhsp lsp.156 Ap dpZ ep

DgMp sp A bpbs syfs epdp Aph R> L$ eu kp AkfpApp Or$

kb^ lsp.157 h dlpkhdp Z ep DgMp dm R>. sp h^ L$ep R>u


vy$:ipk iu fZcqf hNpX$u pQhp gpN R>.158 Ar^L$ ljdp e hpcprhL$

rsq$ep lpe R>. sL$py kchs: rsf Z lsy; S>p dpV$ L$lhpey R> L$

sAp Apgy v$p rsgpL$dp lpQsy u.159

(L$) dlpcpfsdp kNusu Ae R>pep :

kNusp uAp kpp kb^ :

dlpcpfsdp kNus kb^ u sdpd rhcpNp A sp AyfpNu hN rhiu

QQp L$fgu R>. dlpcpfs AL$ gpL$re L$pe lphpu sL$pgu kdpS>p gNcN

b^p hNpdp kNus hiu Q|ey lsy. kNusp yfyju S>d uApdp Z eps

Qpf lsp. AkfpApu kp kNusp Ahp S> kb^ lsp; S>hp N^ hpu kp

lsp. fpS>yuAp Z kNus iuMsu lsu. rhfpV$ fp pspu yu kNus

iuMhpX$hp dpV$ "~hZbm' pdu rsL$p reys L$fu lsu. v$hepup Z kNusp

DgMp Aph R>. fpedp sL$uAp, Ly$im NpreL$pAp sdS> hpqv$L$pAp ldip flsu

lsu, S> fpy dpfS> L$fsu lsu.

fpe sp kNus :

fpApp hdp kNus AL$ Arc AN bu Ney lsy. kNusp

hru S> tus sdS> Ns sp lsp.160 k|s, dpN^ hNf Adu syrs L$fsp

lsp. fpe ldip kNusu hrApu N|S>sy lsy. fp epf Z ey Ahp iyc

L$pe dpV$ p L$fsp, rhnu eppp h^ L$fsp, rsop L$fsp epf kNuso

ldip hpv$ L$fsp A kp Qpgsp lsp.161 epf kNusp hr kcmpsp

lsp epf Aiycu cphp S>dsu lsu.162 bu iv$pdp L$luA sp S> fpp

kyMu h v$i}s L$fpfp hrAp lsp. fp kNusp AV$gp b^p du lpsp L$

s pspu yuAp Z Ay rinZ Aphsp lsp.163 kNus iuMhp dpV$ Sy>v$u

Sy>v$u kNusipmpAp Z bphX$phsp lsp. eo S>hp ^ prdL$ Ahkfpu gB rhhpl,

S>d S>hp kpdprS>L$ Ahkfp Df Z kNusy ApepS> L$fhpdp Aphsy lsy.


v|$fu Aphgp bpZpp eo mdp kNusL$pfp dpfS> L$fsp lsp.164

Ny{ - rie ffp :

Ap ffp A kdedp Z Qpgu Aphsu lsu. A kdedp L|$im N^ hp

lsp. S>Ap e sdS> Nus rhpdp rhipfv$ A kNuspQpep lsp. Adp pfp

kNusy rinZ kpfus sy lsy. ASy> Aphp N^ hp, kNuspQpep pku rinZ

gu y^ lsy. rhphky, rQk, L$pL$pv|$v|$ hNf N^ hpy kNus hZ rhipfv$p $dp

AL$ m dm R>. ASy> he Dfpp Ny{ lsp, S> s kNusy rinZ Apsp

lsp. Ny{y v$ kdpue lsy; S> ASy>p L$u sus pe R>. s rhfpV$ fp

L$l R> L$ "Dfpu Ap kb^ rsp kdp R>. s L$pBZ fus spu rhhpl l]

L$f.' Ap DgM Ny{ -rie ffp sp Ap hQp kb^ y k|Q L$f R>.165

kNusp shuAp kp kb^ :

kNusp Qpf Ap hNdp Z lsp. sAp he Npsp-hNpX$sp lsp;

fsy Npe-hpv$, e kpcmu sp B iL$sp lsp. Adp Apd Z

kpdNpe sdS> N^ hpp kNusu eys flsp lsp.166 shu gpL$p dpV$ Ap

rh^p lsy L$ sAp dey ky^ u hNdp kNusp Aphpv$ L$fi.167 Apd kNus

r dpg lsy. fsy rhij qf[rsApdp Ap rj^ li. kNus dpfS>y

dyM kp^ lsy. shu geu prs cpN, dpfS> R>pX$u L$f R>; fsy

ge prs R>u s b y^ S> Ad afuu AppAp ps B S>sy lpe R>; Ahp

DgM R>.168

kNusy kpdprS>L$ sf :

dlpcpfsL$pmdp kNusp b^p hNpdp Qpf lsp. bpZ, nre

fp169 sp v$hspAp kNusu ldip Ofpegp flsp lsp.170 kNusL$pf fp

pspu yu Apsp AQL$psp lsp.

L$V$gpL$ mpA Ahp DgM Z R> L$ ep kNusu AhNZp L$fpegu


R>. S>dL$ kNusp ehkpreL$p kpdpL$ rs$p Apsu lsu. Ap gpL$p rsL$pedp

rdZ DrQs dpsp lsp. Ap b y^ rL$pqV$p kNusy rsrr^h L$f R>.

ApS> Z V$ sdS> fsp f pQhp-Nphphpmp rr$u hpdp Aph R>.

Apu L$lu iL$pe L$ A kdedp kNus kdpS>dp eps p lsy.

(4) sS>qg L$s dlpcpedp kNus :

dpfS> $ sS>rgA Z kNusp L$V$gpL$ DgMp Apep R>. kdpS>,

kdpS> A kdhpe A Z kopAp R>; S>p DgM dlpcpedp ps pe

R>.171 Ap kopAp sL$pgu Qrgs Dkhpu psL$ R>; S>dp AL$ L$pfp

dpfS>u kp Nus, hp sdS> e Z lpe R>. dlpcpedp "sqL$L$p' kop

ps pe R>;172 S>pu rhppA Aydp L$ey R> L$ e dp uAp ky^ u S>

kuqds lsy. Apu yr$ dpV$ sAp kdL$pgu cflsu d|rsL$gp dpZ sfuL$

Ap R>; ep dp u sL$uAp S> DL$uZ L$fg R>. e Nu Nrs sdS>

geu L$fhpdp Aphsy lsy sp cph v$i lp pfp L$fpsy lsy. Apy dpZ

cfsp e kb^ u Aepedp B iL$pe R>. dlpcpedp AL$ sL$ dpfu pspu

ekuu kdyM e L$fhpu Ddp Aphu R>; S> AL$gp ey k|Q L$f R>.173

fsy sS>rg kd|le sdS> kd|lV$pp Z DgM L$f R>.174 S> Ly$jpZL$pgp

AL$ ArcgMdp Z B iL$pe R>. Npe sdS> hpv$u Z dlpcpe AZ

lsy. cflsL$gpu L$V$guL$ dypAp Npep kL$s L$f R>. sS>rgA L$V$gpL$ kNus

kb^ u hppp Z DgM L$ep R>.175 Ap huZpu epep u|fu "kssu'

AV$g L$ "NuV$pf' L$pfu huZp $ L$f R>; S> cflsL$gpdp AqL$s R>. dlpcpedp

dv$Np Ly$im hpv$L$ "dpv$rNL$' L$lg R>.176

(5) bp kprledp kNus :

bp kprledp pgu quV$L$py dlh|Z p R>; S> L$pf hv$

sdS> Drjv$ bpZ ^dp rh N dphpdp Apep R>, A L$pf bp^dp


N prgruV$L$p dphpdp Apep R>. ruV$L$p rkhpe Ap kdedp L$V$gpL$

Ae N S>hp L$ grgs-rhsf; S> byp hy qv$v$i L$f R>. kd |X$fuL$

dlpep bppp Aes dlh|Z N R>. sp "rdrgv$' S> NuL$ fp "rdpX$f'

sdS> rcny pNkp bp^du kbr^s pf $ R>.


kNus dpV$ "Np^ h', "kNus' sp "ri' Ahu kop Al] ps pe

R>. kNus AsNs Npe, hpv$ sp ep S> kh DgM dm R>. Npe, hpv$

sdS> ep OZpMfp AL$ kp DgM ps pe R>. prgruV$L$pdp bu

iv$pdp bp luep ^pfpdp rcnyAp dpV$ kNus khv$p rqj dpg lsy.177

he by Z kNusp DepN L$fsp lsp.178 prgruV$L$pdp "Npp Npe'

p DgM ps pe R>; S> sL$pg hqv$L$ NppApy dfZ Aph R>. N^ h

QiuMp DgM v$uOrL$pedp rfsf kb^ u Npp NpeL$$ ps pe R>.179

Ap NppAp rqs rhje hsydp hqv$L$ NppApu rc lsu. hqv$L$

NppAp eS>dpu ey sdS> rhS>e kb^ u i[sApp $dp kpd Aph R>.

epf Ap NppAp ey^ ^d sdS> kO kb^ u flsu lsu. Ap DgMu A Z

$ pe R> L$ huZp hpv$ kp Ady Npe Qrgs lsy. Ap NppAp AV$gu

b^u cphipmu lsu L$ S> L$pBA by lgp egp lpe sAp Z sdu sfa

ApL$rjs B S>sp lsp. Npp Npeu kp huZphpv$p DgMp Ae m f

Z B iL$pe R>. ep v$u y^Ly$dpf d y^f hfu fpu NS>ipmpdp Npe sp

huZpu Ly$imspu hpv$ L$fsp lsp. Npp bp^d kOp opsp bpZpu Npp

NpB lsu. Npp AL$ L$pfy i[s Npe dpu iL$pe. Npp Npeu iysp

Df Z eps ep Apsy lsy.180 v$uO hfu Npe Nphpu rsp Z

Qpf lsp; S> Ap dpZ bp ^dpv$iy Npe L$fsp lsp. Ad bp Ap dpV$

rrj dpg lsp. L$pfZ L$ Apu AL$pNspdp rh Aph R>. hf iyspu


v$uO L$fhpp edp rcnyp he fpNeys B S>hpu ApiL$p fl R>. qL$fuApp

Npep DgM bp kprledp dm R>.181 Ady Npe AV$gy d y^f lsy L$ riL$pfu

Z A kpcmu F>rjNZ |R>sp lsp L$ Ad|L$ kNus epu NhpB fy R> ?

fpApp i[s Npeppp Z DgM R>. Al] hpv$ kv$c sshp, Ah

hp, kyrjf hp, A ^ hp sdS> s|e sp ep kdp DgMp dmu Aph R>.

(6) L$V$gpL$ pQu S>k|pdp kNus :

S>k| kNpyL|$g kNusp e-s DgM L$f R>. Apd sp dpV$p

cpN S> rcnyAp dpV$ rrj shp AsNs kNusp DgM S>k|pdp R>,

fsy Qfd geu pqs R>uu Apv$de Ahpdp kNus dlhy p

dpey R>. kNus Apv$ sdS> kspy psL$ dpg lsy. L$dL$ epf L$pB

eqs rS>h ps L$fu gsp lsp epf hpsphfZ kNusu cfpB S>sy lsy A

v$hspNZ k B kNusd B S>sp lsp.

S>k| Z kNusp Ze shpp DgM Ap R>. spg Ahp ge

S> kNusy ApheL$ AN dpe R>. Ap Df eps L$pi pX$hpdp Apep R>.

spg Aphphpmp hNp Al] Z DgM B iL$pe R>. kNus 72 L$gpApdp

p Apgy lsy;182 sdS> drlgpApp 64 NyZpdp Z kNusy p lsy.183

Al] L$gp dpV$ "ri' kop ps pe R>.

Npep e sp hppu kp DgM dm R>. Apu AV$gy sp $

pe R> L$ Npe L$fhphpmpp AgN-AgN klepN flsp lsp. S>k| L$V$gpe

hp L$pfp hppp Z DgM Ap R>; S>dp kdL$pgu kp AgN AgN

klepN flsp lsp. S> kdL$prg Ae Npdp ps sp u, hpp dpV$ "Apsp'

kop A Qpf L$pfp |hhs hppp DgM ps pe R>.184

Al] ss hp, rhss hp Ahp Ah hp, ^ hp A kyrjf

hp sp Ap hppu epep A sdp h$ |hhs A kdp fus hp dm


R>. L$k|pdp L$V$gpL$ Qrgs e L$pf B iL$pe R>. d L$pfy A e

R>; S>dp sL$ L$pBZ hsyp klpfp hNf e L$f R>. buSy> A L$ s v$pfu Df

QY$u e L$f R>. Ap sL$ "S>g' L$lhpep R>. uSy> A L$ gpL$X$up klpf Ahp

hpk Df QY$u e L$f R>; S> "gM' L$lg R>. Adu "hirs'u sygp L$fu

iL$pe R>. ApS> Z Aphp L$pfy v$pfu Dfy e L$fpf "dg' L$lhpdp Aph

R>. sdp rhij DgM dlpcpfsdp hp dm R>. NyS>fpsdp Aphu oprs B

NB; S>dp Df "dgyfpZ' pd oprsyfpZ Z gMpey R>, S>y kpv$ NyS>fpsp

perhv$ cpNugpg S>. kpX$kfpA L$ey R>.

Deys ep L$pfpdp gpL$ epp sp AprhL$p dpV$ L$fhpdp

Aphsp ep L$pfp kpfu fus kd iL$pe R>. Ap L$pfp e ApS> Z

V$pdp Qrgs R>. Apqfkpdp sp Aes gpbp-gpbp hpk Df pp-pp R>pL$fp

N bp^ u e L$fsp hp dm R>.

Ap dpZ Ap kdep kNus rc-rc kv$cpdp B iL$pe R>.

kprlep hrhe sdS> ff rhrcspu A Aydp sp klS> gNphu iL$pe

R> L$ Ap kdedp kNus kdpS>p Sy>v$p Sy>v$p npdp hi pdu Q|ey lsy sp

kNusp kdpS>dp rhrh^ fus DepN Z hp gpep lsp.


kL$[ kprle_u dyM L$r[Apdp kNu[sphp :

kNusp Brslpkdp B.k.u lgpp kde kNusu OZu depv$pAp

kp kL$mpegp R>, epf B.k. R>uu ispv$uu kNusipy qfh h$

OX$sf ey; Ahy kNusippp qfiugu S>ZpB Aph R>. Adpe cg

"pV$ip' A kNusipp ApNhp N NZpsp lpe, R>sp pV$ip sp

R> (6) Aepepdp kNusip kb^ u rhyg kpdNu v$p L$f R>. Ap kpu

Ae kpdNu Z S>f kdn fpMsp s uQp pQ rhcpNpdp rhcs L$fu

iL$pe :

rhcpN -1 (1) cfsy pV$ip

(2) v$rg

rhcpN -2 (1) v$rnZ cpfsue N - rkgeqv$L$pf

(2) drZdMgB.

rhcpN -3 (1) AOpj (byQqfs A kpv$fv$ dlpL$pe)

(2) hpepeL$s L$pdk|

(3) epohL$edrs

rhcpN -4 NysL$pgu kNus

(1) "dsN'p Ndp kNus

(2) L$V$gpL$ S>k|pdp kNus

(3) kL$s kprleu dyM L$rsApdp kNus

rhcpN -5 yfpZpdp kNus


rhcpN -1

(1) cfsp pV$ipdp kNus :

cfsp |hpQpepdp pfv$ sdS> hprsy pd DgMue sp ANkf

R>. S>y AykfZ he cfs L$f R>; Ahy cfsp hQpu $ B e R>.

hprsp N A S> pfv$ N^ hhv$p hsL$ L$lg R>; Ay rhje rspv$

ApS> ps u sy. pfv$ue rinpp $dp S> Ae L$pB L$rs pfv$p pd ps

pe R> sp Adp kNusy ipue rhhQ L$V$gpL$ pdpgM ky^ u rkdus R>.

bu bpbs A R> L$ rhppA A v$idu kv$u ky^udp fpMg R>. cpfsue

kNusipp Aee dpV$ S> L$B kpdNu ApS> Dg^ R>; Ap ZspApdp

cfsd|r S> Apqv$d p Aphy BA. L$dL$ Au lgp kNusip Df

frQs L$pB N ps sp u.

kNus kb^ u shpp rhhQdp cfs kNus pV$ey S> AL$ AN

v$iph R> A L$B qf[rsApdp Ap epN L$fpe, A bsph R>. lgp A rhQpf

L$fhp S>$fu R> L$ cfsp kNus rkpspp rhgjZ lgp A rhQpf L$fhp S>$fu

R> L$ cfs kNus pV$eu AsNs L$hu fus gu y^ ? cfs pV$L$ A N^ hdp cv$

bspep R>.185 pV$L$dp Np^ hy lphy AV$gy S> S>$fu lsy S>V$gy s fk rkpsdp

klpeL$ A ApheL$ lpe. cfs pspp pV$eipdp kNus kb^ u shpu

ZL$pfu S> fus Apu R> s fus sp sp Ap N kNus rhiu dprlsu dpV$

Ap^pfc|s N L$lu iL$pe; S> uQ dyS>b R> :

u L$pLy$hf - eS> :

pW$dp L$W$hfp Dspf-QY$ph Ahp L$pLy$cv$, gecv$ hNf shp

kNusp Z Arc shp R>. Apu cfsL$s pV$eipp Aepe-19 en

$ kNus kb^ u lphp R>sp v$rL$ hdp Apsps kNus shpp r$Z

L$pfZ kNusu r$u Aes dlh|Z R>.


u kshf :

ks hfpp rhrc fkpu kp kb^ rs L$fZdp Z bsphg

R>. kshfpu [qs rqs hfpsgp f lpe R>. hpsQus sp pW$dp Ap

L$pf rrs Asfpgpp epN kcrhs u. cfs A kchs: pV$L$u AsNs

khf L$pepW$ Ahp pW$ dpV$ hf DeprNsp L$pfZ gu ^g R>.

u rp :

rpp A S> AhpS>y Dr p A Ap L$pfu R>. AhpS>-

Dr dpV$p Z p Df, L$W$ A dsL$ R>. dye ifuf sdS> huZp bp

ks hf A Au spfsp Deys Z ppu Av$fu uL$m R>. L$pB v|$f

Dcg eqs bpgphhu lpe sp dsL$pue, L$pB de v|$fu Df lpe sp

L$W$pue A Aes L$ lpe sp Efpue hfpp DepN L$fhp BA.

u L$W$ kNus :

L$W$ kNus dphue L$gpApdp pQu R>. R>sp Z Ay rhgjZpdL$

Aee kNus kb^ u hppp AprhL$pf R>u S> ey A Ds ey. pV$eipdp

Z Ahy S> L$y R>. kNusp hfpp b Ap^pf lpe R> : dyeu L$W$$u huZp

A gpL$X$pu huZp. Ap gpL$X$pu huZp Dfu yrsApu Dr pe R>. cpfsue

kNusipu r$A "yrs' kop M|b S> dlh|Z R>.186

u hf :

kNusp kps hf lpe R>. Adu kopAp cfs |hhs jX$S>, F>jc

hNf Ap R>.187 kps hfpp pfqfL$ Asfpg kb^ u cv$p rhjedp cfs

L$l R> L$ Ap Qpf L$pfp lpe R> : hpv$u-khpv$u-Ayhpv$u A rhhpv$u. Ap Qpfe

hfu epep Z cfs Ap R>.188 hfp Ap cv$pu epep yrsAp pfp

L$fgu R>. bu iv$pdp L$luA sp yrsApp epNu S> Ap Qpf cv$ rqds pe

R>. hfu qfcpjp Ahp gnZ cfsp Ndp ps sy u fsy dsNp


Apqv$ fhs} NL$pfpA Ap rhjedp s L$kpf Ap dpZ Apep R> L$...."S>

hr Ahp pv$ he fS>L$ lpe; S> hr hrfpNu S>u lpe R> s.189

u yrs :

kNusp ehlpfdp pv$p Z L$pf R> : dv$, de A spf. Ady

p $di: v$e, L$W$ A d|^ p R>. ifuf$u huZpdp Ap $di: uQu Df sfa

e R>. fsy gpL$X$pu huZpdp Ap $d rhfus lpe R>. ipL$pfpA pdp

kNus DepNu pv$p kpdpefus 22 L$pf L$p R>; S> 22 yrsApp pdu

rk R>. A sp b^p Z R> L$ yrsAp kNusy d|g Ap^pf p R>. hfpu i|

sdS> rhL$s AhpAp Ahp ppp sp Adp ff Asfy rv$i Ap

yrsAp L$f R>. Npdy Ap^pfp Z Ap yrsAp dpe R>. fhs} ApQpepA

22 yrsAp L$lu R>. cfs pspp pV$eipdp Ap rhi Ais: L$pi pX$p

R>.190

cfs L$y R> L$ yrsApy spe A R> L$ hfpsg Z L$pfp lpe

R>. Qsy:yrs, ryrs A qyrs. Ap Ze X$sp 4+3+2 = 9 kep b

R>. Al] S>Zphg "khiysep' kop dlh|Z R>. pQu hfopA hi, dpfgu

hNf kyrjf hppp rR>pu uL$mhphpmu hr kpcep A Deys Z L$pfp

Asf ey R>. S>dL$.....

Qsy:yrs : kp - d -

ryrs : f - ^

qyrs : N - r

Ad X$hpu 9 (h) hfpsg bi. Ap dpZ ksL$dp 4 yrs

Asfhpmp Z, Z yrs Asfhpmp b A qyrs Asfhpmp b hf. Ap b^p

dmhsp 22 yrsAp dm R>. v$p.s.


4 # 3 = 12

3 # 2 = 6

2 # 2 = 4

Ly$g = 22

Deys gnZpu Aydp Ap^pf hfu epep Ap dpZ Apu

iL$pe : Ap A AyfZpdL$ pv$ R> S> L$pBZ L$pfp lpfu he D sp

lpe, S> AyfS>L$ lpe, res yrsp f [s lphp R>sp Z pspp pu

A^: L$ Dh Nrs pdhpu rhL$s sp lpe A Apdpu Ayc|rsAp Arces

L$fhpdp klpeL$ lpe. ApS> hf L$lhp dpu Au iy Ahp L$pdm kop e

opip D pe R>. fsy cfsd|r hf dpV$ Ap kopApp DepN L$fsp

u.

u rhL$shf :

cfs Ap L$pfu kopApp epN L$ep u. cfs S> hf rhij

bsphg R> s b Npdu AsNs Aphhphpmu Asf, L$pL$gu kopAp R>. Ds b hf

kp^pfZ rkhpe AL$ Ae hf kp^pfZhf rhij$ cfs DgM L$f R>. A

"H${eH$' (L$riL$) kop Apu R>. b Npdpp Ds hf kp^pfZ pfp huZp f

ApZp furQs b^p hf p dmu e R>. S>d L$....

qyrs = f, riyrs = f,

Qsyyrs = f, Qyrs = N,

ksyrs = N, jX$yrs = d

ryrs sdS> Qsyyrs = 5,

qyrs = ^ ryrs = ^,

Qsyyrs = ^, Qyrs = r.

jX$yrs sdS> ksyrs = r.191


hf kp^pfZ b Npdpp lphp pR>my L$pfZ b fus R> : ded Npddp

jX$S> kp^pfZ, ded Npddp ded kp^pfZ. Al] kp^pfZu hfrhij Arcs

R>. Apu hfkp^pfZ L$lhpe R>. A S> dpZ ded Npddp Z kp^pfZh

lpe R>. epNu k|dsp L$pfZ Ap hfkp^pfZy "L$riL$' pd DrQs S>Zpe

R>.192 AL$p Asfpg hfsp sfuL$ DgM R>; S>pu Asf "N' A L$pL$guu

rkq pe R>. bup hfrhij sfuL$ DgM L$f R>.

u hpv$u, khpv$u, rhhpv$u A Ayhpv$u hf :

kNusu Ap pqfcpqjL$ iv$phrgApp DgM cfs hfpu kp

L$ep R>. Adp DgMu pR>m cfsp dye Dv$i hfpsfpg bsphhpp lsp

Ahp Ap dpedu cfs hfpsfpgpp rv$i L$ep R>. khpv$u, rhhpv$u sdS>

Ayhpv$u sp $ fus hfpsfpgpp k|QL$ R>. S> b hfpdp kdcph Ahp 9

(h) yrs Asf sp kscph 13 (sf) yrs Asf lpe s ff khpv$u hf

lpe R>.193 Ap khpv$ |m L$ppu Z kpcmu iL$pe R>. rhhpv$u hfp rhjedp

cfsy Ap dpZy L$ R>;194 S> hfpdp 20 yrsApy Asf lpe S>dL$, f-N

A ^-r, cfsp dspykpf Ayhpv$u hf A R> L$ S> hpv$u, khpv$u A rhhpv$u

rkhpep lpe.195

Ayhpv$u hf b^ pfZ Ap dpZ R> :

jX$S> Npddp - f - N - ^ - r

F>jc Npddp - d - - r

Np^ pf Npddp - d - - ^

ded Npddp - kp - d -

rjpv$ Npddp - kp - f

hpv$uhf dpV$ Al] L$lhpey R> L$ "khpv$uhfu X$up d hf hpv$u

L$lhpe R>; S> Ap^pf dpu khpv$u, Ayhpv$ Ahp rhhpv$ [f L$fhpdp Aph


R>. b^u d|R>pApp Apfc "kp' u dpe R>. cg R>u s L$pBZ hf lpe.

Apu Ap^pfhf S> hpv$uhf R>. "kp - d' Ap b hfdp "kp' hpv$u R>. fsy "d

- kp' pe sp "d' hpv$u NZpe. L$pfZ L$ "d' p Ap^pf f "kp' p khpv$ BA

R> : Ap S> hpv$u hfdp epf 10 gnZpp epN pe R>, epf s "Ae' L$lhpe

R>.

u Npd :

Npd kop cpfsue kNusu pQu ffp kp X$pegu R>. Npdu

epep cfsp kNus kb^ u Aepep AsNs dmsu u. ep sp ku^p b Npdpp

S> DgM dm R>. fsy pV$eipp kNusAepeu rc AL$ Aepedp "Npd'

p rhjeu L$V$guL$ k|QpAp dm R>. rs sdS> yrsApu hf Npd b R>. S>

dpZ yrscv$ kNusdp Npdu kr$ L$f R>. A dpZ hrcv$ kprledp

L$peb^ u kr$ L$f R>. jX$S> sdS> ded S> L$pf b |Z hfNpd R> A dpZ

L$fZ sdS> pV$L$ Z dp b L$peb^ R>.196

Deys DgM Npdu L$pB ku^u epep v$p L$fsp u. L$pfZ L$

Al] Ap S> DgM Dv$plfZ h$ egp R>. Apu Npdu krns epep dpV$

dsN Ahp ipfPNv$h$ S>hp fhs} NL$pfp sfa q$ps L$fhp X$i.

Npd kv$c dsNy L$ kndp Ap dpZ R> : S>d hf yrs hNfy

kd|lhpQu pd R> AV$g L$ AL$ rhri$ L$pfu hfyrs ehpu AsNs S>V$gp

Z ff rc hfkd|l b R>, s b^p AL$ Npdu AsNs Aph R>. kp^pfZ

Adp Z Npdp A kd|lhpQu S> R>. kNusdp rk b Npd Ap dpZ R>.

jX$S> sdS> dedNpd, Np^ pf pdp u Npdp DgM pfv$ L$ep R>. fsy A

Ap gpL$dp eys u. L$ kdL$pgu Ae kprlep sp S>k|pdp Ap

DgM dm R>. kpdhv$u hfpu sp hfpu Npdpu Drs B R>;197 A $

bpbs R>.


dsN rkhpe ipfPNv$h Z Ap rhjedp su epep kqns$ Ap

dpZ Apgu R> : d|R>pApp Ape hf kd|l S> Npd R>. Ahp S> Ap^pf

Df d|R>pAp bphpB R>. s Ap^pfp R>.198

cfs Apg b Npd (jX$S> A ded)y rhhfZ uQ dyS>b R> :$

(1) jX$S>Npd :

jX$S> Npd kv$c cfs pV$eipdp L$y R> L$ Ap Npddp kp-.

khpv$ R> A ded Npddp f- khpv$ R>.199 rhspfu BA sp A L$lu iL$pe

L$ jX$S> Npddp kp-5 khpv$ 13 yrsp Asfu L$fpe R>. ded Npddp "5'

ryrsL$ B S>hpu kp-5 khpv$ 12 yrsp Asf L$pfZ d-N B e R>.

fsy kp - cphu f - khpv$ 9 yrsApp Asfu L$fhp gpN R>. cpfsue

kNusdp Z Ap b S> yrs Asfhpmu dye hf X$u dpu R>.

(2) dedNpd :

ded Npdprp rhjedp cfsp rps k|p S> fhs}

NL$pfpA A^pf dpg R>. dedNpddp "5' AL$ yrs AL$j L$fpe R>.200

pQu NL$pfpA "Npd' p $dp pspu d|m hfphqg rqs L$fu

R>; S>p Ap^pf Df d|R>py rdpZ ey lsy. d|R>pu epep cfs sdS>

fhs} NL$pfpA Apgu R>.201 AL$ epep Ap^pf L$lu iL$uA L$ $du ksL$

hfpp Apfpl-Ahfpl L$fhpu d|R>pApy rdpZ pe R>. kps hf L$pB Z

lpe Aps L$pBZ Asfpghpmp lpe, Ap epN kshfpp DgM L$ep R>.

Ay pdpe kNusfpL$fu ps pe R>.202 AV$g L$ Npd AL$ Ahp hfkd|l

R> L$ S> d|R>pqv$p Ape lpe.

d|R>p Qpf L$pfu lpe R> :

(1) |Zp d|R>p - S>dp kps hf lpe.

(2) jpX$huhsp d|R>p - S>dp R> hf lpe.


(3) ApX$huhsp d|R>p - S>dp pQ hf lpe.

(4) kp^pfZuhsp d|R>p - S>dp hf kp^pfZp

epN lpe. Aps L$pL$rg hfp. ApNmp b Npd kp d|R>p epe R>.

u cfsL$pmdp "fpN' :

cfsp Ndp rsApy S> rhhfZ dm R>; Apu A sus pe R>

L$ ApS> S> Adp "fpN' cpfsue kNusy ApheL$ sh R>, A rhss Adp sp

rrs fus Qpfdp lsy. "fpN' hf sdS> cphp Ahp kdhe R>; S> s

rhri$ h$ v$p L$f R>. "fpN' A cpfsue kNusy S> l], fsy rh kNusy

Aqsue sh R>. ppe "dgpX$u'Ay bp $ S> dphpdp Aph R>.

cfsL$pmdp fpNp h$ Qpf AN cfsp L$V$gpL$ AhsfZp L$pi

pX$ R> : Aihfp 10 gnZp Apsp kde "{Z dg{V amJVw md

dVVo' Ap dpZ fpNp DgM dm R>. fS>L$hp Adp S> Ap "fpN' kop

rss pe R>. AL$ Ae mp DgM fu rhppA rL$j L$pY$p R> L$ cfs

NpdfpNpp DgM L$ep R>.203 Al] iL$p pe R> L$ Ap kN "fpN' u S>

Arcs lpe sp cfs "fpN' kop L$d ep l] ? kp kp A Z S>Zpe R>

L$ |hhs} gpL$dp "fpN' fS>L$hp Adp ep R>.204

u Nurs :

kpdpe fus Nursp Npq$ep kp kb^ li. L$ cfsu NursApp

hfrhepk Ahp hfepNu kp Ap kb^ S>Zpsp u. Apd R>sp

Npq$epdp eys v$p Ahp pu hZ kOV$pu kb^ S>Zpe R>. Ap r$A

cfs pfp bsphpegu Qpf NursAp rhrc Ne R>v$p AsNs Anf rhepku

kb^ fpM R>. Qpf NursAp sdS> Adu krns epep cfsps Aidp B

iL$pe R>.205


V|$L$dp "Nursp v$pdp Anfpu kOV$pdp "kcprhspNurs' sdS> gOy

Anfpu kOV$pu' ygpNurs'u Dr pe R>. dpN^u sdS> A^dpN^u

NursApp kb^ Nursp v$p u Aphr Ahp yfphru q$epu

kp R>.

u cfsy "spg' kb^ u rhhfZ :

cfs spg kb^ u 31dp Aepey pd "spg eS>L$' Apg R>. cfsp

kNus kb^ u Aepepdp Ap Aes rhss Aepe R>. ^hpp spg kb^ u lpe

R>. Apu "^hp'p Z Ap Aepedp kdphi pe R>.

"Vmb' iv$ Vb ^psy Dfu ey egp R>; S>p A "lpu

lmu' ghpdp Apep R>. dprgL$ $ Ap lp pfp spg Ahp ApOpsu L$pg

(kde) Arces L$fhpp S> DgM rss pe R>. spg rhjedp cfs L$fg

rhcpNpu QQpp V|$L$kpf Al] fSy> L$ep R> :

(1) q$ep :

q$epy spgdp dlh|Z p R>. Ap q$ep kiv$ A r:iv$ Ad

b L$pfu lpe R>,

* kiv$ q$epp Qpf L$pf bspep R>. S>dL$...

(i) ^hp : S>dp QV$up iv$ (hr) lpe R>.

(ii) iep : S>dp S>dZp lpp ApOps lpe R>.

(iii) spg : S>dp X$pbp lp KQp L$fu ApOps Aphpp lpe R>.

(iv) krps : S>dp b lpp ff ApOps Aphpp lpe R>.

* r:iv$ q$epAp Z Df dpZ pe R>; S>p Z Qpf L$pf R>.

(i) Apgp : lp Df DW$phu ApNmuAp Ly$rQs L$fhu.

(ii) rL$d : lmuAp A^pdyM fpMu 6 (R>) ApNmuAp agphhu.

(iii) rhn : lmu Df fpMu ApNmuAp agphu S>dZu bpSy> lp

gB S>hp.


(iv) hi : lmu A^pdyM fpMu ApNmuAp Ly$rQs L$fhu.

(2) Nl :

Nus sdS> spgp Apfc b kp Ahp ApNm-pR>m hp

kNusepNdp ApS> Z B iL$pe R>. Ap S> Nlp L$pf L$lhpe R>. pQuL$pmdp

Z AV$gp Ar^L$ Qpf lsp L$ A DrQs ehlpf hpv$u ^rsdp fpMg lsp.

Nlpp Z Qpf L$pf Apep R>. S>dL$

(i) kdNl : epf Nus sdS> spgp AL$ kp Apfc lpe.

(ii) AsusNl : Nuspfc ep R>u spgp Apfc pe.

(iii) rhjdNl : Arerds$u Nus spgp Apfc pe.

(iv) ApNsNl : Nusu i$Aps lgp spgp Apfc pe.

(3) ers :

v$s, de sdS> rhgrbs gepu kyv$fsp dmhpp dpN AV$g ers,

S> pQ L$pfu lpe R>. kders, NpyR>p hNf.

(4) ge :

v$s, de sdS> rhgrbs Ap Z L$pfp ge lpe R>; S>dp de

ge "dpZL$gp' L$lg R>.

(5) dpp :

rdjpu dpp sdS> dppApp AL$uL$fZu L$gpAp b R>.

(6) pV$ :

"pV$' spghN}e hpp f hNpX$hphpmp hZpnfp L$lg R>.

Deys dprlsu cfsp pV$eip Ap^pqfs R> Apd R>sp Ap bpbs

Df kNusp Nl Aepk AsNs rhij L$pi L$fZ - 8dp pX$g R>.

u pV$eipdp Ah hp :

cfsL$pmdp |hps Qpf L$pfp hp Qpfdp lsp. cfs pspp N


(A.33)dp eL$ hNu rc rc Ah hNp hppp rhjedp rhss

A spqhL$ QQp L$fu R>; S>dp Ap hppp L$pf, Au rhijspAp A DepNpp

rhjedp ZL$pfu ps pe R>. Ap rkhpe dv$N, Zh sdS> vy$v$fp hpv$p

rhjedp rhij$ kpdNu ps pe R>. Ap kv$c Ap Aepep pfc cfs

hprs sdS> pfv$ Z Np^ h sdS> hppu QQp L$fu R>, Ad S>Zph R>. fsy

Adp N ApS> ps u A Ap rkhpe lgp L$pBZ gML$ App DgM Z

L$ep u.206

u pV$eipdp e :

pV$eipdp kp d ey ipue rhhfZ ps pe R>. ep

rhrc AN, eN, lp, N sdS> Ae ANpu NrsAp hNf Df cfs

Np Qpp Aepedp DgM L$ep R>. Apu L$lu iL$pe L$ effp Z kNusp

Ae shpu S>d eps rhL$qks Ahpdp lsu. ep ANp, DpNpu rhrh^sp

hNf Au ipuespp Z kL$s v$p L$f R>. cfs pfp bsphg L$V$gpL$ dypAp

sp kdL$pgu d|rsL$gpdp Z B iL$pe R>.

cfsp e kb^ u dlh|Z shp kndp Ap fus B iL$pe R>.

edp ifufp b^p ANpp epN L$fhpdp Aphsp lsp. cfs AprNL$ Arce

AsNs ep DgM L$ep R>. Aepe - 4 rkhpe cfs Aepe-8 dp DpNpp

rhjedp QQp L$fu R>. ep DpNp AsNs dsL$, r$, , |smu, cdf,

pL$, lpW$, Npg, v$pY$u, dyM sdS> Nmy hNfu kbr^s dypAp Aph R>. Np

9dp Aepedp ep ANpp Arce kbr^ rhhfZ R>. Aepe-10dp R>psu,

L$df, V$, O, sdS> Nu rhrc qf[rsAp, NrsAp Ahp Ds ANu

kbr^s Arce Df L$pi pX$g R>. Aepe-12 A 13dp dX$m A Qpg

Ahp Nrs rhjeL$ DgM dm R>.


V|$L$dp cfsL$pm ky^ u e rrs $ AV$gy gpL$re sdS> Qrgs fy

li L$ Ap kds rhhfZy ApV$gy ipue h$ dmu iey. ep b L$pf

spX$h A gpe R>. spX$he ANlpfp sdS> fQL$u kp L$fg R>; epf phsuA

L$pdm e L$ey lsy. Ap edp dv$N, cqf, V$l, qX$qX$d, NpdyM, Zh, vy$v$f

hNf kNsp $dp eys eg lsp.207

u pV$eipdp Ae kNuspgM :

Deys dye DgMp rkhpe Z cfs pspp Ndp kNusp Ae

DepNu DgMp L$ep R>; S> V|$L$dp Ap dpZ fSy> L$ep R> :

* cfs pspp Ndp "rs' rhip DgMp L$ep R>.208 Ap kop pV$L$

sdS> kNus DepNu R>. cfs Aphu rsp 10 gnZpy r$Z L$ey R>.209

* cfs pspp Ndp pV$pepNu hZ, AgL$pfpqv$ Ahp pV$L$ AsNs

e|s hphpmp kNusdp hZ, AgL$pfpqv$p DgM L$ep R>. cfs S> fus

pW$pepNu Qpf hZ Dv$p-Ayv$p-hqfs sdS> L$rs bsphg R>. A S> fus

kNus DepNu Z Qpf hZ bsphg R> : Apfplu-Ahfplu-peu A kQpfu.

AgL$pfpp rhjedp cfsy A L$ R> L$ hZpp Ape Ahp Ap f Ap^pqfs

s lpe R>.210 sZ 33 L$pfp AgL$pfp bspep R>. kpqv$, kps,

kpes, kde, kd, rbvy$, rh, h, L$rs, L$yVy$qfs, frQs, Mprgs,

spfdk, dspfk, spf, kpv$, DR>prls, DgpL$, $d, ry$rS>s,

gpv$dp, frS>s, AphsL$, qfhsL$, Dv$OpqV$s, AprnsL$, kv$pe, lrksd, lL$pf,

kr^R>pv$, rh|s, Dv$Nus A Np.

Ap rkhpe ^psy hZ, ^hp hZ, NpeL$-hpv$L$p NyZ-v$pj,

huZphpv$L$p NyZ, R>v$ epN hNfy hZ L$fg R>.

u cfs hZhg NpeL$p v$pj :

cfs NpeL$p v$pjpy k|dspu hZ L$f R> : L$rg, Aeh[s,


A[f, kv$$ Ahp v$ps uku Nphy, sybL$u, pL$u Nphy hNf cfs NpeL$p

v$pjp sfuL$ bsph R>. epf hpcprhL$ L$W$ hf B e R> epf s L$rg NpeL$u

L$lhpe R>. L$W$dp L$a S>dp lpe A Apu uL$msp hr Z L$rg L$lhpe R>.

A[f L$W$hf AsNs hfu Arerds Y$spu DZ lphu s R>.

(2) "v$rg' dp kNus :

v$rgd|rp N S> kNus Df L$$ gMpeg R> s |Z N rss

sp u. cfs pspp Ndp kNuspepNu S> S> shpy rhspfu hZ L$ey R>

s sdpd shpp krns $dp Al] dp pdpgM egp R>.

rhcpN -2

v$rnZ cpfsue N :

(1) rkgeqv$L$pfd A (2) drZdMgBdp kNus :

Ap b srdg dlpL$pep R>. bu ispv$up kprlreL$ dpZp AsNs

Ady Aes dlh|Z p R>; S> L$pf cfsp pV$eipdp ipue kNusu$fMp rhss $ dmu Aph R>. A dpZ Ap L$pep ipue N lphp R>spZ kNusp ipue np eps qfQe Ap R>. Apy dlh App kpdprS>L$sp kpL$rsL$ qfpdp B iL$pe R>. Ap Nu kNus sp eu DrufpQL$ L$p dmu Aph R>;

AL$ hMs Bp v$fbpfdp kNusep kde Dhiu sdS> Byesp AyrQs ehlpf B ANe Dhiu hep sdS> es hpkdp S>dghpp ip Apep. fsy F>rj ips L$fhpu A ip ApR>p L$ep L$ e kNuspkb^ es kp ldip b^ peg fli A Dhi}p kspp Ap kdedp huZli.211

Al] kNusu kbr^s AL$ shpp DgM L$fpeg R>. S>dL$ hf,v$, ksL$, fpN, ge, spg hNf. Npe AsNs hf-rh^p, fpN-Npe, spg-gep kepN, Nus-fQp, hppu epe kNrs sp eu kNrsp DgM Z

ps pe R>.


rhcpN -3

(1) byQqfspqv$ dlpL$pe, L$pdk|, drs-kprledp kNus :

B.k. R>uu ispv$up Npdp Ap kprlepy dlh|Z p R>.

Ap kNusp rhrc np f L$pi pX$ R>. Ap L$pmp dyM Np cfsL$s

pV$ip S>hp kprsL$ Nu ehlpqfL$spp kL$s L$f R>. Ap b^p Np

bp^du kbr^s R>. kNusu AsNs S>d lgp B Nep R>uA sd Npe,

hpv$ sdS> ep kdphi pe R>. Al] Z Ap Z shp ps pe R>. e,

Npe sp hpv$; epfL$ AL$ kp sp epfL$ rc-rc $ DgMus R>. dp

hpv$ S>p cfs "~{hJuV' sp fhs} ipfPNv$h iyL$ hpp pdu DgM L$ep

R>. sp Al] Z DgM B iL$pe R>.212$ Nus, hp sp e dpV$ Al] "kNus'

kop ps pe R>; A AL$ L$gp Z L$lg R>.213

Npep DgMp AL$ m B iL$pe R>. Npe fpS>dlgu ipcp

NZhpdp Aphsy lsy. fpS>dlg huZp hNfu hr rkhpe Nushru Z N|S>sp

lsp.214 Nus OZp L$pfp lsp. "~wM{aV' dey sdS> fZNusp DgM L$f R>.

deyNus kchs: Nusp s L$pf li; S> L${Zfkp psL$ R>; S>u rhjehsy

deyu kbr^s li. ApS> S> ApZ "dfiuep'p pdu ApmMue R>uA. byu

dey kbr^s QQpdp Aphg deyNusu A Aydp L$fu iL$pe L$ deyNusy

rhjehsy kchs: eqs rhiju deyOV$pu kbr^s li. Aphp Nus KQp

hfu l] fsy dv$hf Ahp kNusu cpjpdp dv$ Ahp de ksL$dp Nhpsp

lsp.215 A S> dpZ fZNusp DgM Z ey-rhS>e hNfu kbr^s

rhjehsyu eys Nusp S> kL$s L$f R>; S> hufp Dkplus L$fhp dpV$ Adu

uAp Npsu lsu.216 hppp Qpf hNp dpV$ Al] L$V$guL$ hu kopAp L$pidp

Aph R>.217 Al]ep sshp kv$c huZpp dyM L$pfpp DgM ps pe R>.

S>dL$...dlsu, qfhpqv$u, hgL$u, kyOpjL$, hgfu sp hg|hpXy$.218


(2) hpepeL$s L$pdk|dp kNus :

L$pdk|dp kp d L$gpApy ipue h$ ps pe R>. kNusp

$ DgM A rk L$f R> L$ kNusp eps Qpf lsp. Ap kprle sL$pgu

kpdprS>L$ Ahpp AL$ rQspf

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