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A| Ripkia|e Xgi`kdx7 Kd k||`||e`dx gc xf` ripkia|x adx`r`xkxagd gc ~gih `ianagd| ad
ianfx gc lfkn`| gc @skdn`ialki ’fadhprfgoak―$
Kikd Eqkxx) Rf$H$
NghgdLgd~`ii Xf`gignalki \`eadkqLfkigxx`
r`|`dx`h kx xf`@skdn`ialki Xf`gignalki \gla`xq Kddpki E``xadn
Rgsah`dl`) _A Dgs$ ;1) ?226
Cg |ge` xae` dg~ xf`` fk| o``d lgdl`d gs` xf` {p`|xagd gc ~fkx fks` lge` xg o`
mdg~d k| rgiaxalkiiq lg`lx adx`r`xkxagd| gc ripkia|e xfkx i`kh xg xf` |xaciadn gc c``|r``lf
kdh hakignp`$ Kllghadniq) l`xkad xqr`| gc |r``lf k` saiaca`h kdh |prr`||`h kii ad xf` dke` gc
xgi`kdl`$ Xf`` a| dgxfadn dgs`i ad xfa| kdh ax fk| o``d ~axx d kogpx `vx`d|as`iq oq
lgd|`skxas` lgee`dxkxg| ad xf` r`||) k| ~`ii k| ad |ge` klkh`eal rpoialkxagd| &lc$ \x`x|gd
kdh Lgdxa) ?220!$ Eg` `l`dxiq k lgdxgs`|q ~k| |rkm`h ad Lkdkhk ~f`d xf` Lkdkhakd Fpekd
_anfx| Lgeea||agd f`kh k lgerikadx cge xf` Lkdkhakd A|ikeal Lgdn`|| gs` k |`a`| gc
kxali`| ad Ekli`kd‑| eknkzad` kii`nadn a|ikegrfgoak cg ~fkx ax r`l`as`h k| d`nkxas`
rgxkqki| gc A|ike$ ^fai` xf` lk|` ~k| pixaekx`iq ha|ea||`h) ax ~k| |``d k| rkx gc kd kikeadn
x`dh xg laeadkiaz` l`xkad cge| gc `vr`||agd oq iko`iadn xf`e k| fkx`%|r``lf &Lkdkhakd R`||)
?226!$ ^axf xfa| lk|`) k rkxalpik `ianagd lke` xg xf` cg`cgdx k| k salxae lik|| gc fkx`|r``lf)
kigdn ~axf eg` ~`iimdg~d salxae ngpr| ok|`h gd kl`) |`vpki ga`dxkxagd g n`dh`$ Gc n`kx
lgdl`d k` xf` aerialkxagd| gc xfa| xqr` gc lgdxgs`|q cg igdn|xkdhadn lgd|xaxpxagdkiiq
npkkdx``h lasai anfx| |plf k| c``hge gc |r``lf kdh `ianagd$
Xfa| rkr` a| ~axx`d k| k `|rgd|` xg kdgxf`) i`||` mdg~d) `vkeri` gc kii`nkxagd| gc
fkx`|r``lf knkad|x k `ianagd) ad xfa| lk|` Fadhpa|e) xfkx fk| |andacalkdx aerialkxagd| cg
c``hge gc |r``lf kdh `ianagd) k| ~`ii k| {p`|xagd| gc klkh`eal c``hge) ea||agignq kdh adx`
`ianagp| hakignp`$ Xf` kii`nkxagd| k` gc Fadhprfgoak gd xf` rkx gc skagp| @skdn`ialki
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eada|xa`| ~fg kae xg `dnkn` Fadhp| `skdn`ia|xalkiiq$ Xf` kii`nkxagd| ~`` `i k|`h ad ?22> ad k
`rgx oq xf` Fadhp Ke`alkd Cgpdhkxagd &FKC! `dxaxi`h Fqr`iadm xg Fadhprfgoak= Gdiad`
Fkx`h) @vx`ea|e kdh Oangxq Knkad|x Fadhp|$ Ekdq gc xf` eada|xa`| laxa{p`h ad xf` `rgx k`
ea||agd| kn`dla`| adsgis`h ad klxas` gpx`klf xg Fadhp| kgpdh xf` ~gih) xfgpnf xf` `rgx
ax|`ic ~k| iaeax`h xg xf` adx`d`x klxasaxa`| gc |plf ngpr|$
Ad `khadn xf` `rgx ax o`lke` krrk`dx xfkx ax `|rgp|`| dgxagd| gc ripkia|e kdh
xgi`kdl` xfkx fks` ogkh` aerialkxagd|$ Adh``h) ax |``e| xf`` k` rkkii`i| o`x~``d xf` FKC
`rgx‑| sa`~ gc ripkia|e) kdh dgxagd| gc ripkia|e xfkx fks` o``d rgegx`h oq klkh`eal| ad
`ianagp| |xpha`| gs` xf` rk|x xf` h`lkh`|$ \r`lacalkiiq) A |`` |aeaikaxa`| o`x~``d xf`
ripkia|e gc xf` `rgx kdh |ge` gc xf` lgdl`rx| khsglkx`h oq Jgfd Falm ad fa| h`c`d|` gc k
ripkia|x krrgklf xg xf` {p`|xagd gc `ianagp| xpxf$ ^fai` A ke dgx knpadn cg kdq madh gc k
ha`lx iadm o`x~``d xf` x~g &xfgpnf A xfadm ax pdiam`iq xfkx xf` FKC `rgx kpxfg| k` pdk~k` gc
Falm‑| ~gm!) A hg xfadm xfkx ogxf dgxagd| gc ripkia|e fks` lgeegd ngpdh$ Xf` ca|x rkx gc
xfa| rkr` ~aii nas` k oa`c gs`sa`~ gc Falm‑| xf`|a| gd ripkia|e ~axf |ge` laxalki
go|`skxagd|$ Xf`d k ha|lp||agd gc xf` FK_ `rgx gd Fadhpa|e ~aii cgiig~) ka|adn xf` {p`|xagd
k| xg ~f`xf` xfa| eanfx o` xf` ignalki gpxlge` gc xf` xqr` gc xfadmadn xfkx Falm rgegx`|$
Lgdliphadn lgee`dx| ~aii lgd|ah` fg~ ~` eanfx `|rgdh xg xf` lfkii`dn` ka|`h oq xf` FK_
`rgx$
Xf` Lk|` gc Falm‑| Ripkia|e
Ha|lp||agd| gc xf` `dlgpdx` gc ~gih `ianagd| fks` dgx`h xf`` ok|al krrgklf`| kegdn
Lfa|xakd| xg adx`r`xadn xf`a `ikxagd|far$ Xf` xkhaxagdki e`xfgh gc `vlip|asa|e) g
rkxalpika|e) fgih| xfkx gdiq gd` gc xf` skagp| ~gih `ianagd| lkd pixaekx`iq o` xp`$ Lfa|xakd
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`vlip|asa|x| fgih xfkx J`|p| a| xf` pda{p` adlkdkxagd gc xf` r`|gdki Xapd` Ngh kdh xfkx
|kiskxagd a| gdiq rg||aoi` xfgpnf ckaxf ad fae$ \ge`) opx dgx kii) `vlip|asa|x| fks` `dx`xkad`h k
fanfiq laxalki krrgklf xg gxf` ianagd|$ Adlip|asa|x| kn`` xfkx \kiskxagd a| pda{p`iq `kiaz`h
oq kdh xfgpnf xf` ~gm gc J`|p| Lfa|x$ Fg~`s`) xf`q pdh`|xkdh xfkx gxf` `ianagd| ekq
cpdlxagd ad |ge` ~kq| k| k r`rkkxagd cg xf` fanf` s`ikxagd gc Lfa|xakdaxq$ Xf`q fgih gpx
n`kx fgr` xfkx |adl`` cgiig~`| gc gxf` ckaxf| ekq o` |ks`h) xfgpnf xf`q o`ia`s` xfkx xfa|
|kiskxagd a| pixaekx`iq e`hakx`h xfgpnf Lfa|x) `s`d ac xf` gd` o`adn |ks`h a| pdk~k` gc xfa|$
Ripkia|x| k` iglkx`h kx xf` grrg|ax` `vx`e` cge `vlip|asa|x|$ Xf`q o`ia`s` xfkx dg gd` `ianagd
a| |pr`ag) g eg` xp` xfkd gxf`|) opx kxf` xf`q kii `r`|`dx `{pkiiq skiah e`kd| gc `ikxadn
xg Ngh g xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq$
Eq rprg|` f`` a| dgx xg h`is` h``r` adxg xf` h`okx` gs` xf`|` xf`` r`|r`lxas`| |adl`
xf`` a| ki`khq k ~`ii mdg~d oghq gc iax`kxp` xfkx hg`| |g &Falm) ;110= Gmfgie kdh Rfaiiar|)
;110= D`xikdh) ?22;= \admad|gd) ?22;= X`dd`dx) ?22?!$ Gxf`| fks` rgadx`h gpx skagp|
lgdxkhalxagd| kdh rgoi`e| adf``dx ad Falm‑| s`|agd gc ripkia|e) |g xf`` a| dg d``h xg `r`kx
eg|x gc xfg|` knpe`dx| f``$ Ad|x`kh) A ~gpih iam` xg oa`ciq `ekm gd kd aergxkdx rgadx gc
Falm‑| ripkia|e kdh |`` fg~ ax eanfx `ikx` xg xf` liaekx` xfkx rghpl`h xf` FKC `rgx$
^fai` Falm‑| h`s`igre`dx gc fa| ripkia|x krrgklf xg `ianagd a| |r`kh gpx gs` k
ska`xq gc rpoialkxagd|) ax ~k| fa| Kd Adx`r`xkxagd gc _`ianagd: Fpekd `|rgd|`| xg `ianagd
xfkx cgepikx`h ax eg|x cpiiq$ Ad k |po|`{p`dx) kdh eplf |fgx` ~gm) K Lfa|xakd Xf`gignq gc
_`ianagd: Xf` kadog~ gc ckaxf|) Falm `|xkx`h kdh h`c`dh`h fa| xf`|a| knkad|x fa| laxal|$ Eq
ha|lp||agd gc Falm ~aii cglp| gd |ge` m`q rgadx| k| |`x cgxf ad xfa| ikx` ~gm$
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K li`k xf`e` xfkx `e`n`| ad Falm‑| ~axadn a| fa| ng~adn ks`|agd xg xf` dgxagd xfkx
xfg|` ~fg fks` dgx fkh kll`|| xg xf` ng|r`i gc Lfa|x ~gpih) xf``cg`) dgx o` koi` xg `vr`a`dl`
|kiskxagd$ Xfa| |``e| xg fae xg o` a`lgdlaikoi` ~axf xf` `s`ikxagd gc Ngh‑| igs` ad J`|p|
Lfa|x$ Ad khhaxagd) fa| lig|` lgdxklx ~axf cgiig~`| gc gxf` `ianagd| i`h fae xg go|`s` xfkx
xf`q |``e xg |fg~ xf` |ke` cpax| gc |raaxpki ng~xf k| cgpdh ad Lfa|xakdaxq$ Xfa| a| xf` lk|` ad
ogxf adhasahpki cgiig~`| kdh `dxa` lpixp`| ~f`` k |r`lacal `ianagd a| rgead`dx &Falm) ;161)
r$ ;<;3!$
Xf` {p`|xagd gc |kiskxagd a| xfp|) l`dxki xg Falm‑| kn`dhk$ \adl` f` |``| xf` cpax| gc
|raaxpki iac` `{pkiiq ad kii `ianagd|) xf`d xfa| cpax ep|x adhalkx` xf` r`|`dl` gc |kiskxagd `{pkiiq
ad `klf lk|` k| ~`ii$ Opx ac xfa| a| |g) xf`d |kiskxagd k| Falm h`cad`| ax lkddgx rg||aoiq e`kd
iax`kiiq ~fkx xf` skagp| ~gih `ianagd| likae xfkx ax hg`|$ F`) fae|`ic) li`kiq klmdg~i`hn`|
xfkx xf`q x`klf lgdxkhalxgq hglxad`| dgx gdiq kogpx |kiskxagd) opx ki|g kogpx Ngh) kdh k fg|x gc
gxf` hglxad`|$ F` h`c`dh| fa| ripkia|e k| k e`kd| gc |fg~adn `|r`lx cg xf`|` hacc``dl`|
gs` knkad|x xf` `vlip|asa|x|) ~fg h`dankx` xf`e k| o`adn cki|`) kdh xf` adlip|asa|x| ~fg
lgdh`|l`dhadniq `adx`r`x xf`e k| lfkdd`i| cg k fahh`d Lfa|xakd cge gc |kiskxagd &Falm)
;110) r$ 8;cc!$ Q`x) ad gh` xg ekm` fa| fqrgxf`|a| ~gm| f` gcc | k h`cadaxagd gc |kiskxagd xfkx
~gpih dgx o` `lgndaz`h oq ekdq gc xf` xkhaxagd| f` ~a|f`| xg adx`r`x$
Xf` dgxagd gc |kiskxagd xfkx Falm rgrg|`| d`l`||axkx`| k `xfadmadn gc xf` dkxp` gc Ngh)
g xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq xg ~falf `ianagp| axpki|) o`ia`c| kdh kcc`lxagd| k` ha`lx`h$ F` |plladlxiq
|peekaz`| xfa| oq dgxadn xfkx xf` n`kx `ianagp| xkhaxagd| ’k` ha`lx`h xg~kh| k
xkd|cgekxagd gc fpekd `va|x`dl` cge |`icl`dx``hd`|| xg k `l`dx`adn ad ~fkx) ad gp
adkh`{pkx` x`e|) ~` |r`km gc k| Ngh) g k| Pixaekx` _`kiaxq) g xf` Xkd|l`dh`dx) g xf` _`ki$ $$$
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Kdh ~fkx a| skagp|iq lkii`h |kiskxagd g iao`kxagd g `dianfx`de`dx g k~km`dadn lgd|a|x| ad
xfa| xkd|cgekxagd cge |`icl`dx``hd`|| xg _`kiaxq l`dx``hd`||― &Falm) ;110) r$ ;6!$ Ngh) g
Pixaekx` _`kiaxq) lkddgx lgdcge iax`kiiq xg kdq gc xf` dgxagd| gc h`axq cgpdh ad eg|x `ianagd|)
|adl` xfa| `dxkai| hacc`adn dgxagd| gc |kiskxagd$
F`dl`) Falm grx| cg k d`gMkdxakd lgdl`rx) ~falf f` lkii| xf` _`ki) xfkx `r`|`dx| ’kd
pixaekx` ad`cckoi` _`kiaxq ~falf a| xf` |gpl` kdh ngpdh gc `s`qxfadn) kdh ~falf a| |plf xfkx ad
|g ck k| xf` `ianagp| xkhaxagd| k` ad |gx`agignalki kiande`dx ~axf ax xf`q k` lgdx`vx| gc
|kiskxagd'iao`kxagd― &Falm) ;110) r$ ?>!$ F` krr`ki| xg Mkdx‑| dgxagd gc xf` dgpe`dki xg
adhalkx` xfkx xfa| `kiaxq lkddgx o` mdg~d ad ax|`ic$ Fg~`s`) xf` hacc``dx adx`r`xkxagd| gc Ngh
kdh `kiaxq cgpdh ad xf` skagp| `ianagd| k` kii skiah fpekd `|rgd|`| xg xf` _`ki) |plf xfkx
`ianagp| hglxad`| k` dgx e`` fpekd rgj`lxagd| opx k` ok|`h gd lgdl`x` `vr`a`dl`| gc k
xkd|l`dh`dx `kiaxq$
Skagp| laxal| gc Falm fks` rgadx`h gpx xfkx kii gc xfa| a| xkdxkegpdx xg k cikx h`daki gc
xf` xpxf skip` gc xf` hglxadki kccaekxagd| f`ih xg ad Lfa|xakdaxq) A|ike) Jphka|e) Fadhpa|e kdh
|g cgxf &lc$ xf` ||kq| ad Gmfgie kdh Rfaiiar|) ;110= D`xikdh) ?22;= \admad|gd) ?22;!$ Ad `klf
lk|`) xf` khf``dx| k` likaeadn xfkx xf`a `vr`a`dl` gc Ngh a|) ad cklx) kd `vr`a`dl` gc xf` cadki
pixaekx` `kiaxq$ K|ah` cge |ge` iao`kiiq eadh`h) eg|xiq klkh`eal| &Rkpi Xaiialf lge`| xg
eadh!) xfg|` lkiiadn xf`e|`is`| Lfa|xakd| hg dgx pdh`|xkdh xfkx xf`` a| |ge` madh gc ad`cckoi`)
|prkr`|gdki ngpdh gc o`adn) oklm o`fadh xf` Xapd` Ngh `s`ki`h xfgpnf J`|p| Lfa|x$
D`axf` hg xf` ekjgaxq gc Ep|iae| aeknad` xfkx Kiikf a| e``iq xf`a lpixpkiiq lgdhaxagd`h
`|rgd|` xg kd pdmdg~koi` eq|x`q$ ^f`d Fadhp| |r`km gc Okfekd k| xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq)
xf`q `kiiq hg xfadm xfkx ax a| xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq$ @klf ~gpih pdh`|xkdh Falm‑| rgrg|ki dgx k|
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3
k eg` |grfa|xalkx`h kdh cka &g xgi`kdx! adx`r xkxagd gc xf`a sa`~|$ Xf`q ~gpih {pax` anfxiq
|`` ax k| xf` aerg|axagd gc kd kia`d ~gih sa`~ gd xgr gc xf`a g~d) kdh ad |plf k ~kq k| xg npx ax
gc ax| `||`dxaki lgdx`dx kdh `ekm` ax adxg |ge`xfadn `dxa`iq hacc``dx$ \p`iq) xf`q ~gpih |kq)
xfa| a| dgx xgi`kdl`) opx kxf` kd `dlgpdx` ~axf k opx` cge gc ah`gignalki xgxkiaxkakda|e$
Falm a|) gc lgp|`) {pax` k~k` gc xf`|` xqr`| gc laxala|e kdh |``m| xg `|rgdh xg xf`e$
F` k||`x| xfkx f` hg`| adh``h `|r`lx xf` s`q `ki ~gih sa`~ hacc``dl`| o`x~``d Fadhp kdh
Ep|iae sa`~| gc Ngh) g Ophhfa|x kdh Lfa|xakd dgxagd| gc |kiskxagd$ Fg~`s`) f` likae| xfkx
`s`d xfgpnf xf` `ianagd| k` hacc``dx) xf`q ’k` n`d`alkiiq xf` |ke` ad xfkx xf`q kii rgadx xg
|ge`xfadn iklmadn ad xf` r`|`dx kdh xf`q `klf rgrg|` k e`kd| cg kasadn kx k o`xx` cpxp`―
&Falm) ;110) r$ 8;!$ Lgdcgdx`h ~axf xf` rgoi`e gc lgdcialxadn xpxf likae| kdh `{pkiiq
`hacqadn cpax|) xf`q ep|x o` |``d |ge`fg~ k| `{pkiiq skiah$ Fa| sa`~ a|) xf``cg`) dgx ok|`h gd
kdq |prrg|`hiq rasai`n`h g |pr`ag |xkdhrgadx$ Ax a| |aeriq k lgdlip|agd ok|`h gd `eraalki
go|`skxagd &Falm) ;110) r$ 02!$
Ad kdq lk|`) f` lgdx`dh| xfkx f` a| dgx |kqadn xfkx xf` hacc``dx dke`| gc Ngh) Qkf~`f)
Kiikf) Okfekd) J`|p| Lfa|x) k` |aeriq hacc``dx ~kq| gc `c`adn xg xf` |ke` pixaekx` `kiaxq$
Dg) `klf ’`c`| xg k hacc``dx r`|gdk gc xf` _`ki― &Falm) ;110) r$ 83!$ Xf`q k` dgx ah`dxalki
~axf xf` _`ki) opx k` hacc``dx ~kq| xfkx fpekd| ralxp` xf` _`ki$ ^fai` ax a| kheaxx`h xfkx xfa|
hg`| kegpdx xg k h`daki gc xf` iax`ki pdh`|xkdhadn xfkx `klf `ianagd fk| gc ax|`ic) xfa| a| jp|xaca`h
k| o`adn k saxp` |adl`) ’gdl` qgp‑s` lgdliph`h xfkx xf`a egki kdh |raaxpki cpax| |``e xg o`)
kixfgpnf hacc``dx) eg` g i`|| `{pkiiq skipkoi`) qgp k` has`d xg xf` `kiazkxagd xfkx xf` _`ki a|
lkrkoi` gc o`adn `vr`a`dl`h ad eg` xfkd gd` ~kq― &Falm) ;110) r$ 8>!$
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H`|rax` Falm‑| h`daki|) ax |``e| kxf` li`k) cg `vkeri`) xfkx Lfa|xakdaxq ~k| h`la|as`;
xg xf` h`s`igre`dx gc egh`d |la`dl` k| k |`ic|p|xkadadn lpixpki `dx`ra|` ad k ~kq xfkx ~k|
dgx rg||aoi` ad Ep|iae) Fadhp kdh gxf` dgdLfa|xakd lpixp`|$ \`` xf` h`xkai`h |xphq gc
\xkdi`q Jkma &;112!$
>
Kx xfa| rgadx xf`` k` dpe`gp| goj`lxagd| xfkx lgpih o` kdh fks` o``d ka|`h$ Cg gp
rprg|`| f``) A ~aii iaeax eq|`ic xg rgadxadn gpx xfkx Falm‑| kxx`erx xg kd|~` fa| laxal| fk| dgx
|kiskn`h fa| |q|x`e$ Ac kdqxfadn) fa| `|rgd|` |aeriq `adcgl`| xf`a laxala|e|$ Ca|x gc kii) ax
a|d‑x d`l`||kaiq li`k xfkx Falm‑| `skipkxagd gc xf` |raaxpki cpax| gc xf` ~gih‑| `ianagd| k|
o`adn `ikxas`iq `{pki a| h`c`d|aoi`$ L`xkadiq gd xf` lpixpki i`s`i) xf`` |``e| xg o` nggh
`sah`dl` xg xf` lgdxkq$ Fg~`s`) `s`d ac xfa| go|`skxagd a| nkdx`h) ax |aeriq o`n| xf`;
{p`|xagd k| xg fg~ xf` xpxf likae| gc xf` skagp| `ianagd| |fgpih o` `skipkx`h$ ^fq |fgpih
adl`k|adn egki ngghd`|| o` xf` lax`agd gc h`x`eadadn xfkx gd` a| o`lgeadn kiand`h ~axf xf`
_`ki7 Gd ~fkx ok|a| ekq ~` lgdliph` xfkx kd ad`cckoi`) pdmdg~koi` ko|gipx` a| nggh7
\admad|gd &?22;! k|m|) ’^fq |fgpih xf` Pixaekx` _`ki o` k Ngh gc pdas`|ki igs` kxf` xfkd k
lg|eal xqkdx7― &r$ ;3?!$ Adh``h) Falm j`lx| `vlip|asa|e gd xf` ok|a| xfkx ax a| adlgd|a|x`dx ~axf
Ngh‑| igs`) opx ad xf` `dh f` cada|f`| pr ~axf kd aer`|gdki ko|gipx` xfkx saxakx`| kdq rg||aoaiaxq
gc xf`` o`adn k Ngh gc igs` ad xf` ca|x rikl`$
^` fks` |``d) xf`d) xfkx Falm‑| ripkia|e lkddgx cpdlxagd pdi`|| ax xkd|cge| xf`
`ianagd| ax `dlgpdx`| adxg `rarf`dge`dk gc ax| g~d ~gih sa`~$ _kxf` xfkd o`adn `ianagp|iq
d`pxki) g |la`dxacal ad dkxp`) xfa| d`~ ~gih sa`~ a| o`|x pdh`|xggh k| k d`~ `ianagd xfkx {pax`
adxgi`kdxiq ko|go| xf` gxf`| adxg ax| g~d |q|x`e) n kxiq ha|xgxadn xf`e ad xf` rgl`||$ Iam` k
lgerpx` sap| xfkx o`nad| ~axadn ax| g~d lgh` gs` xfkx gc xf` dkxas` gr`kxadn |q|x`e) Falm‑|
ripkia|e `lgdcanp`| kii gxf` `ianagp| |q|x`e| xg xf` |xplxp` gc ax g~d ekxav) |g xfkx xf`q
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`ci`lx ax| aekn`$ \admad|gd a| |p`iq lg lx ~f`d f` go|`s`| xfkx Falm‑| |q|x`e ad`saxkoiq
lgiikr|`| adxg kdgxf` cge gc xf` ko|gipxa|e Falm likae| xg kofg &?22;) r$ ;31cc!$ Fa| ah`k|
`dx` adxg `ianagp| hakignp` pdh` xf` npa|` gc ca`dhiq `|r`lx) q`x iam` xf` ckegp| fg|` gc
Xgq) xf`q adskh` kdh xf`d lgigdaz` `klf gc xf` ~gih‑| ckaxf| pdxai xf`q k` rgr`iq |poea||as`
xg xf` kpxfgaxq gc ax| d`gMkdxakd rkkhane$ Ad xf` `dh fa| |q|x`e a| k h`|xgq` gc has`|axq kdh
k |pos`x` gc fgd`|x hakignp`$ ^` lkd `vr`lx) xf``cg`) xfkx ~f``s` xf` ignal gc ripkia|e
r`skai| xf` `|pix ~aii `ci`lx xfa| xqr` gc ah`gignalki lgigdazkxagd$ Ad xf` dke` gc xgi`kdl` kdh
has`|axq kdq |`agp| ha|lp||agd gc hacc``dl`| ~aii o` |prr`||`h$ ^` ~aii dg~ xpd xg xf` `l`dx
FKC `rgx xg |`` kd `vkeri` gc xfa| ad klxagd$
Xf` FKC _`rgx
Xf` FKC `rgx) Fqr`iadm xg Fadhprfgoak) o`nad| ~axf k cg~kh oq `ianagp| |xpha`|
rgc`||g J`cc`q H$ Igdn) nasadn ax xf` aeraekxp gc xf` klkh`eq) kdh r`|pekoiq) |axpkxadn ax
~axfad ogkh` klkh`ealkiiq kll`rxkoi` h`cadaxagd| gc ripkia|e kdh xgi`kdl`$ Kx i`k|x xfa|
~gpih |``e xg o` xf` aer`||agd l`kx`h cg xf` lk|pki `kh`) ~fg r`fkr| eanfx dgx o` k~k`
gc |ge` gc xf` eg` dpkdl`h h`okx`| gs` xf` |poj`lx$ Igdn |`x| xf` xgd` cg xf` `rgx oq dgxadn
xfkx ax| xkn`x a| ’kdxaFadhp oangxq― ~falf a| `{pkx`h ~axf kla|e kdh kdxa\`eaxa|e kdh
h`lik`h xg o` hkdn`gp| &?22>) r$ 3!$ Xf` hkdn` hg`| dgx lge` cge kdq ha`lx adlax`e`dx xg
sagi`dl`) opx kxf` f` |xkx`| xfkx ’fkx`cpi |r``lf kdh cki|` adcgekxagd lkd l`kx` k liaekx` ad
~falf |plf sagi`dl` a| `vr`lx`h― &Igdn) ?22>) r$ 3!$
Ad lgdxk|x) xf` FKC a| |kah xg o` ’caeiq ggx`h ad xf` ah`ki| gc xgi`kdl` kdh Fadhpa|e
ok|al xg xfa| lgpdxq &xf` Pdax`h \xkx`|!― &Igdn) ?22>) r$ 3!$ Xf` `rgx) kllghadn xg Igdn) a| k
~km`pr lkii xg kii iam` eadh`h |prrgx`| gc xgi`kdl` kdh ckad`||) |g xfkx kii `ianagd| eanfx o`
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`|r`lx`h kdh xfkx kii gc xf`a cgiig~`| ekq c``i ’|kc` kdh adliph`h― &?22>) r$ 3!$ Xfa| c``iadn gc
k iklm adlip|agd krr`k| xg `r`|`dx k xf`kx kdh |``e| xg o` k raekq lax`agd oq ~falf ax a|
h`x`ead`h xfkx rkxalpik |r``lf a| fkx`cpi$ Ac ax n`d`kx`| k c``iadn gc o`adn i`cx gpx) xf`d xfa|
ep|x |p`iq |andki xf` |`lgdhlik|| |xkxp| gc ax| xkn`x|) kdh o`adn xf` goj`lx| gc lgdx`erx k|
|plf) xfa| ep|x aeriq xf` rgx`dxaki cg sagi`dl`$ G kx i`k|x) xf`|` |``e xg o` xf` k||perxagd|
pdh`iqadn xfa| |xkx`e`dx$
K| xf` `rgx egs`| adxg ax| ekad oghq xf`|` xf`e`| o`lge` eg` rgdgpdl`h$ Ax o`nad|
~axf k |xkx`e`dx gc rprg|`$
Xf` cglp| gc xfa| `rgx a| xg ah`dxacq kdh kdkiqz` ~`o|ax`| xfkx xkn`x Fadhp| kdh xf`a `ianagd ad xf` cae lgdsalxagd xfkx) ac i`cx pdlfkii`dn`h) |plf ~`o|ax`| r`r`xpkx` fkx`h
kx o`|x) kdh o``h sagi`dl` kx ~g|x$ Ax `vfaoax| k eqakh gc ~`o|ax`| cgpdh xg lgdxkad
fkx`cpi lgdx`dx xg~kh| Fadhp| kdh xf`a o`ia`c| kdh ki|g `s`ki| xf` adhasahpki| kdh
ngpr| |rgd|gadn xf`|` |ax`| &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;<!$
Ax a| aergxkdx) o`cg` iggmadn kx xf` |r`lacal `vkeri`| lax`h) xg dgx` xfkx xf` o`|x adx`r`xkxagd
rikl`h gd xf`e a| xfkx xf`q k` rps`qg| gc fkx`$ Xf` eg` |ada|x` dgxagd xfkx xf`q rgegx`
sagi`dl` a| pdh`|lg`h oq xf` adsgmadn gc ki[k`hk kdh A|ikeal x`ga|e ad n`d`ki k|
`vkeri`| gc `cc`lxas` p|`| gc adx`d`x x`lfdgignq ad gh` xg rp|p` xf`a ngki| &FKC) ?22>) r$
1!$ Xfa| npaix oq k||glakxagd a| xfg~d ad k| k ogdp|) ~axf dg |prrgxadn knpe`dx| iadmadn xf`
gnkdazkxagd| e`dxagd`h) opx ~axf kii xf` cgl` gc xf` `egxagdki oknnkn` xf`q lkq$ Xfa| a| dgx
ig|x gd xf` `kh`$ Khh`h xg xfa| k` gxf` egxagdkiiq igkh`h x`e|) |plf k| ’fkx`egdn`|―)
’oangxq― kdh ’adxgi`kdl`―) kii `erigq`h xg h`|lao` xf` lfkklx` kdh klxasaxa`| gc xfg|`
xkn`x`h oq xf` `rgx &FKC) ?22>) r$ 1!$
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F`dl`) ax |fgpih lge` k| dg |pra|` xg cadh xfkx xf` `rgx |r`km| rg|axas`iq gc `ccgx| xg
laeadkiaz` fkx`|r``lf ad Lkdkhk kdh @pgr`$ Ax dgx`| ~axf krrgski xfkx) ’|`s`ki dkxagd| fks`
ki`khq `lgndaz`h xf` d``h xg okikdl` r`gri`.| c``hge gc `vr`||agd ~axf xf`a anfx xg o` c``
cge fkx` xkn`x`h knkad|x xf`e― &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;2!$ Xf` `rgx dgx`| xf` haccalpixq gc
gs`lgeadn Ca|x Ke`dhe`dx go|xkli`| xg |plf ik~| ad xf` Pdax`h \xkx`|) opx lgdliph`| xfkx
xf`` a| k ’d``h xg okikdl` r`gri`.| c``hge gc `vr`||agd ~axf xf`a anfx xg o` c`` cge fkx`
xkn`x`h knkad|x xf`e― &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;;!$
Ad xf` ko|`dl` gc lg`las` i`nki e`kd| gc lgdxgiiadn adx`d`x lgdx`dx xf` `rgx
`dlgpkn`| xf` p|` gc oiglmadn x`lfda{p`|) `erigq`h oq |ge` lgpdxa`| xg lgdxgi adx`d`x
lgdx`dx kskaikoaiaxq) k| ~`ii k| sgipdxkq l`d|g|far gd xf` rkx gc |ax` fg|x rgsah`|$ Xfp|)
ekjg lgerkda`| xfkx pd ~`o |`s`| k` `dlgpkn`h xg `{pa` p|`| xg `ckad cge rg|xadn
fkx`cpi lgdx`dx kdh xg `egs` |plf ekx`aki ~f`d ax |pckl`|$ O`qgdh xfa|) xf` ~gm gc |`s`ki
DNG| k` dgx`h k| `vkeri`| gc fg~ gdiad` ’fkx`― lkd o` egdaxg`h kdh `vrg|`h &FKC) ?22>)
r$ ;?!$
Xf` `ki f`kx gc xf` `rgx a| ad ax| |r`lacal kii`nkxagd| gc fkx` k| `r`|`dx`h ad dpe`gp|
`vkeri`|$ [pgx`| kdh oa`c lgee`dxka`| k nas`d xfkx `dkoi` xf` kh` xg pdh`|xkdh eg`
li`kiq `vklxiq fg~ xf` x`e| h`cadadn fkx`h kdh adxgi`kdl` k` o`adn `erigq h$ O`cg` nasadn
`vkeri`|) xf` `rgx |peekaz`| xf`` e`xfgh| kii`n`hiq p|`h xg kxxklm Fadhpa|e$
Xf` e`xfgh| n`d`kiiq p|`h xg h`nkh` Fadhpa|e k`: ;! lkx`ngazadn Fadhp axpki| kdh
xkhaxagd| k| ’h`sai ~g|far)― k lfkklx`azkxagd p|`h xae` kdh xae` knkad ad gh` xg
rgegx` k c`k gc Fadhp| kdh xf`a o`ia`c|= ?! rgxkqadn Fadhp rklxal` k| rgckd` kdh
egkiiq `rpndkdx) a$`$) h`ralxadn Fadhp h`axa`| k| r`s`|` kdh ipah lkalkxp`|= kdh <!
cki|acqadn Fadhpa|e‑| x`klfadn| kdh radlari`| ad gh` xg likae xf` `ianagp| |pr`agaxq
gc gxf` xkhaxagd|$ Xf` pixaekx` gpxlge` a| xf` |ke` “ kdgxf` pdcgxpdkx` oig~ xg
xgi`kdl` kdh ripkia|e$― &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;<!$
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Ax a| aergxkdx xg dgx` xfkx gd` gc xf` radlari` na`skdl`| a| xfkx laxal| gc Fadhpa|e gpxad`iq
ha|xgx kdh ea|`r`|`dx ax ad ~kq| xfkx k` ad|pixadn kdh h`nkhadn$ ^` |fkii |`` xfkx xf`` k`
li`kiq ad|xkdl`| ~f`` xfa| a| xf` lk|`$ Fg~`s`) xf` `rgx |``m| xg h`ci`lx rklxalkiiq kdq
laxala|e ad xfa| ekdd`) gcx`d lalpes`dxadn xf` rg||aoaiaxq gc i`naxaekx` h`okx` kogpx Fadhp
rklxal`| kdh o`ia`c|$
Cg gp rprg|`| gc kdkiq|a|) |r`lacal `vkeri`| gc kii`n`h kdxaFadhp fkx` ekq o` hasah`h
adxg x~g ha|xadlx lkx`nga`|$ Xf`` k` xfg|` xfkx `erigq ikdnpkn` kdh x`eadgignq ~falf lgpih
o` lgd|xp`h k| adcikeekxgq$ Nas`d xf` d`nkxas` `egxagdki oknnkn` kxxklf`h xg |plf ha|lgp|`)
gd` ~gpih o` jp|xaca`h ad k|madn ac xfa| ckii| |fgx gc kll`rxkoi` |xkdhkh| gc |lfgik|far k| ~`ii
k| gc krrgrakx` ea||agignalki `dnkn`e`dx$ Gd xf` gxf` fkdh) xf`` k` xfg|` kii`n`hiq fkx`cpi
|xkx`e`dx| xfkx) ad cklx) `r`|`dx k`k| gc i`naxaekx` adx`r`xkxagd kdh laxa{p`$ Ax krr`k| xfkx k
|andacalkdx k|r`lx gc xf` lgdl`d ka|`h oq xf` `rgx a| `vklxiq ~fkx a| xf` dkxp` gc i`naxaekx`
ha|lgp|` lgdl`dadn ok|al `ianagp| o`ia`c| kdh rklxal`|$
@vkeri`| gc ogxf xqr`| gc kii`n`h fkx` k` adhalkx`h ad skagp| ~`o |ax`| {pgx`h$ Gd`
`vkeri` lax`| qgnk k| k rklxal` xfkx gr`d| xf` eadh xg h`egd|) ~fai` xf` Fadhp ngh \fask a|
|kah xg o` k h`egd ngh &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;0!$ Xf` ngh| gc Adhak k` |kah xg o` l kxagd| gc \kxkd
~fai` xf` hglxad` gc adlkdkxagd a| lkii`h gd` gc fa| ia`|$ Fadhp ~g|far a| `c` h xg k|
dgd|`d|`$ Fkx`h xg~kh| Ep|iae| a| ki|g kii`n`h ad xfkx xf` |ax h`da`| xfkx Kiikf a| xf` Ngh gc
l`kxagd &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;0!$
Kegdn xf` eg` adcikeekxgq xqr` gc e`||kn`| ha|lp||`h) k` |xkx`e`dx| xfkx Fadhpa|e
a| ’Xf` Ran R`d cge xf` @k|x― kdh k ’haxq kdh handaxqh`|xgqadn `ianagd―$ Fadhpa|e a|
k||glakx`h ~axf |`vpki r`s`|agd kdh egki caixf) ~fai` Fadhp hglxad`| k` |poj`lx xg lph`
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lkalkxp`|$ Mkek kdh `adlkdkxagd k` ahalpi`h ~axf xf` kllp|kxagd xfkx Fadhp| rklxal`
s`n`xkakda|e hp` xg c`k gc `kxadn k `adlkdkx`h `ikxas` oq kllah`dx &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;3!$ Xf`
Nghh`|| Mkia a| eph`gp| kdh oigghxfa|xq) kllghadn xg gd` |ax`) ~falf ng`| gd xg |xkx` xfkx
Fadhp| `l`as` r|qlfal rg~`| cge h`sai| xfgpnf xf` rklxal` gc qgnk &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;>!$
\`s`ki gc xf` |ax`| {pgx`h adx`r`x Fadhpa|e k| o`adn k h`sal` gc \kxkd xg h`l`as`$
Xf`q ha|lp|| h`egd rg||`||agd k| kd gpxlge` gc Fadhp rklxal` kdh ad gd` lk|` iam`d xf`
oadnadn gc lfaih`d xg x`eri`| oq Fadhp kdh Ophhfa|x rk`dx| k| k xqr` gc lfaih |klacal` cg
h`egdal rg||`||agd &FKC) ?22>) r$ ??!$ Fadhpa|e a| lkii`h k ia` cge xf` H`sai k| a|
`adlkdkxagd) kdh gd` |ax` gh`| \kxkd xg ’n`x gpx gc xf` f`kx gc kdq Fadhp― &FKC) ?22>) r$ ?<)
?8 !$ Xf` `rgx dgx`| xfkx Fadhp| k` |kah xg o` ad |kxkdal ogdhkn`) pdh` h`egdal lgdxgi kdh ad
|raaxpki hkmd`|| &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;1!$ Xfkx gd` gc xf` kii`n`h fkx` |ax`| {pgx`h a| lkii`h
`vrg|adn|kxkda|e$gn ~gpih |``e xg `vkl`okx` xf` lgdl`d| gc xf` FKC `rgx &FKC) ?22>) r$
?8!$
Ax a| dgx haccalpix xg pdh`|xkdh ~fq `egxagdkiiq igkh`h ikdnpkn` gc xfa| |gx ~gpih o`
adx`r`x`h k| fkx`cpi) kdh ax a| li`kiq knpkoi` xfkx xf` FKC fk| k rgadx ad kx i`k|x |ge` gc xf`|`
lk|`|$ Laxala|e xfkx h`|l`dh| adxg dke`lkiiadn a| dgx k f`ircpi e`kd| gc `dnknadn xfg|` ~axf
~fge gd` ~gpih iam` xg ekadxkad k rg|axas` ~axd`|| xg xf` ng|r`i$ Ac xf` ngki a| klxpkiiq xg
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ksgah`h$ Xf` FK_ goj`lx| xfkx |plf ikdnpkn` l`kx`| c`k gc Fadhp| xfkx ekq i`kh xg
ha|laeadkxagd$ K lk|` lgpih o` ekh` xfkx xf` eg` `vx`e` ikdnpkn` `erigq h eanfx `s`ki kd
ki`khq r``va|xadn c`k$ Kx i`k|x ax adhalkx`| r`jphal` xfkx iam`iq go|lp`| xf` goj`lxasaxq gc xf`
laxal$
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adxgi`kdl`) ad d``h gc `r`||agd jp|x iam` xf` gxf`|$
Ad xfa| lkx`ngq ~` adliph` |aeri` |xkx`e`dx| |plf k| xfkx cgpdh gd xf` lod$lge |ax`
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Fadhpa|e ’~g|far| xf` ~gdn Ngh) cgiig~| xf` ~gdn `ianagp| kpxfgaxq) |``m| xf` ~gdn
h`|xadq) kdh x`klf`| xf` ~gdn ~kq| xg klfa`s` xfkx h`|xadq$― a| sa`~`h k| k li`k `vkeri` gc
fkx` |r``lf kigdn ~axf xf` k||`||e`dx) ’xf`` a| dg skiah `sah`dl` ~fq kdqgd` |fgpih o`ia`s` ax
&Fadhpa|e!― &FKC) ?22>) r$ ?1!$ Ax krr`k| xfkx kdq |aeri` |xkx`e`dx xfkx fadhpa|e a| adlg`lx)
`nkhi`|| gc fg~ `s`d x er``h) a| sa`~`h k| fkx`h$ Adh``h) dg c`~` xfkd dad` rkn`| gc xf`
`rgx e`dxagd xf` |xkx`e`dx xfkx Fadhpa|e a| cki|` k| kd `vkeri` gc h`gnkxgq fkx`|r``lf)
~axf xf` |xkx`e`dx xfkx Fadhpa|e a| |aeriq ~gdn) x~al` `l`asadn xfkx fgdg &FKC) ?22>) r$
80!$
Khhaxagdki gcc`d|as` |r``lf adliph`| kdq dgxagd xfkx Fadhpa|e a| |gx`agignalkiiq
h`cala`dx$ \ge` `vkeri`| fks` ki`khq o``d e`dxagd`h$ Gxf`| adliph` |xkx`e`dx| xfkx Fadhp|
k` ’ig|x― kdh ’ad hkmd`||―$ Ogxf gc xf`|` |xkx`e`dx| k` erigq`h gd \gpxf`d Okrxa|x |ax`|
kdh k` |adni`h gpx |r`lacalkiiq k| `n`nagp| `vkeri`| gc fkx`h) dgxadn xfkx xf`q lgd|xaxpx` rkx
gc k ’ca`l` kxxklm― knkad|x Fadhp o`ia`c| &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;6!$ K `ikx`h `vkeri` gc kii`n`h fkx`
|r``lf a| xf` |xkx`e`dx ’xfkx k n`kx` fgr` `va|x| xfkd xfkx gcc``h oq Fadhpa|e―&FKC) ?22>) r$
?3!$ F`dl` xf` dgxagd xfkx Fadhpa|e lkddgx i`kh xg cgnas`d`|| kdh `lgdlaiakxagd gd xf` \gpxf
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K|akd lgdxad`dx ki|g ekm`| cg fkx` |r``lf &FKC) ?22>) r$ ?1!$ Gd` a| i`cx ~axf xf` aer`||agd
xfkx kdq madh gc ha|kn``e`dx ~axf xf` xpxfcpid`|| gc Fadhpa|e kdh ax| kii`n`h |raaxpki o`d`cax|
kpxgekxalkiiq adhalkx`| r`jphal` kdh fkx`h ~falf lgpih `prx adxg sagi`dx r`|`lpxagd kx kdq
ege`dx$ Xfa| aer`||agd a| gdiq f`anfx`d`h oq xf` adhalkxagd xfkx xg |pnn`|x xfkx Lfa|xakd|
|fgpih dgx rklxal` qgnk g xfkx xf` ngh| gc Fadhpa|e hg dgx `va|x k` ki|g k cge| gc fkx`h
&FKC) ?22>) r$ ?<) <?!$
K |aeaik iad` gc knpe`dxkxagd a| xkm`d pr ad xfkx lgd|xpki| gc Fadhpa|e k| fksadn kdq
d`nkxas` |glaki lgd|`{p`dl`| k` ki|g sa`~`h k| cge| gc fkx`|r``lf$ Xg knp` xfkx rgs`xq kdh
gs`rgrpikxagd &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;8! g iklm gc |glaki fpekdaxkakda|e ad Adhak k` `ikx`h xg
Fadhpa|e a| fkx`|r``lf &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;3!) ~fai` lk` a| xkm`d xg lfkklx`az` xf` lk|x`|q|x`e
kdh ax| adf``dx ha|laeadkxagd k| dgx `kiiq o`adn rkx gc Fadhpa|e &FKC) ?22>) r$ 8;!$
Cadkiiq) xf` FK_ `rgx cikxiq |xkx`| xfkx xf` k||`xagd xfkx xf`` k` ha|xgxagd| ad
Fadhpa|e hp` xg ’pdxpxf― ad ax| x`klfadn| a| ax|`ic cki|` kdh ~gxfq gc o`adn lik||aca`h k| fkx`
|r``lf &FKC) ?22>) r$ <?!$ Krrk`dxiq ax a| adkrrgrakx` xg h`lik` xfkx kdq `ianagd a| cki|`) k| ax
dgx`| ad h`|laoadn gd` |ax`) ’Xf` |ax` a| caii`h ~axf lgdx`dx xqadn xg lgds`q xf` |pr`agaxq gc xf`
Lfa|xakd ckaxf kdh xf` ‖cki|`d`||‑ gc gxf` `ianagd|― &FKC) ?22>) r$ ?8!$ Dgx` xf` |lk` {pgx`|
h`|and`h xg oadn adxg {p`|xagd xf` rg||aoaiaxq gc jphnadn xf` xpxfcpid`|| gc gd` `ianagd gs`
knkad|x kdgxf`$ Ripkia|e a| xfp| xf` `xfalki dge xfkx h`cad`| xf` dkxp` gc fkx`|r``lf$ Adh``h)
xf` `rgx `ekm| gd xf` ’dgdripkia|xal kxxaxph`― gc xf` Ea||agd Cgdxa` gdiad` eknkzad` ad ax|
kii`nkxagd| gc kdxaFadhp fkx`h$ Kdq k||`xagd) xf`d) gc Lfa|xakd xpxf g |pr`agaxq gs`
knkad|x Fadhp x`klfadn kdh rklxal` ep|x o` r`liph`h$
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Xf` `vkeri`| gc |r``lf `c``dl`h ad xf` `rgx ep|x o` grrg|`h |adl` xf`q ’`|rgp|`
lfkpsada|e kdh oangxq gs` xf` radlari`| gc ripkia|e kdh `ianagp| xgi`kdl`― &FKC) ?22>) r$
<<!$ Xf`a e`xfgh a| ’xg `vgxalaz`) goj`lxacq kdh lgdx`erxpgp|iq ha|lkh― Fadhpa|e oq e`kd| gc
x`eadgignq h`|laoadn ax k| ’h`egdal) cki|`) fgr`i`||) |kxkdal) lp|`h) `sai) caixfq) r`s`x`h)
eph`gp|) kdh |adcpi― &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$ \plf |r``lf a| ah`dxaca`h ~axf ’kdxa\`eaxa|e)
fgegrfgoak) kla|e kdh gxf` cge| gc oangxq kdh fkx h― &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$ Xf` lgdlip|agd
gc xf` `rgx xf`d lka`| xf` knpe`dx xg xf` d`vx i`s`i oq h`likadn xfkx ax a| k ca|x |x`r a|
kdkiqzadn kdxaFadhp fkx ngpr|$ \plf ngpr| k` k xf`kx o`lkp|` xf`a ha|lgp|` ’xf`kx`d|
adx`ckaxf hakignp`) epxpki `|r`lx kdh lasai ha|lgp|` ok|al pdh`raddadn| gc Ke`alkd lpixp`
kx o`|x) kdh pixaekx`iq i`kh| xg sagi`dl` kx ~g|x― &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$
Ad |pe) ~` i`kd cge xf` FK_ `rgx xfkx Lfa|xakd ngpr| xkn`xadn Fadhpa|e cg
`skdn`ia|e k` `||`dxakiiq kdxaFadhp fkx` ngpr|) rkxalpikiq ac) k| a| ad`saxkoi`) xf`q `dnkn` ad
kdq xqr` gc lgds`|kxagd xfkx rg|ax| xf` cki|axq gc kdq Fadhp o`ia`c| g xfkx Fadhpa|e fk| kdq
d`nkxas` |glaki kdh lpixpki lgd|`{p`dl`| &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$ \plf k||`xagd| k` xf` `|pix gc
andgkdl` kdh h`ckekxgq kdh lkd gdiq o`|x o` iko`i`h k| fadhprfgoak$
Ad kd adx``|xadniq rkkhgvalki egs`) xf` `rgx lgdliph`| ~axf kd krr`dhav lgdxkadadn
CK[| kogpx Fadhpa|e) ~falf kae| xg |`x xf` `lgh |xkanfx lgdl`dadn ax| ok|al o`ia`c| kdh
`||`dxaki rklxal`|$ Ad xfa| |`lxagd ~` cadh k s`q oa`c) q`x gop|x kccaekxagd gc xkhaxagdki
Fadhp dgxagd| gc h`axq) `adlkdkxagd) mkek) qgnk kdh e`haxkxagd) xf` dgxagd gc xf` kskxk) kdh
gxf`|$ Ngh) ~fg ekq ng oq ekdq dke`|) a| |kah xg o` xf` kii`dlgerk||adn `kiaxq xfkx lgdxkad|
xae` kdh |rkl`) k h`|larxagd xfkx adhalkx`| k rkdxf`a|xal pdh`|xkdhadn gc hasadaxq$ Kllghadniq)
’Xf` S`hk| rgrgpdh xfkx kii o`adn|) cge xf` |ekii`|x gnkda|e xg ekd) k` lgd|ah``h
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ekdac`|xkxagd| gc Ngh kdh e`eo`| gc k pdas`|ki ckeaiq― &FKC) ?22>) r$ 82!$ Ac xp` xfa|
~gpih ignalkiiq r`liph` kdq J`~a|f) Lfa|xakd g Ep|iae dgxagd gc h`axq k| o`adn kd kllpkx`
`r`|`dxkxagd gc Ngh‑| dkxp`$
Xf` |ke` lgpih o` |kah cg |kiskxagd$ Fadhp o`ia`c a| kccae`h ad xf` dgxagd xfkx xfgpnf
xf` rgl`||`| gc mkek kdh `adlkdkxagd) xf` adhasahpki |gpi ekq `sgis` gs` ekdq iac`xae`| xg
xf` iao`kxagd gc pdagd ~axf ngh &FKC) ?22>) r$ <1!$ Knkad) ac xf` k||`xagd gc xfa| k| xp` a|
ignalkiiq xf` k||`xagd xfkx Lfa|xakd kdh Ep|iae sa`~| gc |kiskxagd k` |aeriq cki|`) pdi`|| ~`
k` xg `hpl` kii gc xf`|` hglxad`| xg e`` eqxfgignalki `|rgd|`| xg xf` ’_`ki― k| Falm
h`|lao`| ax$ Fg~`s`) ax |``e| xfkx |plf kd adx`r`xkxagd gc xf` Fadhpa|e gc xf` FK_ ~gpih o`
`vx`e`iq cgl`h kx o`|x$ Xf`` a| dg fadx xfkx xf` kpxfg| gc xfa| `rgx fgih xg kdqxfadn gxf`
xfkd k xkhaxagdki sa`~ gc Fadhp hglxad`|$
K||`||e`dx
Eq ca|x `klxagd prgd `khadn xfa| `rgx ~k| xg xfadm xfkx ac xf` ngki gc ax| kpxfg| a| xg
rgegx` k |axpkxagd ~f`` r`|gd| gc kii ckaxf| k` koi` xg c``i |kc` kdh adliph`h) xf`d xf`q fks`
ckai`h |r`lxklpikiq) |adl` xf` `|pix ~k| xg ekm` xfa| @skdn`ialki Lfa|xakd c``i xf`kx`d`h)
kxxklm`h kdh g|xklaz`h$ Xfa| ~k| dgx k e`` e`dxki |rgd|`$ Xf` `rgx rgsgm`h k npx i`s`i
c`k) k| A r`l`as`h ax xg o` k cpdhke`dxki xf kx xg eq `ianagp| kdh klkh`eal c``hge|$ Cpxf`
`ci`lxagd fk| eaxankx`h xfa| |ge`~fkx) ~axf ogxf xf` `kiazkxagd xfkx) kx i`k|x cg dg~) xf`` a|
iaxxi` lfkdl` gc ~ah`|r`kh `dcgl`e`dx gc xf` `rgx‑| `lgee`dhkxagd| kdh xfkx xf`` k` |ge`
k`k| gc i`naxaekx` lgdl`d xfkx xf` `rgx ka|`|$
\g kdq `|rgd|` xg xfa| ~aii fks` xg hg kx i`k|x x~g xfadn|$ Ca|x ax ~aii d``h xg fgd`|xiq
h`ki ~axf `vx`ea|x `vkeri`| gc kdxaFadhp f`xgal) |ge` gc ~falf hg |``e xg rgegx`
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`vl`||as`iq d`nkxas` |x``gxqr`| kdh adkllpkx` rgxkqki|$ Xfa| xqr` gc ha|lgp|` ep|x o`
lgdcgdx`h kdh `rphakx`h$ Gxf` lk|`| ekq r`|`dx laxala|e| gc Fadhpa|e xfkx r`fkr| k`
x`lfdalkiiq ad iad` ~axf k oaoialki k||`||e`dx) opx ~` fks` xg k|m gp|`is`| ~f`xf` g dgx xf` p|`
gc `egxas` kdh adcikeekxgq ikdnpkn` a| kd `xfalki ekdd` xg lgeepdalkx` |plf ah`k|$ @s`d
cge k e``iq rknekxal ok|a| ~` |fgpih k|m ~f`xf` g dgx |plf ikdnpkn` a| `kiiq xf` o`|x
e`kd| xg lgeepdalkx` gp lgdl`d| kdh `klf xfg|` ~axf ~fge ~` ha|kn``$
\`lgdhiq) gp `|rgd|` d``h| xg rgadx gpx xf` cik~| ad xf` `rgx‑| `skipkxagd gc xf`
|axpkxagd kdh gcc` k h`c`d|` gc xf` anfx gc @skdn`ialki| &kdh gxf`|! xg `dnkn` ad laxalki
hakignp` kdh `skdn`ia|xal gpx`klf ad xf` `dlgpdx` ~axf Fadhpa|e kdh gxf` `ianagd|$
Ad xf` ca|x lk|`) ~` lkd `khaiq kheax xfkx xf` p|` gc dke`lkiiadn &Fadhpa|e a| k ’ran
r`d `ianagd―! a| d`s` kd krrgrakx` ~kq xg lfkklx`az` kdqgd`) `nkhi`|| gc xf`a `ianagp|
r`|pk|agd$ Pdi`|| k iko`i lgds`q| |ge`xfadn `||`dxakiiq h`|larxas` kdh kllpkx` xfkx f`ir| xg
aiipeadkx` xf` lgds`|kxagd) ax a| k fadhkdl`$ Cpxf`eg`) ax ha| |r`lx| xf` r`|gd `c``h xg= k
r`|gd ~fg a|) kcx` kii) ekh` ad xf` aekn` gc Ngh kdh xfp| h`|`sadn gc xf` `|r`lx hp` xg o`adn
Ngh‑| aekn` o`k $ \plf ha|lgp|` a| anfxcpiiq |``d k| gcc`d|as`$ Ax ~aii iam`iq has` r`gri`
k~kq) g egs` xf`e xg `xkiakx ~axfgpx nasadn |`agp| lgd|ah`kxagd xg ~fkx ~` fks` xg |kq$ Ax
|``e| xfkx o`cg` rg|xadn kdq `ekm| kogpx gxf` `ianagd| gdiad` ax ~gpih o` nggh xg pd gp
~axadn xfgpnf xf` nah gc xf` Ngih`d _pi`$
K lggiikq xg xfa| a| xf` kxf` gosagp| radlari` xfkx ~fkx`s` ~` |kq kogpx gxf`
`ianagd| gpnfx xg fks` xf` saxp` gc o`adn kllpkx`$ ^fai` xfa| a| xkm`d cg nkdx`h ad klkh`eak)
xf` adx`d`x a| c`` cge xf` |kc`npkh| xfkx |lfgik| fks` aerg|`h gd xf`e|`is`|$ Xf`` k` dg
r`` `sa`~| cg lfplf kdh ikq eada|xq |ax`|) ekmadn ax {pax` `k|q cg |pr`calaki kdh adkllpkx`
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Xaegxfq X`dd`dx &?22?! gcc`| kd `vl`ii`dx `vkeri` gc fg~ rghplxas` kdh `|r`lxcpi?
adx``ianagp| hakignp` lkd o` khskdl`h ~axfgpx lgergea|adn xf` rkxalarkdx|‑ lgeeaxe`dx xg
xf` xpxf gc xf`a ckaxf|$
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rgxkqki| xg rgiac`kx`$ Xaegxfq X`dd`dx fk| dgx`h xf` rk|x x`dh`dlq cg @skdn`ialki x kxe`dx|
gc gxf` `ianagd| xg o` ’`hpl`h xg |aeria|xal lfkx| g |~``radn n`d`kiazkxagd| xfkx gr`kx` kx k
|pr`calaki i`s`i― &X`dd`dx) ?22?) r$ ;?!$ @skdn`ialki |lfgik| lkd rikq k rg|axas` gi` ad
lg`lxadn xfa|) dgx gdiq rghpladn |giah klkh`eal ~gm| xfkx `dnkn` gxf` `ianagd|) opx ki|g ad
xkmadn kd adx`dxagdki adx``|x ad lfplf`|) ea||agd| kn`dla`| kdh ikq eada|xa`| xfkx |adl``iq
h`|a` xg lkq xf` ng|r`i xg xfg|` gc gxf` ckaxf|$ _kxf` xfkd jp|x laxalazadn xf`e cge kck) ~`?
lgpih gcc` gp adsgis`e`dx kdh f`ir |plf xfkx xf`q k` koi` xg ksgah ea|xkm`| xfkx rgsgm` xf`
madh gc kdxa@skdn`ialki fg|xaiaxq `sah`dl`h ad xf` FK_ `rgx$
@ccgx| kigdn xf`|` iad`| ~`` ekh` ad xf` rk|x ad @X\ ~axf xf` \gla`xq cg xf` \xphq gc
Kix`dkxas` _`ianagd| |xphq ngpr$ Pdcgxpdkx`iq) xfa| ngpr |``e| xg fks` o`lge` `||`dxakiiq
h`cpdlx$ A ke dgx |p` ac xfa| a| o`lkp|` gc keoaski`dl` g r`fkr| `xal`dl` gc |ge` gc p| ~fg
k` {pkiaca`h ad xfa| k`k xg o` xgg lig|`iq k||glakx`h ~axf |ge` gc xf` |g lkii`h ’kdxalpix―
eada|xa`|) opx ax |``e| xg e` xfkx ac xf`|` eada|xa`| k` rgoi`ekxal xf`q k` gdiq ngadn xg
aergs` xfgpnf adx`klxagd ~axf |`agp| |lfgik| gd xf`|` {p`|xagd|$ Xf`` k` ki~kq| ngadn xg
o` eada|xa`| kdh gpx`klf`| i`h oq r`gri` ~fg hg dgx fks` khskdl`h klkh`eal xkadadn$ Xf`q
d``h xf` `dlgpkn`e`dx kdh npahkdl` xfkx ~` lkd gcc`$ A xfadm xfkx xf`a r`|`dl` f`` kx @X\
fk| h`egd|xkx`h xfkx xf`q k` fpdnq cg xfa| xqr` gc adx`klxagd$ \g eq ca|x `|rgd|` xg xf`
FK_ `rgx a| xg `dlgpkn` p| xg hg |ge` |`ic`vkeadkxagd kdh li`kdadn gc gp g~d fgp|`|
~f`` ~` lkd) kdh xg khsglkx` cg k lig|` `ikxagd|far o`x~``d @skdn`ialki |lfgik| gc `ianagd|
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kdh eada|xa`| ~fg k` gd xf` cgdxiad`| gc gpx`klf$ _`|p`lxadn xf` \gla`xq cg xf` \xphq gc
Kix`dkxas` `ianagd|) g |ge`xfadn iam` ax) ~gpih o` k nggh rikl` xg |xkx$
K| cg xf` FK_ `rgx ax|`ic) xf`` k` |`s`ki rgoi`e| xfkx d``h xg o` lgdcgdx`h) cg ac
i`cx pdlfkii`dn`h ax khskdl`| kd kxxaxph` xfkx rg|`| k |`agp| xf`kx xg cpdhke`dxki c``hge| kdh
anfx|$ _kxf` xfkd o`adn k cgl` cg xgi`kdl` kdh lasaiaxq) `r`|`dx`h ad ok|al Ke`alkd skip`|)
xf` `rgx ax|`ic a| k khalki kxxklm gd xfg|` s`q skip`| xfkx k` `||`dxaki cg fgd`|x kdh lasai
`ikxagd| o`x~``d xfg|` gc hacc`adn rgadx| gc sa`~$
Ac ~` k` xg kll`rx xf` `rgx‑| k||perxagd xfkx |aeriq k||`xadn xfkx xf` sa`~| gc kdgxf`
`ianagd k` cki|` a| k cge gc fkx`|r``lf) xf`d kdq kdh kii |`agp| adx``ianagp| hakignp`) dgx xg
e`dxagd kdq |`agp| ~gm gd xf` cpdhke`dxki rgoi`e| gc rfaig|grfq gc `ianagd) ep|x lge` xg
k |l``lfadn fkix$ Xf` koaiaxq xg dnkn` ad |`agp| xfgpnfx) hakignp` kdh laxala|e gc cpdhke`dxki
dgxagd| lgdl`dadn xf` dkxp` gc Ngh kdh pixaekx` `kiaxq) fpekd h`|xadq) |raaxpki khskdl`e`dx
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