IoT BASED VEHICLE TRACKING AND TRAFFIC SURVIELLENCE SYSTEM

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Vehicle Tracking System (VTS) is the technology used to determine the

location of a vehicle using different methods like GPS and other radio navigation

systems operating through satellites and ground based stations. By triangulation

methods the tracking system enables to calculate easy and accurate location of the

vehicle. Vehicle information like location details, speed, distance traveled etc. can

be viewed on a digital mapping with the help of a software via Internet. Even data

can be stored and downloaded to a computer from the GPS unit at a base station and

that can later be used for analysis. This system is an important tool for tracking each

vehicle at a given period of time and now it is becoming increasingly popular for

people having expensive cars and hence as a theft prevention and retrieval device.

i. The system consists of modern hardware and software components

enabling one to track their vehicle online or offline. Any vehicle tracking system

consists of mainly three parts mobile vehicle unit, fixed based station and, database

and software system.

ii. Vehicle Unit: It is the hardware component attached to the vehicle having

either a GPS/GSM modem. The unit is configured around a primary modem that

functions with the tracking software by receiving signals from GPS satellites or

radio station points with the help of antenna. The controller modem converts the

data and sends the vehicle location data to the server.

iii. Fixed Based Station: Consists of a wireless network to receive and

forward the data to the data center. Base stations are equipped with tracking

software and geographic map useful for determining the vehicle location. Maps of

every city and landmarks are available in the based station that has an in-built Web

Server.

iv. Database and Software: The position information or the coordinates of

each visiting points are stored in a database, which later can be viewed in a display

screen using digital maps. However, the users have to connect themselves to the

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web server with the respective vehicle ID stored in the database and only then

she/he can view the location of vehicle traveled.

1.2 VEHICLE SECURITY USING VTS

Vehicle Security is a primary concern for all vehicle owners. Owners as well

as researchers are always on the lookout for new and improved security systems for

their vehicles. One has to be thankful for the upcoming technologies, like GPS

systems, which enables the owner to closely monitor and track his vehicle in real-

time and also check the history of vehicles movements. This new technology,

popularly called Vehicle Tracking Systems has done wonders in maintaining the

security of the vehicle tracking system is one of the biggest technological

advancements to track the activities of the vehicle. The security system uses Global

Positioning System GPS, to find the location of the monitored or tracked vehicle

and then uses satellite or radio systems to send to send the coordinates and the

location data to the monitoring center. At monitoring center various software’s are

used to plot the Vehicle on a map. In this way the Vehicle owners are able to track

their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-time tracking facility, vehicle tracking

systems are becoming increasingly popular among owners of expensive vehicles.

Fig 1.1 Vehicle tracking system

The vehicle tracking hardware is fitted on to the vehicle. It is fitted in such a

manner that it is not visible to anyone who is outside the vehicle. Thus it operates as

a covert unit which continuously sends the location data to the monitoring unit.

When the vehicle is stolen, the location data sent by tracking unit can be used to

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find the location and coordinates can be sent to police for further action. Some

Vehicle tracking System can even detect unauthorized movements of the vehicle

and then alert the owner. This gives an edge over other pieces of technology for the

same purpose

Monitoring center Software helps the vehicle owner with a view of the

location at which the vehicle stands. Browsing is easy and the owners can make use

of any browser and connect to the monitoring center software, to find and track his

vehicle.

A computer software GPS GLONASS automatic vehicle location vehicle

tracking system combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or

fleet of vehicles, with purpose-designed at least at one operational base to enable

the owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in the

process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern vehicle

tracking systems commonly use or technology for locating the vehicle, but other

types of technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on

electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Urban public transit

authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems,

particularly in large cities.

Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleet operators for fleet

management fleet tracking transit schedule adherence destination sign American

Public Transportation Association visually impaired tram real-time information

functions such as , routing, dispatch, onboard information and security. Along with

commercial fleet operators, urban agencies use the technology for a number of

purposes, including monitoring of buses in service, triggering changes of bus

displays at the end of the line (or other set location along a bus route), and

triggering pre-recorded announcements for passengers. The estimated that, at the

beginning of 2009, around half of all transit buses in the United States were

already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking system to trigger automated stop

announcements. This can refer to external announcements (triggered by the opening

of the bus's door) at a bus stop, announcing the vehicle's route number and

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destination, primarily for the benefit of customers, or to internal announcements (to

passengers already on board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or ) approaches a

stop, or both. Data collected as a transit vehicle follows its route is often

continuously fed into a computer program which compares the vehicle's actual

location and time with its schedule, and in turn produces a frequently updating

display for the driver, telling him/her how early or late he/she is at any given time,

potentially making it easier to adhere more closely to the published schedule. Such

programs are also used to provide customers with as to the waiting time until arrival

of the next bus or tram/streetcar at a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual

progress at the time, rather than merely giving information as to the scheduled time

of the next arrival. Transit systems providing this kind of information assign a

unique number to each stop, and waiting passengers can obtain information by

entering the stop number into an automated telephone system or an application on

the transit system's website. Some transit agencies provide a virtual map on their

website, with icons depicting the current locations of buses in service on each route,

for customers' information, while others provide such information only to

dispatchers or other employees.

1.3 TYPES OF GPS VEHICLE TRACKING

There are three main types of GPS vehicle tracking, tracking based mobile,

wireless passive tracking and satellite in real-time GPS tracking. This article

discusses the advantages and disadvantages to all three types of GPS vehicle

tracking circumference.

i) Mobile phone based tracking

The initial cost for the construction of the system is slightly lower than the

other two options. With a mobile phone-based tracking average price is about $ 500.

A cell-based monitoring system sends information about when a vehicle is every

five minutes during a rural network. The average monthly cost is about thirty-five

dollars for airtime.

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ii) Wireless Passive Tracking

A big advantage that this type of tracking system is that there is no monthly

fee, so that when the system was introduced, there will be other costs associated

with it. But setting the scheme is a bit expensive. The average is about $ 700 for

hardware and $ 800 for software and databases. With this type of system, most say

that the disadvantage is that information about where the vehicle is not only can

exist when the vehicle is returned to the base business. This is a great disadvantage,

particularly for companies that are looking for a monitoring system that tells them

where their vehicle will be in case of theft or an accident. However, many systems

are now introducing wireless modems into their devices so that tracking information

can be without memory of the vehicle to be seen. With a wireless modem that is

wireless passive tracking systems are also able to gather information on how fast the

vehicle was traveling, stopping, and made other detailed information. With this new

addition, many companies believe that this system is perfect, because there is no

monthly bill.

iii) Via satellite in real time

This type of system provides less detailed information, but work at the

national level, making it a good choice for shipping and trucking companies.

Spending on construction of the system on average about $ 700. The monthly

fees for this system vary from five dollars for a hundred dollars, depending on

how the implementation of a reporting entity would be.

1.4 TYPICAL ARCHITECTURE

Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are

i. GPS tracking device

The device fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS location information

apart from other vehicle information at regular intervals to a central server.

The other vehicle information can include fuel amount, engine temperature,

altitude, reverse geocoding , odometer, throttle , door open/close, tire

pressure, cut off fuel, turn off ignition, turn on headlight, turn on taillight,

battery status, GSM area code/cell code decoded, number of GPS satellites in

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view, glass open/close, fuel amount, emergency button status, cumulative

idling, computed , engine RPM, position, and a lot more. Capability of these

devices actually decides the final capability of the whole tracking system.

ii. GPS tracking server

The tracking server has three responsibilities: receiving data from the GPS tracking

unit, securely storing it, and serving this information on demand to the user.

iii. User interface

The UI determines how one will be able to access information, view vehicle

data, and elicit important details from it.

1.5 SPEED TRACKING AND ITS IMPORTANCE

Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum (or minimum

in some cases) speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular

stretches of road. Speed limits may be variable and in some places speeds are

unlimited (e.g. in the Autobahn in Germany). Speed limits are normally indicated

on a traffic sign. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of nations

or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police and / or

judicial bodies. Most of the roads in India has speed limits but unfortunately there

are no mechanism to strictly enforce it. Therefore we are in need of state of art

device to actually track speed related details according to the speed limit set by the

government for that road.

Speeding is the single factor responsible for the maximum number of deaths on

Indian roads. During 2014, 57,844 deaths – 41% of the total were due to accidents

caused by speeding. Speeding has accounted for a similar share in the earlier years

as well and has consistently accounted for over 50,000 deaths on roads for the past

several years. Speeding is typically the easiest factor to control, and a small

reduction in vehicle speed yields disproportionate results in terms of safety. A

pedestrian struck by a car driving at 37 km/hr has an average risk of death of 10%.

This increases exponentially with vehicle speed and rises to 90% for higher speeds.

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1.6 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with

unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring

human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

The IoT can assist in integration of communications, control, and information

processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to

all aspects of transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the

driver or user). Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport

system enables inter and intra vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart

parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistic and fleet management, vehicle

control, and safety and road assistance.

There are many technologies that enable IOT

1. RFID and near-field communication – In the 2000s, RFID was the dominant

technology. Later, NFC became dominant (NFC). NFC have become

common in smart phones during the early 2010s, with uses such as reading

NFC tags or for access to public transportation.

2. Bluetooth low energy – This is one of the latest tech. All newly releasing

smartphones have BLE hardware in them. Tags based on BLE can signal

their presence at a power budget that enables them to operate for up to one

year on a lithium coin cell battery.

3. Low energy wireless IP networks – embedded radio in system-on-a-

chip designs, lower power WiFi, sub-GHz radio in an ISM band, often using

a compressed version ofIPv6 called 6LowPAN.

4. ZigBee – This communication technology is based on the IEEE 802.15.4

protocol to implement physical and MAC layer for low-rate wireless Private

Area Networks. Some of its main characteristics like low power

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consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high message throughput make it

an interesting IoT enabler technology.

5. Z-Wave – is a communication protocol that is mostly used in smart home

applications.

6. LTE-Advanced – LTE-A is a high-speed communication specification for

mobile networks. Compared to its original LTE, LTE-A has been improved

to have extended coverage, higher throughput and lower latency. One

important application of this technology is Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)

communications.

7. WiFi-Direct – It is essentially WiFi for peer-to-peer communication without

needing to have an access point. This feature attracts IoT applications to be

built on top of WiFi-Direct to get benefit from the speed of WiFi while they

experience lower latency.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

SeokJu Lee et al.,(2016),proposed an efficient vehicle tracking system is

designed and implemented for tracking the movement of any equipped vehicle from

any location at any time. The proposed system made good use of a popular technology

that combines a Smartphone application with a microcontroller. This will be easy to

make and inexpensive compared to others. The designed in-vehicle device works using

Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication /

General Packet Radio Service (GSM/GPRS) technology that is one of the most

common ways for vehicle tracking. The device is embedded inside a vehicle whose

position is to be determined and tracked in real-time. A microcontroller is used to

control the GPS and GSM/GPRS modules. The vehicle tracking system uses the GPS

module to get geographic coordinates at regular time intervals. The GSM/GPRS

module is used to transmit and update the vehicle location to a database. A Smartphone

application is also developed for continuously monitoring the vehicle location. The

Google Maps API is used to display the vehicle on the map in the Smartphone

application. Thus, users will be able to continuously monitor a moving vehicle on

demand using the Smartphone application and determine the estimated distance and

time for the vehicle to arrive at a given destination. In order to show the feasibility and

effectiveness of the system, this paper presents experimental results of

the vehicle tracking system and some experiences on practical implementations.Real-

time tracking and management of vehicles has been a field of interest for many

researchers and a lot of research work has been done for tracking system. Recently the

various anti-theft modules like steering wheel locked equipment, network tracking

system and traditional electronic alarm are developed along with client identification

and real time performance monitoring.

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Pradip V Mistary ; Instrumentation Engineering, S.G.G.S Institute of

Engineering & Technology, Nanded-431606 India ; R H Chile (2015), proposed an

efficient vehicle tracking system is implemented for monitoring the movement of any

equipped vehicle from any location at any time. With the help of Global Positioning

System (GPS), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) modem and

microcontroller are embedded with the aim of enabling users to locate

their vehicles with ease and in a convenient manner. This system provides the facility

to the user to track their vehicle remotely through the mobile network. This paper

present the development of vehicle tracking systems hardware prototype and GUI

application for displaying the actual position of vehicle.

El-Medany and W Al-Omary ,(2014) et al.,describes a real time tracking

system that provides accurate localizations of the tracked vehicle with low cost.

GM862 cellular quad band module is used for implementation. A monitoring server

and a graphical user interface on a website is also developed using Microsoft SQL

Server 2003 and ASP.net to view the proper location of a vehicle on a specific map.

The paper also provides information regarding the vehicle status such as speed,

mileage.

Hu Jian-ming et al., (2014), describes an automobile anti-theft system using

GSM and GPS module. The system is developed using high speed mixed type single-

chip C8051F120 and stolen automobile is detected by the use of vibration sensor. The

system remains in contact with automobile owner through the GSM module, for the

safety and reliability of automobile.

Fleischer, P.B and Nelson ,(2014), et al describes development and

deployment of GPS (Global Positioning System)/GSM (Global System for Mobile

Communications) based Vehicle Tracking and Alert System. This system allows inter-

city transport companies to track their vehicles in real-time and provides security from

armed robbery and accident occurrences.

Roland Hostettler et al.,(2014), proposed a vehicle tracking sensor platform for

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highway traffic monitoring. First, the problem is formulated by introducing the process

model for the motion of the vehicle on the road and two measurement models: one for

each of the sensors. Second, it is shown how the measurements of the sensors can be

fused using particle filtering. The standard sampling importance resampling (SIR)

particle filter is extended for processing of multi rate sensor measurements and models

that employ unknown static parameters. The latter are treated by Rao-Blackwellization.

The performance of the method is demonstrated by computer simulations. It is found

that it is feasible to fuse the two sensors for vehicle tracking and that the proposed

multi rate particle filter performs better than particle filters that process only

measurements of one of the sensors. The main contribution of this paper is the novel

approach of fusing the measurements of road-mounted magnetometers and

accelerometers for vehicle tracking and traffic monitoring.

Le-Tien and Vu Phung , (2013), describes a system based on the Global

Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). It

describes the practical model for routing and tracking with mobile vehicle in a large

area outdoor environment .The system includes the Compass sensor-YAS529 of

Yamaha Company and Accelerator sensor-KXSC72050 of Koinix Company to acquire

moving direction of a vehicle. The system will acquire positions of the vehicle via GPS

receiver and then sends the data to supervised center by the SMS (Short Message

Services) or GPRS (General Package Radio Service) service. The supervised center

comprises of a development kit that supports GSM techniques-WMP100 of the

Wavecom Company. Finally, the position of the mobile vehicle will be displayed on

Google Map.

Pankaj Verma and J.S Bhatia ,Centre for Development of Advanced

Computing, Mohali, Punjab, India (2013),proposed a tracking system that can

inform you the location and route travelled by vehicle, and that information can be

observed from any other remote location. It also includes the web application that

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provides you exact location of target. This system enables us to track target in any

weather conditions. This system uses GPS and GSM technologies. The paper includes

the hardware part which comprises of GPS, GSM, Atmega microcontroller MAX

232,16x2 LCD and software part is used for interfacing all the required modules and a

web application is also developed at the client side. Main objective is to design a

system that can be easily installed and to provide platform for further enhancement.

P. Anuradha and R. Sendhilkumar, (2011), proposed a zigbee based system

architecture at the network level for tracking the vehicle information which has been

sent to the centralized server. The aim of the design is to provide a simple and easy

solution to track the location of the moving vehicle. Compared to the old systems,

Zigbee based network architecture is able to provide information about

the vehicle accurately. The vehicle will be having a unique RFID tag (Radio Frequency

Identification). The RFID reader is placed in particular places. For the beneficial

features of RFID, we integrate RFID readers into the Vehicle tracking Information

System. This RFID reader can check or collect the data and the information is given to

the control station through the Zigbee protocol. The Zigbee protocol is used for the

messaging service between the control station and the vehicle.

J. B. Kim ; Comput. Eng. Dept., Kyungpook Nat. Univ., Taegu, South

Korea; C. W.Lee ; K.M.Lee, (2001), propose a wavelet-based vehicle tracking for

automatic traffic surveillance is proposed. In order to meet real-time requirements, we

use adaptive thresholding and a wavelet-based neural network (NN), which achieves

low computational complexity, accuracy of localization, and noise robustness has been

considered for vehicle tracking. The proposed system consists of three steps: moving

region extraction, vehicle recognition and vehicle tracking. First, moving regions are

extracted by performing a frame difference analysis on two consecutive frames using

adaptive thresholding. Second, the wavelet-based NN is used for recognizing

the vehicles in the extracted moving regions. The wavelet transform is adopted to

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decompose an image and a particular frequency band is selected for input of the NN for

vehicle recognition. Third, vehicles are tracked by using position coordinates and

wavelet features difference values for correspondence in recognized vehicle regions.

Experimental results of the proposed system can be useful for a traffic surveillance

system.

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CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 VECHILE TRACKING MODULE

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram Vehicle Tracking module

Vehicle tracking module consists of GPS module which tracks the location of

the vehicle and sends the co-ordinates to the receiver which is located in the road side.

The receiver then sends data to computer to display in the map. The current design is

an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and

report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an ATmega 328P

microcontroller is interfaced serially to a Zigbee module and GPS Receiver. A Zigbee

module is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a

remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and

longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many

parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on

to the LCD. The same data is sent to the computer at the other end from where the

position of the vehicle is demanded.

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The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, Zigbee module and GPS

Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the

modems and the microcontroller.

3.2 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

ATmega 328P

ZIGBEE MODULE

GPS MODULE

RS232 TO USB MODULE

ULN2003A (DRIVER IC)

RELAY

LCD

3.2.1 GPS

GPS, in full Global Positioning System, space-based radio-navigation system

that broadcasts highly accurate navigation pulses to users on or near the Earth. In the

United States’ Navstar GPS, 24 main satellites in 6 orbits circle the Earth every 12

hours. In addition, Russia maintains a constellation called GLONASS (Global

Navigation Satellite System).

3.2.1.1 WORKING OF GPS

GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space

Segment (from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to

microcontroller ATmega 328P, where these are processed and forwarded to Zigbee

module. At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC values only. From

these values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding time,

altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc.

E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG: 7843.3089 GSM modem with a baud rate 57600. A

GPS receiver operated by a user on Earth measures the time it takes radio signals to

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travel from four or more satellites to its location, calculates the distance to each

satellite, and from this calculation determines the user’s longitude, latitude, and

altitude. The U.S. Department of Defense originally developed the Navstar

constellation for military use, but a less precise form of the service is available free of

charge to civilian users around the globe. The basic civilian service will locate a

receiver within 10 meters (33 feet) of its true location, though various augmentation

techniques can be used to pinpoint the location within less than 1 cm (0.4 inch). With

such accuracy and the ubiquity of the service, GPS has evolved far beyond its original

military purpose and has created a revolution in personal and commercial navigation.

Battlefield missiles and artillery projectiles use GPS signals to determine their

positions and velocities, but so do the U.S. space shuttle and the International Space

Station as well as commercial jetliners and private airplanes. Ambulance fleets, family

automobiles, and railroad locomotives benefit from GPS positioning, which also serves

farm tractors, ocean liners, hikers, and even golfers. Many GPS receivers are no larger

than a pocket calculator and are powered by disposable batteries, while GPS computer

chips the size of a baby’s fingernail have been installed in wristwatches, cellular

telephones, and personal digital assistants.

3.2.1.2 TRIANGULATION

The principle behind the unprecedented navigational capabilities of GPS is

triangulation. To triangulate, a GPS receiver precisely measures the time it takes for a

satellite signal to make its brief journey to Earth—less than a tenth of a second. Then it

multiplies that time by the speed of a radio wave—300,000 km (186,000 miles) per

second—to obtain the corresponding distance between it and the satellite. This puts the

receiver somewhere on the surface of an imaginary sphere with a radius equal to its

distance from the satellite. When signals from three other satellites are similarly

processed, the receiver’s built-in computer calculates the point at which all four

spheres intersect, effectively determining the user’s current longitude, latitude, and

altitude. (In theory, three satellites would normally provide an unambiguous three-

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dimensional fix, but in practice at least four are used to offset inaccuracy in the

receiver’s clock.) In addition, the receiver calculates current velocity (speed and

direction) by measuring the instantaneous Doppler effect shifts created by the

combined motion of the same four satellites.

3.2.2 ZIGBEE MODULE

Zigbee communication is specially built for control and sensor networks on

IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and it is the

product from Zigbee alliance. This communication standard defines physical and

Media Access Control (MAC) layers to handle many devices at low-data rates. These

Zigbee’s WPANs operate at 868 MHz, 902-928MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies. The

date rate of 250 kbps is best suited for periodic as well as intermediate two way

transmission of data between sensors and controllers.

3.2.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY

Industrial Automation: In manufacturing and production industries, a communication

link continually monitors various parameters and critical equipments. Hence Zigbee

considerably reduce this communication cost as well as optimizes the control process

for greater reliability.

Home Automation: Zigbee is perfectly suited for controlling home appliances

remotely as a lighting system control, appliance control, heating and cooling system

control, safety equipment operations and control, surveillance, and so on.

Smart Metering: Zigbee remote operations in smart metering include energy

consumption response, pricing support, security over power theft, etc.

Smart Grid monitoring: Zigbee operations in this smart grid involve remote

temperature monitoring, fault locating, reactive power management, and so on.

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Table 3.1 Comparison of different standards

3.2.3 ARDUINO UNO

An Arduino board consists of an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller with

complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other

circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are

exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interchangeable add-

on modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board

directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C

serial bus, allowing many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduino’s

have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168,

ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have

been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a

16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some

designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage

regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also

pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-

chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external

programmer. At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards

are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented

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varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a simple inverter circuit to

convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are

programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the

FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Board uno,

use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods.

(When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard

AVR ISP programming is used.)

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other

circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six

of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. These pins

are on the top of the board, via female 0.1 inch headers. Several plug-in application

shields are also commercially available.

3.2.3.1 FEATURES

ATmega328 microcontroller

Input voltage - 7-12V

14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)

6 Analog Inputs

32k Flash Memory

16Mhz Clock Speed

The maximum values that Arduino can handle:

Max frequency: 16MHz

Max Voltage: 5V

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Max Current: 50mA

Fig 3.2 Arduino UNO

3.2.3.2 PIN DESCRIPTION

Arduino can be powered using power jack, USB port. Apart from this it can also be

powered by using a external battery or AC to DC adaptor through pin Vin.

5V, 3.3V: there is a inbuilt regulator on the board. Through this regulator

a constant DC supply of 5V, 3.3V is provided.

Reset: This pin enables to reset the micro controller.

IOREF: This pin acts as reference to the inputs given to the arduino

board.

There are 6 pins A0 – A5 through which analog input can be given to the

arduino board.

There are 14 digital pins 0-13. Among these (3,5,6,9,10,11) are PWM

pins(pulse width modulation) from which analog output can be taken

from the arduino board.

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There is a inbuilt LED on pin 13.

AREF- This pin acts as reference to the analog inputs.

Rx,Tx are used for receiving and transmitting serial data.

ICSP- (In circuit serial programming)- These pins enable the user to

programme the chips on the circuit.

3.2.4 ULN2003A

In general, while designing electronics projects the loads are controlled

(switched ON or OFF) using microcontroller block. But, for this purpose the circuit

requires relays, acting as controlled switches (for different circuits different types of

relays are used). Depending on the signals received from the microcontroller or other

control circuits the relay controls the load. The relay consists of continuous power

supply and whenever it gets driven or gets control signal then the relay gets activated

and loads can be turned ON or OFF. But, primarily we must know what is a relay

driver circuit.

Fig 3.3 ULN2003A Pin specification

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3.2.5 RELAY A electrically switch electromagnet relay is an operated. Many relays use an to

operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also

used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal

(with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where

several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long

distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and

re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and

early computers to perform logical operations.

3.2.6 LCD LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low

electrical power consumption enables it to be used in batteryelectronic electronically

modulated optical device liquid crystals light source backlightreflector

monochromepixels- powered equipment. It is an made up of any number of segments

filled with and arrayed in front of a () or to produce images in color or . The most

flexible ones use an array of small . The earliest discovery leading to the development

of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By 2008,

worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.

Following figure is a 16x2 LCD.

Fig 3.4 Liquid Crystal Display

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3.3 SPEED TRACKING MODULE

Fig 3.5 Speed tracking module block diagram

The Speed tracking module consist of two sensors attached to Arduino UNO

and a Ethernet shield is stacked upon the Arduino board to make communication with

the internet. The purpose of using speed sensor is to read the speed of the car on the

certain period over the speed constrained portion of the road. If the speed limit is found

to be more than permitted then speeding ticket will be automatically generated. The

speeding ticket will be send to the E-mail of the car owner.

The purpose of using colour sensor is to make sure the car doesn’t move when

the traffic signal gets activated. Normally there are three lights in the traffic signal

namely red, green, orange. Red indicates the vehicle should not move. If the red signal

is seen in the traffic signal. It transmits that data to tracking module, if the red signal

status is high then speed should be zero, if not the ticket will be generated

Ethernet shield makes sure that the data from the sensor are logged continuously

in the database. This acts as the evidence in court, these information can be used for

future analysis.

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3.3.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

ATmega 328P

Colour sensor (TSC-3200)

Speed sensor (LM-393)

Ethernet shield (w5100)

Cables (RJ45)

3.3.1.1 COLOUR SENSOR (TSC-3200)

Fig 3.6 Colour sensor (TSC-3200)

This Color Sensor is a complete color detector, including a TCS230 RGB sensor

chip and 4 white LEDs. The TCS230 can detect and measure a nearly limitless range of

visible colors. Applications include test strip reading, sorting by color, ambient light

sensing and calibration, and color matching.

The TCS230 has an array of photo detectors, each with either a red, green, or

blue filter, or no filter (clear). The filters of each color are distributed evenly

throughout the array to eliminate location bias among the colors. Internal to the device

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is an oscillator which produces a square-wave output whose frequency is proportional

to the intensity of the chosen color.

3.3.1.2 SPEED SENSOR (LM-393)

Fig 3.7 Speed sensor (LM-393)

Here is a motor speed sensor module, the major goal is to check the rate of an

electric motor. The module can be used in association with a microcontroller for motor

speed detection, pulse count, position limit, etc. In principle, any rate meter simply

measures the rate at which some event occurs. Usually this is done by counting the

events for a given period of time (integration interval) and then simply dividing the

number of events by the time to get the rate. Basically, the microcontroller-compatible

motor speed sensor module described is a simple device that yields processed pulse

trains when the visual path of its optical sensor is physically interrupted by some sort

of slotted wheel or similar mechanism (an optical sensor commonly consists of a light

emitting diode that provides the illumination, and a phototransistor that senses the

presence or absence of that illumination). The transmissive optical sensor used here

consists of an infrared light emitting diode and a phototransistor. This both prevents

interference from stray external light sources and by having the two components

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matched for a specific frequency of radiation, they are even more immune to undesired

interference.

3.3.1.3 ETHERNET SHIELD (W5100)

Fig 3.8 Ethernet shield (w5100)

The Arduino Wiznet Ethernet W5100 Shield allows an Arduino board to connect to

the internet. It is based on the Wiznet W5100 Ethernet chip providing a network (IP)

stack capable of both TCP and UDP. The Arduino Ethernet Shield supports up to four

simultaneous socket connections. Use the Ethernet library to write sketches which

connect to the internet using the shield. The on-board micro-SD card slot can be used

to store files for serving over the network. It is compatible with the Arduino Uno and

Mega (using the Ethernet library). You can access the on-board SD card slot using the

SD library which is included in the current Arduino build.

Arduino communicates with both the W5100 and SD card using the SPI bus (through

the ICSP header). This is on digital pins 11, 12, and 13 on the Uno and pins 50, 51, and

52 on the Mega. On both boards, pin 10 is used to select the W5100 and pin 4 for the

SD card. These pins cannot be used for general I/O. On the Mega, the hardware SS pin,

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53, is not used to select either the W5100 or the SD card, but it must be kept as an

output or the SPI interface won't work

3.3.1.3 CABLES (RJ45)

Fig 3.9 Cable (RJ45)

A modular connector is an electrical connector that was originally designed for use

in telephone wiring, but has since been used for many other purposes. Many

applications that originally used a bulkier, more expensive connector have converted to

modular connectors. Probably the most well known applications of modular connectors

are for telephone jacks and for Ethernet jacks, both of which are nearly always modular

connectors. Modular connectors were originally used in the Registration Interface

system, mandated by the Federal Communications Commission(FCC) in 1976 in which

they became known as registered jacks. The registered jack specifications define the

wiring patterns of the jacks, not the physical dimensions or geometry of the connectors

of either gender. Instead, these latter aspects are covered by ISO standard 8877, first

used in ISDN systems. TIA/EIA-568 is a standard for data circuits wired on modular

connectors. Connectors are frequently terminated using the T568A or T568B pin/pair

assignments that are defined in TIA/EIA-568. The drawings to the right show that the

copper connections and pairing are the same, the only difference is that the orange and

green pairs (colors) are swapped. A cable wired as T568A at one end and T568B at the

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other (Tx and Rx pairs reversed) is a "crossover" cable. Before the widespread

acceptance of auto MDI-X capabilities a crossover cable was needed to interconnect

similar network equipment (such as hubs to hubs). A cable wired the same at both ends

is called a "patch" or "straight-through" cable, because no pin/pair assignments are

swapped. Crossover cables are sometimes still used to connect two computers together

without a switch or hub, however most Network Interface Cards (NIC) in use today

implement auto MDI-X to automatically configure themselves based on the type of

cable plugged into them. If a "patch" or "straight" cable is used to connect two

computers with auto MDI-X capable NICs, one NIC will configure itself to swap the

functions of its Tx and Rx wire pairs.

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CHAPTER 4

VEHICLE TRACKING AND SPEED TRACKING MECHANISM

4.1 VEHICLE LOCATION TRACKING MECHANISM

Fig 4.1 Vehicle tracking mechanism

The monitoring unit consists of a Zigbee transmitter and a Web Application. The GPS

will acquire the position of the vehicle (longitude and longitude) and then by posting

those co-ordinates in web application owner of vehicle can get the exact location of the

vehicle. By using the intermediate design, the user can send co-ordinates from GPS

module computer directly to the tracking system. The computer will automatically

copy (rather than typing or inputting) the longitude and latitude to the designed web

page to view the vehicle’s location on Google maps. With the helps of these modules

we can locate the location of the vehicle.

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4.1.1 SOFTWARE USED

Wamp Server

Microsoft Expression Web 3

Microsoft Visual Studio 10

Microsoft Power Bi

Arduino IDE

Temboo (IoT Cloud storage )

4.1.1.1 WAMP SERVER

Fig 4.2 Wamp server

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The "W" in WAMP stands for Windows, "A" stands for Apache, "M" stands for

MySQL and "P" stands for PHP. Wamp Server refers to a software stack for

the Microsoft Windows operating system, created by Romain Bourdon and consisting

of the Apache web server, OpenSSL for SSL support, MySQL database

and PHP programming language.

4.1.1.2 MICROSOFT EXPRESSION WEB 3

Fig 4.3 Microsoft Expression Web 3

Microsoft Expression Web, code-named Quartz, is an HTML editor and general web

design software product by Microsoft. It is available free of charge from Microsoft and

is a component of the discontinued Expression Studio. Expression Web can design and

develop web pages using HTML5, CSS 3, ASP.NET, PHP, JavaScript, XML and

XHTML. Expression Web 4 requires .NET Framework 4.0 and Silver light 4.0 to

install and run. Expression Web uses its own standards-based rendering engine which

is different from Internet Explorer's Trident engine

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4.1.1.3 MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO 10

Fig 4.4 Microsoft Visual Studio 10

Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE)

from Microsoft. It is used to develop computer programs for Microsoft Windows, as

well as web sites, web applications and web services. Visual Studio uses Microsoft

software development platforms such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows

Presentation Foundation, Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight. It can produce

both native code and managed code. Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting

IntelliSense as well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as a

source-level debugger and a machine level debugger. Other built-in tools include a

forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer,

and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at

almost every level including adding support for source control systems

(like Subversion) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-

specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development

lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer).

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4.1.1.4 MICROSOFT POWER BI

Fig 4.5 Microsoft Power Bi

Power BI is a collection of software services, apps, and connectors that work

together to turn your unrelated sources of data into coherent, visually immersive, and

interactive insights. Whether your data is a simple Excel spreadsheet, or a collection of

cloud-based and on-premises hybrid data warehouses, Power BI lets you easily connect

to your data sources, visualize (or discover) what’s important, and share that with

anyone or everyone you want. Power BI can be simple and fast capable of creating

quick insights from an Excel spreadsheet or a local database. But Power BI is also

robust and enterprise-grade, ready for extensive modeling and real-time analytics, as

well as custom development. So it can be your personal report and visualization tool,

and can also serve as the analytics and decision engine behind group projects,

divisions, or entire corporations. Visualizing data is one of the core parts of Power BI

a basic building block as we defined it earlier in this course and creating visuals is the

easiest way to find and share your insights. Power BI has a whole range of

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visualizations available by default, from simple bar charts to pie charts to maps, and

even more esoteric offerings like waterfalls, funnels, gauges, and more. Power BI

Desktop also offers extensive page formatting tools, such as shapes and images, that

help bring your report to life

4.1.1.5 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived

from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is

designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with

software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax

highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of

compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically

no need to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface. Although

building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party tools such as

Ino.

The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the

same name), which makes many common input/output operations much easier.

Arduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need define two functions

to make a runnable program:

• setup() – a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings

• loop() – a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

It is a feature of most Arduino boards that they have an LED and load resistor

connected between pin 13 and ground, a convenient feature for many simple tests. The

above code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when

the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is

written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the top and a very simple

main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program. The Arduino IDE uses

35

the GNU tool chain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avr to upload

programs to the board.

As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers Atmel’s development

environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop

software for the Arduino.

The Arduino hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons

Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino Web site. Layout

and production files for some versions of the Arduino hardware are also available. The

source code for the IDE and the on-board library are available and released under the

GPLv2 license. Arduino and Arduino compatible boards uses of shields, which are

printed circuit boards that sit atop an Arduino, and plug into the normally supplied pin-

headers. These are expansions to the base Arduino. There are many functions of

shields, from motor controls, to bread boarding (prototyping).

4.1.1.6 TEMBOO (IOT CLOUD STORAGE)

Fig 4.6 Temboo User Interface

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Temboo is a scalable, fault-tolerant environment for running and managing smart code

snippets that we call Choreos. Choreos can call APIs, simplify the OAuth process, send

email messages, perform encoding, update databases, and lots more. You can even

create your own custom Choreos. Your Arduino UNO includes two lightweight

software components that make it easy to connect with hundreds of APIs and cloud

services from any sketch. First, there's a small C++ library called Temboo.cpp that

comes bundled with the Arduino IDE. When you include this library in a sketch, it

provides a streamlined syntax for configuring and invoking calls to run Temboo

Choreos. Behind the scenes, calls to Temboo are routed to a client program that comes

packaged with your Linino base image. This client is a Python program that formats

the Choreo execution request and uses HTTPS to forward the request to Temboo via

the cURL utility.

4.1.2 ALGORITHM FOR VEHICLE TRACKING

Fig 4.6 Algorithm for Vehicle tracking

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This vehicle tracking system takes input from GPS and send it through the

Zigbee module to desired mobile/laptop using mobile communication. Vehicle

Tracking System is one of the biggest technological advancements to track the

activities of the vehicle. The security system uses Global Positioning System GPS, to

find the location of the monitored or tracked vehicle and then uses satellite or radio

systems to send to send the coordinates and the location data to the monitoring center.

At monitoring center various software’s are used to plot the Vehicle on a map. In this

way the Vehicle owners are able to track their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-

time tracking facility, vehicle tracking systems are becoming increasingly popular

among owners of expensive vehicles.

4.1.3 AUTHENTICATION TO ACCESS TRACKED INFORMATION

Authentication is essential part in all the aspects of tracking. Since we are going

to build a system which is fool proof and they will be only used by cops to find the

stolen vehicle. The combination password depends on the number plate and the key

that will be assigned to the user by server.

Moreover this part requires hardware encryption also since manipulation or

reverse engineering may be possible to actually fake the tracking system and to forge

the details. For this purpose we need to provide a safety mechanism to actually make

system more secure.

This tracking system can be accessed over the internet by cops with appropriate

login details. The username and password will be stored in the SQL database which

intern will be accessed by php page to check whether the entered user name or

password is correct or not. A login page is created to authenticate user. If the entered

password is correct then we can track the location or otherwise the person who is trying

to access will be blocked from using the tracking facility. After logging in there will be

two buttons , one to know the speed log and another to open the camera to stream the

action inside the car. We can also take snap shot a use that against the thief we can

have that photo downloaded to your system.

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Fig 4.7 SQL database to store username and password

Fig 4.8 Authentication webpage

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4.1.3.1 GOOGLE MAP BASED TRACKING

Google map based tracking is made possible by means of application created by

means of Microsoft Visual Basic 2010. The application developed on visual basic post

the coordinates obtained from the serial port into the web browser automatically and

the location can be viewed in the Google map.

Fig 4. 9 Location shown in Google map

4.1.3.2 GETTING SNAPSHOT ON INTRUDER

Getting snapshot on intruder is one of the main feature that will be included in

the tracking system. This enables as to find who stole car and acts as a physical

evidence. Snapshot has may modes from crop to HD image mode, you can choose any

one of the mode to capture image. Tracking module has another feature called

controlling. In the controlling part we can actually turn off the car entirely and we can

make car immovable, this is done by means of relay. The camera on button will on the

Google map page. Pressing the camera button turn’s ON the camera.

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Fig 4.10 Camera mode

Fig 4.11 Microsoft Visual Studio based application to ON and OFF car and for

getting co-ordinates

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4.1.4 HARDWARE FOR VEHICLE TRACKING WITH ZIGBEE

TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

Fig 4.12 Hardware for Vehicle Tracking with Zigbee transmitter

Fig 4.13 Hardware for Vehicle Tracking with Zigbee receiver

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4.2 VEHICLE SPEED TRACKING MECHANISM

Fig 4.14 Vehicle Speed Tracking Mechanism

Speed tracking module consist of two sensors attached to it these speed sensors

will be attached to back wheel shaft. When wheel rotates speed sensor gets the data in

rotation per minute which intern is converted to kilometer per hour. When car goes

beyond the ZigBee receiver it transmits its speed related details to the receiver. When

the speed is more than the speed limit for that road the violation fine is generated. The

colour sensor is used for the purpose of finding traffic signal violation. When the traffic

signal shows red signal the speed of the car should be zero if not fine will be generated

automatically. In addition to that we log these data to the SQL database so that the

entire speed history can be found. In addition to that we stream these data to IoT, so

that data can be visually seen using Microsoft power Bi. Microsoft power Bi is a

Visualization tool which gives graphical representation of collected data. This helps in

easy viewing of data and for the purpose of analysis. Later these data can be used as a

history that can be logged and viewed. Automated fine generation system will lead to a

future where traffic surveillance can be done automatically

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Fig 4.15 Logging of Speed in SQL database

Fig 4.16 Viewing of Speed in Web browser

44

Fig 4.17 Speed Tracking Module

4.3 AUTOMATED BILLING SYSTEM

Automatic Speeding ticket generating system generates the ticket according to the

speed of the vehicle is speed link exceeds it generates the bill and sends it to the email.

Fig 4.18 Algorithm Speed Tracking

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Fig 4.19 Sending E-mail form Python

Fig 4.20 Received E-mail

46

4.4 VISUALIZATION

Power BI has a whole range of visualizations available by default, from simple

bar charts to pie charts to maps, and even more esoteric offerings like waterfalls,

funnels, gauges, and more. Power BI Desktop also offers extensive page formatting

tools, such as shapes and images, that help bring your report to life

Fig 4.21 Power Bi Visualization

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The project titled “IoT Based Vehicle Tacking and Traffic Surveillance System ”

is a model for vehicle tracking unit with the help of GPS receivers and ZigBee module.

Vehicle Tracking System resulted in improving overall productivity with better fleet

management that in turn offers better return on your investments. Better scheduling or

route planning can enable you handle larger jobs loads within a particular time. Vehicle

tracking both in case of personal as well as business purpose improves safety and

security, communication medium, performance monitoring and increases productivity.

So in the coming year, it is going to play a major role in our day-to-day living. We

have completed the project as per the requirements of our project. Finally the aim of

the project i.e. to trace the vehicle is successfully achieved.

5.1 FUTURE SCOPE

We can use the EEPROM to store the previous Navigating positions up to 256

locations and we can navigate up to N number of locations by increasing its

memory.

We can reduce the size of the kit by using GPS+GSM on the same module.

We can increase the accuracy up to 3m by increasing the cost of the GPS

receivers.

With the help of high sensitivity vibration sensors we can detect the accident.

Whenever vehicle unexpectedly had an accident on the road with help of

vibration sensor we can detect the accident and we can send the location to the

owner, hospital and police.

We can use our kit to assist the traffic. By keeping the kits in the entire vehicles

and by knowing the locations of all the vehicles.

If anybody steals our car we can easily find our car around the globe. By

keeping vehicle positioning vehicle on the vehicle.

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