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Definingthe`Indefinable
SomeMajorDefini.onsDiplomatic-StrategicRelations
Focusonwarandpeace,conflictandcooperation
Cross-BorderTransactionsofAllKinds
Focusonstateandnon-stateactivities
Globalization
Focusonworldcommunication,trade,global
corporationsandglobalgovernance
Likeothersocialscienceconcepts,IS/IRnotpreciseorself-definingunlike
thoseinnaturalsciences.(ChrisBrown)
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NoSingleMeaning IR/ISwithnosingle,settledmeaning
Meaning(s)dependentonusageandviewsofuser
IRworkingdefinitioninter-staterelationswhichincludethenon-statefactorsandelementswhichinfluence(TrevorSalmon)orsimplyoperateoutsidethem
ValueofIR/IS
LikeMountEverest,ISaretheresotheyarestudiedJobs,income,health,securityofmanypeoplesinmanycountriesareinterconnected,interdependent
Intellectuallychallenging---190statesandcounting,dynamicshiftsinglobalpolitics,trade,environmentandsecurityissues,anarchyintheabsenceofworldgovernment,etc.
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TouroftheLastDecadeConstantshiftsandchangesinglobalcommunity
WarvsTerror;AfghanistanandIraq;GeorgeBushandOsamaBinLaden;MillenniumDevtGoals
DeathofJohnPaulII;EnronandWorld.com$5Tscandals;Euroascurrencyof12EUnations;HurricaneKatrina;Oilat$100/barrel
WallStreetmeltdownandFinancialCrisisintheUSandEurope;AlGoreandBarrackObama;SARS
Tourof2001-2011DeathofMJ;Oilat$70/barrel;NKoreasshutdownofitsnuclearfacilities;USwithdrawalofcombattroopsinIraq;CopenhagenClimateChangeConference
Haiti,NewZealandandJapanearthquakes;ElectionsinIraqandAfghanistan;BPOilSpillH1N1Flu
ArabSpringOffensive(Democratization);
DeathofBinLaden;NKoreasunkSKoreanvessels
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MakingADifferenceIholdtheworldtobeastagewhere
everyman(woman)mustplaya
part(Shakespeare)IgnoranceofISnever
abliss
Theworldisastage,buttheplayisbadlycast
(OscarWilde)ThestorylineinIScanalways
berevisedandalteredforthebetter
Daun.ngButNotFu.le
StudyofISisdauntinganddifficult
---VoluminousData;Rapidchange
Globaleventsseemunrelated.Untilthey
combinetoaffectsregionsandnations
---DemocratizationinMiddleEastand
NorthAfrica(Globalization,IT,OWs)
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Pa.enceandTheoriesStudyNotFutiledueto:
---Patience,perseverance(chroniclers,
clerks,historians)
---Toolsofclassificationandtheories
DevelopmentofIS/IRDiplomaticHistory(late19thearly20thcenturies)
Whodidwhattowhom(statesasmainactors,
majordiplomats;detailedaccounts;no
causalconnectionsnorcomprehensiveanalysis
StrategicandGeopoliticalAnalyses(early20thC)
Worldoceansarehighways;whoevercontrols
thehighwayscontrolsthecourseofIR
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SeaPowerorLandPower?SeaPowerconceptdevelopedbyUSAdmiralAlfredMahanbasedonhisanalysisoftheBritishRoyalNavy
Landpowerconcept(whoevercontrolscenterof
Eurasianlandorheartlandcontrolsworldpolitics)
LandpowerdevelopedbySirHalfordMackinder
basedonhisanalysisofseveralEuropeanwarsover
heartland
RootCausesofISProblemsSocioeconomicTheoriesLooksatwhattheyperceivedtobetherootcausesofproblemsofIS:warandpeace
Needofcapitalistsystemfornewmarkets,cheaplaborandresourcescausedimperialistwarsandconquest.Intraandinterimperialistwars.
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Fron.erThesisandImperialismExcesspopulationandunemploymentcaused
BritishandUSexpansion.Britishoverseas
coloniesandUSexpansiontothewest(FrederickTurner)
Profit-seekingnatureofcapitalismledtoimperialism
(VladimirLeninsImperialism--theHighestStageof
Imperialism)Imperialism=exploitationand
expansion
PostwarMethodsWWIyieldstoconcernsonhowbestto
1)preventanotherworldwar(idealism)
and,2)toassertandsetupnationalpower
(nationalsocialismorfascism)
Idealismbelievesmanwasbasicallygoodbut
corruptedbybadstructuresandinstitutions
LeagueofNationstopromoteunderstanding
andpeaceamongnations
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IdealismversusFascismFascismbelievesthatmightmakesright;mostpowerfulstatesrightfullydictatetoweakerstates
Advocatesthedetermined,disciplinedandrapidgrowthandenhancementofnational
power
NazisminGermanydeifieditsleaderforstrongunity
andglorifiedthemilitarytopromotediscipline/subservience
Realpoli.kandRealismWWIIledtomorepolicyorientedapproachesinIR
IdealismbelievedLeagueofNationsfailedbecause
itsidealswerenotuniversalizedandshortexistence
Realismpointstothenaivety/wrongpremisesof
idealism.Manisbothgoodandevilwithaninstinct
todominatethuswarisalwaysapossibility
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BalanceofPower=SecurityRealpolitikortheinstincttopromotenationalpowerleadstocollectivesecuritythroughbalanceofpower.
Howdoesbalanceofpoweroccur?Self-interestsofnationscompelthemtoalignagainstanystatethey
perceivedtoopowerful
Foreignpolicy,militarypowerandnationalismare
pivotalforeverynation-state.
SummaryMEANING
IRdefinitionvariesdependingononesperspectiveandtoolofanalysis
IRworkingdefinition:inter-staterelationswhichincludethenon-statefactorsandelementswhichinfluencethemoroperateoutsidethestatesystem
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ValueofIR
Ignoranceisneverablessingespeciallyintodays
interconnectedandinterdependentworld.
One
sjob,health,securityandenvironmentisaffectedbychoices,actionsanddecisionsinand
outsidehiscommunity/country
VariedActors/Theories
Intellectuallychallengingifonlyformultiplicityof
actors,interestsandoutcomesofvariedinteractions
StudyofIRisdauntingbutnotfutileduetohuman
resolve,patienceanddevelopmentofdifferenttools
ofanalysisandtheoriestodescribeandexplainIR
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IRDevelopment
PrewarApproaches
Diplomatichistory,strategicgeopoliticalanalyses
PostwarApproaches
Socioeconomictheories,liberalismandrealism