-
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a
practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure
access to information under the control of public authorities, in
order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of
every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the
Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public,
particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the
pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety
standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of
this information in an accurate manner to the public.
इंटरनेट मानक
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru
“Step Out From the Old to the New”
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti
Sangathan
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता
है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
है”ह”ह
IS 15264 (2002): Geometrical Product Specification (GPS)
-Surface Imperfections - Terms, Definitions and Parameters[PGD 25:
Engineering Metrology]
-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
...-
—
Indian Standard
GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION(GPS)– SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS
—
TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND PARAMETERS
ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.20
0 61S 2002
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR
MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
November 2002 Price Group 5
-
Engineering Metrology Sectional Committee, BP 25—
NATIONAL FOREWORD
This Indian Standard which is identical with ISO 8785 : 1998
‘Geometrical product specification( GPS ) — Surface imperfections —
Terms, definitions and parameters’ issued by the
InternationalOrganization for Standardization ( ISO ) was adopted
by the Bureau of Indian Standards on therecommendation of the
Engineering Metrology Sectional Committee and approval of the Basic
andProduction Engineering Division Council.
The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for
publication as an Indian Standard withoutdeviations. In the adopted
standard, certain conventions are, however, not identical to those
used inIndian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the
following:
a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring
to this standard, they should beread as ‘Indian Standard’.
b) Comma ( , ) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian
Standards, the current practiceis to use a point ( . ) as the
decimal marker.
Additional Information — This standard is the national adoption
of JSO 8785:1998, as such only theEnglish text has been reproduced.
If the French text is required reference should be made to the
originalISO publication.
-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
Indian Standard
GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION(GPS)– SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS
–
TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND PARAMETERS
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms relatingto surface
imperfections in order to establish acommon vocabulary to be used
in technicaldocuments, technical drawings, scientificpublications,
etc. to specify to what extent surfaceimperfections are allowed and
to aid in thespecification of methods of measuring
surfaceimperfections.
The surface imperfections defined in thisInternational Standard
are not related to surfaceroughness’) or surface waviness.
It does not specify the desirability or undesirabilityof surface
imperfections, which depend on theapplication or function of the
surface.
For specific applications and manufacturingprocesses, additional
terms and definitions maybe necessary. Such terms and definitions
willbe specified in relevant International Standards.
Some types of specific surface imperfectionsare defined in other
International Standards aswell.
2 General
2.1reference surfacesurface, having the form of a geometrical
surface,from which the parameters of surface imperfectionsare
assessed
NOTES
1 The reference surface passes through the highest peakof the
real surface excluding the imperfections, and isequidistant from
the mean surface determined by theleast-squares method.
2 The reference surtace is determined over a specifiedsurface
area, or over a limited part of the surface arearelated to the size
( dimensions) of a single imperfection,the size of the area being
sufficient to assess theimperfection while suppressing the
influence of formdeviation on the assessment.
3 The reference surface coincides in practice with thesurface of
the area adjacent to the imperfection.
1)See for example ISO 4287.
2.2surface imperfection evaluation areaAportion of the real
sufface of the whole real surfaceof a workpiece on which surface
imperfectionsare specified and inspected
2.3surface texturerepetitive or random deviations from
thegeometrical surface which form the three-dimensional topography
of the suriace
NOTE — Surface texture includes roughness, waviness,lay,
imperfections and form deviations over a limitedsurface area.
2.4surface imperfectionSiMelement, irregularity or group of
elements andirregularities of the real surface unintentionallyor
accidentally caused during manufacture,storage or use of the
surface
NOTES
1 It is recommended not to use the term “surface defect”for the
meaning defined here (see definition of “defect”inISO 8402).
2 Suchtypesofelements or irregularitiesdlfferconaiderebiyfrom
those constituting a rough surface.
3 The presence of imperfection on the real surface doasnot
necessarily mean that the given surface is unsuitablefor use. The
acceptability of an imperfection is dependentonthe applicationor
functionof the sutface and is specifiedinappropriateterms,e.g.
length,depth,width,height,numberper unit area, etc.
3 Characteristics and parametersof surface imperfections
NOTE — The maximum value of parameters
andcharacteristicsofsurfaceimperfectionsallowedon a surfaceis that
value applied for specification, i.e. the limit beyondwhichthe
componentcontainingthe imperfectionis rejected.
EXAMPLES
SIMn = 60
1
-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
where SIMOis the surface imperfection number as definedin
3.7
SIMn/A = 60/1 m-2
SIMn/A = 10/50 mm-2
where,4 is the surface imperfection evaluation area asdefined in
2.2
3.1surface imperfection lengthSIMegreatest dimension of the
surface imperfection,measured parallel to the reference surface
3.2surface imperfection widthSIMWgreatest dimension of the
surface imperfection,measured normal to the surface imperfection
lengthand parallel to the reference surface
3.3single surface imperfection depthSIM~~greatest depth of the
surface imperfection,measured from and perpendicular to the
referencesutiace
3.3.1combined surface imperfection depthSIMCddistance between
the reference surface and thelowermost point of the surface
imperfection,measured from and perpendicular to the
referencesurface
3.4single surface imperfection heightSIM~~greatest height of the
surface imperfection,measured from and perpendicular to the
referencesurface
3.4.1combined surface imperfection heightSIMC~distance between
the reference surface and theuppermost point of the surface
imperfection,measured from and perpendicular to the
referencesurface
3.5surface imperfection areaSIM,area of a single surface
imperfection projectedonto the reference surface
3.6total surface imperfection areaSIMtarea equal to the sum of
the individual surfaceimperfection areas, within the agreed limits
ofdiscrimination
NOTES
1 The total surface imperfections area is calculated as:
SIM, =SIMal +SlMa2 + ... + SIM,n
2 When specifying the agreed limits of discrimination,
thedimensional criterion that should be used is the
minimumdimensionofsutface imperfectioncharacteristicbelowwhichthe
surface imperfection is neglected when determiningthe SIMn and SIM,
values.
3.7surface imperfection numberSIMnnumber of surface
imperfections on the total realsurface, within the agreed limits of
discrimination
3.8number of surface imperfections per unit
areaSIMn/Anumber of surface imperfections on the
specifiedsurface imperfection evaluation area A
4 Specific types of surfaceimperfections
4.1recessioninwardly directed surface imperfection
4.1.1groovesurface imperfection which is a longitudinalrecession
with a rounded or flat bottom
See figure 1.
Figure 1
2
-
----
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
4.1.2 4.1.5scratch blowholesurface imperfection which is a
recession of surface imperfection in the form of a singleirregular
shape and unspecified direction recession resulting from the loss
of foreign
particles, from etching or from the effect of gasSee figure
2.
See figure 5.
Figure 2Figure 5
4.1.3crack 4.1.6linear recession with a sharp bottom resulting
shrinkage holefrom a disturbance of the integrity of the surface,
recession caused by shrinkage duringand of the parent material of
the workpiece solidification of a casting, a weld, etc.
See figure 3. See figure 6.
Figure 3 Figure 6
4.1.4 4.1.7pore fissurecavity of very small size with steeply
sloping chinkwalls and, normally, sharp edges, where the upper
creviceedges of the cavity are not higher than the sharp,
cleft-like, irregular opening of small depthtangential reference
surface
See figure 7.See figure 4.
—
Figure 4
3
Figure 7
-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
4.1.8waneimperfection in the form of a rounded-off part atthe
intersection of two workpiece surfaces
See figure 8.
Figure 8
4.1.9(concave) bucklerecession on the surface of sheet material
causedby local bending
See figure 9.
Figure 9
4.1.10denthollow with no raised portion, often caused byplastic
deformation resulting from an impressionor blow
See figure 10.
4.2raisingoutwardly directed surface imperfection
4.2.1watiridge-like or hill-like elevation of small size
andlimited height
See figure 11.
Figure 11
4.2.2blisterlocal convexity caused by a subsurface inclusionof
gas or liquid
See figure 12.
Figure 12
4.2.3(convex) buckleraising on the surface of sheet material
causedby local bending
See figure 13.
—
Figure 10 Figure 13
4
-
4.2.4scaleflake-like, partially, detached raising of
smallthickness, resulting from flaking of the surfacelayer, which
is of a different composition thanthe parent material
See figure 14.
Figure 14
4.2.5inclusionparticle of foreignworkpiece material
See figure 15.
material embedded in the
Figure 15
4.2.6burrraised sharp edge, frequently with a wane onthe
opposite side
See figure 16.
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
4.2.7flashridge of workpiec.e material either expelled fromthe
gap between mould parts or die parts whenforming (die casting,
forging, etc.) or formed
perpendicular to the direction of pressure whenresistance
welding two suflaces (upset welding,flash welding, etc.)
See figure 17.
Figure 17
4.2.8depositsbuild-up on a workpiece either of foreign
materialor of material from another workpiece
See figure 18.
Figure 18
4.3combined surface imperfectionpartially inwardly and partially
outwardly directedsurface imperfection
4.3.1craterhollow with a circular contour and raised
edgesresembling the mouth of a volcano; the edgesare higher than
the reference surfacecf. dent (4.1.1 O)
See figure 19.
Figure 16 Figure 19.
5
-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
—4.3.2laptonque-like raising of smd{thickness, often inthe form
of a seam, caused by folding over ofmaterial and forcing it into
the surface whenrolling, forging, etc.
See figure 20.
Figure 20
4.3.3scoringimperfection in the form of successive recessionsand
raisings caused by the expulsion of workpiecematerial owing to the
movement of a foreign body
See figure 21.
Figure 21
4.3.4chip restband-like raisings resulting from poor chip
removal
See figure 22.
Figure 22
4.4area imperfectionsappearance imperfectionsscattered
imperfections inthe outermostsurfacelayer, often without sharp
contours and oftenwithout practicably measurable depth or
height
4.4.1skiddingsurface damage of, for example, ball
bearings,rollers and races of bearings, of silvery
frostedappearance, which occurs on discrete areas ofthe surface and
is caused by intermittentoverloading
See figure 23.
Figure 23
4.4.2erosionsurface damage due to the physical destructionor
wear of the surface
See figure 24.
Figure 24
4.4.3corrosionsurface damage due to the chemical destructionof
the surface
See figure 25.
Figure 25
6
-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
4.4.4pittingimperfection in the form of pits and small
holes,often of large depth, dispersed over a large areaof the
surface
See figure 26.
Figure 26
4.4.5crazingimperfections in the form of a network of crackson a
surface
See figure 27.
4.4.7discolorationdiscolored area on a surface
See figure 29.
Figure 29
4.4.8streakband-like recessed area generallyof smalldepth,or
area having a different surface texture
See figure 30.
Figure 27Figure 30
4.4.94.4.6 cleavagespot flakingpatch imperfection resulting from
partial separation ofarea which differs visually from the adjacent
a portion of the workpiece surface layersurface
See figure 31.See figure 28.
Figure 28 Figure 31
-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
Annex A
(informative)
Relation to the GPS matrix model
For full details about the GPS matrix,model, seelSO/TR
14638.
A.1 Information about the standardand its use
This International Standard on surfaceimperfections covers
definitions of parametersand definitions of specific types of
surfaceimperfections. It should be completed by standardscovering
chain links 3 to 6 in order to allow anunambiguous
understanding.
A.2 Position in the GPS matrix model
This International Standard is a general GPSstandard, which
influences chain link number 1and 2 of the chain of standards on
surfaceimperfections in the general GPS matrix, asgraphically
illustrated in figure A.1.
A.3 Related standards
The related International Standards are those ofthe chains of
standards indicated in figure A.1.
FundamentalGPS
standards
Global GPS atandarda
f !General GPS matrix
Chain link number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Size
Distance
Radius
Angle
Form of line independent of datum
Form of line dependent on datum
Form of surface independent of datum
Form of surface dependent on datum
Orientation
Location
Circular run-out
Total run-out
Datums
Roughness profile
Waviness profile
Primary profile
Surface imperfections... ,..:.,.,.... .............,.,.,.,.,.,.,
,...,,,,,..,, ,,. ..
Edges
—..
Figure A.1
8
-
..-
IS 15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Annex B
(informative)
Bibliography
1S04287 : 1997, Geornetrica/ productspecifications (GPS) —
Surface texture :Profi/e method — Terms, definitions andsurface
texture parameters.
ISO 6157-1 : 1988, Fasteners — Surfacediscontinuities — Part 1:
Bolts, screws, andstuds for genera/ requirements.
ISO 6157-3 :.1988, Fasteners — Surfacediscontinuities — Part 3:
Bo/ts, screws, andstuds for special requirements.
ISO 6520-1 —2), Welding and alliedprocesses — Part 1 :
Classification ofimperfections in meta//ic fusion welds.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
ISO 6601 : 1987, P/astics — Friction andwear by sliding —
Identification of testparameters.
ISO 8402:1994, Qua/ity management andquality assurance —
Vocabulary
ISO 10110-7 : 1996, Optics and optics/instruments — Preparation
of dra wings foroptical elements and systems — Part 7:Surface
imperfection tolerances.
lSO/TR 14638:1995, Geometric/productspecifications (GPS) —
Masterplan.
2, To be published. (Revision of ISO 6520: 1982)
9
-
1S15264:2002ISO 8785:1998
Alphabetical index
A I
area and appearance imperfections 4.4 imperfection, surface
2.4inclusion 4,2.5
BL
blister 4.2.2blowhole 4.1.5buckle, concave 4.1,9buckle, convex
4.2.3burr 4.2.6
c
chink 4.1.7chip rest 4.3.4
cleavage 4.4.9
combined surface imperfection 4.3
combined surface imperfection depth 3.3.1
combined surface imperfection height 3.4.1
(concave) buckle 4.1.9
(convex) buckle 4.2.3
corrosion 4.4.3
crack 4.1.3
crazing 4.4.5
crater 4.3.1
crevice 4.1.7
dent 4.1,10
deposits 4.2.8
discoloration 4.4.7
erosion 4.4.2
fissure 4.1.7
flaking 4.4.9
flash 4.2.7 ‘
groove 4.1.1
D
E
F
G
lap 4.3,2
N
number of surface imperfections per unit area 3.8
P
patch 4.4.6
pitting 4.4.4
pore 4.1.4
R
raising 4.2
recession 4.1
reference surface 2.1
s
scale 4.2.4
scoring 4.3,3
scratch 4.1.2
shrinkage hole 4.1,6single surface imperfection depth 3.3
single surface imperfection height 3.4
skidding 4.4.1
spot 4.4.6
streak 4.4.8
surface imperfection 2.4
surface imperfection evaluation area 2.2
surface imperfection length 3.1
surface imperfection number 3.7
surface imperfection width 3.2
surface texture 2,3
T.
total surface imperfection area 3.6
w
wane 4.1.8
wart 4,2.1
10
-
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of
Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promoteharmonious development of the
activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of
goods andattending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these
publications maybe reproduced in any form withoutthe prior
permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use,
in the course of implementing thestandard, of necessary details,
such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries
relating tocopyright be addressed to the Director (Publications),
EHS.
@
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the
basis of comments. Standards are also reviewedperiodically; a
standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review
indicates that no changes areneeded; if the review indicates that
changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian
Standardsshould ascertain that they are in possession of the latest
amendments or edition by referring to the latest issueof ‘BIS
Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. BP 25 (
0106 ), ‘
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telegrams: ManaksansthaTelephones: 3230131,3233375,3239402 ( Common
to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central: Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
{3237617
NEW DELHI 110002 3233841
Eastern: 1/14 C. 1.T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road,
Kankurgachi{
3378499,3378561KOLKATA 700054 3378626,3379120
Northern: SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022
{603843602025
Southern: C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113
{2541216,25414422542519,2541315
Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East){
8329295,832785i3MUMBA1400 093 8327891,8327892
Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.
COIMBATORE.FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR.
KANPUR.LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. NALAGARH. PATNA. PUNE. RAJKOT.
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
Printed at New India Printing Press, Khurja, Indin