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Science
lnaestigatory
Proiect
Suraiaal
Guide
Science Investigatory
Prolect
Survival
Guide
Table
of
Contents
Chapter
1:
lntroduction
to
lnvestlgatory
Proiects
What is
a Science lP?
Objectives
of the
tP
The
lP
Culture
in
the
Philippines
Elements
of an
lP
You and
Your
Research
Adviser
Why
Should
I
Do
this Anyway?
Chapter
2:
Coming Up
With
an
lP
Topic
What is
an
lP
Topic?
What
are my
interests?
What
are my
skills?
Can I
finish it
on
time?
Can
I
afford
the materials
for it?
Will
my
findings
be beneficial?
Any
ldeas?
A
Sunnmary
of
the
Topic Proposal Process
Just
a Reminder
Chapter
3:
The
lP Research
Paper
General
Formatting
Pagination
and Paragraphing
Units
of
Measurement
Tone
of
Writing
Parts
of
the
IPRP
Auxiliary
Pages
Sample
Title
Page
Sample
Table
of
Contents
Chapter
l: lntroduction
Formatting
Your RRL
and ln-Text
Citation
RRL
and
lnternet
Sources
Chapter
ll:
Methodology
Chapter lll: Results
and
Discussion
Chapter
lV:
Conclusion
and Recommendations
Plagiarism
lssues
;
Bibliography
Appendices
Onpter 4: Experimentation
The lnquiry
Cycle
or
the
Scientific
Method
The
Hypothesis
and
the
Nature
of
Experiments
2
3
3
4
5
5
8
I
9
10
10
TL
15
16
L7
20
2L
23
23
24
25
26
27
28
31
35
36
37
37
37
38
42
44
45
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47
51
5l
53
94
95
96
97
98
98
99
100
Table
of Contents
Establishing
Experimental
Validity
and Reliability
Setups
in
an
Experiment
Engineering
Projects
and
the
Like
Qualitative
vs.
Quantitative
Data
Documentation
Chapter 5: Data
Gathering
Analysis
and Conclusion
Measuring
Devices
and Units
Organizing
Collected
Data
by
Pictures
Tables
Graphs
Relationship
between
Variables
Using Tables to Determine
the
Relationship between Variables
Manually
Drawing the
Best-Fit
Line
Graphing
Using
the Computer
Using a
Computer
to
Draw
the
Best-Fit
Line
Direct
Proportion
Graphs and
Linear
Equations
Linearizing other Graphs
The
lmportance
of
the Slope
Measures
of Central Tendency
Percent
Error
Conclusions
which End
Chapter
6:
Presentation
of Results
Pointers
for
the
Oral Defense
Preparing
Slide Shows
Criteria for
Grading
Project Displays
General Guidelines
Free-standing Poster
Table-top Project
Display
Board
Appendices
Proposed
lP
Topic
for
Our Group
Request
for
Borrowing
Laboratory
Equipment
Sample
lP
56
58
59
60
61
63
55
68
72
74
78
85
85
90
90
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chapter 1
Abert
Einstein,
a
physicist,
once
said,'lmaginotlon
is
nore
mwtuntdron knwledga'But
how
do
you
confirm
whether
what
you
have thought is correct or not? The
progress
of humans
in
terms of acquisition
of
qrqw
knonledge and
technology
is brorght
about by
the
inrrcstigation
of
Now
is
vour
turn
to deal
with
vour
personal
ounknowns
with
resard.to
the
Introduction
to
Investigatory
Projects
Sciate Inoatigatory Prciect Suwioal Guidc
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Chaptq
1.:
Introiluction
to Intnstigatory Projects
What is a
Science
Investigatory
Proiect?
A
science
investigatory
project
(some
call
it
rnvestigotive projectl,
or
lP,
is like
any
other
research
work.
Research
deals with
trying
to
discover
new information, validate
previous
findings or
eltend
them, or
find
a
link
between
or
among
different
phenomena.
Simply
put,
research can
be
taken as
searching
again.
You
can
think
of many
instances in
your
life
where
you
have
done
research, although not
as
technical as
an
lP.
An
lP
is
basically for high school
students.
Research
works
in
advanced
or
specialized
studies
are called
differently.
Your
teacher
might ask
you
to come
up
with
a
research
for
English,
or for
Math, and
this will be
referred
to with
a
different
name.
Aside
from
that,
the
lP
is
also
different
from
other research
works
in terms
of
its objectives. Advanced
research
works could deal
with abstract
scientific concepts. The
lP,
however, cannot.
As
much
as
possible,
an
lP
should:
apply scientific
principles
that
were learned, or will be
learned
in the classroom
or
in
consultation;
original
and
not
a
copy
of
any
previous
study;
be
a
result
of
an
on-going study or
a
parallel
scientific
research;
have social
(commu
nity) a
nd
economic
(liveli
hood)
signifi
cance;
contribute
to
the
advancement
of
science and
technology;
and,
provide
new knowledge
(optional).
Thus,
an
lP
should
be
scientific
(uses
the seientific method), original
(extends previous
studies or
presents
new
ideas)
and beneficial to
the
community. Think
of
these
when
you
start
planning
your
lP.
There
are lPs
that
inform
or demonstrate
science
principles.
These lPs,
in
so
far
as
research
is
concerned,
should be
.avoided.
lPs
that are rich
in
data followed
by analysis
are
the
more
preferred
ones.
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Science
Inaestigatory Proiect
Surviaal Guide
Obiectives
of the
IP
The lP is
integrated in
the
science curriculum,rto
complementthe latter, not
supplement
it.
Aside
from
th.at,
the
lP
aims
to:
provide
an
avenue
for
you
to
apply
science concepts that
you
learned in the
classroom
to solve
research
questions
that
you
formulate.
Several science
concepts
that
are
taught
or
will
be
taught
to
you
in the classroom or
in
consultation
periods
are
necessary
for
you
to
successfully
complete an
lP;
assist
your
sociological
knowledge
construction
and social skills
development by
allowing
you
to
work with
a specific
group
for the
entire school
year.
The
grouping
could
be
set
by the teacher,
but
it
is
suggested that
you
determine
your groupmates.
ln
the
second
option, the
teacher
just
sets
the
minimum
and
maximum number
of students in
a
group;
serve
as
an
alternative method
of
assessing student
performance.
Your
teacher
will
require
you
to submit
an
lP
paper
that
shall
be used to
grade
you;
and,
initiate
a
culture
cf
research and
science
by
allowing
you,
at the
very
least,
practice
science-related skills
like hypothesizing,
data
gathering,
experimenting,
analyzing and
concluding
based on
gathered
information. Your
teacher
will
not
require
you
to
come
up
with
a
highly-technical
or
advanced-level
lF.
Your
group
may come up
with
any lP
topic and
approved
by
your
science teacher or
research
adviser, as
long
as
you
propose
it
and
it
is
attainable
glven
your
capacities
and
the time allotted.
The
IP
Culture in
the Philippines
Many
private
and
public
high schools
in the
Philippines
encourage
their students,o
.o*
uO
with
an lP.
Every
year,
vbrious
science
fairs
around
the country
showcase
the
best lPs.
The
most
prestigious
science
fair
in
the
country
is
the lntel Philippine
Science Fair
(IPSF),
organized
by
the
Department
of
Science
and
Technology
-
Science
Education
lnstitute
{DOST-SEI}
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Chupter L:
lntroduction
to
Inaestigatary
Proiects
and
the Department
of
Education. This
science
fair
is
sponsored
by
lntei
Philippines
Manufacturing,
lnc.,
a company
which
specializes
on
integrated
circuits
that are
used
in
computers. IPSF
stems
from
division competitions, and
advances
to
regional, up
to
national level. Winners in
the
national
level
are sent
to the lntel
lnternational
Science
and Engineering
Fair
{lntel
ISEF} which is
held abroad.
lntel
ISEF
winners
take
home
cash
prizes
and
college scholarships, among
others.
Since 2003,
the
Philippines
has
sent
31
entries,
in
which
some
won
awards
as well.
lt
is
your
chance to
join
the
rest
of
Filipino
students
in
cultivating
this lP
culture.
Elements
of
an IP
An
lP
has
the following elements:
1)
Guard Book. This
is
similar
to
your
Laboratory Log
Book.
Others
call
this
as Project
Data
Book.
This could be any notebook
where
you
can
jot
down
experimental
data
or
just
random
thoughts
about
the
project.
You
can also
write
here
the
minutes of
your
group
meetings.
Anything
that
is
related
to
your
lP,
even sketches
and
receipts
of bought
materials,
should
be
placed
here, However,
your
Guard
Book
should be kept
clean
and
neat.
lt will
help
you a
lot
in organizint your experiment
and
even help you identifu
the
reasons
your project
is
successful
or
what
could
have
caused
errors.
2l
Research
Paper. Just
like
any scientist,
you
should
completely
document
your
lP from
start
to
finish.
This
is
the
purpose
of
your
group s
research
paper.
Aside from
that,
future
researches
might
conduct
a
study involving
your
group s
work. ln
your
absence,
the
research
paper
will explain
everything to them. The
research
paper
is
also
your
research
adviser s
basis for
your progress
and
giving
of
grade.
The
format
of
your
research paper
is
almost
similar
to other
research
work.
Thus,
the
lP research paper
will
indeed
prepare you
for
future
research
like
college thesis.
3)
Oral
Defense. Science
is
also
defined
as
a
field
of study
where
a
collective set
of experls
critically
determines
the
veracity
of the discovered knowledge
(peer
review).
The
oral
defense
is
an
example
of
this.
ln
the
oral
defense,
you present
your
work
to
a
panel
of
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Sciene lnuestigatory
Proiect
Surciul
Guidc
judges
and defend
your
findings
when
applicable.
The
oral
defense
is
a
graded
task and
a
preparation
for
college thesis defense.
'i
4) Erfiibit. Now that
your
lP
has
passed
careful
evaluation, it is
worthy
to be shown
to the
public
for dissemination.
There
is
no
other
greater
form
of reward
for
a
researcher
than
to see
other
people
reading
and even
using
his/her
work.
You and Your Research Adviser
Since
the
lP
aims to develop
genuine
learning
in
your part,
the
entire
lP
should
be designed
by
you
alone.
You research adviser
only
evaluates
whether the
design
you
created
is
efficient,
effective, and scientifically correct and suggests
alternative methods when appropriate.
Your
lP
topic
should also be approved
by
your
research
adviser.
Topic approval, therefore,
is the
only
direct
involvement of
your
research adviser.
Frorn
that
point
onwards,
you
should take everything
as
suggestions because
your
research
adviser is
only there to
give
advice.
lt
is
your
duty as an
apprentice to report oll
proceedings
of
your
lP
to
your
research adviser
may it
be
in the class or in
consultation
sessions.
As the
proponent
of
your
lP, it
is still
your
call
to
whether
you
should consider
or
take aside
the
proposals
of
your
research adviser. Your research
advisels
intervention
should be
kept minimal
at
all times
(else,
your
adviser's name should appear
as
one
of
the authorsl.
You
always take
the
credit, both
for
a flawed lP
or
for a
successful one.
Why
Should I Do This, Anyrway?
ln the first
pf . ,
,ou
should
not wonder
why. Some
of
your
classmates,
or
even
you,,might
consider
this
lP
as
another
academic
burden. Well,
it
is
f
you
are not interested
in
your
topic.
There
is
no
guarantee
that
you
will enjoy completing
your
lF
tasks.
However,
careful
planning
eases
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*iew
hwesfrgtury
@
Sun1oal Guiile
Chapter 2
Coming
up
with
an
IP
Topic
Your
lP work starts with a
topic.
Many students experience difficulty in
proposing
an
lP
topic
simply
because
theylhave confined
themselves of
books
and
the
lPs of
other
students.
Try
using'
your
imagination
instead;
start thinking of
Whot
ifs.P
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Chapter
2:
Coming
up
with
an IP
Topie
What
is
an
IF
Topic?
What would you like
to
research about? This
is'your
topic.
At
first,
your
topic
is
broad
and
encompasses
a
lot
of things.
As a
researcher,
one
of
the
skills
that
you
should develop
is
narrowing
the topic.
Choosing
the right
topic is
already
a way of ensuring a
successful
reseaich.
lf
your
group
will start with
careful
planning,
starting
with
your
topic,
your
group
has
a
very
good
foundation
for
genuine
learning,
cooperation
and
social skills
development
and
critical
thinking.
ln the coming
pages,
you
will
answer
five
questions
that
serve
as tips for
coming up with
an
lP
topic.
These
questions
act
like
funnels
which
filter
out the
rnany
options that
you
have in mind.
This
process
is
particularly
irnportant
to a
group
research
work.
Since
there are
many
of
you
in
a
group,
there
will
be many
suggested lP
topics
as
well.
Which
one
will
your
group
choose?
Take
note
that
these tips
(questions)
are arranged
as
such because
they rnust
be answered
in this
particular
order.
#
1:
What
are
my
interests?
An
lP
is a scientific
research
but
that does not mean
that
you
have
to
dwell firstly
on
concepts
found
on
science
books or those
that
are
presented
on
the
internet.
lfyou
do so,
you
are
impeding
not
only
your
creativity
but
also
your
curiosity.
When
thinking
about
a
possible
topic,
you
start on
what
you
have
-
your
interests.
Considering
your
interest
is
a
major
factor for
motivation.
Along
the
way,
you
will encounter
many
difficulties
n
pursuing
your
research,
but
if
you
are
interested
about
it,
you
will finish
it
no
rnatter
what.
Now
your
interests
can
serve
you
some
problems
that
you
might
want
to solve.
Ttrese
problems
are
now
yourgqses
for
the
lP
topic.
Take
for
exarnple,
the
group
of
Espee
Pagtalunan,
Bena Palaganas,
Gracel Romero
and
Aprille
San
Miguel
(Miriam
College
High
School,
2008).
Their
lP
topic
was
about
ice
shapes
entitled
"Determining
Which lce
Shape has
the
Longest
Melting
Time."
These
students
enjoyed
cold drinks;
I
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9
Science
Inaestigatory
Project
Suruiaal
Guide
they wanted
to
find
out
the ice
shape
that could
last longer due to
the
fact
that
ice melts over time.
Although
the origin of
their
research
was
a
day-to-day
experience, the
research followed a
profoundly controlled
experiment. This also
allowed.
them
to
apply
their
knowledge
of
volume,
surface
area, thermodynamics,
and
of
course,
the
scientific.method.
From
here, try listing
down
a
maximum of five
interests and
the
problem
that
they
pose.
# 2: What
are
my
skills?
We
start
from
your
interests
and
then
you
identify
problems
that
these
interests
create.
From
these
problems, you
create an
lP
topic,
probably
more or
less
the
title
of your
research. This
time,
you
need
to
identify
the
necessary skills that
you
need to
solve
the
problem
at
hand.
Recognizing
your
own
strengths
and weaknesses ltelps
a
lot
in
cufting
the
cost and time
requirements
of
your
research.
lf
you
fail
to
see
from
the start
that
you
cannot
perforrn
a skill
that is
needed
to complete a task
in
your
lP, then
you
might
be
pushed
to change
your
lP
topic
even
though
you
are already halfway
through, thus,
wasting
your
resources
altogether.
Let
us
see
how the
group
of
Pauline
Lourdes
Bueno, Beatriz Christine Clemente, Jana
Azalea
David and
Constanza
lnez
de
Dios
(Miriam
College
High
School,
2008)
identified
their
skills
for their
lP
entitled
Cheop
Soundproofing: Development of
a Noise-Reducing,
Sound-AbsorbinE Block.'
Because
all
of the
researchers
were interested
in
sound, this
research
involved the knowledge
of
acoustic
physics
and
wave
properties.
ln
their
group,
there
were
some
who
knew
math
so they
could
analyze the
wave
and
there were
some
who could
design
so they could
construct
the
modular
block.
Now, it
is time
for
you
to assess
your
skills
to
solve
the
problem.
Do I
know math?
Oo
t
knot
circuit construction?
Am l.knowledgeable
of
heat
processes?
Can I
construct a
miniature
prototype?
List
all the required
skills
for each
problem you
have
identified
and
put
a
check
mark
on
what
you
can do.
lf
one
skill
is
left
unchecked,
maybe
the
topic
is
not for
you
pursue
(although
some
skills can
be
acquired
during
the
execution
of the research).
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Chapter
2:
Coming
up
with
an
lP Topic
#
3:
Can
I
finish
it
on
time?
Time management is
a
virtue
that
one should
haVe
to
successfully
complete an
lP.
Sad
to
say,
most
students
learn
this after the
lP is
finished,
when they have
cramrned
and
come up with
a
hastily
done
experiment
and
an incomplete
set
of
conclusions.
How
much
time
do
you
have? Did
your
teacher
allot
one
entire
school
year?
Do
you
have
weeks
or months
before
the
sr.rbmission
of the final
paper?
Can
you
execute the experiment,
construct
the
prototype
and/or
gather
and
analyze survey
forms
given
that amount
of
time?
ln
Miriam
College
High School, an
entire
school
year
is allotted
for
the lP. lt
took
three
quarters
for the
group
of
Erika
Castillo, Precious
Galicia,
Michele
Magtoto
and Caiel Pajarillo
t20o8l
to
construct
an
amplifier
enclosed
in
a
guitar
body. From
second
to third
quarter,
they r'uere
busy
soldering
parts
of
the
circuits
and
procuring
materials.
By
the fourth
quarter,
their
product
was
ready.
Now,
answer the
question:
how
much
time do
you
need? ldentify
time
requirements
for
each
problem
and
determine
whether
these fit
that
of the
actual
time
allotted
by
your
teacher.
You
might need
a separate sheet of
paper to
create
a
schedule
for
your
research.
lf it
does
not fit,
cross
out
that topic. You
will
not
be
able to finish it
anyway.
#
4:
Can I
affiord
the
materials
for
it?
Among
the
many
resources
that
an
lP requires is,
at
the
msst,
money.
Some lps
do
not
actually
need
a
significant
amount
of
money.
lf
your
lF
includes
experimentation,
then
you
can
just
borrow
materials
from
the laboratory. f it involves
plants, you
could
just
ask
for
seedlings.
However,
if it requires
samples
to
be
sent to a
professional
laboratory
for
analysis
or
you
need
to
buy
construction
materials to
make a
prototype,
the topic should
be reconsidered.
1_A
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Science
Inaestigatory Project
Suraiaal
Guide
Try
alternative
sources
of materials
if
you
can. lf
you
can make
an
improvised
tool which
could still
serve
the
purpose
of
your
experiment, then
you
can
cut on
costs.
Could
you
use recycled
materials instead?
The
group
of
Venica
.lose,
Krisel
Mariano,
Daniella
Poblador
and
Michaela Tanjangco
{Miriam
College
High
School,
?008) wanted
to find out
whether
a certain
water
purification
technique
is
better
over the other techniques.
This
required
sending
sarnples
of water
to
a
professional
chemistry
laboratory
for
microbial
analysis
{specifically,
to
find out the
presence
of
fecal
coliforms).
Since
they were
a
group, each of
them
shared
an
amount
so that
the water
samples could be sent to
laboratory;
impossible
to
shoulder
if
the
lP
is
an
individual
work,
the
arnount
of
which might
be
By
this time,
you
should have
an
idea
of
what
your
lP topic should be. Compute the
potential
cost
of
production
of
your
experiment
for
eae
h
topic
that
you
have.
Unless
you
can
seek
additional
help,
do not
pursue
the
lP if
it
is
beyond
the amount of what
your pocket
can
shell
out.
5:
Will
my
findings
be
beneficial?
What
then
are
the fruits of
your
research?
Will they do something
good?
Will
you gain
anything
from
it?
lf
you
have recognized
that
your
research is beneficialfor
you,
identify
what
these
gains
are.
These
achievements
might be
useful for
mankind
as
well.
ln fact,
some
lPs
are
well
made
that
the
results
can
be
patented.
On
the
next
page
is
a
sample
matrix
which
can help
you
decide
on
what
your
lP
topic
should
be. You
may
use
the
blank
rnatrix
provided
for
you
at the
back
of
your
rnanual
for
your group's
brai nstorming
of
topics.
11
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Chryter
2:
Cowing
up
with
an
tp
Topic
Proposed
lP Topics
tor
Our 6roup
lf
you
were
a
member
of
this
group,
which
topic
would
you
choose? Again,
think
of the
questions
we have
just
discussed. You
might
be
interested in electronics,
but do
you
know how
to
onstruct
a circuit?
Maybe
you
have
the
rnoney
to spend
for
speaker
enclosures,
but do
you
know
anything
about
acoustics?
However,
there
is
still
a
question
which can send
you
back
to the
starting
line.
lt is
a
question
frorn
your
adviser:
ls
this original? Your
teacher knows
a
lot
of
things about
previous
lPs,
so never
attempt
to
just
copy
the work of
others. The
question
of
originality
is not included
in
the
questions
because
it might
preempt
your
enthusiasm.
Just keep
yaur
lP
topies
going
and
seek
advice
from
your
teacher.
Hopefully,
your
teacher
and
your group
can rnake
small adjustments
to make
your
lP
unique
on its
own.
Elecuonics:
Cheaper
fire
sensor
1..
2.
Circuit construction
Electronic
devices
2 months
1800
pesos
A cheaper fire
sensor
which
could
be
produced
commercially
Sound:
Speakers
with
organic
enclosures
1. Circuitconstruction
2.
Acoustics
3.
Acoustic
laboratory
3
months
5000+
pesos
Reduction
of
non-
biodegradable
wastes
Teaching:
internet-based
resources
L.
A
little of
I-ITML
programming
l month
500
pesos
Shared
quality
resources with
other teachers
andlar students
Mirrors:
Construction
of
a
solar oven
1.
Optics
2. Thermodynamics
3. Concave
mirror
5
months
5@tlr
pesos
Higher
energy
savings
12
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Always
remember
that
there
are five
things
that
you
should
consider
when
determining
your
topic.
These
factors
act
like funnel
which
filter
the bad
topics
from
good
ones. Without
kidding,
the last
funnel
is
your
research
adviser.
Without
your
teache/s
approval,
you
cannot
pursue
your
lP,
no
matter
how
good your
topic
is.
Five-funnel
Model
lor
Research
Topics
o
IP
Topic
Scimce
Inaestigatory
Proiect
Suraiaal
Guiile
lnterests
Funnel
Skills
Funnel
Time Funnel
casts Funnel
Benefits
Funnel
-i2=-=\
(
\\ /\ --.-----/./
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Chapter
2:
Comtng
up zoith
an
IP
Topic
Any
ldeas?
To better help
students
determine
their
lP topic, pcience
fairs around
the
world came
up
with different
categories
which
classify
lP
topics
based
on
their subject of
study. The
two
broad
areas
of
study are:
o
Basic
Sciences.
These
deal with any
research regarding
pure
science
concepts
which
bring
forth
immediate
benefits
to the
community.
Examples
of
these are:
o
Botony: study of
plant
life,
e.g. algae,
plant
genetics,
agriculture,
forestry,
plant pathology
and taxonomy. Studies
about
plant propagation,
hybrid
rice
ffops,
or
the
discovery
of new plant
specimen
fall
under
this
Gtegory.
o
Zoology:
study of animal
life,
.g.
animal
physiology,
animal
ecology,
animal
genetics
and
cellular
physiology.
Studies
which
fall
under
this category
include
habitats
for
anirnals,
animal care
and
animal
tissues.
o
Microbiology:
study of the
life of microorganisms
like
bacteria,
viruses,
protozoa,
fungi
and
yeast.
An
example
of
this would
be
a study
about
the
factors
which
minimize
the
growth
of mold on
bread.
o
Eiochemistry: study of
how
chemical
reactions
affect life
processes,
e.g.
photosynthesis,
protein and
food
chemistry
enzymes,
and
molecular
biology.
Determining the
chemical
eomposition
of
an
unknown
enzyme
is
an
example of
a
biochemical study.
o Chemistry:
study of
the nature and composition of matter
and the
laws
which
govern
this. Studies
about
plastics,
metals,
fuels
and
pesticides
belong
to this
category.
o
Physicsz
study
of the
relationship between matter
and
energy like
optics,
acoustics,
particles
and
waves, thermodynamics,
magnetism, fluids
and
nuclear energy. A
study
on the behavior
of
light
as
it
passes
through
.
u i
dense
liquid falts
under
this
category.
o
Mdthemotics: any study which
applies
the
principles
of
calculus,
geometry
abstract
algebra,
nurnber
theory,
probability
and complex
analysls to
develop
formal
logical
systems o.
uaiious numeric
algebraic
computations.
14
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Science
lnaestigatory
Project
Suraiual Guide
Applied
Sciences. Studies
in this area
use
data and
results
from
the
basic
sciences.
Bernoulli s Principle
from
physics,
for
example, is
being
used
in
aeronautical
engineering,
which
is
an
applied
science.
o Camputer
Science:
studies
about
or the development of computer hardware
or
software, internet networking
and
communications,
computational
science
like
encryption
and
encoding
and
graphics,
including
human
interface. lf
you
wish
to
design
a
blind-friendly
keyboard,
then that study
willfall
under
computer
science.
o Engineering:
studies
which
apply scientific
principles
to manufacturing and
practical
uses,
or technology.
lPs
which
fall
under this category are those
which involve refrigeration, photography,
acoustics,
transportation
and
the
common engineering
fields
of study: mechanical,
aeronautical,
chemical,
electrical
and
electronics.
o
Medicine and Health:
deals
with
the
health
and diseases
of humans
and
anirnals. Medicine
and health inclined
researches
tackle
sanitation,
pediatrics,
dermatology,
dentistry,
pharmacology
and nutrition.
A
study
about allergic reactions
of
humans
to
certain
brands of
lotion is
under this
category.
o
Earth and Space
Sciences;
geology,
mineralogy, oceanography,
meteorology,
astronomy
and seismology
are studies
that
are
related
to
Earth
and
space
sciences.
Determining
the effect
of
polar
ice
cap
melting
to
coastal
areas in
the
Philippines
is
a sample study which falls
under
this
category.
o
Environmental
Science:
studies
which
determine
the
sources
and effects of
air,
water
or land
pollution
are environmental
science researehes.
Ecology
also
falls
under this
category.
Present
weather
conditions
and
their relation
to
global
warming makes
this area
of
study
exceptionally
relevant
nowadays.
o
Biotechnology: studies
which
are concerned
with
problems
involving
the
inieraction
of
man and machine.
To
get
a
feel
of
what other
students have
researched on,
you
may
want
to
visit
the
online
database
of DOST-SEI
for
abstracts
of
winning
lPs
in
the
national |evel at
http://stednet.sei.dost.gov.ph/ijrajs.htm.
L5
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Chapter 2:
Caming
up
with
an
lP
Topic
A
Summary
of the Topic Proposal
Process
For
your
convenience, here
is
quick
reference
to thp topic
proposal process.
Do
not
forget
the five
questions
presented
before in determining
your possible
topics
for
investigation
(Step
2),
De ning what
an
lP is
What
are
the
objectives of an
lP?
What are the types of
tP?
What
should I do to
complete
an
lP?
Comirq
up
wlth
possible
topia
for
investigation
r
Examine
your
interests
vis-i-vis
science topics/concepts.
r
Convene with
your groupmates.
.
Propose
to
your grouprnates.
r
Agree
on four
to
fiye
topics that
your group
wishes
to be approved
by
the
project
adviser. Know
as much
as
you
can
about these
topics.
r
List
down the topics
on a sheet of
paper
according
to
preference
(1
as
the
most
preferred)
and submit
it to
your
adviser,
Clnosing
your
topic
for
research
r
Examine
the
approved topics by
your
project
adviser
on the returned
paper.
.
Further
brainstorm with
your groupmates.
.
Choose
just
one
topic this
time.
.
State the
problem
and
your
research
hypothesis
(read
on
Chapter 3) for this
topic and then
seek approval from
your
research
adviser.
Jumpstarting
your
lnvestigatary
Proiect V'
.
lf
your
topic has
been approved
by
your
adviser, start reading
about it.
Do
nol waste
time and
opportunities
to
learn
more
about
the topic.
r
lf
your
topics are not approved,
be
patient.
Meet
with
your
groupmates
and
repeat the steps.
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Scienu
lnvretigatory
Proiect
Suraiaal Guidc
When
you
propose
a
certain topig
make sure that
you
have
read
something about
it
(step
2). You
may
do
library
research
{which
is
the
best),
surf
the
internet
{which
is
the
most
accessible}
or
talk
to
professionals
in
the field
of study where
your
research falls under.
Now
you
are
ready
to
move
on
to the
next
phase
of
your
lP
-
the
research
paper.
The
research
paper
should
develop
simultaneous
with
your
lP.
Most
students
cram their
research
paper
at
the
end
of
each stage,
when
the
deadline is
near.
Just
a tip: always bring
a
laptop
with
you.
Every
time
your group
convenes,
complete
a
part
of
the
lP research
paper.
You
can
simultaneously
enter
data to
your
research
paper
while
you
are conducting experiments
(but
of
course,
never
forget to
put
any information
on
your
Guard
Book).
But what exactly
is
this
lP
research
paper?
How do
you
complete this? What
parts
does it
have?
ln
the next
chapter,
you
will learn
everything about this research
paper
from
its
basic
format
to
its essential
parts.
fust
a
Reminder
You
might
be tempted
to
submit
a work
done
by other researchers.
Your
research
adviser
might
not
be able
to notice
this. With
or
without word from
your
research adviser,
you
are
committing
ocodemic dishonesty
or
academic
fraud. Never
attempt
to
do this. Once caught,
you
automatically
get
a
failing
mark
in
your
subject and conduct
grade,
as
stipulated
in
the student
handbook.
Be motivated
to complete
an
lP.
lt
is indeed
painstaking,
however,
the
fruits
are
rewarding.
Progress
Check '
'
Do
have
on
approved
lP
topic
atreody? Whot
is it
abaut? Does
it
deot
ahout
basic
scince
or
applied
science?
17
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Chryter 3: The
lP
Re*ar&
Pryer
IPRP
is
essential
because
it
serves
as a venue for
check
and balance,
or
peer
review,
which
is
a
unique
characteristic of
science.
The IPRP
is
somehow
similar to
advanced
research
papers,
in
terms
of formatting
and
tone,
with
a
few
missing
parts.
Nonetheless,
the
IPRP
will
surely give
you
a
headstart
on
college
research writing.
General
Formatting
To
achieve
a
uniform
and
formal
look,
the IPRP
should
be formatted this
way:
r
Paper
size:8.5
x 11 ,
commonly
known
as
letter
o
Page orientation:
portrait
o
Margin: 1'along
all
sides, with a
%
gutterfrom
the
left edge
o
Font
face: Times
New
Roman
o
Font size:
12
o
Line
spacing:
double
.
Text Color: black
o
Alignment:
justified
o
Citation format
Chicago
Manual
of
Style
{CMS}
Chapter headings
{including
Abstract,
Table of Contents and
Acknowledgement}
should be
in boldface,
all-caps, center-aligned,
like
this:
20
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Science
Inaestigatary
Project Suraiaal
Guide
Sub-chapters should
be in
boldface, sentence
caps, and
left-aligned,
like
this:
Each
chapter
should
start
on
a
fresh
page.
For
example:
although the
data show
that
the
bacteria
population
in Searp
C
(lead-free)
is
less
than
that
of Searp B
(acid-free).
2A
CHAPTER
IV: CONCLUSIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
From
the experimental data
it
can
be
concluded
that
lead-free
environment
can
decrpase
bacterial
growth.
x
x x
x x
x
x
xx xx xx xx
x
xxxxxxxxx
x
x...
2l
Notice
that
in
the
example
above,
although there
is
space
left
on
page
20,
the
next
chapter
started
on
page
21.
Pagination
and
Paragraphing
Page
numbers should
also
be
in
Times
New
Roman, font
size
12,
and
placed
on the
lower
right
hand
corner
ofthe
p"g",
.,
shown above.
Avoid
"orphans"
and
"widows".
An
orpharr
is
defined as
an
end
part
(less
than three lines) of
a
paragraph
which
appears on
the
prwious
page.
Materials
and
Equipment
27
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Clupter
3:
The
lP
Research Paper
Here is
an
example
of an
orphan sentence:
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xx xx
xxxx'x x xx x x
xxxxx
x xxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
The
energy
requirement
to
propel
this
prototype
car
is
400 kJ.
It only shows how
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx.
The
urerry
requirerirent
to
propel
8
'
enerry
effrcientthis
design
is.
Scope
and
Limitations
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxx...
9
this car
is
just
4
kJ
which
proves
how
enerry effrcientthis
design
is.
Scope
and
Limitatfuns
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx...
9
The
phrase
oenergy
efftcient
this
design
is
is
a
part
of the
paragraph
on
page
8.
lf
your
paragraph
will
spill
to
the next
page,
make
sure the
spillage will
occupy at
least three
lines. Less
than three
lines
will
be
considered orphans
and
they
make
the
layout
look
unappealing.
Widows
are
the
opposite of orphans.
Widows
are
the beginning
part
(less
than
three lines)
of
a
paragraph
which
appears
on a separate
page.
For
example:
22
Orphans
and widows
can
be
avoided
by
re-phrasing
your
sentences.
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7.
Science lnaestigatary
Proiect
Suraiaal Guide
Units of
Measurement
All
measurements
of
physical
quantities,
may
it'be
in
your
actual experiment
or
as
written
on
your
IPRP,
should
be
expressed in units
prescribed
by
the lnternational
System
(Sl).
Tone
of
Writing
Since the
lP is
a scientific work,
your
writing style
in
IPRP should
communicate
a
technical
tone.
Follow
these
simple
tips
on how
to do this:
Use
jargons
when
necessary
and define
them for
your
reade/s
sake.
Avoid
using
your
opinions
as
support to
scientific
principles,
commonly
held beliefs or
convey the
purpose
or
significance
of
your
study.
Cut the drama.
Most
students
inject
a
lot
of
drama
in the
introductory
parts.
For
example,
on an lP about
alternative
pesticides,
a
group
of
researchers
stated that their
lP
is
significant
because
...it
will help
olleviate
poverty
in
the
Philippines
by
providing
a
cheaper
pesticide.
The
purpose
is
good
but it is better
stated
as
This
lP is
significant
because
it
is
cheaper than any commerciolly
avoiloble
pesticides.
Sweeping
statements
like
all,
everyone and some should never
be
used.
Refer
to reputable
sources
like
published
reference
books and research
journals.
Do not
rely
much
on websites.
The
sentences
should
be in
third
person.
Avoid
stating
We
gothered
20
dilferent
specimens...
Try
Twenty
different
srycimens were
gothered
for
this
experiment.'
When
referring
to
yourselves
as
the conductors of the
lP,
state
it as The
proponents
of
this IP...
or
The
reseorchers.,.
8.
The
IPRP
is a scientific
paper.
Avoid
using
smileys
as
bullets.
Use
classic
bullets
like
I
and
r.
Nowadays,
it
you
woula like
to
learn
the
American accent,
you
learn
it
by listening
to
native
American
English
speakers.
This
is
true
with
technical
writing.
lt is highly
suggested that
you
start
reading
scientific
journals.
lt is by example where
you
can learn
the right
tone of
writing
scientific
research
work.
1.
2.
4.
5.
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Chapter
3:
The
IP
Research
Paper
Parts
of the IPRP
To
properly document
your entire
lP
work
the
FRP is composed
of
different
parts
each
discusses
important
details
about
your
research:
A
Aurdliary
Pages
o
Title
page
r
Abstract
o
Acknowledgement
o
Table
of
Contents
Chapter l:
lntroduction
o
Background
ofthe
Study
o
Statement
of
the Problem/Objectives
and Hypothesis
o
Significance
of the
Study
o
Scope
and
Limitations
e
Review
of
Related
Literature
Chapter lt:
Methodology
r
Materials
and
Equipment
o
Treatment/GeneralProcedure
Chapter
lll:
Results and Discussion
r
Findings
o
Analysis
of
Data
Chapter
lV: Conclusion and
Recommendations
o
Conclusion
o
Recommendations
F.
Bibllography
G. Appendices
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Scienu lnaestigatory
Proiect
Suraioal
Guide
Auxiliary
Pages
These pages
supplement your
IPRP.
Although
they
are
not
as
important
as
the
other
parts
of
your
IPRP,
these
pages
will help
your
reader in
accessing
your
research
paper.
r
Tltle Page: this
contains
the name
of
the
researchers,
the name
of the
school/institution
where the
lP was
completed, the title
of
the
lP,
the
name
of the
research
adviser,
the
academic
subject
(integrated
science,
biology,
chemistry
or
physics),
and
the date when
the
IPRP is submitted. A
sample title
page
appears
on
the following
page.
o
Abstract: this is
a
summary
of
the entire
lP. lt
contains the objectives
of
your project,
the
methodology utilized,
data
gathered
and
derived
conclusions. Possible
applications
of
the
lP and some
atffibution
to
previous studies
can
also be
stated
in
the
abstract
in
no
more
than
250 words.
lt
should
be
contained
in
a single
page
and
written
in
paragraph
form
{not
in
bullets}.
Since
this is a
summary
it is
quite
obvious
that
you
will
do this
the lost.
r
Acknowledgement:
this
includes
any
persond
thonk-you
you
wish to
say.
This
is
the
only
page
in
your
IPRP
that may sound
a
little
less
formal.
Usually,
this
is
center-aligned.
o
Table
of
Cqntents:
this
provides
a
quick
glance
to
what
your
IPRP
has
in
it.
lt does
not
include
the
abstract
and the
acknowledgement. Font
face
and
font
size stillTimes New
Roman,
12.
A
sample appears
on
page
27.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers
would like
to
thank
the
following
for
their
unwavering support
which lead to
the successful
completion
of this IP:
25
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C]trytcr
3:
The
IP
Resemch Paper
Here
is
a sample
title
page.
Font
face and
size
is
still Times New
Roman,
12.
Everything
should
be
center-aligned,
Construction of
an
Amplifier
Set the
line
spacing
to
single and
just
press
the
Ente/'
key
to
achieve
the
spaces
indicated.
Line spacing:
eleven
in
a Guitar
Box
The
lP title
should
be
in boldface
Line
spacing:
eleven
Line
spacing:
four
Line
spacing: four
Your
research
adviser is
your.
science
teacher
plus
any
science
teacher
who has
helped
your
group
complete the lP
successfully.
The name
of the
group
leader
should
appear
first,
followed
by
the remaining
group
members.
Be
consistent.
lf
middle initials
will not
be
included,
everyone in
the
group
should
not have her
middle
initials
i
ndicated.
Erika
Castillo
Precious Galicia
Michele Magtoto
Caiel Pajarillo
IV-6
Line
spacing:
four
Mr. Resty
(
Research
26
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Science
Investigatory Proiect Suraival
Guide
_
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
I
wu spacing,
rour.
l-l
Chapter
I:
Introduction
\-
Notice
thbt
the
title
Table
of
Contents
is
in
boldfacg
allcaps
and center-aligned.
Background
of
the Study
...........5
Statement of the Problem/Objectives
and
Hypothesis
...... .......6
Significance
of
the
Study..
........7
Scope
and
Limitations ......qr...
F
Review of Related
Literaturd...
r nearmenuuenerar
rroceaurel.
. .
-
Chapter
III:
Results
and
Discu s#
The
line spacing
is
double.
JO
.rottc../
Chapter
Ik Methodolog5r
MaterialsandEquipment............
,.....15
Treatment/General Procedure.- .
,
.
.
.
..
. .
.
, ,
,...17
The wider line spacing
is four
(set your
line spacing
to
double
then
just
press
the
Enter'
key.)
Chapter
IV:
Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusion
..........27
Recommendations
.........,....ig
Bibliography
Appendices
You
need
not indicate
the
page
number
of the
Eibliography
and
the
Appendices.
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Chapter
3:
The
IP
Research
Paper
Chapter
I:
Introduction
The
first
chapter
of
your
IPRP
sets
the
mood
of
your
research
and provides
your
readers
with
sufficient
starting
information
about
the
study.
o
BackEround
of
the
Study:
in
this
part, you
will
state how
you
have come
to
reach
your
lP
topic.
lt
might be
a
personal
experience, a recent
study, an
observation or
an
established
scientific
principle.
By
personal
experience,
do
NOT
cite
how
your
research
adviser
got
rid of
all
your
proposed
topics
in
every
topic
proposal
session;
instead,
narrate
personal
experiences that
reflect
the
topic
at
hand.
Clearly
state
the reasons
you
become
interested
in
this
particular
topic
and
what you
hope
to
accomplish
with
your
lP.
o
Statement
of the Problem/Obiectives
and
Hypothesis:
some lPs
call
this
as
Engineering
Goals.
lf
your
project
falls
under the
category
of engineering,
then
rename
this
part
as
such.
ln this
portion,
clearly state
the
purpose
of
your
project.
Objectives should
be
preceded
by a
sentence
(the
stem),
and
could
be
stated
in
bullets. What
do
you
aim to
accomplish?
An
example
would be:
The
problem
has
been
stated
here.
A
milk
solution
has
a
shorter
shelf
life
when
left
outside
the
refrigerator
and exposed
to
unfiltered,
room temperanre
aiq this
solution spoils
within
45 minutes. This
poses
a challenge to
travelling
mothers
who have
milk
solutions
in
bottles.
To
nrovide
a
increase
the
shelf life of
milk soh.dions
that
are exposed
to unfiltered,
room temperature
air; and,
measure the
shelf
life
cf
milk
in
terms
of.
its
bacterial
content
and
compare it
to the
bacterial
content of
spoiled
food
as determined
by toxicologists.
This
is the stem
of
the objectives
(no
need
to
underline
in your
actual
paper).
28
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Here
is the
hypothesis.
Science
Inaestigatary
Project
Suruival Guiile
Particularly,
if
am, or the boiled water
in
which rice is
allowed to
cook, is mixed
with
the milk
solution,
then
the shelf
life
of
the
milk
solution
will
prolong.
Tips
in writing
objectives. Make
sure that
your
objectives
are
clearly
stated.
These
objectives
will
guide
you
as work
on
your
lP.
Unclear
objectives
result
in
wrong
methodology
and
incomplete
conclusion.
Make
sure
that
your
obiectives
are
S.M.A.R.T.
This
acronym
stands
for:
.
Specific.
Your
objective should
clearly show what
you
want to
accomplish.
lt
should not be broad like
'This
study
aims
to deoease
food
poisoning.
Since there
are
many types
of
food
poisoning,
you
may
state
at
this
way
-
This
study
aims to
decrease
food
poisoning
from
uncooked
Asian
green
mussel
lPerna
Viridisl.
This
objective
is
specific
but
as
you
will see
later, some
revisions
can
still
be
made
to
make
this
better.
.
Meosureable.
ls
there
a
way
for
you
ta
quontitotively
measure
your
objective?
lf
the
purpose
of
your
lP
is
to
improve
your
classmate's
memory
retention,
are
there
ways
which
can
clearly
measure
this? Are
there
methods which actually take into account
your
experiment
and
not
some
other
factors?
Attoinable.
lf
you
wish
to determine
the
DNA
structure
of the
influenza
A
HlNl virus,
think twice. Can
you
do this?
Do
you
have
the
materials?
Do
you
have
the skills?
Realistic.
This
voids
too
much
drama in
your
objectives.
Let us say
your
lP is
about
developing
a
keyboard
that
is
friendly
to
visually-impaired
people.
Then
one
of
your
objectives
goes
This
study
aims
to
decrease
.discrimination
against
visually-impaired
people.
This
is
somehow
unrealistic.
Although
your
keyboard
could
help
visually-impaired
people
get
decent
jobs,
it
does
not
guarantee
that
people
will stop
discriminating
visually-impaired
individuals.
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Chapter
3:
The
lP Research Paper
t
Time-bound. Given
the
time
allotted
for
you
by
your
school,
can
you
finish
the
objective?
Maybe
your
objective
needs
more
time.
Say
for
example,
you wish
to
measure
the
effects
of
music
to
the growth of
an
..
avocado
tree.
lt
takes
years
for
an
avocado
plant
to
fully
develop
into an
avocado
tree.
lf
you
only
have
a
school
year
to complete
your
lP,
then
this
one
is
definitely not
for
you.
o
Hypothesis.The hypothesis
is
not
just
an intelligent
guess.
lt
actually
is
as
simple
as
an
lf...then...
statement.
You
should
have
a
clear hypothesis
because it
will
allq,v
yotr
to
setup
a
good
experiment. lt takes
some
reading
to
develop a
good
hypothesis.
Signiftcance
of
the
Study:
what
benefits
does
the community
get
from
your
research?
Still, avoid
too much
drama
in
stating the significance
of
your
study. Although alleviating
poverty
and improving world
peace
are
the
most
sought-after significance
of any
study
(because
these surely will
improve
human
living
conditions),
they
are rather
vaguely
attributable to
your
study.
ln
determining the
significance
your
research, make
sure
that it
is
a
direct outcome of
your
study
and
there
is no
or very
minimal external
intervention.
Scope
and Limitations:
here, you set
the
boundaries
of your
research.
This
part
saves
you
from
questions
which
are
actually
beyond the
concern
of
your
study.
lf
you
will
construct a
speaker
enclosure
that
will
propagate
sound
in all
directions,
your
scope
would
be acoustics, speed
of
sound,
wave
property
and
the type
of material
used.
lf
you
think
that
a
price
comparison
of
your prototype
to commercially available
speakers
is
related
to
your
study
but
you
will not do such comparison,
state it as the study's
limitation.
The
lPs llmitation
can
be
restated
as
recommendations
in
Chapter lV. By
setting
the
scope and limitation,
your
readers
can focus
on
what
to
expect
from
your
study
and
other
researcherc
can
easily
determine
how
to
expand
your
research.
Review
of
Related
Literature
(RRL[
the
most
important
published
sources and
theories
should be
included in
literature
review. The RRL
provides
the
readers
with
background
information
regarding
your
research
like
previous
studies where
your
current study
originated
from,
or theories
which
shall
guide
your
research. Some
students
just
patches
sentences
which describe
the
related literature altogether. This is
wrong.
ln
RRL,
aside
30
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Science
lnaestigatory Project Suraiaal
Guiilc
from describing
the
related literature,
you
should also
indicate how
this related
literature will be used
in
your
research
or
how
different
it
is
from
your
current
study.
The
RRL
also
follows
some
citation
format.
;
Formatting
Your
Review of Related
Literature
and
In-Text
Citation
Citing
your
sources of information
is very
important
in
research writing.
This
somehow
rewards
successful
researchers with
recognition which they
deserve.
Citation also ensures
that
background information is
well
grounded
on data
or
previous
research
and
not
on
opinion.
When
you
present
the works of others
as
yours,
or
even
if
you
cite
the
authors
of
your
sources
but
do not
completely cite where
you
find
these,
you
are actually
committing
plagiarism.
Plagiarism happens
when
then authorship of
an
article
is
attributed
to
the
wrong
person.
There
are
many types
of
plagiarism
one
can commit.
For
further reading,
you
may wish to
refer to www.plogiarism.org.
There are many styles in citing
your
reference. Citation styles differ from one
field
of
study
to
the other,
For
the
physical
sciences,
however, the
Chicogo
Manuol
of
Sfyre
{CMS)
is
commonly
used,
ln
RRL,
prwious
studies
related
to
your
research should
be
described. ln doing
this,
you
need
to
cite
where this
study
came
from.
Since
the RRL
is
in
paragraph
format,
the
citation
is
called
as in-text
citotion.
Using
CMS,
the
in-text citation format
is
that
of Authar-Yeor
of
Publicotion,
Page
Number system.
Consider
the
example
below:
This
project
utilizes
a
metallic
sound
reflector. Metal is
a solid
substance,
and
solids in
geneml
have
molecules
that are
tightly
packed.
They
have
strong
forces
between
their molecules. Sound waves
are
not absorbed by
the
metal
because the
particles
are
so
compact
that no
space
for
porous
surfacEs
is
left,
and
as
a result, sound
waves
are completely reflected
by
the rnetallic
surface.,.
However,
the
particles thai
make
up
wood
are
different
from that which
makes
up metals....
They are
either
absorbed
or
they.are transmitted
through
the
wood.
As
a
resulg
the
reflected
waves are
not
of maximum
quantity
causing
poor
sound
quality (Young
&
Freedman
2002,56).'
Notice how
the
author
and
the
year
of
publication
(both
enclosed
in
pa 'entheses)
are
cited
after
the
sentence
that
needs
data support
so
as
to
be
considered
factual
and
not opinionated.
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Cheptr
3: The
lP
Research Paper
Some researchers
cite the
author
of the reference
materaal
publication
in
parentheses,
then
describe
what this is about, as
follows:
then,
enclose
the
year
of
Still,
do not forget
that
aside from
in-text citation,
you
still
have
to mention
the
source
complete
with
other
details
in
the bibliography.
While
searching
for
related literature,
have
your
Guard
Book
with
you.
There, write
the complete citation of
your
sources, following
the CMS format.
CMS in-text
citation
and full-bibliography
citation
have different arrangements
for
published
books,
journals
and
other
references.
Familiarize
yourself
with
CMS
citation
format
as
provided
for
you
in
'the
coming
pages
of
this manual.
Some research
books suggest
having
index
cards
(called
as
note
cards|
where
you
can
write
the
full
bibliography
of
your
sources. However,
you
can
easily
misplace
such
index
cards, especially
when they
are
small.
lt is
much
convenient to
have
one
ultimate
writing
companion
which
is
your
Guard
Book.
Never
forget
that in-text
citation does not
save
you
from
plagiarism.
lt is
important
that
you
include additional
informaiion which
originally
belongs to
you.
ln
this
way,
knowledge
expands
and
develops. Also,
references
should
still
be
fully
cited
in
the
bibliography.
Reese
Gross
(1998,
49) and
Alten
(1981,
78) explain other concepts
related
to
this
project,
such as reverberation and
diffusion. Reverberation
is
the occurrence
when
reflections keep bouncing
off
at
least
two
surfaces
(one
surface for echo)
before
getting
to
the receiver
or
listener,
then decaying. Decay is the rate at
which a
sound
changes
from
loudness
to a
sustained
level
or
one
that can't
be
apparently
heard
anymore.
Diffirsion,
on
which smooth
decay depends,
is...
Notice
how
the
author
and
the
year
of
publication
(enclosed
in
parentheses)
are used
as
part
of the
sentence.
lf there
are
more
than
two
authors, use
the
surname
of
the
first
author,
followed
by
et, ol.
(Ex:
Collado, et.
al,
2010).
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Science Inoestigatory
Project Suraival Gaide
ln
case
you
would like
to
direaly
use
a
paragraph
from
another
source
(say
a definition of a
jargon
and
put
it in
your
IPRP,
you
may want
to
do
this:
The
page
number
is omitted
if
the
source
is
not
printed
{electronic
journals,
websites,
presentations
in
conferences,
including
newspapers).
The
above example
from
Hake is
a
journal
in
an
online
database,
while the first
example
authored
by Young
and
Freedman
comes
from
a
printed
physics
book,
and
as
such,
the
page
number
should
be
cited
as well.
ln case
you
will
use
pictures,
tabulated
data
or
graphs
in any
part
of
your
IPRP,
donot
forget
to cite
sources
as
well.
You
do
this
by
first
labeling
the
irnage
(whether
it
is
a
picture,
an
equation,
a
table
or
a
graph),
followed
by
writing a
brief
caption and citing
the
reference
enclosed in
parentheses.
Follow
the Author-Year of
publication
format of
CMS.
As
what
you
have
read
before,
you
still
have
to mention
the reference with its complete details
in
the
bibliography
part
of
your
IPRP.
Examples
of in-text
referencing for
irnages
are
presented
on
the next
page.
A famous study
conducted
by
Hake
(1997)
showed
a
striking difference
between
students who
were taught
with
interactive
engagement
(IE)
teaching styles
ve6us students
who
were
taught with
traditional
teaching methods
in
their
respective
post-test performance
in
the
standardized
test
Mechanics
Baseline
Test
(MBT).
Hake
rsed a total
of
6542 student answer
sheets
and
analyzed
the
results.
Hake defined
IE
methods
as:
"...those
designed at least in
part
to
pramote
coneeptual
understanding
through
interactive engsgement
of
students in
heads-on
(always)
and honds-on
(usually)
activities
which
yield
immediate
feedback
through discussion
with
peers
and/or
instructors.
"
(Hake
I
997)
The borrowed
definition is
enclosed
in
quotation
marks and
is
italicized.
The
entire
paragraph
is
indented.
The
reference
is
cited after the
paragraph
using
the
Author-Year
of
Publication
system
prescribed
by
CMS.
-
8/10/2019 Ip Manual 01
34/42
Chapter
3:
The
lP
Research
Paper
lf
the
equation
is
common,
there
is no
need
to
cite
the
reference.
However, if
the
equation
was derived
'by
a
previous
study,
the
source
should
be cited, still
in
the
format outlined by CMS.
Notice
that
the
caption
should be
placed
very
near the
image,
not
following
the usual
line
spacing
of
two.
Table 3:
The angles
af
incidence
(0),
as
prqiectedfton
difercnt
si s
of
tle
normal,
gives
rise to two
sets of
angles
of refrrction
@il
ard
0,r)-
(fristan
2008,
8)
nlsinOi
flr=-
'
sin0r2
Equation
l: Snell's
Law.
Captions should
still
be
in
Tirnes
New
Roman,
size
10,
and italicized.
small
space
betrreen
th
