IR LECT IC Theories.pptx 2013b

7/27/2019 IR LECT IC Theories.pptx 2013b

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Unit IC

Theories ofInternational

Politics


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Theoretical Models of IP


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1. Positivist:


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1. Positivist:

Empirical/Scientific Approach


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1. Positivist:

Empirical/Scientific Approach Value-free/non-relativistic


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2. Post-Positivist:


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2. Post-Positivist:

Normative/ Philosophical


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2. Post-Positivist:

Normative/ Philosophical Value-based


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3. Positivist Theories


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Realism: Focus on Power of State


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Realism: Focus on Power of State Liberalism: Focus on cooperative

relationships between states


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Realism: Focus on Power of State Liberalism: Focus on cooperative

relationships between states

Neo-Liberalism: Focus on economic

relationships between States & Non-States


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4. Post-Positivist Theories


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Constructivism: Focus on norms &Actor-identity


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English School: Focus on shared norms& values


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Marxist/Neo-Marxist: Focus on social

class & economics


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Marxist/Neo-Marxist: Focus on social

class & economics - AKA Radical Model

R li (M il ) Old t


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Realist (Mercantile) : Oldest

R li t (M til ) Old t


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1. Conflict between Nations



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The drive to power is a

fundamental aspect of

human nature.

(Thucydides)

1. Conflict between Nations



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2.Mercantilism: Goal ofNational policy is to

maximize State power.



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{IG} C

Conflict

{IG}

Resolved by

Power


3. Structural Realism:



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{IG} C

Conflict

{IG}

Resolved by

Power


Conflict result of Anarchy

= lack of power above

nation states.




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{IG} C

Conflict

{IG}

Resolved by

Power


Conflict result of Anarchy

= lack of power above

nation states.


Realist:


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Realist:

Zero-sum game: Only one can win

4. Assumptions:

Realist:


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Realist:

Zero-sum game: Only one can win

Competition > Cooperation

4. Assumptions:

Realist:


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Realist:

4. Assumptions:

Realpolitik: Nationspursue self interest

over collective good

Realist:


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Realist:

Nations = Rational Actors

Realist:


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Realist:


Goal = Maximize Power and PositiveOutcomes

Realist:


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Realist:


Goal = Maximize Power and PositiveOutcomes

Statism: Focus on the role and power ofindividual states.

Neo Realist:Post World War II


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Neo-Realist:Post World War II



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1. Anarchy & Self Help



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1. Anarchy & Self Help

National security can onlybe realized through Self-

Help. (Kenneth Waltz, :

Theory of International

Politics):




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2. SECURITY DILEMMA

Security Dilemma:

Military Preparation togain security leads to

greater international

Insecurity.



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Security Dilemma:



Insecurity.

2. SECURITY DILEMMA



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Security Dilemma:



Insecurity.

2. SECURITY DILEMMA



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3. Global Ideological Conflict



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3. Global Ideological Conflict



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Samuel Huntington: Clash of Civilizations



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Liberal (Idealist):


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Liberal (Idealist):

1. IR Goal = Cooperation between Nations

Liberal (Idealist):


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Liberal (Idealist):

1. IR Goal = Cooperation between Nations

= Interde endenc

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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Immanuel Kant

1724-1804

Liberal (Idealist): 2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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Immanuel Kant

1724-1804

ibe al ( dealist):

Cooperation Possible between States

2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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Immanuel Kant

1724-1804

( ):


Liberal States = More cooperative and Peaceful

2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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( )


Liberal States = More cooperative and Peaceful

FDR: Arsenal ofDemocracy

Wilson: Making the World

Safe For Democracy

2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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Immanuel Kant

1724-1804

( )

Reciprocity Principle:States capable of

foregoing short-term individual gain

for long-term community well-being

2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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Immanuel Kant

1724-1804

( )




Liberal Institutionalism Trans-National

Institutions To Enforce Reciprocity

2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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( )




States can develop a

world Federation

Immanuel Kant

1724-1804



2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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( )





world Federation



FDR: UNWilson: League of Nations

2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):

2 Assumptions


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( )





world Federation

Immanuel Kant

1724-1804

Trade promotes Peace



2. Assumptions

Liberal (Idealist):


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3. Cooperation through Free Trade

( )

Liberal (Idealist):


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( )

International System = Rational,

Independent States

Liberal (Idealist):


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( )


Independent States

Trade = National Self Interest

Liberal (Idealist):


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( )


Independent States

Trade = National Self Interest

Trade = Cooperation = Interdependency

Liberal (Idealist):


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( )

Interdependency


Liberal (Idealist):


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Value Peace > Value of War

Interdependency


Liberal (Idealist):


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US v. Canada

Interdependency


Liberal (Idealist):


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US v. Canada

Interdependency


Neo-Liberal: 4. Regime Theory


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g y

Neo-Liberal:

4. Regime Theory


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International Regimes: Global system of

rules & norms

g y

Neo-Liberal:

4. Regime Theory


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rules & norms

Established Multi-laterally

g y

Neo-Liberal:

4. Regime Theory


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rules & norms

Established Multi-laterally

TNGIs (Trans National Governing Institutions)

g y

Constructivism: 1. IR = Social Constrtuction


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1. IR Social Constrtuction



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Berger & Luckman, Social Construction of Reality (1966)




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Berger & Luckman, Social Construction of Reality (1966)


Constructivism: IR = Social Constrtuction


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IR Social Constrtuction


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Constructivism:

1. IR = Social Constrtuction


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Alexander Wendt

Anarchy is What StatesMake of It:

the Social Construction ofPower Politics" (1992)


Constructivism: 2. Assumptions


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Focus on norms & Actor-identity



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Focus on norms & Actor-identity

IR determined by ideas rather than

material forces



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Identities of actors are constructed

by shared/exclusive ideas

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions


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National interest not

pre-existing.



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pre-existing.

Product of social value

Constructivism:

2. Assumptions


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pre-existing.

Product of social value

World Bank &

Poverty

Radical:


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Radical: 1. Exploitation between Nations


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Marx:



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Marx: International Politics =

global extension of class struggle

1. Exploitation between NationsRadical:


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Lenin: Global Class Struggle =

Capitalist states v. Rest



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Lenin: Global Class Struggle =

Capitalist states v. Rest =

Imperialism: Final stage of

Capitalism

Radical:


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2. Marxist Socialism

Radical:


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Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation

Radical:


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Imperialism Caused by Market SaturationImperialism = questfor new markets for

goods & capital.

John A. Hobson,Imperialism (1902):

Radical


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Imperialism = result of

Domestic monopoly tendencyExported abroad.

V.I. Lenin,

Imperialism, The HighestStage of Capitalism (1916):



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Radical


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Imperialism Caused by Market Saturation Inevitable collapse of Global Capitalism



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Radical


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3. Gramscian Analysis

Radical


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Antonio Gramsci, 1920s Italian Communism

Radical


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Antonio Gramsci, 1920s Italian Communism Emphasis on cultural & social roles of

hegemony (beyond economic)

Radical


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Antonio Gramsci, 1920s Italian Communism Emphasis on cultural & social roles of

hegemony (beyond economic)

Historic Bloc = union of state & culturalpower: e.g. Liberal

Bourgeois Society

Radical


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1970s: Development ofTransnational Historic Blocs

Radical


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1970s: Development ofTransnational Historic Blocs

Starbucks/MacSociety

Radical 4. World Systems Theory


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Systems of Globaleconomic/political power

dominates IR


I l W ll t i Th I t f


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Systems of Globaleconomic/political power

dominates IR

Immanuel Wallerstein: Three Instances of

Hegemony in the History of the CapitalistWorld Economy.


I l W ll t i Th I t f


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Immanuel Wallerstein: Three Instances of

Hegemony in the History of the CapitalistWorld Economy.

Neo-Radical 5. Post-Colonialism


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Neo-Radical 5. Post-Colonialism


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Globalization = Exploitation

Neo-Radical: 5. Post-Colonialism


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Neo-Colonialism: Economic rather than politicalcontrol of poor countries by rich countries

Neo-Radical

5. Post-Colonialism


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Neo-Colonialism: Economic rather than politicalcontrol of poor countries by rich countries

Dependency Theory: Poor nations poor due to

economic domination by rich nations.


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Neo-Radical: Post Colonialism

6 D d (D d i ) Th


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6. Dependency (Dependencia) Theory

Raul Prebisch, (1950)EconomicDevelopment of Latin America

History of colonialism =

export & import dependency

Neo-Radical: Post Colonialism

6 D d (D d i ) Th


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6. Dependency (Dependencia) Theory

Raul Prebisch, (1950)EconomicDevelopment of Latin America

History of colonialism =

export & import dependency

Same mercantilerelationship withoutpolitical control

Best Paradigm?


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Best Paradigm?


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Best Paradigm?


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?

IR LECT IC Theories.pptx 2013b

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