Smart grids: integration of renewable energy sources and electric mobility into power system Granada, April 28 th 2016 www.irec.cat Manel Sanmartçi Electrical Engineering Research Group
Smart grids: integration of renewable energy sources and
electric mobility into power system
Granada, April 28th 2016www.irec.cat
Manel SanmartçiElectrical Engineering Research Group
2
1. Advanced energy management tools for power systems
2. Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Smart Grid Projects
CONTENTS
3
1. Advanced energy management tools for power systems
2. Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Smart Grid Projects
CONTENTS
IREMS
4
CA
PART I
Advanced Microgrids Management System
PART II
Commercial Aggregator
5
5 key questions to be answered
What is
IREMS?
How does
IREMS
work?How can
users interact
with IREMS?
What
advantages
does IREMS
offer?
What is our
experience?
IREMS
6
What is IREMS?
IREMS is an Energy Management System developed by IREC.
IREMS is able to optimally manage several kind of generators, loads andstorage units under a common goal: to make more cost-effective andefficient your Microgrid.
IREMS is a gateway between a Microgrid and an external agent such asCommercial Aggregator.
7
How does IREMS work?
Internet
Weather Server Energy Price Server
Demand Forecaster
IRE
MS
Energy
Planning
Energy
Balance
• Optimization ModuleConsidering demand and weather forecast, and energy price
Energy Planning
Energy Balance
Demand Forecaster
• Real Time ModuleEnergy balance at real time
• Machine Learning moduleTo improve demand and mobility forecast
IREMS features
• Data logging and event logging• Notifications management• Provide communication
channels
COMMERCIAL
AGGREGATOR
How does IREMS work?
The objective
is to calculate the optimal energyplanning of power consumed orgenerated by every unit in the microgridwithin a 24-hour scope.
Energy management relies on two steps
1
The strategyis to minimize the daily cost by makinguse of the difference among electricityprices and the flexibility of the microgridelements.
DataTo perform this operation, the followinginformation is used:
•Microgrid configuration and current status.
•Real time measurements.
•Weather forecasts (wind speed, solar irradiance,temperature).
•Demand forecasts.
•EV mobility forecasting.
•Energy price.
Energy Planning (Optimization Module)
ExecutionThe Optimization Module runs every 15 minutes.
How does IREMS work?Energy management relies on two steps
2 Energy Balance (Real Time Module)
The objective
is to ensure the power balance for allelements in the microgrid and to send theset-point to each controllable component.
The strategyIf there is any deviation, this modulecarries out adjustments over thepreliminary set-points calculated by theOptimization Module until to achieve theenergy equilibrium.
DataTo perform this operation, the followinginformation is used:
•Microgrid configuration.
•Optimization Module results.
•Real time measurements and status.
ExecutionThe Real Time Module runs every 3 seconds.
External interfaces
• Responsible for the proper operation of IREMS
• Control the access of other actor to IREMS.
• Have total information access.
• Remotely interact with IREMS through a thin client with a
Graphical User Interface (GUI).
• Owns one power unit or more in the microgrid.
• Able to access to some information of the element that (s)he owns.
• Able to modify some parameters.
• Remotely interact with IREMS through a thin client with a GUI.
• Requests measurements and forecasts of the microgrid
• Limit total power consumed/generated by the microgrid.
• Remotely interact with IREMS through a thin client with a GUI.
How can users interact with IREMS?
e - P E M S
Administrator
I-1
ADMINISTRATOR
CLIENT
e - P E M S
Client
I-2
e - P E M S
External Agent
I-3
EXTERNAL AGENT
IREMS
IREMS
IREMS
11
What advantages does IREMS offer?
Possibility of operation using the IREMSuser interface fully integrated into theclient system.
IREMS is able to automatically manageenergy supply, demand and storage at realtime.• It is able to manage the monitored data
from grid-connected systems.
• It is able to decide the optimal behaviourof the systems at real time based onadvanced optimization algorithms.
• The final user can choose among differentmodes of operation: cost minimization environmental footprint peak shaving, among others.
Different types of users with differentlevels of permissions and access
Competitive advantages over other products on the market
Machine Learning
12
What advantages does IREMS offer?
Advantages for the different agents/clients
Residential and tertiary buildings
In case they incorporate theproduct to their buildingmanagement company, theywill receive a large share of thebenefits.
Energy companies Power
System
Society
Residential andtertiary buildings
IRE
MS
Management of local demandand supply will enablerenewable sources penetrationas well as the decrease of peaksin the demand curves.That will defer investmentsrequired for grid reinforcementsand consequent grid losses.
Societal and environmentalbenefits from energy efficiencyare well-known including GHGemission abatement.
They will be able toincorporate this tool to theirexisting solutions andequipment to add the real timecontrol and optimization layer.
13
What is our experience?
Theoretical and experimental development
Registration of the intellectual property
Implementationand validation in IREC SmartEnergyLab
Adaptation and deployment for two real demo sites in client facilities
IREMS
IREMS
14
INDEX
PART I
Advanced Microgrids Management System
PART II
Commercial Aggregator
CA
15
The needed of a new agent
Commercial Aggregator
FunctionalitiesAdvantages
State of development
5 key questions to be answered
CA
Significant change of energy systems
16
The needed of a new Agent
17
Commercial Aggregator Concept
Main role of the Commercial Aggregator (CA) is
to gather flexibility products from its
prosumers portfolio, who do not have the size
to trade directly into wholesale markets, and to
optimize its trading in electricity markets
aiming to maximize its profits.
This new agent would provide direct revenue to the businesses and
homeowners, besides ensuring higher stability and efficiency in the grid
Commercial Aggregator is the key mediator between the consumers
and the markets and the other electricity system participans
Key enabler of “FLEXIBILITY”
18
Commercial Aggregator ConceptKey enabler of “FLEXIBILITY”
BUY/SELL ELECTRICITY
BUY/SELL ELECTRICITY CONTRACTS
Network
access
contract€
SELL ELECTRICITY
BUYSELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY CONTRACTS
(BUYS)
FLEXIBILITY SERVICES
FLEXIBILITY SERVICES
• To simulate the behaviour of the
average consumers under different
price and volume signals.
• To obtain the aggregated response for
the whole clusters.
19
Functionalities
Prosumers portfolio
2 Consumer Segmentation(Clustering)
1 Consumption Forecasting
Clusters
4 Market forecasting• To forecast the market price of
sold and purchased electricity.
These methodologies rely on
statistical and financial analyses of
the markets where CAs participate.
Commercial Aggregator
Clients CA Forecasters Markets
3 Flexibility
Forecast Tool
Outputs5 The Commercial
Optimal Planning
Tool
To calculate the optimal
incentive and bidding
policy in order to maximize
the profits of the
Commercial Aggregator.
RESULTS
20
ResponsibilityCA are totally responsible for their own
imbalances, so they will have to deal with their
own energy paybacks when participating in
wholesale markets
Commercial Aggregation is considered as a key innovation on the power system to
face future challenges posed by growing demand and RES integration
Procurement of flexibility productsThe DSO can access and procure flexibility
products offered by commercial aggregators to
use them for a number of purposes (e.g.
distribution network reinforcement deferral,
congestion management, etc.).
Applications and advantages of the CA
Easier to forecast
consumption and
flexibility
Consumers deal with
only 1 agent instead of 2
Less contracts and less
connections
Contracts easier to handle.
Billing is easier
More efficient
solutions
Validation of flexibility ProductsTo validate flexibility products prior to its
activation, when used by other agents different to
the DSO itself.
21
State of development
IREMSTheoretical and experimental development
Registration of the intellectual property
Implementation andvalidation in IREC SmartEnergy Lab
Adaptation and deployment for two real demo sites in client facilities
Theoretical and experimental development
Implementation and validation in IREC SmartEnergy Lab
22
1. Advanced energy management tools for power systems
2. Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Smart Grid Projects
CONTENTS
Security of supply:
• Use of DG as a back-up resource
• DG applications for service restoration
Sustainability:
• RES integration
• Emission reduction
• Power smoothing
Economy:
• Gen. costs reduction
• Ancillary services
• Investment deferral
New investments
on smart grid
technology
Cost-benefit
assessment
required!
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Objectives of the Smart Grid
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
BENEFITS COSTS
Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid (USA Case Study)
TOTAL AMOUNT OF COSTS: 338.000 – 476.000 M$benefit-to-cost ratio range between 2.8 and 6.0
34% 16% 50%
20%
70%
10%
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Europe - Investment in Smart Grid projects 2013
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
The recent EC Communication on
Smart Grid “Smart Grids: From
Innovation to Deployment” states that
the EC intends to come up with
guidelines the Cost Benefit Analysis
(CBA) to be used by Member States for
Smart Metering projects and Smart Grid
projects.
The Joint Research Center (JRC)
has recently published the “Guidelines
for conducting a cost-benefit analysis
for Smart Grid projects”
(http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu).
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Characterize the project:
Step 1: Review and describe the technologies,
elements and goals of the project
Step 2: Map assets onto functionalities
Estimate benefits:
Step 3: Map functionalities onto benefits
Step 4: Establish the baseline
Step 5: Monetise the benefits and identify the
beneficiaries.
Compare costs and benefits:
Step 6: Identify and quantify the costs
Step 7: Compare costs and benefits
1
2
3
Source: http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu, 2012.
Main objective: The REVE project (Wind
Regulation through Electric Vehicles)
aimed to perform a study thoroughly
assessing the key technical challenges
and the most relevant economic aspects
in order to create a network
infrastructure so that electric cars may
act as energy storing facilities in the
electric network while they are not
circulating, thus contributing to an
improvement of the load factor of the
electric system as a whole.
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
CASE STUDY: THE REVE PROJECT 2009-2010
Daily electricity demand profile
Hores
MW Rest of renewable
resources and convenctionalpower plants
Necessary for maintaining
the control of the system
During off-peak periods the risk of wind energy
disconnection is hight
Rest of generation
Electric
Vehicle
Wind Energy
Minimum technical requirement
SHORT TERM EXAMPLE “REVE PROJECT”
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
CASE STUDY: THE REVE PROJECT 2009-2010
Offer bids
Purchase bids
Nuclear Power
Plants
Wind Power
Plants
Rest of
conventional
generation
Market
Price
In some cases, when demand is low and there is a high wind
generation, spot prices can fall to zero. For the Spanish case, in
such moments, wind generation has to be disconnected.
Amount of
disconnected
wind
generation
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
Amount of disconnected
wind generation:~ 2.000 MW
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
SHORT TERM EXAMPLE “REVE PROJECT”
… BUT, IF PRICE IS
ZERO,
WHY CONSUMERS
DON’T CONSUME?
BECAUSE
THEY CAN’T
SEE THE
REAL COST
OF ENERGY
DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
The modification of consumer demand for energy through various
methods such as financial incentives and education. Usually, the
goal of demand side management is to encourage the consumer to
use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of
energy use to off-peak times such as nighttime and weekends.
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
SHORT TERM EXAMPLE “REVE PROJECT”
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
CASE STUDY: THE REVE PROJECT 2009-2010
By using demand side management tools, electric vehicle energy consumption
would be concentrated during off-peak periods, increasing demand around 5.000
MW in 2020.
2020 PROSPECTIVE WITHOUT EVs 2020 PROSPECTIVE WITH EVs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
GW
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23G
W
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Characterization of REVE project:
Step 1: The project was focused on analyzing the effect on the power
system of plug-in electric vehicles charged by means of smart chargers and
energy management systems.
Step 2: The usage of the electric vehicles reduces fossil fuel consumption
and emissions. Smart chargers and energy management systems allow EV
users to respond to price signals.
Characterize the project:
Step 1: Review and describe the technologies,
elements and goals of the project
Step 2: Map assets onto functionalities
1
http://www.evwind.es/
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Estimate benefits:
Step 3: Map functionalities onto benefits
Step 4: Establish the baseline
Step 5: Monetise the benefits and identify the beneficiaries.
2
Estimate benefits of REVE project:
Step 3: Fossil fuel savings improves Spanish trade balance and need for
CO2 bonuses. Demand response shifts EV load to off-peak periods and
increase power system capacity for wind power.
Step 4: Estimation of energy sector evolution without EVs.
Step 5: Comparison of the 2020 10% EV penetration scenario with the
baseline.
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Estimate benefits (1/2): Wind energy curtailment2
Wind energy
curtailment 2020
(*)
Daily period Night time
Lost production Economic
losses
Lost production Economic
losses
Without EVs0.95 %
57
M€/year1.60 %
96
M€/year
With EVs0.28 %
17
M€/year0.55 %
34
M€/year
Savings 40
M€/year
62
M€/year
TOTAL SAVINGS
PER YEAR102 M€ / year 2020
(*) Conventional generation minimum output: 12.000 MW
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Estimate benefits (2/2): Fossil fuels imports and emissions2
Emissions (MtCO2)* 2012 2016 2020
Average emissions from
conventional vehicles
(grCO2/km)
170 160 150
Emissions avoided by
transport1,5 3,5 9,9
Emissions increased
from power generation0,4 0,9 2,7
Emissions avoided
(MtCO2)1,1 2,6 7,2
Energy cost (M€) 2012 2016 2020
Reduced raw material
imports from transport
(M€)
0 1.263,46 4.255,77
Increased imports of
raw materials for
power generation (M€)
0 193,85 538,11
Oil price (€/barrel) 120 150 180
Savings in raw material
imports (M€)0 1.069 3.717
*Average daily driving distance 60 km/day
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Compare costs and benefits of REVE project:
Step 6: Perform a cost estimation for the electric vehicle surplus
cost vs. conventional ICE vehicles, for the smart charger and for the
energy management system.
Step 7: Compare costs and benefits in a yearly basis.
Compare costs and benefits:
Step 6: Identify and quantify the costs
Step 7: Compare costs and benefits
3
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Compare costs and benefits:3
-1,800
-1,600
-1,400
-1,200
-1,000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
M €
EMS
Smart chargers
EV cost surplus
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Compare costs and benefits:3
-2,000
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
M €
Fossil fuel savings
Wind energy curtailment
CO2 emmissions
EMS
Smart chargers
EV cost surplus
Present value
Net Present Value:
NPV = 365 M€
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
Real examples: Smart meters roll out CBA (Electricity and Gas)
Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
THE CONTEXT JRC METHODOLOGY CONCLUSIONS
1. Given the economic potential of the Smart Grid and the substantial
investment required, there is a need for a methodological approach
to estimate the costs and benefits.
2. Previous results for the United States identify the main benefits at the
environmental, economical and security of supply domains. Most
of the investment will have to be done at distribution network level.
3. The JRC has published the “Guidelines for conducting a cost-benefit
analysis for Smart Grid projects” that could be the first step for a
European harmonization in CBA estimation for Smart Grid projects.
44
1. Advanced energy management tools for power systems
2. Cost benefit analysis of Smart Grid Projects
3. Life Cycle Assessment of Smart Grid Projects
CONTENTS
45
LCA - CONTENT
· Introduction to the Life Cycle Thinking
· What LCA stands for?
· Background LCA references
· Case study
46
LCA - CONTENT
· Introduction to the Life Cycle Thinking
· What LCA stands for?
· Background LCA references
· Case study
INTRODUCTION TO THE LCT
47
Target:
Achieving Sustainable
Development
Methodologies:
• Life Cycle Assessement (LCA)
• Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
• Social Life Cycle Assessement(SLCA)
LIFE CYCLE THINKING
48
Definitions of Sustainable Development
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES INTRODUCTION TO THE LCT
Objectives for environmental protection based on the concept of
sustainable development.
Topics to be addressed: - Prioritize between these objectives
- Quantification of the social
49
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
Ecology
• Respect the natural environment itself
• Biodiversity
• Preservation of resources
• Protection of ecosystems
Social aspects
• Health
• Security
• Equalopportunities
• Work
• Preserving resources for future generations
Economy
• Increasingcompetitionbetweencompanies
• Macro-economicstability
• Economic welfare of the population.
INTRODUCTION TO THE LCT
Life Cycle Thinking
Responds to the
problem avoiding
creating a new
problem
INTRODUCTION TO THE LCT
Source: PE International
51
LCA - CONTENT
· Introduction to the Life Cycle Thinking
· What LCA stands for?
· Background LCA references
· Case study
52
LCA: Life Cycle Assessment
The Integrated Product Policy (COM (2003)302) identified Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) as the “best framework for assessing the potential
environmental impacts of products”. It can also be applied to any process or
service.
WHAT LCA STANDS FOR?
According to ISO 14040, LCA is:
"Compilation and evaluation of inputs, outputs and potential environmental
impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle."
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
Goal and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
53
INTRODUCTION TO LCAWHAT LCA STANDS FOR?
Integrated assessment of environmental problems
- Global warming
- Acidification
- Ozone layer depletion
- Smog
- Eutrophication
- Toxicity
- Others…
ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
3. PARTS AND
COMPONENTS
MANUFACTURIN
G
9. COLLECTION AND
WASTE MANAGEMENTLANDFILL
INCINERATION
5. DISTRIBUTION
4. INSTALLATION
AND ASSEMBLY
7. MAINTENANCE /
REPAIR
2. TRANSPORT AND
RAW MATERIALS
PROCESSING
1. RAW MATERIAL
EXTRACTION
RECYCLING
8. REUSING
6. USE
WHAT LCA STANDS FOR?
55
What would happen if ... I do not consider the whole life cycle?
Example 1: For the design of a vehicle,
I choose materials (option B) with a low
environmental impact in their production
compared to option A materials.
However, they are less durable and
need to be replaced more often (use),
generating more waste (end of life).
Which is the best option?
Example 2: In the design of a car, it
uses a large amount of aluminum. This
material requires much energy to
produce, but to be lighter car uses less
energy during use.
INTRODUCTION TO LCAWHAT LCA STANDS FOR?
56
What would happen if ... I do not consider different environmental impacts?
Example 1: In the design steel or aluminum can be chosen. Which material is
better from an environmental point of view?
INTRODUCTION TO LCA
Global Warming Potential vs Acidification Potential
WHAT LCA STANDS FOR?
57
LCA - CONTENT
· Introduction to the Life Cycle Thinking
· What LCA stands for?
· Background LCA references
· Case study
ISO 14.040: 2006 Environmental management -- Life cycle
assessment -- Principles and framework
ISO 14.044:2006 Environmental management -- Life cycle
assessment -- Requirements and guidelines
Relevant organizations
LIFE CYCLE UNEP – SETAC INITIATIVE
http://lcinitiative.unep.fr/
EUROPEAN PLATFORM ON LCA
http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Standards
58
BACKGROUND LCA REFERENCES
Most relevant LCA related scientific journals
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
www.scientificjournals.com
Journal of Cleaner Production
www.sciencedirect.com
Environmental Science and Technology
http://pubs.acs.org/journals/esthag
International LCA meetings
SETAC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) www.setac.org
LCM (Life Cycle Management) www.lcm2013.org/
RED ESPAÑOLA ACV (CIEMAT) http://www.energy.imdea.org/events/2013/i-
simposio-de-red-espanola-de-analisis-de-ciclo-de-vida-acv-bioenergia
59
BACKGROUND LCA REFERENCES
60
Software
1. GaBi 6 (PE International)
2. SIMAPRO (Pre Consultants)
3. UMBERTO (ifu Hamburg)
4. TEAM (Ecobilan – PricewaterhouseCoopers)
5. WISARD (Ecobilan- PricewaterhouseCoopers)
6. Others:
http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/toolList.vm
BACKGROUND LCA REFERENCES
61
Most relevant databases
1. GaBi 6 Professional (PE International) (www.pe-international.com)
2. Ecoivent 3.0 (www.ecoinvent.org)
3. ELCD (http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ELCD3/)
4. Plastics Europe
5. Other: http://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ResourceDirectory/databaseList.vm
BACKGROUND LCA REFERENCES
62
LCA - CONTENT
· Introduction to the Life Cycle Thinking
· What LCA stands for?
· Background LCA references
· Case study
Goal and scope definition
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Provide policy and decision makers with
“FACTS” for decisions on EV related issues
Objectives
Improve “END OF LIFE
MANAGEMENT” by promotion of
best available
technologies&practices
Improve “DESIGN” for optimal
recyclability and minimal
resource consumption
1
Goal and scope definition
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
1
En
vir
on
me
nta
l e
ffe
cts
e.g
. G
HG
-em
iss
ion
s
Time
Operation
Pro
du
cti
on
Dis
man
tlin
g
Vehicle B
B
Vehicle C
C
Vehicle A
A
clip
The study’s main objective is to carry out a Life Cycle Assessment from cradle
to grave of the following products with the aim of comparing the different
environmental impacts:
Ion-lithium battery electric vehicle
Diesel vehicle
Petrol vehicle
All the analysed vehicles belong to the Spanish Segment C (length from 4.20 to
4.50 m)
Goal and scope definition1
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
2 Inventory analysis
Electricity
supplyPetrol / Diesel
supply
Raw materials
and productionIn-Use Disposal
Electric
vehicles
Diesel/Gas
vehicles
Functional Unit = Ion-lithium battery life = 100.000 km
Li-ion Battery
(312 kg)
Electric motor
(52 kg)
Bodywork
Golf A4Internal combustion engine
(62,2 % EURO 3 / 37,8 % EURO 4)
+
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
2 Inventory analysis
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+DLCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
2 Inventory analysis
10,58 %1,00 %
20,80 %
8,57 %
0,07 %
25,71 %
15,84 %
2,70 % 14,73 %
Hydro-electric power Pumped hydro-electric power
Nuclear power Coal
Gas/Fuel Combined cycle
Wind energy Solar energy
Other renewable energies
55,54 %21,31
%
18,15 %
0,11 %0,13 % 1,93 % 2,83 %
64,72 %
30,10 %
0,09 %3,37 % 1,73 %
Data source: REE, 2010.
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Energy consumption:
Total energy consumption (MJ-Eq / km)
Renewable energy consumption (MJ-Eq / km)
Emissions:
PM particulates (g of PM / km)
Nitrogen oxides (g of NOx / km)
Carbon dioxide (g of CO2 / km)
HC emissions (g of HC / km)
Impact assessment3
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Impact assessment3
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Impact assessment3
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Impact assessment3
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Impact assessment3
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Impact assessment3
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Impact assessment3
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
0.00 €
500.00 €
1,000.00 €
1,500.00 €
2,000.00 €
2,500.00 €
3,000.00 €
3,500.00 €
Mainland EV Balearic EV Canarian EV Diesel Petrol
CO2 NOX Particulate matter NMHC
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Interpretation (environmental)4
86%
0.00 €
2,000.00 €
4,000.00 €
6,000.00 €
8,000.00 €
10,000.00 €
12,000.00 €
14,000.00 €
16,000.00 €
18,000.00 €
Mainland EV Balearic EV Canarian EV Diesel Petrol
Energy Imports CO2 NOX Particulate matter NMHC
Interpretation (energy & environment)4
61%
59%
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Results confirm that energy and environmental impacts of the EV are highly
dependent on the electricity generation mix
Presumably the growth of renewable energies in the different generation
mixes will play in favour of the EV and widen the distance with the combustion
engine technologies
The EV shows a reduction in the global energy consumption for the total life
cycle. However, embedded energy from production will increase, due to the
addition of components such as advanced battery packs, electric motors and
power electronics.
The EV almost eliminates the problem of local pollutants (NOx, PM10, HCs)
in urban areas
The Mainland EV shows a relative reduction of energy and environmental
externalities of 59% compared to the diesel vehicle and of 61% compared to
the petrol one
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Conclusions and recommendations5
LCA USE CASE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Ongoing projects
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF THE LCA METHODOLOGY
Project Acronym: SAPIENS (SOFC Auxiliary Power In Emissions/Noise Solutions)
Project reference: 303415 Contract type: Collaborative Project
Start date: 01 November 2012 End date: 31 October 2015
Duration: 36 months Project status: ongoing
Project cost: € 2.37 milion (2,370,257.20 euro)Project funding: € 1.59 milion (1,592,341.40
euro)
Programme Acronym: FP7-FCH-JUProgramme type: Seventh Framework
Programme
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Ongoing projects
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF THE LCA METHODOLOGY
Project Acronym: LED4ART (High quality and energy efficient LED illumination for art)
Project reference: 297262 Contract type: Collaborative Project
Start date: 01 January 2012 End date: 31 December 2014
Duration: 36 months Project status: ongoing
Project cost: € 1.91 milion (1,907,110.00 euro) Project funding: 867,000.00 euro
Programme Acronym: CIP-ICT-PSP-2011-5Programme type: Competitiveness and
innovation framework programme
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Ongoing projects
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF THE LCA METHODOLOGY
Project Acronym: HELIS (High energy lithium sulphur cells and batteries)
Project reference: 666221 Contract type: Collaborative Project
Start date: 01 June 2015 End date: 31 May 2019
Duration: 48 months Project status: ongoing
Project cost: € 7.97 milion (7,975,152.00 euro) Project funding: 7,975,152.00 euro
Programme Acronym: NMP-17-2014Programme type: research adn Innovation
action
ACTIVIDADES INICIALES DE I+D
Other applications…
FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF THE LCA METHODOLOGY
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