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Page 1415 Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents using Novel
Biodegradable Polymeric Flocculants based on Anionic
Polysaccharides: a New Way to Treat the Waste Water Shashi
Kumar1,*, Tamoghna Saha2, Sachin Sharma3 1M.Tech , Department of
Chemical Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad-826004,
Jharkhand, India. 2M.Tech, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines Dhanbad-826004 Jharkhand, India. 3M.Tech ,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian School of Mines
Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------AbstractWastewater
and industrial effluent treatment requireremoval
ofsuspendedsolidsforpurificationandpossiblere-usage.
Despitetheimpactoftheindustryontheenvironment,the
worldofpulpandpaperindustrycontinuestoexpandat
alarmingratesandsomoreandmorepapermillsare
boomingupinthenewlyindustrializedcountries.Pulpand
papermillproduceslargenumberofhighlyheterogeneous
wastewaterscontainingsulphurbasedcompounds,nitrogen oxide,
chlorinated based and manyother toxicpollutants. All
theseleadtoveryhighchemicaloxygendemand(COD)
valuesofeffluentwater.Althoughtherearemanycheapest processes
available for treatment of various organic effluents,
butpresentneedistouseaprocesswhichisefficientin reducing pollution
and also eco- friendly. Available industrial
wastetreatmentprocessesareexpensiveandposeamajor
threattotheenvironment.Severalmethodshavebeen attempted by various
researchers throughout the world for the
reductioninCODofpulpandpapermilleffluents.Sothis paper is a
comprehensive review of various literature sources
foradaptationinpollutantsandchemicaloxygendemandby
biodegradableanionicpolymers.Theseanionicpolymersare
morefrequentlyemployedinindustrialwaterclarification
plantsbecauseofimprovedflocculation.Alsotheyfrequently
permitappreciabledosagereductioninprimarycoagulants.
Theyareexposedtoagreaternumberofseparateparticles
whenaddedtothewaterbecauseoftheirstrongbridging
action.Hencethispapercomprisesthepotentialofvarious
biodegradableanionicpolymersinpurifyingtheeffluent
waterandtoreducethedoseofCODandbiologicaloxygen demand (BOD). Key
Words: Biodegradable, Anionic polysaccharides, Flocculants,
Polymer, Pulp, Paper, Effluent, Environment, Pollutants,
Coagulants. [1] Introduction
Thepulpandpaperindustryhasbeenfacingmore
stringentlimitationsonitsdischargesduringthe last few decades and
the same trend will continue in the future. Pulp and paper mill is
a major industrial sectorutilizingahugeamountoflignocellulogic
materialsandwaterduringthemanufacturing
processandreleasechlorinatedlignosulphonic
acids,chlorinatedresinacids,chlorinatedphenols and chlorinated
hydrocarbon in the effluent [1].
Thehighlytoxicandrecalcitrantcompounds,
dibenzo-p-dioxinanddibenzofuranareformed
unintentionallyintheeffluentofpulpandpaper
mill[2,3].Theuntreatedeffluentsfrompulpand
papermillsthataredischargedintowaterbodies,
damagesthewaterquality.Theundilutedeffluents are toxic for aquatic
organisms and exhibit a strong
mutageniceffect.Inspiteofthemajorprocess
investmentsinenvironmentalprotection,the
supplementarytreatmentofwastewaterwill
becomeever-moreimportantinthefuturedueto
thelargequantitiesofwastewaterthatare generated. The
de-colorization of effluents, at least,
shouldbeperformed.Conventionalbiological
treatmentprocesseshavelittleornoeffecton
wastewaterde-colorization.Thebrownishcoloris
mainlyduetoligninanditsderivateswhichare
difficulttodegradenaturally.Biologicaltreatment
removesmostofthewoodextractivesandthe
effluentishighlydilutedinthereceivingwater system. However, wood
extractives (e.g. resin acids
andsterols)cangettransformedtoothertoxic
compoundsduringbiologicaltreatment.
Furthermore,thereisnoguaranteethatbiological International Research
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treatmentwillalwaysworkproperlyandserious
toxicitybreakthroughsmayoccasionallyoccur.
However,thebiologicalcolorremovalprocessis particularly attractive
since in addition to color and COD,italsoreducesBODandlowmolecular
weightchloro-lignins[4,5].Intensivewater recirculation in pulp
mills leads to an accumulation
ofwoodextractivesinthewatercycles,aswellas
otherharmfulsubstancessuchasnon-process
elements.Non-processelements,whichare
unintendedcomponentsofthepulpingand
bleachingchemicals,entertheprocessastrace
elementsinwoodandimpuritiesinprocess
chemicalsandrawwater.Amongotherthings,
theseelementscausecorrosion(mainlyChlorine),
depositsonequipment(Aluminum,Barium,
Calcium,andSilicon)increasetheconsumptionof bleaching chemicals
(Manganese, Iron and Copper) andhaveanegativeimpactontheenvironment
(Nitrogen, Phosphorus and heavy metals) [6,7].The
principleofbiodegradationtechnologiesisan optimization of nutrient
ratios and an application of
suitablyselectedisolatedmicroorganismstrains with relevant
degradation abilities [8]. Although the
physicalandchemicalmethodsareonthetrackof
treatment,theyarenotonparwithbiological
treatmentbecauseofcostineffectivenessand
residualeffects.Thebiologicaltreatmentisknown
tobeeffectiveinreducingtheorganicloadand
toxiceffectsofkraftsmilleffluents[9].The
microorganismtreatstheeffluentsmainlybytwo
process;actionofenzymesandbiosorption[10].
Thevariousenzymesinvolvedinthetreatmentof
pulpandpapermilleffluentareligninperoxidase,
manganeseperoxidaseandlaccase[11].
Microorganismsshowinggoodproductionofthese enzymes have the potency
to treat the effluent. The
efficientremovaloftoxicsubstancesfromprocess
waterswillmakeitpossibletoclosethewater
circuits.Thissupplementarytreatmentof
wastewaterwould,inturnlowertheamountof
detrimentalcompoundsandtheiraccesstothe
watersystem.Pre-treatmentbeforebiological
wastewatertreatmentcouldhaveapositiveimpact
ontheperformanceofthebiological process.Effluent disposal is a
major problem around theworld.Growingalongwiththepopulation
growth,industriescreateenvironmentalproblems and health hazards for
the population. The effluents arehighlyundesirableandunsafetouse.
Wastewatercontainssolidparticleswithawide
varietyofshapes,sizes,densitiesandcomposition.
Specificpropertiesoftheseparticlesaffecttheir
behaviourinliquidphasesandthustheremoval
capabilities.Manychemicalandmicrobiological
contaminantsfoundinwastewaterareadsorbedon
orincorporatedinthesolidparticlesandisthus
essentialforpurificationandrecyclingofboth
wastewaterandindustrialeffluentsistheremoval
ofsolidparticles.Henceenvironmentalconcerns and progressing
depletion of raw material resources
behovescientistsandengineerstodevelop
materialsfromrenewableagriculturalandplant
resourcestolowertheextentofenvironmental
pollution.Thesepolymericmaterialsalreadyplay
animportantroleasalternativestofossilraw materials due to both
their non-toxic nature and the constantly rising global demand for
energy and raw materials. Depending upon the source these contain
variousimpuritiesandalsoexhibitavarietyof molecular
characteristics. However, by purification,
graftingandanionization,usefulproductscanbe
madeusableasflocculating,dragreducingand
viscosityenhancing[12].Alsocomprehensiveand
appropriateinformationaboutthecharacteristicsof
effluentisessentialforoptimizingexisting
treatmentmethodsandfordevelopingnewones.
Hencewediscussbiodegradableanionicbased
polymerssincetheyprovidebothstabilityand
bridgingactionandanionicpolymersareperhaps the most reliable
coagulant aids inasmuch as drastic
overdoseshavelittleornoeffectonzetapotential. However, over
treatment is still possible since good International Research
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not occur if more than 50% of the particle surface is covered by
polymer. [2] Pulp and Paper
MillThepulpandpaperindustriesusethreetypesof
rawmaterialsnamelyhardwood,softwood,and
non-woodfibersources(straw,bagasse,bamboo,
kenaf,andsoon).Hardwoods(oaks,maples,and
birches)arederivedfromdeciduoustrees.Soft
woods(spruces,firs,hemlocks,pines,cedar)are
obtainedfromevergreenconiferoustrees.Inthe pulp mills the potential
of the pulp is muchgreater thanthepapermakingunits.Theutilizationof
plant fiber for paper production is one of the oldest
manufacturingindustriesandisbuiltuponage-old
technologies.Itwasnotuntilthisbecame mechanized and the scale of
production escalated in theearlypartoflastcenturyandmanyoftodays
environmentalproblemsassociatedwiththepulp
andpaperindustryemerged.Forexample,inthe industrial manufacture of
paper from wood fiber, it wasknownthatnaturalcompoundswerereleased
duringprocessingthatcausedharmtotheaquatic
population[12].Pulpandpaperaremanufactured
fromrawmaterialscontainingcellulosefibers,
generallywood,recycledpaperandagricultural
residues.Indevelopingcountries,about60%of
cellulosefibersoriginatefromnon-woodraw materials such as bagasse
(sugar cane fibers), cereal
straw,bamboo,reeds,espartograss,jute,flaxand
sisal.InWorldBankstudies[13],pulpandpaper
manufacturingunitshaveproductioncapacities
greaterthan100metrictonsperday.Asperthe
MinistryofEnvironmentandForest(MoEF), Government of India, the pulp
and paper sector is in the Red Category list of 17 industries
having a high pollutingpotential.Pulpandpaperproductionisa major
industry in India with a total capacity of over
3milliontonsperannum[14].Thepulpandpaper
industryusuallyproducehighvolumeofwaste
amountingto225to320m3/tonsofthepaper
produced.Thepulpandpaperwastehavehigh
colorwithhighCODmainlybecauseoflignin
derivativesderivedfromcellulosicrawmaterial.
Ligninisnoteasilydegradedbymicroorganisms;
hencetheBODremainsmuchlowerthanCOD
values.ThepHofwasteremainsinthealkaline
rangewithhighamountoftotalsuspendedsolids.
Thepaperandpulpindustrialprocedureflowchart was given in Figure-1.
[3] Waste source and characterization
Pulpandpapermillsarecategorizedasacore
sectorindustryandarethefifthlargestcontributor
toindustrialwaterpollution.Pulpandpaper
industryisoneofthemostwaterandenergy
consumingindustryintheworld.Itusesthefifth
largestenergyconsumerprocesses,approximately
4%oftotalenergythatisusedworldwide.Also during pulp and paper
process, important amount of
wasteisproduced.Ithasbeenestimatedthat500
milliontonsofpaperandetc.peryearwillbe
producedin2020.Wasteandwastewatersare
generatedfrombothofpulpandbleaching
processes.Additionally,100millionkgoftoxic pollutants are released
every year from this industry [15]. [4] Composition of spent
pulping liquorsAgro-residuemillstypicallyemployasodaor alkaline
sulfite pulping. Typical composition of the
spentliquorsgeneratedfromthesmall-scaleagro-residueutilizingpulpandpapermillsareshownin
Table-1.Itisevidentfromthetablethat4550% of the total solids were
represented by lignin. Most
oftheligninpresentintheblackliquorwashigh molecular weight
fraction, a key factor contributing to low BOD/COD ratio.
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Page 1418 [5] Pulp bleaching process
About510%oftheoriginallignincannotbe
removedfromthepulpwithoutsubstantialdamage
tothecellulosicfraction.Removaloftheresidual
ligninwhichareresponsibleforimpartingdark
colortothepulpandtheproductionofwhitepulp,
requiresaseriesofstepsemployingbleaching
chemicals.Pulpbleachingisnormally
accomplishedbysequentialtreatmentswith
elementalchlorine,alkali,chlorinedioxide,and
alkaliandchlorinedioxide.Thestagechlorination (C) consists of
charging slurry of the pulp (at 34% consistency) with elemental
chlorine (6070 kg/ton ofpulp)at153080CatpH1.52.0[16].The
largestquantityofpulpisdissolvedduringthe Chlorine and alkali
stages. Alternate pulp bleaching
techniquessuchastheelementalchlorinefree
(ECF),totalchlorinefree(TCF).Compounds
responsibleforimpartingtoxicitytothespent
bleacheffluentsoriginateduringthechlorination
(C)stageandcausticextraction(E)stages.The
majorclassesoftoxiccompoundsareresinacids,
fattyacids,andadsorbableorganichalide(AOX).
Fattyandresinacidsinbleachliquorsoften
originatefromthewashingofunbleachedpulps.
Adsorbableorganichalidesaretheproductsof lignin degradation formed
exclusively during theC stageofpulpbleachingandgetdissolvedintothe
bleachingliquorsduringtheEstage.About13%
oftheAOXfractionisextractableintonon-polar organic solvents and is
referred to as extractable Table -1: Characteristics of
Agro-Residue Based Spent Black Liquors. fraction posesgreater
environmental risks than the remaining99%oftheAOXandcomprises
compoundsthatarelipophilicwiththeabilityto
penetratecellmembranesandpotentialto
bioaccumulateinthefattytissuesofhigher organisms. [6]
Characteristics of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
Thepulpandpaperindustryproduceseffluents
withlargeBODsandCODs.Oneofthespecific
problemsthathaveyetnotbeensolvedproperlyis the strong black brown
colour of the effluent, which
isprimarilyduetoligninanditsderivatives
releasedfromthesubstrateanddischargedinthe
effluents,mainlyfrompulping,bleachingand
chemicalrecoverystages.Thebrowncolourofthe
effluentmayincreasewatertemperatureand decrease photosynthesis,
both of which may lead to
decreasedconcentrationofdissolvedoxygen[17]. The generation of
waste water and characteristics of pulp and paper mill effluent
depends upon the type International Research Journal of Engineering
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extent of reuse of water employed in plant. Effluents depend
upontypeofmanufacturingprocessadoptedand
theextentofreuseofwateremployedinplant.
EffluentofKraftpulpingishighlypollutedand
characterizedbyparametersuniquetosuchwastes
suchascolour,AOXandrelatedorganic
compound.Thealkalineextractionstageofbleach
planteffluentisthemajorsourceofcolourandis
mainlyduetoligninandderivativesoflignin[18].
Ligninwastewaterisdischargedfromthepulping, bleaching and chemical
recovery sections. Lignin is
aheterogeneous,threedimensionalpolymer,
composedofoxyphenylpropanoidunits.Thehigh chlorine content of
bleached plant reacts with lignin and its derivatives formed to
form highly toxic and recalcitrant compounds and are responsible
for high biologicalandchemicaloxygendemand.
Trichlorophenol,trichloroguicol,tetrachloroguicol,
dichlorophenol,dichoroguicoland
pentachlorophenolaremajorcontaminatesformed in the effluent of pulp
and paper mill [19]. Thepollutantsatvariousstagesofthepulpingand
papermakingprocessarepresentedinFigure 2[20]. International
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-0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN:
2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1420 Figure-1:
Pulp and paper industrial procedure flow chart. Wood, Recycle Paper
Cotton, Bagasse Digestion for pulping Pulp Separation Pulp Washing
and Dewatering Bleaching of pulp by Chlorine, caustic, hypochlorite
Stock Proportion Paper Machine Wire & Press Part Dryers Paper
Black Liquor Lignin Brown stock + chemicals Brown stock White Water
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Page 1421 Owingtoitsseriouspollutionthreat,itis
mandatoryforpulpandpapermillstotake
appropriatemeasurestocomplywiththedischarge
standardssetbytheCentralPollutionControl
Board(CPCB)[21],whichisthenationalagency
responsibleforenvironmentalcompliance.The
minimumnationalstandardsforpulpandpaper
millswastewaterdischargeaccordingtoCBCPare shown in Table-2. Table:
2. Minimum national Standards for pulp and paper mills wastewater
discharge (CPCB, 2000) PARAMETER LARGE PAPER MILLS SMALL PAPER
MILLS pH6.5-8.55.5-9.0 Suspended Solids (mg/l)100100 BOD AT
270C(mg/l)30Inland: 30 Land: 100 COD (mg/l) 350 - Total Organic
Chlorine (TOCL)2.0- (kg/ton paper 1992 onwards) Sodium Absorption
Ratio (SAR)-26
[7] Treatment of pulp and paper wastewater
Pulpandpapereffluentscontainanumberof
compoundswhichareharmfulinreceivingalters
andareinhibitoryorrecalcitranttobiological
treatment.Commonlyusedphysicalandchemical
treatmentmethodsareelectrocoagulation[22],
ultrasound[23],reverseosmosis[24],photo catalytic systems using
titanium dioxide (TiO2) and
zincoxide(ZnO)underUV/solarirradiation[25],
hydrogenperoxide,Fentonsreagent(H2O2/Fe2+),
UV,UV/H2O2,photo-Fenton(UV/H2O2/Fe2+), International Research
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peroxon (ozone/ H2O2) [24].Some of
thesestudieshaveoptimizedtheoperating conditions for effluent
treatment [26-27]. TheFigure-2.showingdifferenttechniquesusedinthe
treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents.
biologicaltreatmentstudieshavealsoconfined
themselvestotheevaluationofmicroorganism,
basicmechanismbehindtreatmentandchangesin the effluent after
treatment. Not even a single study has optimized the process of
effluent treatment. The conventional treatment processes like
chemical pre-treatment,lagooning,andactivatedsludgeprocess
(ASP)arenotadequatetomeettheregulatory effluent standards for being
discharged into sewers. Therefore,thepulpandpaperindustryhastouse
tertiarypolishingstagetomeettheeffluent
dischargestandards.Theanionicpolymers
techniqueusestheactionofbridgingaction.This
treatmentwillmakethesecondarytreatmentcost
effectiveaswellasefficientintheremovalof
residualtoxicorganiccompoundsandcolour.
Whenanionicbiodegradablepolymersareusedas
coagulantaidswithinorganiccoagulants,dosages
intherangeof0.1to0.5ppmaremostfrequently
employed.Dosagesfrom0.1to0.2areusually
sufficientformostwaters.Likemostcoagulant
aids,thesepolymersareusuallymosteffective
whenfedshortlyaftertheprimarycoagulantorat
thepointofinitialfloccformation[41].Different
techniquesusedinthetreatmentofpulpandpaper mill effluents are shown
in the Figure-2. International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET)e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 04 |
July-2015 www.irjet.netp-ISSN: 2395-0072 2015, IRJET.NET- All
Rights Reserved Page 1423 [8] Bridging mechanism
Longchainpolymers[42,43]whenaddedinsmall dosage to a suspension of
colloidalparticles, adsorbonto them in such a manner that an
individual chain canbecomeattachedtotwoormoreparticlesthus
Bridging[42]themtogether.Interestinglythis phenomenon is observed
up to a particular optimum polymerdosagebeyondwhichflocculation
diminishes,knownasStericstabilization.The
essentialrequirementsforpolymerbridgingarethat
thereshouldbesufficientunoccupiedparticle
surfaceforattachmentofpolymersegmentsfrom
chainsattachedtootherparticlesandthepolymer
bridgesshouldbeofsuchanextentthattheyspan
thedistanceoverwhichinter-particlerepulsion
prevails.Thusatlowerdosages,thereisinsufficient polymer to form
adequate bridging links between the
particles.Withexcesspolymer,thereisnolonger
enoughbareparticlesurfaceavailablefor
attachmentofsegmentsandtheparticlesbecome
destabilized,whichmayalsoinvolvesomesteric
repulsion.Onaverage,bridgingflocculationgives
aggregates(flocs)whicharemuchstrongerthan
thoseproducedbytheadditionofsalts(i.e.,by
reductioninelectricalrepulsion).However,such stronger floccs
produced by the bridging mechanism [28] may not reform once broken
at high shear rates. The schematic illustration of Bridging action
(a) and re-stabilization by adsorbed polymers (b) is shown in the
Figure-3. [9] Environmental Impact of Paper and Pulp Mills
Theenvironmentalimpactofpaperandpulpmills
isofparticularconcernsincetheseunitsgenerate 150-200 m3
effluent/ton paper with a high pollution
loadingof90-240kgsuspendedsolids/tonpaper,
85-370kgbiochemicaloxygendemand(BOD)/ton
paperand500-1100kgchemicaloxygendemand
(COD)/tonpaper[29].Apartfromthepollution,
thereisagrowingwaterscarcityanddeterioration in water quality in
many parts of India [30]. ]. Thus,
inthecontextofreducedfreshwateravailability,
decliningwaterqualityandenvironmentpollution
frominadequatelytreatedeffluent,thereisan urgent need for efficient
water management in pulp andpapermills.About500differentchlorinated
organiccompoundshavebeenidentifiedinpaper
milleffluents[31].Thehighchemicaldiversityof
thesepollutantscausesavarietyofclastogenic,
carcinogenic,endocrinicandmutageniceffectson
fishesandotheraquaticcommunitiesinrecipient water bodies [32-33].
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Page 1424 Figure-3. Schematic illustration of bridging action (a)
and re-stabilization by adsorbed polymers (b). [10] Future Prospect
and Affects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents Various studies have
reported detrimental effects of
pulpandpapermilleffluentonanimalslivingin
waterbodiesreceivingtheeffluent.Theeffectsare
informofrespiratorystress,liverdamageand
geno-toxicity[34-36].Astudyreportedhealth
impactssuchasvomiting,headaches,nauseaand diarrhoea and eye
irritation on children and workers due to the pulp and paper mill
wastewater discharge totheenvironment[37].Theeffluenthashigh
chemicaldiversityoforganicchemicalspresentin
it.Manyofthemarecarcinogenic,mutagenicand
endocrinicdisrupters.Exposuretotheeffluent
adverselyaffectsdiversityandabundanceof
phytoplankton,zooplanktonandzoobenthos,
disruptingbenthicalgalandinvertebrate communities [35]. Therefore
it is obligatory to treat the effluent before disposal.
[11]Polymercoagulantsoverphysio-chemical and cationic coagulants
The main aim of this study is demonstrating the use
ofanionicpolymers(Starch,Carboxymethyl-chitin
(Chitosan),Cellulosegumetc.)asabio-coagulant for uptake of chemical
coagulant for paper and pulp
effluent.Chemicalcoagulantshavethedemeritsto
producechemicalsludgeandnonbiodegradable,
whereasStarch,Carboxymethyl-chitin(Chitosan),
Cellulosegum,Chitosanarebiodegradableandthe
sludgeproducedisalsobiodegradableandeco-friendly.Theoveralltreatmentcostofeffluent
watervaries,dependingontheprocessemployed
andthelocalconditions.Ingeneral,thetechnical
applicability,plantsimplicity,readyavailability
andinexpensivenessarethekeyfactorsfor
selectingthisanionicpolymerstreatmentforthe effluent.
[12] Anionic Polysaccharides
Nativestarchisoneofthemostabundantbio-polymers available on earth
and is present in living plantsasenergystoragematerial.Starchesare
mixturesoftwopolyglucans,amylopectinand
amylose,buttheycontainonlyasingletypeof
carbohydrate,glucose.Chitinisanaturally
abundantmucopolysaccharideextractedfrom
crustaceanshells,whicharewastesproductsof
seafoodprocessingindustries.Chitinisthesecond
biopolymerinnature,aftercellulose,intermsof
abundance,butitisthemostabundantamino polysaccharide. The polymer
contains 2-acetamido- 2-deoxy-b-D-glucosethroughab(1/4)linkage.It
mayberegardedascellulosewithhydroxylat position C-2 replaced by an
acetamido group. Since suchwastes(shrimp,lobsterandcrabshells)are
abundantlyavailable,chitosanmaybeproduced
commerciallyatlowcost.Starchandchitinare
biologicallyinert,safeforhumansandnatural
environment.Theypossessseveralother
advantagesandcharacteristicsthatmakethem excellent materials for
industrial use [38,39]. There
arealsosomemoreanionicpolysaccharidelike
Pectin,HyaluronicAcid,ChondroitinSulfate.
PectinalsocalledPectinpolysaccharideisusedas
thickingandstabilizingagent.Chondroitinsulfate
isalsomajorcomponentamonganionic
polysaccharideswhichisprimarilyusedin
moisturizerbasedontheirgreatwater-binding capacity in effluent
water. Hence it can also be used
forcoagulatingagentforeffluenttreatment.
ChemicalstructureofStarch,Chitosan,Pectin, Chondroitin sulfate is
given below in Figure-4. International Research Journal of
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[13]ApplicationofAnionicPolysaccharides other than flocculants
Apart from the use of these polymers in the field of
effluenttreatment,theyalsoplayasignificantrole
asthickeningagent[40]inthecosmeticindustry,
mineralprocessingindustry,film-formersornail
polishers,suspendingagents,hairconditioners,
moisturizers,emulsifiers,emollientsandevenas wound-healing agents.
Figure- 4. Chemical structure of Starch, Chitosan, Pectin,
Chondroitin sulfate
[14] Concluding remarks Thisreviewarticlemaythereforeserveasa
challengetoresearcherstocontinuedeveloping
bettermethodstodegradetheeffluents.These anionic polymers are
highly efficient flocculants for
industrialeffluenttreatment,municipalsewage
wastewatertreatmentandremovalofcolorfrom
simulatedreactivedye.Environmentalproblems caused by the industrial
effluents are mainly due to accumulationofpollutantshavingtoxic
compounds. There is a quick need to degrade these
toxiccompoundsinaneco-friendlywayoutof
variousanionicpolymers,starch,chitosan,pectin,
chondroitinsulfate,thatarefoundtoprovidethe
bestperformanceinvariouswastewaters.This
literaturesurveysuggeststhatthispolymeric
techniquegivesthebestandfastbridgingaction because their polymer
chains are more uncoiled and arethereforeexposedtoagreaternumberof
separate particles when added to the water. Anionic polymers may
function as primary coagulants when
thecolloidalparticlesarepositivelycharged.One major advantage is
that they have little or no effect
inneutralizingthenegativeparticlechanges,but
insteadfunctionbyimprovingthebridgingaction
oftheprimarycoagulants.Duetoimproved
flocculationwiththesepolymers,theyfrequently
permitappreciabledosagereductionofother
primarycoagulantsthancationicpolymers. However, over treatment is
still possible since good flocculation does not occur if more than
50% of the particlesurfaceiscoveredbypolymer. However
thistreatmentcanalsobeusedasaneffective
primarytreatmentmethodtoremovemuchofthe toxicity, color, CODand
BOD. This treatment will make the secondary treatment cost
effective as well as efficient in the removal of residual toxic
organic compounds and color which in turn will have better
approachabilitytothecontaminantsintheeffluent
inaccordance.Onthewholeanionicpolymeric
polymerswerefoundtocoverwiderangeof recalcitrant degradation and
are known to be a best choice because of its nature of degradation
and less StarchChitosan Chondroitin sulfate International Research
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2015, IRJET.NET- All Rights Reserved Page 1426
toxicity.Theobjectiveofthisstudywasto
introducesuchflocculantswhichforms
biodegradablesludgeandeco-friendly.These anionic polymers fulfill
this basic objective. Acknowledgement
Theauthorwouldliketoofferhissincerethanks
toco-authorsforprovidingtheirvaluablesupport
whichwereveryusefulininterpretingthe
inferencestothisarticle.Wealsoappreciateevery contributions made by
everyone to this work. Conflict Of Interest Author declares no
conflict of interest. Financial Disclosure The work is not
supported by any grant. References
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