IPM Brochure Oct12

7/27/2019 IPM Brochure Oct12

1/27

E N G I N E E R I N G S O F T W A R E D E V E L O P M E N T

GAP

PROSPER

MBAL

PVTP

REVEAL

RESOLVE

OPENSERVER

IPM

Petroleum Experts


2/27

Copyright Notice

Petroleum Experts Ltd. All rights reserved.

IPM suite, GAP, PROSPER, MBAL, PVTP, REVEAL, RESOLVE, IFM, IVM, IVMWell, Test

ModelCatalogue and OpenServerare trademarks of Petroleum Experts Ltd.

Microsoft (Windows), Windows (Vista) and Windows (7)are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation.

Contents

IPM Products; Page

RESOLVE 4

GAP 8

PROSPER 10

MBAL 16

REVEAL 20

PVTP 23

OpenServer 25


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Petroleum Experts (Petex) have developed the Integrated Production

Modelling toolkit (IPM) which models the complete production system

from the reservoir to the surface network.

Integrating the tools of GAP, PROSPER, MBAL, REVEAL and PVTP to

operate seamlessly, the engineer is able to design complex field models.

The Reservoir, Wells and Complete Surface Systems model, having been

matched for production history, will accurately optimise the entire

network and run predictions.

RESOLVE can extend integration, control, field event, scenario management

and optimisation to full field models which include third party reservoir,

process simulators and economics.

The IPM suite is the leading Integrated Production Optimisation toolkit

in the industry. It gives fast, reliable results and it is the industrystandard with major operators worldwide. There are in excess of 320 oil

and gas operators and service companies using the tools worldwide.

The IPM suite has an open architecture - OpenServer- enabling the user

to run the powerful calculation engine of an IPM tool from a third party

application. It has proven invaluable to many users and organisations in

making their business integration workflows more efficient.

The IPM suite allows the user to work with one set of tools to model all

common field production systems:

Quick and reliable Optimisation and Forecasting of field production Single or Multi-tanks reservoir models, with inter tank communication

Multi-Lateral and Horizontal well modelling accounting for pressure

drops in the branches, including multi-layers and reservoir interferences

between perforations sets

Artificial Lift designs and diagnostics: including ESPs, HSPs, Gas Lift,

PCP, Jet and Beam (Rod) Pumps, Intermittent gas lift

Detailed pipeline design and performance: Flow Regimes, Slug Size

and Frequency, Stability Analysis

Surface Production Modelling of networks, pumps, compressors, multi-lines

and looped gathering systems. There are no limits to the number of

wells or reservoir tanks. Constraints can be included at each level in

the system

Smart well with ICVs or ICDs

The Petex proprietary correlations used are recognised as best in class

showing stability in some of the most challenging fluids

The IPM suite allows the modelling of the most complex field designs

Model can be Black Oil, Condensate, Gas or Fully Compostional

RESOLVE

Model -

for the

production, gas lift and injection networks - reservoirs to process

Petroleum Experts IPM - Integrated Production Modelling

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Petroleum Experts was the first company to present a fully integrated

reservoir, well, and surface network modelling and production

optimisation system the Integrated Production Modelling Toolkit (IPM).

RESOLVE takes integration to move a step further. It allows the engineer

to connect, run, control and optimise multi-vendor engineering models.

Through RESOLVE's open and flexible architecture the dynamic links

between proprietary software models as well as multi-vendor commercial

software models tools is now practical. RESOLVE is the corporate standard

with international majors.

RESOLVE should be viewed at several levels: RESOLVE allows multiple

software applications to be connected together and controlled centrally;

through the centrallised control, all field events in the reservoir, wells

up to the process and economics can be analysed and their impact on

the field production forecast studied; with the global optimsation, the

full system can be optimised - production and injection - simultaneously

with the optimum pipeline routing study. Each application runs

autonomously, while RESOLVE takes care of synchronisation, data

transfer, scheduling, reporting, data gathering and global optimisation.

Models can be run on computer clusters or distributed machines.

RESOLVE can be used as an open framework for users to develop dynamic

connections to other proprietary models. This work has been carried

out successfully by several companies who wanted to connect their

proprietary reservoir simulators to GAP. In doing this, the engineer gains

access to the other connections offered through RESOLVE (e.g. theconnection to HySys, Eclipse, etc.).

APPLICATIONS

The screen shot above illustrates how RESOLVE can be used to connect

several disparate applications together to create a model of a field from

the reservoir to the sales lineIT INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPORTED

Models can be distributed across a network, each running in its own

operating system, Windows, Linux, Unix or on a computer cluster

RESOLVE IPM Controller Link and Interface Between IPM and Third Party Software

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This model consists of:

3 reservoir models: Eclipse300, REVEAL, MBAL

3 GAP models (production, water injection, gas injection)

2 process models (HYSYS)

All the individual models can be distributed on remote computers. This

is particularly useful in the case of reservoir simulators where the

simulations can be distributed over a network and run in parallel on a64 Bit machine.

RESOLVE Features - Main

Application to connect and run integrated models comprising an unlimited

number of applications

Hyper-threaded

Strong parallelisation of solver algorithm wherever this is possible

Makes use of local (multi-processor) and network (remote machine)

resources

Clustering

Window clustering - (out of the box)

Commercial clustering package - LSF

Any topography of connected system is allowed

No fixed concept of upstream or downstream

Entirely open architecture User connections can be developed (many examples of this)

The application as a whole can be controlled from an external controller

In addition to our optimisers, users can use their own external

optimiser (see below)

Models can be run predicatively or at a snapshot in time

RESOLVE Reservoir Coupling

Petroleum Experts-developed algorithm for improved coupling stability

Non-iterative good performance

default scheme does not use Newton coupling (although available as

an option)

iteration between reservoirs and GAP is possible, but is rarely required

with the default algorithm

Tested extensively on fields throughout the world

Adaptive time-stepping also available

Improved IPR models to address limit in most reservoir simulators IPR

Implementation of MPI communication protocol in Windows and LINUX

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RESOLVE Surface Network Implementation

RESOLVE is set up to take full advantage of the features of Petroleum

Experts GAP software

optimisation

connection to material balance (MBAL)

production AND injection systems in a single license

gas lift injection network

distribution of network models and parallel optimisations over a

network

RESOLVE PVT

Thermodynamic consistency between applications in an integrated

model is ensured Black-oil models can be mixed with fully

compositional models Advanced proprietary lumping and delumping e.g. from a 5 component

reservoir simulation to a 50 component process simulation

RESOLVE Event/(well) management

Comprehensive event / well management scheme

entirely open-ended

Any variable of any application in an integrated system can be

interrogated to perform (if then action) directives

An action does not have to apply to the application in which the

event took place

Actions can be complex e.g. well ranking based on an associated

variable (e.g. water cut, potential, revenue calculation)

e.g. switching from HP to LP separation while simultaneously

changing compressor curves

This is all available through a simple user interface

Very complex management can be performed through a VBA script,

hence the management is completely open ended

Schedules embedded in the client applications will be honoured in a

Resolve run

RESOLVE Optimisation

Three levels of optimisation

Non-linear optimisation in GAP

Successive linear optimisation in RESOLVE

Pipeline routing optimisation - GIRO - generic routing and integer

optimisation algorithm

Optimisation problems can be distributed over ALL applications in an

integrated model

RESOLVE determines most efficient iteration scheme to calculate

derivatives

The pipeline routing optimisation allows integer based problems to

be optimised while at the same time as optimising the production at

for combination of routings

RESOLVE version control

Tight integration with Petroleum Experts Model Catalogue.

RESOLVE models can be checked in and out

All associated models from the client applications are also checked in

and out

RESOLVE link to Excel

Dynamic linking (drag and drop) to Microsoft Excel for:

Calculation

Reporting

Stream splitting / manipulation

RESOLVE GUI

All application instances can be added to the framework through a

simple drag-and-drop interface

Wizards are available for common tasks, e.g.

Voidage replacement

Configuration tasks

RESOLVE IPM Controller Link and Interface Between IPM and Third Party Software

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Run-time data from client applications (e.g. diagnostics) is channelled

through the RESOLVE GUI

RESOLVE

Reporting Comprehensive and dynamic

Results appear dynamically during the run, allowing instant access to

the results and improved trouble-shooting

Optimisation and loop iteration results are stored separately at every

timestep

Any variable of any client application can be added to the standard

variables always displayed by RESOLVE.

RESOLVE AS A CONNECTIVITY TOOL

RESOLVE can be used as an interface to connect customer applications

together or the IPM suite. To explain further, we need to examine the

architecture of the application.

is an application that connects to a set of software drivers, as shown in

the diagram below. The drivers are dynamic link libraries (dlls) that are

programmed to communicate with RESOLVE.

COMPUTER CLUSTERING

Px Cluster Windows clustering developed by Petex

Open interface for other clustering tools

Supports platform LSF

CURRENT COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT LINKS TO DLL RESOLVE

HYSYS Aspentech Process Simulator

UniSim Honeywell Process Simulator

REVEAL Petex specialised reservoir simulator

PSim Reservoir Simulator of ConocoPhillips

ECLIPSE 100 and 300: Reservoir Simulator of Schlumberger

IMEX/GEM Reservoir Simulator of CMG

VIP Reservoir Simulator of Landmark

MoRES Reservoir Simulator of Shell

POWER Reservoir Simulator of Saudi Aramco

CHEARS Reservoir Simulator of Chevron

PumaFlow Reservoir Simulator of IFP

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GAP is a multiphase optimiser of the surface network which links with

PROSPER and MBAL to model entire reservoir and productions systems.

GAP can model production systems containing oil, gas and condensate,

in addition to gas or water injection systems.

GAP enables the engineer to build representative field models, that

include the reservoirs, wells and surface pipeline production and injection

system. The production and injection system can be optimised to

maximise production or revenue, while honouring field and system

constraints at any level. Moreover production forecasts can be run to

optimise the system overtime, with the changing field and operating

system conditions accounted for as part of the forecast. GAP has the

most powerful and fastest optimisation engine in the industry.

APPLICATIONS

Full field surface network design

Naturally flowing, CBM plus Artificial Lifted - gas lift, PCP, HSP, Jet and SRP

pump, ESP, plus intermittent gas lift - wells can all be included in the same

production system model

Field Optimisation studies with mixed naturally flowing and artificial lift

systems - GLOBAL OPTIMISATION ALGORITH - NLP - non-linear programming.

Multi-phase Looped Network Optimisation

Advises on wellhead chokes settings to meet reservoir management targets

GAP links to PROSPER (well models) and MBAL (reservoir tank model)

to allow entire production systems to be modelled and optimised over

the life of the field

Pipeline Flow Assurance studies, including Hydrates, Salt Precipitation

Centrifugal and reciprocating compressor and Pump system modelling

LNG scope design

Production forecasting

Programmable elements

Fully Compositional from the Reservoir to the Process side

CO2 Modelling Easy to use graphical interface for drawing system network (using

icons for separators, compressors, pipelines, manifolds and wells,

inline chokes and reservoir tanks)

GENERAL FEATURES

Optimisation on Oil Production, Revenue, or Field Start-up

Allows an unlimited number of wells, and tanks. (nodes)

Production: gas and gas condensate wells and naturally flowing, gas

lifted, Hydraulic Pump and ESP oil wells

Injection: gas or water injection wells

Automatic calculation of wellhead choke pressures to optimise

production or injection

Entry of constraints at well, manifolds, separator or system levels

Links to PROSPER for generation of well performance responses and

lift curves in batch mode (VLP/IPR)

Gas injection or water separation at common nodes

Comparison of model and measured results to quality control the

calculated well performance curves

Flow Assurance: Pipeline stability studies, slug sizing.

Pipeline pressure drop correlations can be matched to measured dataand each pipe can use a different correlation

Flow correlations include the advanced mechanisitic model PE4, PE5,

OLGAS 2-Phase and 3-Phase

GAP IPM - Multiphase Network Optimiser Production Network Optimisation and Field Prediction

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OPTIMISATION

Optimise production and injections system simultaneously. Systems can

include ESP, Gas L ift, Compressors and Naturally flowing wells

Optimise chokes anywhere in the system

Full choke model implemented for inline chokes. Minimum and maximum

choke diameters can be set to limit the optimisers search to maximum

pipe line pressure, if required

Predictions can be made without optimisation

Viscosities can be corrected for emulsion in pipeline calculations

The IPR mobility correction can use its own set of relative permeabilities

and the fluid mobility may be estimated using the same or different

set of relative permeability curves

In some special cases, for example for high gas coning wells, the lefthand side (unstable) VLP/IPR intersection can be used instead of the

right hand side (stable) solution

GENERALISED NETWORK SYSTEMS

Multi-phase looped flow system modelling using fast solver and optimiser

Complete flexible network topologies

Can include user programmable nodes

Flow direction calculation. Two arrows in the pipeline representation

on the network plot to indicate the direction of the description on the

pipe, i.e. the upstream to downstream direction

The arrow in the blue square indicates the direction of the flow

calculated during the last solver or prediction run

Hydrate and wax warning (fully compositional mode)

Annular flow for pipe elements

Pipe element specific black oil or compositional PVT model selection

FLEXIBLE CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

Sinks and Sources.

Ability to route fluids in network after separation

Production and Injection systems are handled simultaneously

Combine high and low pressure separation

COMPOSITIONAL MODELLING

Two Options:

a)Fully comositional using characterised EoS. The composition may be

entered at the well level if there are no reservoir models. In a prediction,

evolving compositions are automatically passed to the GAP well level.

b)Compostional tracking: flashing of the fluids throughout the network

system while using black oil PVT description for the pressure loss

calculations.

GAS CONING

Gas coning at the reservoir can be modelled in GAP. This can be used in

standalone networks or when linked with MBAL tank models

PERMEABILITY CORRECTION IN PREDICTION

The change in tank permeability with pressure can be modelled

CROSS-FLOW INJECTIVITY

Injection cross-flows into layers can be modelled with an injectivity index

ABANDONMENT CONSTRAINTS

Abandonment constraints can be set per-layer of multi-layer models, aswell as for the entire model.

PROJECT ARCHIVING

GAP projects, including all associated files for the well and reservoir

models, can be compressed and archived as one project file.

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PROSPER is a well performance, design and optimisation program which

is part of the Integrated Production Modelling Toolkit ( IPM). This tool is

the industry standard well modelling with the major operators

worldwide.

PROSPER is designed to allow the building of reliable and consistent

well models, with the ability to address each aspect of well bore

modelling viz, PVT (fluid characterisation), VLP correlations (for calculation

of flow-line and tubing pressure loss) and IPR (reservoir inflow).

PROSPER provides unique matching features, which tune PVT,

multiphase flow correlations and IPRs to match measured field data,

allowing a consistent well model to be built prior to use in prediction

(sensitivities or artificial lift design). PROSPER enables detailed surface

pipeline performance and design: Flow Regimes, Hydrates Flag, Pipeline

Stability Studies, Slug Size and Frequency.

PROSPER has an logical interface to help the user, with the engineer working

left to right, top to bottom, along the menu to build the model. In this way

only the relevant data screens are displayed for the engineer to populate.

APPLICATIONS

Design and optimise well completions including multi-lateral, multi-layer

and horizontal wells

Design and optimise tubing and pipeline sizes

Design, diagnose and optimise Gas lifted, Hydraulic pumps, PCP, Jet Pump

and ESP or Tapered ESP wells

CBM Wells

Flow Assurance Studies - well and surface pipelines

Generate lift curves for use in reservoir simulators

Calculate pressure losses in wells, flow lines and across chokes

Predict flowing temperatures in wells and pipelines

Monitor well performance to identify wells requiring remedial action

Perforating Gun Performance - SPOT Calculate total skin and determine breakdown (damage, deviation or

partial penetration)

Unique black oil model for retrograde condensate fluids, accounting

for liquid dropout in the wellbore, plus Fully Compositional

Allocate production between wells

INFLOW PERFORMANCE MODELS (IPR)

Multilateral well models

Single branch (Simple) inflows

Several proprietary inflow models for various fluids

Flux calculation module to calculate the flow velocity across thegravel pack completion (Vc : Vs)

Compaction permeability reduction model

Gravel Pack Beta factor calculated or entered, including a multiphase model

PRESSURE PREDICTION

Predicts pressures only for various flow rates given the temperature

profile along the flow path

Predicts pressures as well as temperatures simultaneously

PROSPER IPM - Well Production Systems Analysis

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ENGINEERING APPROACH

INFLOW PERFORMANCE (IPR) MODELS

MULTILATERAL WELLS

PROSPER has a rigorous approach to model the inflow into

multilateral wells, accounting for the interference between individual

branches and friction losses in the completion. This model is capable of

performing and displaying detailed pressure and inflow profiles that

can be used to diagnose what is coming from where in the

multilateral completion

Models intelligent well completions -SMART- with down-hole

chokes, etc

The model can handle Oil, Gas, and Retrograde Condensates

Both injectors and producer with or without artificial lift, can be

modelled

SINGLE BRANCH (SIMPLE) INFLOW

PROSPER has a number of different inflow models for various fluids

FLUID PVT Models

Black oil correlations for oil, gas and retrograde condensates

Fully compositional model using Peng-Robinson EoS

Convergence pressure method for retrograde condensates

PVT handles any percentage up to 100% CO2 or N2 for injectors and

producers

Emulsion viscosity matching and viscosity corrections (for ESPs)

Separate Viscosity for Oil and Gas

Correlations can be automatically adjusted to match measured data

Water vapour condensation correlation for gas condensate wells

Water Viscosity Variation with pressure

Boiling temperature column in EoS model

Steam model for injection wells

COMPLETION METHODS

Cased Hole Open Hole

Gravel Pack (PVT for gravel pack calculated at correct pressure)

PREDICTION MODELS

PROSPER can be used to predict pressures for various flow rates given

the temperature profile along the flow path

PROSPER has the capability of predicting pressures and temperatures

simultaneously

Temperature can be predicted using:

a simple approximation method based on overall heat transfer

coefficient, accounting for Joules Thompson

Improved Approximation, which model various heat transfer

co-efficients along the string; or a detailed model using a complete

Enthalpy Balance approach. Conduction, forced convection, free

convection and radiation are taken into account

Enthalpy Balance

Insulation and burial depth of the pipeline are also considered

For downhole equipment, the formation heat transfer coefficient is

based on a transient model

LIQUIDS IPR MODELS

PI Entry: constant PI, corrected for water-cut below bubble point

Vogel

Composite: Vogel + water cut

Darcy

Fetkovich: The reservoir pressure can be calculated from a multi-rate test.

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Jones

Multi-rate Jones

Transient IPR: for low permeability reservoir where deliverabilitychanges with time

External Entry (Import of externally generated IPR)

Hydraulically fractured wells

Horizontal Well - Bounded System and Constant pressure boundary

models

Horizontal Well - Friction dP: Allows entry of multiple zones and

accounts for wellbore friction

Horizontal well with transverse fractures this model allows the entry

of one or more transverse fractures along the horizontal well bore

Multi-layered systems with and without dP Loss in well bore:

Network algorithm simultaneously solves inflow and layer pressure

Multi-Lateral systems: A detailed model that accounts for the

interference between individual branches. This can be used to model

intelligent completions as well

Naturally fractured reservoir systems

Thermal Fracturing

Error checking in IPR section

GAS AND RETROGRADE CONDENSATE INFLOW MODELS

Jones

Forcheimer

Back pressure: C is calculated from permeability

C & n are calculated from multi-rate data

Multi-rate Jones

Petroleum Experts: IPR using multi-phase pseudo pressures and non-

Darcy coefficients. This model takes into account the condensate

dropout and changes in water-to-gas ratio through use of multi-phase

pseudo pressure for retrograde condensate systems

Hydraulically fractured wells

Horizontal wells: With & without Friction dP

Horizontal wells with one or more transverse vertical fractures

Multi-layered reservoirs: With & without dP loss

External entry: user defined IPR model

Naturally fractured reservoir IPR

FLUID FLOW MODELLING

PROSPER can be used to model any of the following flow geometries

Tubing or Annular flow

Tubing and Annular-simultaneous

Producer or Injector

Naturally flowing

Artificially lifted wells

Multilateral inflow accounting for branch effects

Horizontal wells

Simultaneous production through the tubing and annulus

The flow modelling in PROSPER is divided into two sections:

Well bore or vertical lift flow

Surface Pipeline flow


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GAS CONING

The gas-coning model predicts a rate dependent GOR, based on the

model developed by Urbanczyk and Wattenbarger. Alternatively, the

model can be tuned using measured data.

DIETZ SHAPE FACTOR

A calculator is available which allows the user to calculate the factor for

rectangular reservoirs with a well placed anywhere in the area.

SKIN

This can be entered by hand or be predicted using perforation data.

The mechanical and geometric skin can be calculated using: Locke's,

Mcleod or Tariq's technique.

The skin due to deviation and partial penetration can be computed

using the model of Cinco-Ley model or Wong and Clifford model(point source solutions).

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY EFFECTS

The effects on IPR can be modelled: Water cut for test data points can

be used to verify user entered relative permeability curves.

PERFORATING GUN PERFORMANCE - SPOT

The Shell gun performance system (SPOT) is used for determining and

comparing the production impact of different vender perforating guns.

Most of the gun manufacturers API Section I data is included in the guns

database. A user can include their own gun data including Section IV test.

STANDING CORRECTION TO VOGEL IN IPR CALCULATIONS

VERTICAL LIFT CORRELATIONS:

Duns and Ros (Modified for condensates)

Duns and Ros Original

Hagedorn-Brown

Fancher-Brown

Gray

Orkiszewski

Petroleum Experts. Petroleum Experts 2

Petroleum Experts 3 (bio-degraded oils).

GRE (modified by PE)

Petroleum Experts 4 (Mechanistic model for angled wells)

Petroleum Experts 5 (Mechanistic model which has proven most robust

for complex fluids and pipeline trajectories)

Petroleum Experts 6 (For heavy emulsified oils)

HYDRO 3-phase

OLGAS - Olga 2-phase and Olga 3-phase correlations

The Petroleum Experts Correlations include internally developed flow

regime maps and can be used in all flow regimes

PIPELINE CORRELATIONS

Beggs and Brill

Mukerjee-Brill

Dukler-Flanigan

Dukler-Eaton-Flanigan

Fancher-Brown

PE 4: Complex Terrain Flow Correlation

PE 5: Complex fluids and terrain mechanistic correlation

HYDRO 3-phase

OLGAS 2-phase and 3-phase Correlations

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ARTIFICIAL LIFT

GAS LIFT DESIGN

Casing, Tubing or Proportional Valves

Automatic Valve Spacing

Calculation of Valve Test Rack setting pressure

Flexible design options for unloading valves allowing selection of Pvo

or Pvc equal to casing pressure

Real valve response modeling Link to VPC database

Thornhill Craver valve de-rating model

PROSPER has a unique diagnostic tool to identify gas lift valves failure,

point of gas injection and other operational problems

PROSPER re-checks the initial design to ensure that unloading can be

achieved and that the well will flow at the maximum possible oil rate

Designs can also be run for wells with existing mandrel completions

INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT

ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

ESP design and diagnosis

Tapered ESP

Design selects pumps, motors and cables from database

Viscosity effects and temperature fluid rise across pumps handled

PVT emulsion viscosity correction option

Sensitivities can be run rapidly to check ESP design performance over

life of well

Calculation of ESP lift tables for simulators

Down hole gas separation

A comprehensive database of pump and motor performance

characteristics is provided with the program

HYDRAULIC PUMPS

HSP design and diagnosis

Design selects pumps and turbines

PVT emulsion viscosity correction option

Sensitivities can be run to check HSP design performance over life

of well

Calculation of HSP lift tables for simulators

Progressive Cavity Pumps PCP

PCP Design: allows the user to select a suitable combination of pump

and rods from a user-entered database

Jet Pumps

Input Data and Pump Selection

- Annular Injection Tubing Production

- Tubing Injection Annular Production

Power Fluid Properties

Jet Pump Design

Rod (Beam) Pumps

Design and Diagnostic Calculations

CBM

Coal Bed Methane - Type Wells

ADDITIONAL FEATURES

CORRELATION THRESHOLD ANGLES

PROSPER allows entry correlation threshold angles, which permits

changes from vertical flow correlation to a pipeline correlation in the

well bore based on the angle of the flow path with respect to the

vertical. The same option is available for pipelines to change to vertical

flow correlations based on angles with the horizontal.


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All gradient curves can be compared against measured data on a

single plot

Phase Densities, inter-phase IFTs, slug and bubble properties are displayed

Flow Regime Plots can be displayed

Erosional Velocity (C Factor) calculation is also displayed

Facility to disable either the surface equipment or the down hole

equipment during calculations

MODEL CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL

PROSPER allows the engineer to match different components of the model

viz, PVT, flow correlations and IPR with measured data. The matching

procedure is followed by quality checking options, on the basis of what

is possible physically.

PVT correlations can be matched to laboratory flash data

Vertical lift and flowline correlations can be automatically tuned to

match measured flowing pressure surveys

Flow Correlations can be tuned to fit up to 10 tests simultaneously,

using a multi-dimensional non-linear regression. This is achieved by

varying independently the head and friction pressure loss components.

The matching process is a powerful data consistency check

THERMAL FRACTURING

PROSPER models the combined effects of temperature, stress and fluid

mechanics to predict the behaviour of the injectors.

SOLIDS TRANSPORT

Model predicting grain size that can be transported

HYDRATE FLAGGING

PROSPER will highlight areas that have a potential hydrates formation.

The user enters a set of pressure-temperature tables for the fluid.

PROSPER SENSITIVITY

Up to three sensitivity variables (four for lift curves) can be chosen and

ten values may be entered for each. The program will run the sensitivity

combinations calculating up to 1,000 solution-operating points

EXPORT LIFT CURVES

Lift curves can be directly exported to Petroleum Experts MBAL, GAP

and most commercial and proprietary reservoir simulators

PROSPER CHOKE CALCULATOR

The choke calculator allows calculation of production rate, pressure

drops or required choke sizes. The calculation solves the energy equation

and can be used for both critical and sub critical flow.

GRADIENT CALCULATIONSNew variables are now displayed in

gradient calculations.

Oil Viscosity

Oil Mass Flow Fate

Water Viscosity

Oil Formation Volume Factor

Liquid density

Gas Formation Volume Factor

Total Mass Flow Rate

Water Hold-up, etc

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The MBAL package contains the classical reservoir engineering tool,

using analytical techniques to analyse the fluid dynamics in the reservoir.

MBAL has redefined the use of Material Balance in modern reservoir

engineering. MBAL has many innovations developed by Petroleum

Experts that are not available elsewhere.

MBAL is the industry standard for accurate Material Balance modelling

Efficient reservoir developments require a good understanding of

reservoir and production systems. MBAL helps the engineer define

reservoir drive mechanisms and hydrocarbon volumes more easily. This

is a prerequisite for reliable simulation studies.

For existing reservoirs, MBAL provides extensive matching facilities.

Realistic production profiles can be run for reservoirs, with or without

history matching. The intuitive program structure enables the reservoir

engineer to achieve reliable results quickly. MBAL is commonly used for

modelling the dynamic reservoir effects prior to building a numerical

simulator model.

APPLICATIONS

History matching reservoir performance to identify hydrocarbons in

place and aquifer drive mechanisms

Building Multi-Tank reservoir model

Generate production profiles

Run development studies

Determine gas contract DCQs

Model performance of retrograde condensate reservoirs for depletion

and re-cycling

Decline curve analysis

Monte Carlo simulations

1D flood front modelling: Surfactant, Polymer, CO2 water, Hot/Cold

water

Tight Gas Modelling

CBM - Coal Bed Methane

2-D Streamline Tool

Calibrate relative permeability curves against field performance data

Control Miscibility

Control recycling of injection gas

Fully Compositional

MBALs logical and progressive path leads the engineer through history

matching a reservoir and generating production profiles. The program

is easy to use and fast to learn

MBAL allows the engineer to tune PVT correlations to match with field data.

This prevents data errors being compounded between modelling steps

MBAL IPM - Reservoir Reservoir Engineering Toolkit

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MATERIAL BALANCE

Tank Pressures

Average tank pressures calculated from well production histories

using well rate weighted averaged pressures

Voidage replacement (gas or water)

Gas cap gas production

Gas re-cycling

Inter tank transmissibility

Reservoir Types

Saturated with gas cap

Under-saturated

Gas and Tight Gas

Retrograde condensate (suitable for very volatile oils)

CBM - Coal bed methane

Separate oil, condensate, and water PVT models. E.g. Oil and condensate

models can be connected in the multi-tank

Multitank reservoir system can be built with inter-tank transmissibility

Aquifer Models

Linear, Radial or Bottom Drive:

Small Pot

Schilthuis Steady State

Hurst Simplified

Hurst and van Everdingen

Vogt and Wang

Fetkovich Semi Steady State

Fetkovich Steady State

Carter- Tracy

Multi-tank

Well Types

Production Gas Lifted PCP Jet Pump Injector

ESP HSP Rod Pump Gravel Pack

HISTORY MATCHING

Graphical Straight Line Methods

Oil Gas and Condensates

+ Havlena - Odeh + P/Z

+ F/Et versus We/Et + P/Z (Over-pressured)

+ F/Et versus F + Havlena-Odeh (Water Drive)

+ F-We versus Et + Havlena-Odeh (Overpressured)

+ [F-We] / [Eo+Efw] + Cole (Strong Aquifer) versus Eg [Eo+Efw]

Aquifer size button simplifies graphical aquifer matching.

Analytical Method

Main phase production from historical reservoir pressure data

Automatic history matching using non-linear regression on aquifer &

reservoir parameters

Reservoir Simulation

Reservoir pressure and water influx from historical production data

PRODUCTION PREDICTIONS

Production profiles can be run for reservoir/well systems. The wells and

reservoir interactions control the production rates

Main Prediction Options Reservoir pressure for a given Off take schedules (e.g. gas contract)

Reservoir pressure and manifold pressure (requires well lift curves)

Reservoir pressure and production rates (requires well lift curves and

manifold pressure)

DCQ prediction

Calculate the minimum number of wells required to achieve a

production target

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FIELD CONSTRAINTS

Gas-lift gas and gas injection

Manifold pressures

Minimum or/and Maximum Flow rate

Minimum or/and Maximum Pressure

Breakthrough of water/gas and abandonment

WELL CONSTRAINTS

Constant flowing bottom hole pressure, or tubing performance curves

Breakthrough and abandonment saturations

Minimum or/and Maximum Flow Rate

Maximum Pressure Drawdown

Producing BS&W and GORs Oil/water or Gas/Oil contacts

Breakthrough constraints (effectively place completions with respect

to fluid contacts)

PRODUCTION PREDICTION RESULTS

Extensive ranges of results are displayed by production prediction.

MBALs flexible plotting routines allows a wide selection of results to be

cross-plotted.

Available reservoir parameters include

Reservoir pressures Production rates and cumulative production

Fluid saturations

Aquifer influx

and many more

Available well parameters include:

FBHPs and FWHPs

Well rates, BS&Ws and GORs

Well cumulatives

Timing of well liquid loading - validity of lift curves

Gas contract DCQ accounting for swing (gas models)

Instantaneous field potential (for gas and condensate reservoirs)

Fluid Models - PVT

Black oil correlations for oil, gas and retrograde condensates.

Condensate model handles liquid drop out, changes in produced gas

gravity and condensate to gas ratio correctly

Correlations can be automatically adjusted to match measured data

Variable PVT

Different PVT for each tank

Based on well production, mixes in PVT are modelled from different tanks

CO2 Model

Hydrate Modelling with Salt

Fully Compositional - EoS model

WELL SCHEDULING

DATA IMPORT

Flexible production history import filter for ASCII files, windows

clipboard and ODBC compliant databases

Import templates can be saved and recalled for instant data import

COMPOSITIONAL PREDICTION

MBAL can track a composition through a simulation or prediction.

Compositions for each time-step are taken from the MBAL model,

allowing the study of the evolution of the composition with time

If MBAL is run through GAP, the fluid composition can be tracked from

the reservoir, through the surface network

MBAL IPM - Reservoir Reservoir Engineering Toolkit

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OIL BREAKTHROUGHS

model for condensate wells.

TRAPPED GAS MODEL

Model gas trapped behind aquifer. The effect of higher pressure drops

due to water gradient is taken into account

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

Relative permeability curves can be assigned to a leak. These curves

can be matched in Fw/Fg/Fo matching

Option to calculate relative permeability tables from Corey exponents

A separate set of relative permeability tables can be entered and used

for the various mobility corrections for the PI

Pressure dependant permeabilities. Changes in the tank permeability

can handled in IPR calculations and transmissibility

GAS CONING

Gas coning can be modelled for oil tanks. This uses a gas coning model

to calculate the GOR for each layer.

MISCIBILITY

User can define percentage factor of gas re-dissolving into oil

Model can handle super-critical fluids

RECYCLING of INJECTION GAS

Injection gas is tracked as a separate phase

Breakthrough saturations of the gas injection will determine whenthe gas is recycled

VOIDAGE REPLACEMENT

Linked voidage replacement to injection wells

STEAMLINE - 2D MODEL

Tool tracks which producer is supported by an injector (%)

Screens the sweep efficiency of a well configuration

MULTI-LAYER

This is a tool to allow calculation of a set of pseudo-relative permeability

curves for a tank which is made up of a number of layers that are each

described by their own relative permeability curve

The multi-layer tool performs Stiles, Buckley - Leverett and communicating

layers models

CROSS FLOWING PRODUCTION WELLS

For multi-layer wells, an injectivity index can be entered for

production wells to allow control of cross-flow

DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS

Harmonic, Hyperbolic and Exponential.

Single Well Production

Total Reservoir Production

1 DIMENSIONAL WATER FLOOD MODELS

Buckley Leverett

MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS

Statistical tool for estimating oil and gas in place

TIGHT GAS MODEL

Tool to allow analysis of tight gas reservoirs

History matching allows analysis of rate and Pwf history to determine

Rd and K

Allows prediction of rates using wells into the future

Single phase

COAL BED METHANE (CBM)

Tool to allow analysis of coal bed methane reservoirs

Modelling of the coal bed methane reservoirs using Langmuir isotherms

to determine how much gas is desorbed from the rock surface and

released into pore space

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REVEAL is a specialised reservoir simulator modeling near well bore effects

including mobility and injectivity issues. Thermal and chemical effects are

modeled rigorously. These effects can arise from injection of non-reservoir

fluids at non-reservoir temperatures.

Injection of chemicals or fluids at non-reservoir temperature can have

significant effects on fluid mobilities and therefore subsequent

injectivity and oil production. Injectivity will also be dependent on

perforation geometry, including the possibility of fracturing.

APPLICATIONS

Thermal reservoir simulation

Thermal fracturing

Steam SAGD

Heavy oil

Chemistry

Water

Souring

Polymer + GEL

Surfactant

Geomechanics

Fracturing

Solids Transport

Filter Cake

Complex Well Modelling

ICD, ICV Gravel Pack

Steam Injection

Dual Tubing

SPECIFICATION:

MULTI-PHASE SIMULATOR

Thermal 3 phase Black Oil formulation for oil gas and condensates.

Implicit and IMPES solvers.

Grid refinement.

Multi-Lateral well capabilities with well bore friction and well-bore heating.

Thermal and chemical effects on mobility.

Analytical Carter Tracy aquifer.

4 phase (oil, water, gas, -emulsion)

Import: VIP, ECLIPSE and ASCII text data.

Import from PETREL formats

REVEAL RUNS ON A PC ENVIRONMENT 32 BIT OR 64 BIT

There is a single interface to all functionality, including: data input and

validation, post-processing, 3D graphical visualization, and export of

results.

THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

A numerical finite-element model for fracture initiation and propagation

is directly coupled to the finite-difference 3D simulator.

Thermal fracturing may increase injectivity, but the reduced mobility of

water and reservoir oil resulting from lower injection temperature may

reduce injectivity at later times or provide problematic flooding characteristics.

The model is based on the pressure balance within the fracture and thereservoir stress field, including poro-elastic and thermo-elastic stress

reduction effects.

The elasticity of the rock determines the internal shape of the fracture,

while the shape of the fracture near its tip determines the ability of the

fracture to propagate by overcoming the critical stress intensity (strength)

of the rock.

REVEAL IPM Simulator Specialised Reservoir Simulator

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Flow within the fracture and leak-off are also modeled, resulting in a fully

consistent dynamic model of thermal and hydraulic fracturing.

Thermal fracture calculation within

refined region (pressure on Full

Reservoir and temperature in Blowup)

STEAM

A fully implicit steam injection model is present to model huff &puff,

cyclic steam injection of SAGD geometries.

Vertical steam flood with water and steam streamlines

SOLIDS

Wax and asphaltene precipitation and consequent permeability reduction

is modeled by defining solubility characteristics and plugging effects

within the reservoir.

A compressible filter cake model (reducing the filter cake porosity and

permeability as the pressure drop across it increases) is present to model

injection damage arising from solid particulate present within at an

injector. This model is available with both unfractured and thermally

fractured wells.

A solid transport, trapping and permeability reduction model is also

present for injectors and producers. For producers this model includes

formation failure and sand production.

LARGE GRID WIRE FRAME

MOBILITY CONTROL

Thermal viscosity effects are important for water injectivity and the

resulting relative mobility of cooled water and oil.

Gel, polymer, chelating agent, cross-linker and foam mobility control ofthe aqueous phase is modeled to improve water flooding or reduce

water breakthrough.

Non-Newtonian oils are modeled, where the apparent viscosity reduces

with applied shear stress.

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22

Phase desaturation, resulting from changes in interfacial tension can be

modeled as a function of capillary number when surfactants or when a

wetting agent is added and also as the fluid interfacial tensions change

with temperature, pressure or Rs.

Relative permeability hysteresis is available for modeling cycling

injection strategies.

Dispersion and diffusion models are available for trace component

tracking.

A well-bore heating model is present

to model increased productivity near a

well, heated by microwave or electrical

heater.

Water Viscosity (cp) for thermal water

injection

PHASE EMULSIFICATION

If a surfactant is injected, the interfacial tension between the water and

oleic phases will reduce and an intermediate phase (-emulsion) may be

generated. This may favorably increase the mobility of heavy oils.

This is modelled in REVEAL by calculating an effective salinity resulting

from concentrations of the surfactant,

polymer, alcohols, temperature and

equivalent alkane number (EACN), then

using a ternary diagram to calculate

the phase saturations and concentrations

of all components within the phases.

Ternary diagram for surfactant model -

data input screen

SPECIALISED MODELS - WATER CHEMISTRY

The mixing of incompatible waters following an injection strategy may

result in scale or souring.

REVEAL has a comprehensive water chemistry capability with a large

database of reaction species and reaction pathways. The prediction of solid

precipitation and dissolution is modelled as the chemical species are

transported within the reservoir. Scale inhibitor and reversible/irreversible

adsorption models are also

present to model the behaviour of precipitates. A souring model, catalysed

by bacterial action is present, with partitioning of H2S between the

aqueous and oleic phases.

Sulphate ions in injection water react with Barium ions in reservoir water to

precipitate Barite. Precipitated Barite is transported with the injected water andis concentrated at the flood front.


23/27

An understanding of PVTproperties is fundamental to all aspects of

reservoir, petroleum and production engineering.

PVTP allows tuning of Equations of State (EoS) to match laboratory

data. The tuned EoS can then be used to simulate a range of reservoir

and production processes, which impact equipment sizing and reservoir

recovery.

Multiple samples reservoir information is handled in a unique project

structure to allow the user to create a consistant picture of the reservoir

system.

PVTP has been designed to lead the engineer logically through the fluid

characterising process, which includes tuning EoS models to match

measured laboratory data at both reservoir and process conditions.

PVTP can be used to generate tables of fluid properties, reduced

compositions or matched parameters (Tc, P c, , and Binary Interaction

Coefficients) for applications such as reservoir simulation and nodal

analysis. PVTP maximises the value of your laboratory PVTstudies by

minimising the amount of experiments required.

PVTP has been extended to include the modelling of solids viz. hydrates

and waxes and includes calculations for hydrate formation pressure,

hydrate inhibition, wax appearance temperature and wax dropout.

Having a consistent PVT model when we are developing integrated

models from reservoir all the the way to the process is fundamental.

PVTP provides a powerful lumping and delumping methodology that is

able to pass from the extended composition (full composition) to a

reduced one (lumped composition) and visa versa, preserving the

quality of the charcterisation.

APPLICATIONS

Characterisation of fluids

Recombination of separator samples

Determination of gas / oil contacts

Separator train optimisation

Phase behaviour prediction

Swelling test simulation

Solids (Hydrate and Wax Modelling)

Generation of PVTtables for use in simulation

Slim Tube Simulation

Structured approach to sample decontamination, addressing an

increasing problem of contaminated samples

Recombination and PVTvalidation

Simulation of lab PVTexperiments

Online Step-by-Step Help Guide takes the user through fluid

characterisation

Unique auto characterisation of heavy end fraction

Simultaneously matches to reservoir and separator tests

Tunes EoS for direct use in PROSPER well modelling systems analysis

program

Generates match data for black oil condensate model used in MBAL

material balance program

Creating a consistent set of Lumped and Delumped compositions used

in the integrated reservoir to process model

PVTP IPM Fluids Reservoir Fluid Thermodynamics

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P

24

FEATURES

COMPOSITIONAL EQUATION OF STATE MODEL

Peng-Robinson Equation

Soave-Redlich-Kwong Equation

Up to 200 components

Advanced Splitting of Heavy End Pseudo components

Automated Heavy End Characterisation including exponential and

gamma function methods

Advanced composition calculator with lumping splitters in pseudos, etc.

Regression against Laboratory Data

Multiple characterisations can be held as streams in one file allowing

for complex analysis of difficult reservoir systems

CCE experiments

CVD experiments

Differential liberation

Phase Envelopes

Separator test including chiller trains

PVTP - Variable PVT high relief reservoir.

LNG calculations

Compositional gradients

Swelling tests

Solids Modelling (hydrates and waxes)

Recombination of samples

User Database

Mass Balance Calculator

Joule-Thomson Effect Utility

Allocation Calculation

Whitsons method and best Alpha calculator

Splitting preferences

Steam calculations

BLACK OIL MODEL

Oil, Dry and Wet Gas and Retrograde Condensates

Matching against Laboratory Data

LUMPING / DELUMPING PVT


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OpenServer Connection to Third Party Software

25

OpenServer is designed to provide an open architecture for all the

Petroleum Experts products. This will allow the programs to be directly

accessed and be driven by other third party programs.

Applications for OpenServerare in Connections to:

Spread sheets running calculation scripts and macros using an IPM

calculation result

Economics Packages

Database

Field Control System

Inhouse and Proprietary Applications

Specifically, the OpenServer allows other programs (such as Excel or

programs written in Visual Basic) to access public functions in Petroleum

Experts programs. An external program, in an automated procedure,

can then access the Petroleum Experts calculation engine.

The OpenServercan be used to run the PETEXprograms in conjunction

with other software applications and exchange data between them. For

example, a visual basic program or batch file could be used to successively:

Potential Uses: Some ideas of the possible uses of the OpenServerare

summarised below. It is by no means an exhaustive list.

Running PETEXprograms with other engineering software applications

Batch Runs

OpenServerprovides the ability for the engineer to write their own

procedures, application and workflows to carry out repetitive tasks

and is limited only by the imagination of the engineer.

Reporting: It is possible to generate a set of in-house reports format

and populate the reports directly. A VBA macro within Excel can be

written to query the required values from a PETEXproduct and then

write these values in the required format to a spreadsheet.

Data Import/Export

The OpenServercan be used for transferring data between a database

and PETEXprograms.

The client program can use any technique to access the values in

the database (e.g. ODBC, DAO, SQL) and then transfer them with

OpenServer.

Using the OpenServerfor GAP, the prediction can be run a step at a

time. This means that values can be changed during the prediction. For

example, you could write a VBA macro to change the PI when an acid

job has been performed on a well.

OpenServeris licenced as a separate product.

PROSPER

MBAL

REVEAL

PVTP

OpenServer Communications

Petroleum Experts Software Third Party Software

RESERVOIR SIMULATORSRESOLVE

GAPPROCESS SIMULATORS

REPORTING PACKAGES

BATCH PROCESSING

EXCEL

OPENSERVER


26/27

NOTES

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Web: www.petroleumexperts.com 2012 (R1)

Petroleum Experts

Regional Office

Petroleum Experts Inc.757 N. Eldridge Pkwy.Suite 510Houston, Texas, 77079USATel: +1 281 531 1121Fax: +1 281 531 0810e-mail: [email protected]

Head office

Petroleum Experts Ltd.Petex House10 Logie MillEdinburgh, EH7 4HGScotland, UKTel: +44 (0) 131 474 7030Fax: +44 (0) 131 474 7031e-mail: [email protected]

Petroleum Experts Inc.400 E. Kaliste Saloom RoadSuite 2100Lafayette, LA 70508USATel: +1 337 524 1034Fax: +1 337 524 1035e-mail: [email protected]

Petroleum Experts Ltd.c/o GNT International Group.6th Floor A Block, Junfenghuating Building,No.69, BeiChenXi Road, Chaoyang District, 100029Beijing, China.Tel: +86 10 58772166Fax: +86 10 58772168e-mail: [email protected]

IPM Brochure Oct12

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