IPBA Statement of Problem 2009

8/6/2019 IPBA Statement of Problem 2009

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The Statement of the Problem,

Objectives & ResearchQuestions (Quantitative)

Dr Tan Ming Tang


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Quantitative Research

Is about quantifying the relationships

between an independent variable and a

dependent or outcome variable eg byusing correlation coefficient, the difference

between two means.

Eg: The use of motivational techniques in

improving reading skills.


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Research process - quantitative Define research question/ statement of the problem

Objective/Purpose of the study Review situation and literature

Develop hypotheses

Design your Research

Type of research, research design

Sample with rationale

Develop instruments reliability & validity

Data collection

Data analysis and Evaluation

Hypothesis testing (Does the results support theresearch questions?)

Conclusion

Recommendations for future research

Implications for practice and research


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Bab 1 : Pernyataan Masalah

Pengenalan

Permasalahan kajian

Kerangka konseptual kajian

Tujuan kajian

Persoalan kajian

Hipotesis kajian

Definisi operasional istilah kajian Kesignifikanan kajian

Batasan kajian

Penutup


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Sources of Research Problem

Own interest & experience

To test certain theories used

To replicate past research

Conflicting findings of past

research


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The Research Problem

A good research problem must beresearchable. That is, the researchermust have access to the resources and

data necessary to complete a study. Describes what your research is about

& what your aims are.

A good statement gives an overallpicture, focuses on the variablesinvolved & the direction the research isheading.


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Example of a problem statement

it needs to be elaborated The present study is an attempt to identify

students disciplinary problems and the

fear and anxiety they have created to thesurrounding communities.

A study of the effects of using courseware

X on science achievement of the Form 4 B

class in a school in Kuching.

A survey of teachers perceptions of their

roles in school in Kuantan.


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Elaboration: The Statement of

the Problem1) What are the variables in the study?

2) What is the reason to study these

variables?3) Problem statement?

4) Any related research incorporated?

5) After finding the results, can use it forwhat purpose?


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Although most teachers are able to identify the self-regulated learners among their students, there is

generally a lack of knowledge about how studentsregulate their own learning & the factors affecting it.As a result, teachers are unable to create suitablelearning environments for encouraging self-regulatedlearning. Most classrooms are still populated with

students who are not self-regulating their learning(Boekaerts, 1997). Much of students learning is stillvery much steered & guided by the teacher; asituation which does not invite students to use ordevelop their cognitive or motivational self-regulatory

skills (Zimmerman, 1989a). Indeed, if teachers are tobe effective facilitators of learning, they need to havegreater insights into their students self-regulatedlearning behavior and the factors affecting it.

Mary Wong (2001)


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One of the main aims of science education in Malaysia is todevelop the potentials of individuals in an overall and integratedmanner so as to produce Malaysian citizens who are not onlyscientifically and technologically literate but also competent in

scientific skills (Malaysia, PP Kurikulum, 2002). However, owing toa keen emphasis on examination-oriented teaching, the teachingand learning of science in some context, has becomes largelyteacher-centered, thereby ignoring the development and masteryof scientific and thinking skills among students as required bythe curriculum (Sharifah, 2001; p. 42). From here, there is thus

a need to look into the training of the Malaysian scienceteachers on whether enough emphasis is placed on teachingand facilitating the use of scientific skills in science laboratoryinvestigations. At present, Malaysias future science teachers arebeing trained and molded at the teacher training colleges anduniversities scattered across the nation. As regard to their training in the field of laboratory work, there is a lack of knowledge about their conceptions and applications of scientificevidence in science investigations. The scarcity of documentedstudies in Malaysia on the conceptions and applications of scientific evidence certainly confirmed it. Therefore it was timelyfor this present study on the conceptions and applications of scientific evidence be undertaken in order to expand this field of

scientific knowledge.


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Tujuan Kajian

Biasa dinyata pada baris pertama abstrak

kajian

Hasrat utama pengkaji menjalankan kajian Intipati kajian

Perlu dinyata dengan tepat & jelas


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Tujuan Kajian

Biasa dimula dengan ayat-ayat berikut :

Tujuan kajian ini ialah ..

Kajian ini ingin menyelidik . Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji ingin mengenal

pasti .


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Soalan Kajian

Tujuan kajian

Objektif kajian

Persoalan kajian


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Contoh Soalan Kajian Kuantitatif

Apakah kesan keluarga terhadap

pembelajaran anak-anak di sekolah ?

Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhipencapaian pensyarah di IPGM?

Sejauh manakah faktor keluarga

mempengaruhi disiplin pelajar ?


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Contoh Soalan Kajian Kuantitatif

Bagaimanakah perubahan sikap terhadap

disiplin berlaku dalam organisasi?

Apakah pandangan pelajar terhadaplarangan keluar dari rumah pada waktu

malam?

Bagaimanakah sambutan guru-guru

terhadap pemansuhan pengajaran Sains

& Matematik dalam Bahasa Inggeris?


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Peranan Soalan Kajian

Menentukan prosedur perancangan kajian

Memberi haluan & kesepaduan dalam kajian

Menentukan batasan kajian

Menentukan data yang diperlukan

Mengawal penyelidik daripada hilang fokus

Menyediakan rangka untuk menulis laporan


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Contoh menulis Tujuan, Objektif &

Persoalan KajianTajuk Kajian : Projek KIA2M di SK Putra,

Simpang Durian

Pendekatan Kualitatif dgn pemerhatian, temu bual

& analisis dokumenResponden kajian : 8 orang pensyarah K.Raja

Melewar

Tujuan kajian :

Kajian ini ingin meninjau aktiviti KIA2M yangdilaksanakan, melihat masalah utama yangdihadapi dan mencadangkan langkah-langkahuntuk mengatasi masalah itu.


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Objektif & Persoalan Kajian

Objektif Kajian :

Berikut adalah objektif-objektif kajian :

i. meninjau aktiviti KIA2M yang dilaksanakan

ii. melihat masalah utama yang dihadapi

iii. mencadangkan langkah-langkah untuk mengatasi

masalah

Persoalan Kajian :

i. Bagaimanakah proses p & p dilaksanakan dlm projek

KIA2M di SK Putra?

ii. Apakah status kejayaan projek KIA2M di SK Putra?iii. Apakah masalah utama yg dihadapi dlm projek KIA2M di

SK Putra?

iv. Apakah cadangan utk mengatasi masalah dlm projek

KIA2M di SK Putra?


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Rubrik menyemak kualiti

Persoalan Kajian

A Persoalan kajian jelas, tepat & dpt

mengendalikan suatu isu yang berasaskan

tinjauan literatur yang kukuh, ada asas teori

B

Objektif, persoalan kajian/ hipotesis logik &hasil kajian dapat memberi sumbangan

C Tujuan kajian menggunakan istilah yang

jelas, berfokus & boleh dicapai

D Dapat kenal pasti masalah kajian yang dapat

dikaji dengan sumber & masa yang ada

E Masalah kajian tidak patut & tidak sesuai dikaji


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Research Objective

The main aims of this study were to

describe science teacher trainees

understanding of scientific evidence

regarding measurement reliability and

design validity in investigative tasks.


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Research Questions:

Characteristics of a good question

Feasible: It can be investigated.

Clarity: Most people would understand

and agree with the idea of the question. Significance: It is worth investigating

Ethical: It will not harm anyone, nor

damage anything. It is not beinginvestigated for illegal, immoral, or

malicious purposes.


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Research Questions

What aspects of scientific evidence inthe design, measurement and datahandling stages are used by thescience teacher trainees in conductingthe three novel physical scienceexperiments?

What are the science teacher traineesconceptions of five scientific evidenceaspects associated with the

measurement reliability and designvalidity categories that are employed incarrying out each novel physicalscience experiment?


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Qualitative Research

Example of research topic/statement:Behavioral characteristics of truants

Research Objective:

To identify the behavioral characteristics oftruants when in the classrooms.

Research Question:

What are the identifiable behavioralcharacteristics of truants when they are in the

classroom?


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Research Hypotheses

A

formulation of a potential solution toa problem in a form of a statement.

- Statistically tested (Not all research

need hypothesis descriptive &

qualitative research that do not use

figures cannot be tested statistically)


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Directional Hypothesis

A one-directional prediction: The researcheris very certain that the mean score of theexperimental group is higher than that of thecontrol group.

H0: No difference in the mean score ..

HA: Students who follow cooperative learning

obtained higher mean score in science thanthose who follow the lecture style oflearning.


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Non-directional Hypothesis

The researcher did not predict whichgroup of students would performbetter.

Ho: There is no difference between the

mean score of ..

HA: There is a difference between themean score of science ofForm 3

students who follow cooperativelearning and those using the lecturestyle of learning.


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The End

IPBA Statement of Problem 2009

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