IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment

8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment

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DepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation

BiosecurityQueensland

W e e d r i s k a s s e s s m e n t

Steve Csurhes and Clare Hankamer

Biosecurity Queensland

DepartmentofEmployment,

EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation

GPOBox46,Brisbane4001

October2011

Note:Informationisstillbeingcollectedforthis

species.Technicalcommentsonthisdocument

aremostwelcome.

Ceylon hill cherry(downy rose myrtle)

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa


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StateofQueensland,DepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,2011.

TheQueenslandGovernmentsupportsandencouragesthedisseminationand

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Front cover: Rhodomyrtus tomentosaPhoto: BiosecurityQueensland

Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en


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ContentsSummary 4

Introduction 5

Identityandtaxonomy 5

Descriptionandbiology 6

Ecology 7

Reproductionanddispersal 8

Originanddistribution 8

Preferredhabitat 9

Historyasaweedelsewhere 9

PestpotentialinQueensland 11

DistributionandstatusinQueensland(andAustralia) 11

PotentialdistributionandimpactinQueensland 11

References 12



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Summary

Ceylonhillcherry(alsoknownasdownyrosemyrtle)isashrubnativetoearlysuccessionhabitatsintropicalandsubtropicalAsia.Itscolourfulflowersmake

itapopulargardenornamental,withseveralnurseriescurrentlysellingthe

speciesinQueensland.

Dispersalisviabird-dispersedseeds.

ConsideringthehistoryofthespeciesasasignificantweedinHawaii,Florida

andpartsofAsia,whereithasformedpurestandswithinnativevegetation,it

seemsreasonabletopredictitwillbecomeasignificantpestinQueensland.

ClimatemodellingsuggestsitiswellsuitedtomostofcoastalQueensland,

especiallycentralQueensland.Habitatsmostatriskarepredictedtoincludea

rangeofdisturbedsites,suchasgrazingland(nativepasture),riparianareas

(clearedorpartiallyclearedcreekbanks)andperhapsthemarginsofwetforests

andmangroves,mainlyonacidic,sandysoils.Similarhabitatshavebeen

invadedoverseas.

AsCeylonhillcherryexistsingardensinQueensland,itsspreadintonearby

bushlandandfarmlandseemsinevitable.Asyet,naturalisedpopulationsof

CeylonhillcherryhavenotbeendetectedinQueensland.



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Introduction

Identityandtaxonomy

Species identity: Rhodomyrtus tomentosaAiton

Synonyms: Myrtus canescensLour.,Myrtus tomentosaAiton

Varieties:var.parviflora andvar.tomentosa

Common names:Ceylonhillcherry(Australia),Ceylonhillgooseberry(Australia),downy

myrtle,downyrosemyrtle(Hawaii),barleybues(HongKong,fruit),feijoa(France,notethat

samecommonnameasAcca sellowiana),feijoarte-groseille(France),guayabilloforester

(Spain),harendongsabrang(Indonesia),hillgooseberry,hillguava,Isenbergbush(England,

Hawaii),karamunting(Malaysia),kemunting(Malaysia),kongnim(China),myrte-groseille

(France),phruat(Thailand),ratberry(Hawaii),rosemyrtle(Philippines),sim(Vietnam),sragan

(Cambodia),taojinniang(China).

Family:Myrtaceae

Sources:AgroforestreeDatabase(2010);BurneyandBurney(2007);DaleysFruitTreeNursery

(2009);Herklots(1932);PIER(2010a);Tropicos(2010);Wikipedia(2010).



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Descriptionandbiology

Ceylonhillcherryisanevergreenshrubusually23mtall(butupto5m)(Figure1).

Figure 1. Rhodomyrtus tomentosainagardeninBrisbane(PhotobyBiosecurityQueensland)

Twigs,inflorescencesandyoungleavesaredenselywhiteoryellowishtomentose(Wikipedia

2010).Leavesareellipticoroblong-elliptic,58cmlongand24cmwide.Leafmargin

isentire.Thepetioleis35mmlong.Theupperleafsurfaceisglossyandglabrous,withthreeconspicuouslongitudinalveins.Thelowersurfaceiswhiteoryellowishtomentose

(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).

Flowersaresolitaryorinthree-flowereddichasiainupperaxils;pedunclesareupto1cm

long,pedicels0.52.5cmlong;bractselliptic,leaf-like,612mmlong,bracteoleselliptic

orovate,23mmlong,persistent.Thecalyxiscampanulate,57mmlong,tomentose,five-

toten-ribbed,five-lobedandpersistent.Eachflowerhasfivepetals.Eachpetalisbroadly

obovate,1518mm913 mm,redorpink(orwhiteontheoutsideandtingedpurplish-pink

orpink)(Figure1);stamensarenumerous,1015mmlong,filamentspink;style1315mm

long;ovarythree-tofour-locular(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;Wikipedia2010).



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Figure 2.FlowersofRhodomyrtus tomentosa(PhotobyBiosecurityQueensland)

Thefruitisanoblongedibleberry,1015mm810mm,purplish-black,soft,crowned

bypersistentcalyxlobes,tomentose;itswallis1mmthickandthepulpissweet.Each

fruitcontains4045seedsinsixtoeightpseudo-locules,dividedbythinfalsesepta

(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;Wikipedia2010).

Thevarietytomentosa(synonymMyrtus canescensLour.)occursinSouth-EastAsia,southernChinaandIndochina.Ithaswhitetomentoseleavesandlateralnervesthatare26mm

insidetheleafmargin(lessthanone-thirdofthedistancefromtheleafmargintothecentral

nerve).Theleafapexisnotapiculateandveinsarenotreticulate.Pedicelsare12.5cmlong

(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).

Thevarietyparviflora(synonymRhodomyrtus parvifloraAlston)occursinIndiaandSriLanka.

Ithascreamoryellowishtomentoseleavesandlateralnervesthatare37mminsidetheleaf

margin(overone-thirdofthedistancefromtheleafmargintothecentralnerve).Theleafapexis

apiculateandveinsreticulate.Pedicelsarelessthan1cmlong(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).

EcologyWithinitsnativerange,Ceylonhillcherryisaquick-growingearlysuccessionspecies.In

southernChinaithasbeentrialledasapioneerspeciestoprovideshadeforslowergrowing

nativeplantspecies,therebyhelpingtorestoredegradedland(Yangetal.2010).

Itisfireadaptedandsproutsprolificallyafterfire(CAIP2010;Wikipedia2009).



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Reproductionanddispersal

Reproductionisfromseeds(CAIP2009;Starretal.2003),whichareproducedinlarge

numbers.Birdsaretheprimarydispersalvector,butseedscanalsobedispersedbyrats

(Chung2003;PIER2010a;Wikipedia2010).

Whilespecimenscanbepropagatedfromstemcuttings(Wong2008),vegetativereproduction

doesnotoccurinthewild(CAIP2009).Cultivatedspecimensderivedfromcuttingsproduce

fruitaftertwoyears(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;VerheijandCoronel1991).

Germinationratesarehigh(Wikipedia2010).Freshseedsgerminatewithinoneweek

(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).Seedviabilitycanbemaintainedfor12monthswhenstored

inhermeticair-drystorageat5 C(RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew2008),suggestingseedsare

relativelyshort-livedunderfieldconditions.

InJava,floweringoccursfromJulytoAugustandfruitingfromSeptembertoOctober

(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).InSingapore,itflowersallyear(Wong2008).InChina,R. tomentosaexhibitsgeitonogamyandalsooutcrossing(Weietal.2009).Flowersare

pollinatedbybees(Amegilla floraeandXylocopa nasalis)(Weietal.2009).

Origin and distributionCeylonhillcherryisnativetosouthernandsouth-easternAsia,includingBurma,Cambodia,

China(Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan,Jiangxi,Yunnan,Zhejiangprovinces),

India,Indonesia,Japan,Laos,Malaysia,Philippines,Sulawesi,SriLanka,Taiwan,Thailand

andVietnam(PIER2010a;Tropicos,2010;VerheijandCoronel1991;Wikipedia2010).Hemsley

(1884)statedthatCeylonhillcherrywasspreadnearlyallovertropicalAsia.

IthasnaturalisedinFlorida,HawaiiandFrenchPolynesia(GISD2005).

Figure 3. GlobaldistributionofCeylonhillcherry(Pickeringetal.2006,usedwithpermission)



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Preferred habitatPreferredclimateistropicaltosubtropical,generallywhererainfallexceeds1200mmperyear

(PIER2010a).

Preferredhabitatsincludearangeofdisturbedandotherwiseopennaturalsites,oftennear

thecoast.InsouthernChina(withinitsnativerange)thespeciesissometimesdominanton

degradedshrublandslopeswheretheclimaxvegetationislowsubtropicalmonsoonforest

(Yangetal.2009).

Preferredsoiltypesarerelativelyinfertileacidicsandysoils(Yangetal.2009).Itdoesnot

toleratealkalineorlimestonesoils(Yangetal.2009;AgroforestreeDatabase2010;PIER2005).

Variouspublicationsstatethatthespeciescanpersistinriparianareas,alongcoastal

shoresinopen,degradedsandysites,inpastures,rangelandandotheruntendedareas,

pineflatwoods(acidicandpoorlydrainedwoodland),mesictowetforests(Hawaii)andthe

marginsofmangroveforests(PIER2005,2010a;AgroforestreeDatabase2010;Verheijand

Coronel1991;Wikipedia2010).

InHawaii,itgrowstoanaltitudeof900m(PIER2010a).Initsnativerange,itexistsat

elevationsupto300m(rarely1300m).Varietyparvifloraoccursinmontanehabitats

(woodlandandgrasslands)atelevationsof18002700m(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;

VerheijandCoronel1991;Wikipedia2010).

Ceylonhillcherryisdescribedasfrost-tolerantto7C(BaileyandBailey1976;DaleysFruit

TreeNursery2009).

History as a weed elsewhereCeylonhillcherryislistedasaprincipalweedinMalaysia,acommonweedinThailand(Holm

etal.1979)andaseriousweedinFrenchPolynesia(RaiateaIsland)(GISD2005;PIER2010a).

ItwasintroducedintoHawaiiin1920(Degener1963)andhassinceescapedfromgardens

intovariousdisturbedandnaturalhabitats,inplacesdominatinglargeareas(Starret

al.2003).OnKauaiandonHawaii(Hilo)ithasformedimpenetrablethickets(Figure4)

(PIER 2005;Wikipedia2010)andissaidtobedisplacinganotherinvasiveplantMelastoma

candidum(Smith1998;BurneyandBurney2007).TogetherwithPsidium cattleianumitposes

athreattohabitatofanendangerednativeplantCyanea undulatawhichisendemiconKauai(PIER2005;PIER2010b).



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Figure 4. ThicketofCeylonhillcherryinHawaii(PhotobyForestandKimStarr,usedwithpermission)

InFlorida,Ceylonhillcherryhasinvadednativepinelands(CAIP2009)afterbeingintroduced

sometimepriorto1924asagardenornamental.Itisconsideredtobemoreofathreatthan

Brazilianpeppertree(Schinus terebinthifolius)(LanglandandBurks1998)andislistedasa

Category1invasivespecies(CAIP2009).ThereisconcernthatitwillmodifyFloridasnatural

fireregimes(GISD2005;Wikipedia2010).

AriskassessmentbyPIER(2005)concludedthatCeylonhillcherrywashighrisk,basedon

thefollowingattributes:

ahistoryofnaturalisationbeyonditsnativerange

ahistoryofrepeatedhuman-mediatedintroductions

anabilitytoformdensethickets

prolicseedproduction,birddispersalandretolerance.

CeylonhillcherryisaprohibitedplantspeciesinNewZealand(BiosecurityNewZealand2010).



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Pest potential in Queensland

DistributionandstatusinQueensland(andAustralia)

CeylonhillcherryhasbeenrecordedingardensinBrisbaneandelsewhereinAustralia.However,naturalisedpopulationshavenotyetbeenrecordedinAustralia.

Ceylonhillcherryiscommerciallyavailableinsomenurseries,includingseveralinSouthEast

Queensland,andhasbeenpromotedasagardenplantinthemedia(Coppin2010;Burkes

Backyard2010;GreenHarvest2007;HappyEarth2010;Spencer2006;SubtropicalFruitClub,

Queensland2008).

IntheNorthernTerritory,CeylonhillcherryislistedinScheduleClassCweed(notto

beintroducedtotheTerritory)(NRETA2007).InWesternAustralia,itisbannedfrom

introductionwithaconsignmentseizedin1998(Starretal.2003).ItislistedontheNorthern

AustralianQuarantineStrategy(NAQS)targetlistforsurveillance/detection.

GlanznigandKessal(2004)considerittobeasleeperspecies(i.e.aspeciesthatis

potentiallyinvasive).

PotentialdistributionandimpactinQueensland

Climate-matchingsoftwarecalledClimatch(BureauofRuralSciences2009)wasappliedto

predictareasofQueenslandwhereclimateissimilartothatexperiencedwithinthenative

rangeofCeylonhillcherry.CoastalareasofQueenslandappearsuitable,especiallycentral

Queensland(Figure5).

Figure 5. AreasofAustraliawhereclimateappearssuitableforsurvivalofCeylonhillcherry.Redandorangeindicateareasthatarehighlysuitable,yellowismarginallysuitable,andgreenandblueare

unsuitable.MapproducedusingClimatchcomputersoftware(BureauofRuralSciences2009)



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Withintheareawhereclimateappearssuitable,habitatsmostatriskarepredictedto

includearangeofdisturbed(clearedorpartiallycleared)sites,suchasgrazingland(native

pasture),riparianareas(clearedorpartiallyclearedcreekbanks)andperhapsthemargins

ofwetforestsandmangroves,mainlyonacidic,sandysoils.Similarhabitatshavebeen

invadedoverseas.

Consideringthehistoryofthespeciesasasignificantweedoverseas(especiallyHawaii

andFlorida),whereithasformedpurestandswithinnativevegetation,itseemsreasonable

topredictitwillbecomeasignificantpestincoastalQueensland.Potentialimpactscould

includelossofpastureproductionanddegradationofnativevegetation.

AsCeylonhillcherryexistsingardensinQueensland,itsspreadintonearbybushlandand

farmlandseemsinevitable.

TherearesevennativespeciesofRhodomyrtusinnorthernAustralia.Whilethereis

currentlynoevidenceofhybridisationwithinthegenus,thepossibilityofhybridisation

betweenR. tomentosaandAustraliannativespeciescannotberuledout.AnumberofnativeRhodomyrtusspeciesareinthenurserytradeandR. psidioidesislistedontheGrowme

insteadlistofrecommendedspecies(Growmeinstead2010).

ReferencesAgroforestreeDatabase(2010).Rhodomyrtus tomentose.WorldAgroforestryCentre.

Retrieved9November2010fromwww.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/

af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18093#Identity

Bailey,L.H.andBailey,E.Z.(1976).Hortus third.NewYork:MacmillanCo.

BiosecurityNewZealand(2010).Plants biosecurity index,version1.6.3.Retrieved

23 November2010fromwww1.maf.govt.nz/cgi-bin/bioindex/bioindex.pl

BureauofRuralSciences(2009).Climatch.Canberra:DepartmentofAgriculture,Fisheries

andForestry.Retrievedfromadl.brs.gov.au:8080/Climatch

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fromwww.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Herbs-Fruit-and-Vegetables/Tropical-Fruit

Makeover/146

Burney,D.A.andBurney,L.P.(2007).Paleoecologyandinter-siturestorationonKauai,Hawaii.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:483490.

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south west of WA.Retrieved15November2010fromhttp://petercoppin.com/factsheets/fruit/

fnvtype.pdf

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DaleysFruitTreeNursery(2009).Ceylon hill gooseberry, Rhodomyrtus tomentose.Retrieved

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asp?si=212&fr=1&sts

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Floridas natural areas.Gainesville:UniversityofFlorida.

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2010fromwww.growmeinstead.com.au/search.aspx

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htmlwra.htm

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IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment

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