Classification IS2
ClassificationIS2
Essential Questions
Why do we need to classify things?
How do we classify things?
Binomial SystemUsed to categorize organismsCreated by Linnaeus in 18th century2 Latin names: Homo sapiens
Homo = genus Homo sapiens = speciesGenus= always written with an initial capital letterSpecific name = lower caseAlways italic (or different from text font) or underlined (when handwritten)
Examples:Tiger= Panthera tigris Lion = Panthera
leoDog = Canis familiaris Wolf = Canis
lupusSunflower = Helianthus annuus
Helianthus annuus
Sunflower
Panthera leoLion
Escherichia colibacteria
Canis familiaris
Dog
Canis lupusWolf
BINNOMIAL SYSTEM
HierarchyKINGDOMPHYLLUM
CLASSORDERFAMILYGENUSSPECIES
If you need a trick to remember the sequence:
“king phillip came over for green soup”
Basic features to remember...
Prokaryotic cell x Eukaryotic cell
Autotroph x Heterotroph
Classification
For a long time: two kingdoms = ANIMALS AND PLANTS
With the microscope = more creatures discovered
Now:
Kingdom Eubacteriabacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)Unicellular organismsProkaryotesSome move (flagellum), some don’tSome autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Live in extreme environments:
Rich in methane (found for example in the digestive system of ruminants)
Salt Hot springs Ocean (plankton)
Closer to eukaryotesClassification is still changing
Kingdom Protista
Amoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma, Euglena, ParameciumALL unicellularEukaryotesSome move (cilia, flagellum), some don’tSome autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Amoeba moving/feeding: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&feature=related
Kingdom Plantae
algae, mosses, ferns, flowering plantsALL multicellularEukaryotesALL autotrophic4 main divisions:
Bryophytes (moss) Ferns (ferns) Gimnospermophytes (pine trees) Angiospermophytes (flowering
plants)
Kingdom Fungi
fungi, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildewsSome unicellular, some multicellularEukaryotesALL heterotrophic (saprotrophic: absorb organic matter from decaying organisms)Do not moveCells: no chlorophyll, cell wall made of chitin (not cellulose like plants)
Kingdom Animaliainvertebrates and vertebratesALL multicellularEukaryotesALL heterotrophicSome move, some don’tMany phyla:
Porifera (sponge) Cnidaria (jellyfish) Platyhelminthe (flatworm) Nematoda (roundworm) Annelida (earthworm) Arthropoda (ant) Mollusca (snail) Echinodermata (sea star) Chordata (includes vertebrates)
What is a dichotomous key?
tool that allows the user to determine the identity of a certain item (like, for example, a tree, a flower, an animal or a simple object)
"Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.
Engage Activity – Create your own dichotomous key
Create a dichotomous key to identify all students in this classroom, using questions based on gender, hair length/color, glasses (or not), clothing color/type, etc
Rule: You must not use characteristics that might make people feel uncomfortable!!!
1. Gender1a. Is this person male? Go to question 2.1b. Is this person female? Go to question 3.
Kingdom AnimaliaIS2
Phyllum Porifera
SpongesAquatic environmentsOldest of the animal phyla /Porifera = "pore bearer"Asymmetrical / Stationary animalsNo specialized tissuesNo “real” skeletonBody structure = numerous small pores + few large openingsFood: filters plankton Respiration: diffusion of O2 and CO2HermaphroditesSexual and Asexual Reproduction
Phyllum CnidariaJellyfish, anemone, coral, hydra Cnidos = “stinging needle”Aquatic environmentsRadial symmetryTwo layers of tissue (including some nerve cells)Two main life forms: free-swimming medusa (jellyfish) or stationary polyp (anemone)Body = single opening to gastrovascular cavity that serves as the mouth and anus and is typically surrounded by a ring of tentacles packed with stinging cells Stinging cells: offense and defenseFood: from tiny protists to large fishReproduction: sexual and asexual
Phyllum Platyhelminthes
Planaria, tapewormPlaty = "flat" ; helminth = “worm”Marine, freshwater, damp environmentsBilateral symmetryNervous system presentThree tissue layersNo circulatory system and no hard skeletonTheir bodies have only a single opening, which serves as both a mouth and an anus.Food: carnivorous OR steal food from hostEyespot = group of light-sensitive cellsRespiration: diffusion through skinHermaphroditesSexual and asexual reproductionSome parasites
Phyllum NematodaUnsegmented cylindrical bodyNematos = “thread"Freshwater, sea, soil + parasitesBilateral symmetryBody with 2 openings: mouth and anusNervous system presentRespiration: diffusion through skin Separate genders
Ascaris lumbricoides
Wuchereria bancrofti
Free living nematode
Larva migrans
Phyllum MolluscaClams, Snails, Slugs, Squid, OctopusMollis – “soft”Terrestrial, Aquatic (freshwater + marine)Muscular foot: used for locomotion or graspingA calcium shell present in most mollusks: some mollusks have greatly reduced their shells (squid); while others have completely lost it, e.g., slugs and octopusOctopus/squid: eyes with retina and lensesNervous system (with brain)Respiration: gills / lungs / skinMain body systemsOctopus = venomSexual Reproduction
Nautilus
Sepia
Sea slugs
Phyllum Annelida
Earthworms, Leeches, PolychaetesAnellus = "little ring”Terrestrial, freshwater, marine, parasitesBilateral symmetryMovement: musclesBody divided into segments (“rings”)Circulatory system presentTwo openings: mouth and anusRespiration: diffusion through skinFood: small invertebrates, earth, bloodSexual and asexual reproductionSome hermaphrodites
Phyllum ArthropodaCrabs, barnacles, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, mites, scorpions, millipedes, centipedes, insectsAll environmentsArthron = “joint”; podos: “foot”Hard exoskeletonJointed appendages + segmented bodyMust molt to grow = shed exoskeleton and inflate the body before the new skeleton hardens. Many appendages : antennae, claws, wings, shields, mouth parts – allow arthropods to exploit nearly every niche on Earth.Circulatory, excretory and nervous systems presentRespiration: gills, trachea Sexual Reproduction
Phyllum Echinodermata
Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Sand Dollar, Brittle StarMarine Larva: bilateral symmetry/ later: radial symmetryNo central brainInternal skeleton made of little calcium platesMove, feed and breathe with a unique water-vascular system ending in what are called tube feetMost are either stationary or slow-moving animalsMain body systems presentFood: from particles to other starfish/shellfishExternal fertilizationRegeneration Sexual and asexual reproduction
Phyllum Chordata
97% are vertebrates -- animals whose skeletons include a backbone (which include Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals)Notochord: an elongate rod-like structure replaced by vertebral column in vertebratesDorsal nerve cord: a hollow tube that turns into central nervous systemPharyngeal gill slits or clefts: structures located behind the mouth and in front of the esophagusEndoskeleton
Lancelet or Amphioxus
Ascidea or Tunicata
VertebratesSkin: 2 layers – epidermis and dermisVertebral column + skullBrain + spinal cordEndoskeletonMain classes (one of which is extinct):
Agnatha - jawless fishes (lamprey/hagfish: scavengers/parasites) Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes Osteichthyes - bony fishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Birds Mammalia – Mammals
Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes
Sharks, rays
Cartilaginous endoskeleton,
gill slits, and paired fins and
nostrils
Heart: 2 chambers
Ventral mouth
No bone marrow
Scales
Ectothermic
Lateral line (vibrations)
Internal fertilization
Whale shark
Hammerhead and Sting ray
Osteichthyes - bony fishes 96% of living fish species.
Most numerous and diverse of the
vertebrates.
eel, seahorse, tuna, clownfish
Anterior mouth
Swim bladder: allows them to float
Gills protected by operculum
Scales
Ectothermic
bone replaces cartilage
External fertilization
tuna/seahorse/eel/moonfish
Amphibia - Amphibians There are three living amphibian groups: Frogs and toads Salamanders Caecilians
Originated from fishesAll have bony endoskeletons and usually four legsEctothermicMetamorphosis (some species)All require water at some stage in the life cycle.Most shed their eggs into water, which is also home to a free-swimming larval stage.Respiration: gills, lungs (less efficient) , skinWET skin = respiratory organ (usually thin and sometimes supplied with glands that produce toxins)Heart: 3 chambers External fertilizationEardrumsVocal cords
Caecilia – vestigial eyes + no legs
ReptiliaCrocodiles, Alligators, Turtles,
Snakes, Lizards
Evolved from amphibians
Heart = 4 chambers
Ectothermic
Skin = dry and full of scales
(prevent dehydration)
Eggs with shell, amniotic sac
(allows them to live on dry land)
Well developed lungs
Internal fertilization
BirdsPenguin, Kiwi, Hawk, Ostrich Eggs amnion: can develop on landHeart – 4 chambersInternal fertilizationEndothermicMuscular stomach with stones for grinding foodOil gland (help some float in water)Flight adaptations:
Feathers – insulation/flight Hollow bones Toothless Strong muscles No bladder (why do you think?) Lungs with air sacs Cerebellum developed (balance) Good vision Membrane covering eye (not eyelid) Some binocular vision (hunters)
Blue-footed Booby Bird
Harpia
kiwi
Mammalia3 groups:Monotremes = platypus and equidna (egg layers)Marsupials = pouch (where baby finishes its development)Placental = most mammals
Mammary glandsParental careHairDiaphragmDifferentiation of teethLarge brainEndothermicHeart = 4 chambersInternal fertilization
Kingdom PlantaeIS2
BryophytesSimple plants, limited sizeHold loose dirt in place: avoid weathering/erosionLive in moist areasDepend on water for sexual reproduction: motile male gameteNo vascular tissue = absorbs nutrients from environmentNo true roots = have rhizoids - like root hairs (absorb water, anchor plant)No real stemsNo real leaves = similar structures but only one cell thick Produce spores involved in asexual reproduction
moss
liverwort
Have vascular tissue: can be bigger
Xylem: H2O + minerals
Phloem: sap (sugar, hormones...)
Have real roots, stems and leaves (aka
fronds)
Live in moist areas: still needs water for
sexual reproduction
Spores produced generally on the
underside of the leaf (asexual reproduction)
Filicinophytes, or Ferns
frond
young frond
rhizome
roots
http://www.biology87.org/apbio/diversity/PlantLabPicts/statio4.jpg
http://www.biology87.org/apbio/diversity/PlantLabPicts/statio6.jpg
GimnospermophytesConifers
•Pines, cypress, sequoias•Contain a well developed vascular
tissue (big plants!), roots, woody stems and leaves•Produce male (contain pollen) and
female (contain ovules) cones•Pollen = gamete = does not
depend on water for reproduction•Produce seeds which develop on
the scales of the female cones•NO REAL FLOWERS + NO FRUITS
Sequoias National Park in California
Flowering plants with real roots, stems and leavesOccupy all environmentsMale gamete = pollen (does not need water for reproduction)Seeds are produced – develop inside the ovaries in the flowerOvary develops into a fruit which aids in seed dispersal
AngiospermophytesFlowering Plants