IPM for Sustainable Sugarcane IPM for Sustainable Sugarcane Production in Florida Production in Florida Gregg Nuessly Gregg Nuessly Everglades REC-IFAS Everglades REC-IFAS Belle Glade Belle Glade
Dec 31, 2015
IPM for Sustainable SugarcaneIPM for Sustainable SugarcaneProduction in FloridaProduction in Florida
Gregg NuesslyGregg NuesslyEverglades REC-IFASEverglades REC-IFAS
Belle GladeBelle Glade
440,000 acres440,000 acres
IPM of Florida SugarcaneIPM of Florida SugarcaneInsect PestsInsect Pests
Grouped by Plant Damage:Grouped by Plant Damage:
Roots, Seed Pieces, TillersRoots, Seed Pieces, TillersStalksStalks
FoliageFoliage
Insect Pests of SugarcaneInsect Pests of SugarcaneRoots, Seed Pieces, ShootsRoots, Seed Pieces, Shoots
Sugarcane grubSugarcane grub- root feeder- root feeder
Corn wirewormCorn wireworm- root, shoot feeder- root, shoot feeder
Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB)Lesser cornstalk borer (LCB)- shoot feeder- shoot feeder
Sugarcane grubSugarcane grub
Root feeding causesRoot feeding causes - reduced vigor- reduced vigor - lodging in storms- lodging in storms - stool dislodging- stool dislodging during harvestduring harvest
LarvaLarva
AdultAdult
Corn wirewormCorn wirewormShoot and seed piece feeding Shoot and seed piece feeding causescauses - dead heart &- dead heart & stand lossstand loss
LarvaLarva AdultAdult
Lesser cornstalk borerLesser cornstalk borerShoot feeding causesShoot feeding causes
- dead heart - dead heart & stand loss& stand loss
LarvaeLarvae AdultsAdults
LesserLessercornstalk borercornstalk borerdamagedamage
Rows Rows ofofholesholes
DeadDeadshootsshoots
FeedingFeedingtubetube
New New shootshoot
IPM for Pests of Roots, IPM for Pests of Roots, Seed Pieces and ShootsSeed Pieces and Shoots
*Cultural Control*Cultural Control - Disking & cultivating- Disking & cultivating - kills and exposes them- kills and exposes them to natural enemiesto natural enemies - Flooding and rotation (Rice)- Flooding and rotation (Rice) - soil type, season & duration- soil type, season & duration
IPM for Pests of Roots, IPM for Pests of Roots, Seed Pieces and ShootsSeed Pieces and Shoots*Cultural Control*Cultural Control - Weed control in fallow fields- Weed control in fallow fields reduces Summer egg reduces Summer egg deposits by wireworm adultsdeposits by wireworm adults
IPM for Pests of Roots, IPM for Pests of Roots, Seed Pieces and ShootsSeed Pieces and Shoots*Chemical Control*Chemical Control- At plant treatment for grubs - At plant treatment for grubs and wireworms directed into and wireworms directed into furrows when flooding or furrows when flooding or rice rotation is not possiblerice rotation is not possible- Post emergence for LCB- Post emergence for LCB
Insect Pests of SugarcaneInsect Pests of SugarcaneStalksStalks
Sugarcane borerSugarcane borer - leaves, mid to upper stalks- leaves, mid to upper stalksWest Indian sugarcane weevilWest Indian sugarcane weevil - lower stalks- lower stalks
Sugarcane borerSugarcane borerStalk feeding causesStalk feeding causes- breaking, microbial- breaking, microbialrot of stalk, reducedrot of stalk, reducedyieldyield
LarvaLarva
AdultAdult
West Indian sugarcane weevilWest Indian sugarcane weevil
LarvaLarva AdultAdult
Stalk feeding causes broken stalks, Stalk feeding causes broken stalks, microbial rot of stalks, increased rat microbial rot of stalks, increased rat damage, yield lossdamage, yield loss
WestWestIndianIndiansugarcanesugarcaneweevilweevildamagedamage
IPM for Pests of StalksIPM for Pests of Stalks
*Biological control*Biological control- - Cotesia flavipes,Cotesia flavipes, parasitoid of parasitoid of sugarcane borer released sugarcane borer released in 1960’sin 1960’s- Research by Dr. David Hall,- Research by Dr. David Hall, U.S.Sugar Corp., led to cultureU.S.Sugar Corp., led to culture and mass production of waspsand mass production of wasps
Biological control of Biological control of sugarcane borersugarcane borerCotesia flavipesCotesia flavipesLarvaeLarvae
AdultAdult
IPM for Pests of StalksIPM for Pests of Stalks*Economic threshold used to *Economic threshold used to initiate treatmentsinitiate treatments- Fields scouted for damage- Fields scouted for damage- Sugarcane borer larvae - Sugarcane borer larvae examined for parasitismexamined for parasitism- - CotesiaCotesia wasps released in wasps released in fields as needed to augmentfields as needed to augment natural levels of parasitismnatural levels of parasitism
IPM for Pests of StalksIPM for Pests of Stalks
*Host plant resistance*Host plant resistance - Breeding programs - Breeding programs (public and private) select(public and private) select for clones resistant to insects for clones resistant to insects and diseasesand diseases - Some clones much more - Some clones much more susceptible to stalk pestssusceptible to stalk pests
IPM for Pests of StalksIPM for Pests of Stalks
*Chemical control*Chemical control- Insecticides applied by air- Insecticides applied by airwhen late season damage is when late season damage is above thresholdabove threshold- Recent registration of selective- Recent registration of selectivematerial provides alternative thatmaterial provides alternative thatpreserves natural enemy complexpreserves natural enemy complex
Insect Pests of SugarcaneInsect Pests of SugarcaneFoliageFoliage
Sucking insect pestsSucking insect pests - Yellow sugarcane aphid- Yellow sugarcane aphid - White sugarcane aphid- White sugarcane aphid - Sugarcane lace bug- Sugarcane lace bugChewing insect pestsChewing insect pests - Armyworms- Armyworms - Cutworms- Cutworms
Yellow sugarcane aphidYellow sugarcane aphid
Yellow sugarcane aphidYellow sugarcane aphid
Late seasonLate season
Early seasonEarly season
Prolonged feeding leads to reducedProlonged feeding leads to reducedstalk diameter and yield lossstalk diameter and yield loss
Sugar per 8 ft Stalk
0.355
0.388 0.391
0.383
0.412
0.436
0.340
0.350
0.360
0.370
0.380
0.390
0.400
0.410
0.420
0.430
0.440
0.450
0 1 2 3 4 5
Leaves below TVD >50% green
- 6%
- 10 to 12%
-19%
Yield loss from yellow sugarcane aphidYield loss from yellow sugarcane aphid
White sugarcane aphidWhite sugarcane aphid
White sugarcane aphidWhite sugarcane aphid
Honeydew deposits and sootyHoneydew deposits and sootymold fungus, but no lossesmold fungus, but no losses
Sugarcane lace bugSugarcane lace bug
Leaf feeding results in yellow andred discoloration, large populationscan lead to premature leaf death
IPM for Pests of FoliageIPM for Pests of FoliageNatural biological control agents Natural biological control agents often keep populations below often keep populations below damage threshold and respond damage threshold and respond to outbreaksto outbreaks - Ants (incl. red imported- Ants (incl. red imported fire ants), earwigs, beetles, fire ants), earwigs, beetles, flower flies and spidersflower flies and spiders
Aphid predatorsAphid predators
Doru taeniatumDoru taeniatum
Diomus terminatusDiomus terminatus
Coelophora Coelophora inaequalisinaequalis
Cycloneda Cycloneda sanguineasanguinea
Harmonia Harmonia axyridisaxyridis
Hippodamia Hippodamia convergensconvergens
Olla Olla v-nigrumv-nigrum
Aphid predatorsAphid predators
IPM for Pests of FoliageIPM for Pests of Foliage
*Host plant resistance*Host plant resistance- - Yellow sugarcane aphidsYellow sugarcane aphidscolonize and damage only smallcolonize and damage only smallsubset of clonessubset of clones- Stage 3 clones now being - Stage 3 clones now being evaluated for resistanceevaluated for resistance
IPM for Pests of FoliageIPM for Pests of Foliage
*Chemical control*Chemical control
Broad spectrum insecticidesBroad spectrum insecticidesused as last resort to preventused as last resort to preventor minimize losses from foliageor minimize losses from foliagepestspests
SummarySummary- Insect pests of roots, seed pieces, - Insect pests of roots, seed pieces, shoots & foliageshoots & foliage- IPM in Sugarcane includes:- IPM in Sugarcane includes:cultural (incl. flooding & rotation),cultural (incl. flooding & rotation),chemical and biological controls, chemical and biological controls, scouting using treatment scouting using treatment thresholds, breeding program forthresholds, breeding program forhost plant resistancehost plant resistance
SummarySummary
- Natural and augmentative biological- Natural and augmentative biologicalcontrol agents important for control agents important for maintaining insect populations under maintaining insect populations under economic thresholdseconomic thresholds