IPILPS Proposal for GLASS

Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation

IPILPS Proposal for GLASS

Ann Henderson-Sellers, Graham Farquhar, Kendal McGuffie, Parviz Irannejad, Kristof Sturm, David Noone,

Andy Pitman, Luis Martinelli and friends of PILPS

Land Surface & Stable Water Isotopes

Research Hypotheses - with ‘appropriately’ complex land-surface parameterization Stable Water Isotopes (SWI) (i.e. HDO and H2

18O) can:

• partition water fluxes i.e.– precipn: rivers v. groundwater – evapn: transpiration v. evap

• trace sources of water

• integrate basin-scale hydrological processes

• ‘label’ CO2 fluxes & thus help resolve global carbon budgets (cf. Fung )

Proposing new type of PILPS/GLASS experiment in which intercomparisons inform and educate the community of land-surface modellers as they develop their codes rather than afterwards

Quick Background/Introduction

• GLASS PILPS– is an off-line intercomparison– is not about coupling – we

recognize the importance of host e.g. GLACE & Lui et al., 2004a.b (multi-criteria)

• Stable Water Isotopes (SWI)– are stable for ever (not radioactive i.e. do not decay)– occur naturally in the environment & they are ‘free’ – GCM simulation history e.g. Randy; Joussaume, S. Sadourny, R.

& Jouzel, J., 1984, A general circulation model of water isotopes cycles in the atmosphere, Nature, 311, 24-29

Koster et al., 2004

SWIs Predicted in GCMs – ‘sexy’ !

ET Eb Ec T

Ice Snow Soil Canopy

Prcp Ginpt

R Rb

SsRsRoRi

Kei Yoshirmura

Stable Water Isotopes (SWI) Primer

• Regular water: 1H216O

• H218O (2.0047e-3)

• HDO (0.1557e-3)

• D2O (5e-8) [heavy water]

Interesting ones

• Concentrations measured as enrichments w.r.t. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW)– negative (depleted w.r.t. SMOW)– positive (enriched w.r.t. SMOW)

• Heavier molecules condense from vapour more readily and evaporate less readily allowing us to trace and quantify the paths taken by water in the hydrological cycle

D

18O

MWL

LEL

Deuterium excess

• Water characterised on 2-D plot of D and 18O

• Meteoric water line MWL (local and global)

• Local evaporation line (LEL)

HD16O

H16OH H 18O

H

Overview of IPILPS Plan

• IPILPS – Isotopes in Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterisation Schemes

• Demand from GCMs adding SWIs now - SWING

• Links to GEWEX CSEs – especially in MDB

• Need in IAEA CRP 18O in Terrestrial Vegetation

• Use PILPS strategies to investigate effectiveness & value of stable water isotopes (SWIs) in LSSs

• Off-line simulations planned as follows:– Sept 2004 -approval from GLASS Panel – Oct 04 - REMO forcing for 3 locations (Vienna, Manaus, Tumbarumba)

– Dec 04 – Experimental framework agreed & call issued• PILPS criteria for energy and water evaluation; new for SWI

– Apr/May 05 -W’shop to evaluate 18O & D results & value– Dec 05 – IPILPS/GLASS session in AGU Fall Meeting

www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgc-synthesis/projects/SWING

= 18O ( D)

Challenging LSSs with SW Isotopes

IPILPS

SWIs Measure CSE Basin Change

• Water isotopes integrate lake catchments in Mackenzie (MAGS)

Henderson-Sellers et al., J. Climate, 2002,

Manaus

• Increased water cycling in central Amazon (LBA) Decreased in upper basin: deforestation impact

• Logarithmic enhancement in Darling reveals irrigation impacts (MDB)

Gibson & Edwards (2002)

O

D

Darling River 2002-3 Drought

Burtundy

WilcanniaWilcannia

MenindieMenindie

BourkeBourke

GunnedahGunnedah

CollarenabriCollarenabri

WalgettWalgett

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 3 5 7 9 11 13

delta O-18

del

ta D

Jan 2002Jan 2002

Jul 2002Jul 2002

Jan 2003Jan 2003

18O and Dmeasured in 2002-3 drought

Tracing a non-linear relation

Sydney

Melbourne

Brisbane

CSE -GEWEX Continental Scale Exps

BALTEX

GAME

Murray-Darling Basin (MDB)

CATCH

MAGS

Mississippi - theGEWEX Continental scale International Project (GCIP)

Amazon Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA)

MAGS

Tumbarumba

Vienna

Manaus

IPILPS test sites Adding HDO and H2

18O

REMO 18O in Mid-Lat Precipitation

18O

Nordeney 18O from April 97 to Feb 99

18O

18O as good, or bad, as precipitation amounts (Sturm et al., 2004)

18O

Obs

REMO

SWI Sensitivity Compounds Hydrology

ISOLSM at 2 separate sites different D & 18O

18O(‰)

Leaf evaporative surface water at 2 pts

18O

7 AGCMs & 2 re-analyses fail to conserve water

Ev > Pr

and Ev >> Pr

18O

MDBWBP and IAEA CRP on 18O

•

• GEWEX CSE on Murray Darling Basin Water Balance Project (MDBWBP)- SWIs from inception

• IAEA CRP on 18O in Terrestrial Vegetation requires:– Measurements of 18O and D in grasses, trees, soil-water,

rain and vapour at Tumbarumba near Canberra– Diurnal resolution of these fluxes & pools 18O and D in

grasses, trees, soil-water, rain and vapour (carbon folks!)• How to do all this?

– Simulations off-line: ISOLSM as eg– Observations to evaluate & refine these

• Strength of SWIs and IPILPS: Isotopes are INDEPENDENT data Isotopic shifts relate to evaporation

/condensation i.e. to energy in/out Strong diurnal dependence - GMPP

H 18O

H

HD16O

LSS Sensitivity to SWI in Vapour

ISOLSMin Amazonfor two vapour

enrichments

Test IPILPS Concepts: TumbarumbaOzFlux Sites

FTIR spectrometer & IR gas spectra

FTIR spectrometer

Multipass gas cell

20-50 m path

LN2-cooled

InSb detector

IR Source

Air in/out

0

50

100

Tra

ns

mis

sio

n

3000 3500 Wavenumber (cm-1)

H HO99

99.5

100

Tra

ns

mis

sio

n

2600 2700 2800 2900 Wavenumber (cm-1)

D HO

H218O

H2O

HDO

• Real-time, field-portable instrument• Whole air measurement

– No sample chemistry• Time resolution 1-20 minutes• Precision: D 0.5 - 1‰

13CO2 0.2‰ (dried air)

IPILPS – Exciting Opportunity• Use PILPS strategies to investigate effectiveness &

value of stable water isotopes (SWIs) in LSSs• Results potential to drive observations & models

– Assists GCMs adding SWIs: SWING (IAEA)– Adds to GEWEX CSEs – MAGS, LBA & especially in MDB– Informs obs in IAEA CRP 18O in Terrestrial Vegetation

• Exploits INDEPENDENT data not used in parametn

• Informs & educates LSS owners as codes develop– ECHAM/REMO ‘bucket plus rs’ (Hoffman & Sturm)– MECBETH (Cuntz) [includes carbon]– ISOLSM (Riley & Irannejad)– CLMiso (Noone)– GISS LSSiso (Schmidt)– ORCHIDEE LSSiso (de Noblet)– SiB3iso (Suits) [includes carbon]– Iso-MATSIRO (Yoshimura)

Isotopes Can Reduce LSS Uncertainty

• SWIs determine LSS latent heat component separation ‘correctness’ & reduce uncertainty

SiBlings

SiBlings

Buckets

Buckets

Scaled Latent Heat (Wm-2)

• SWIs naturally track and differentiate evaporation (i.e. from water surfaces) from transpiration (i.e. through plants) [Henderson-Sellers et al.; 2002, J Clm, 2004, JGR]

• Differences in LSS partition of surface available energy are a (?the?) largest source of LSS prediction range [Henderson-Sellers et al. 2003, GRL]

SWAPBuckNOAH

ISBA SSiB

ORCH

IPILPS Science Questions

Do SWIs allow determination of the ‘right’ partitioning of latent and sensible heats?

Do continental isotopic fluxes depend most on atmosphere, the land-surface conditions or their exchanges? [Factorial/Multi-criteria exps – cf. Henderson-Sellers 1993, J Climate, 6, 227-247]

Are ‘adequately correct’ isotopic pools and fluxes possible with ‘inadequate’ LSS complexity?

Can LSSs to reproduce isotopic components of the water and mass (carbon initially) budgets?

IPILPS is open to LSS which already have or soon intend to incorporate stable water isotopes and/or carbon isotopes. Valuable for LSS owners to join IPILPS prior to incorporation of isotopic pools and fluxes.

Soil water

Leaf water

D(‰

)

ISOLSM

Var P var q

Const P const q

Const P var q

Planned Timeline & Web addresses• SWING

http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgc-synthesis/projects/SWING/index.shtml

• PILPS http://pilps.mq.edu.au/• GNIP isohis.iaea.org• REMO

http://lgge.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/~sturm/REMOiso/controlEU.html

Proposed timeline for IPILPS:– Sept 2004 approval from GLASS Panel (its time guys)– Oct 04 – REMO/ECHAM forcing for 3 locations

• Vienna, Manaus, Tumbarumba (need high quality obs)

– Dec 04 – Experimental framework agreed & call issued• PILPS criteria for energy and water evaluation ( & ALMA)• new for SWI (need to determine precision of new FTIR obs)

– Apr/May 05 -W’shop probably in Canberra (+carbon-ites) • evaluate 18O & D results & value (owners in charge)• consider at least 18O tagging of plant carbon exchange

H 18O

H

H16OH

HD16O

Arigato gozaimasu

Dave Griffith, U of Wollongong: FTIR instrument and observations and proposed data collection for IPILPS

THIS IS EXCITING, VERY VALUABLE and NEW

Kendal McGuffie, UTS: Amazon analysis, GSWP2 beginnings and ISOLSM simulations

Parviz Irannejad, ANSTO Environment: ISOLSM simulations

David Stone, ANSTO Environment: Darling River observations

Kei Yoshirmura, IIS: MATSIRO-IsoKristof Sturm, MPI: REMO-Iso for forcing