Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz

7/31/2019 Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz

1/23

P^CJCAXH? ]LH MHDCET]^XD]CE FEM ^HDCET]^XD]BCE CI

]LH DCET]^XD]HM PFT]


2/23

BEYBTBNJH RH] BEYBEDBNJH

T u j t f e f F i r c z

Bevbsbnjh yhtBevbedbnjh

]lh Bs j fkbd Lhr b tfah c i t lhKfrcce s fem tlh He s jfvhm

Fi r b dfes be Ofk f bdf


3/23



Dcpyrbalt Tujtfef Fircz

]lh rbalt ci Tujtfef Fircz tc nh bmhetbibhm fs futlcr ci

tlbs wcrg lfs nhhe fsshrthm ny lhr be fddcrmfedh wbtl shdtbce 11 fem1< ci tlh Dcpyrbalt, Mhsbaes fem fthets Fdt !" 4fdfujhy unjbslhrs )tm#

.= Dfefmf T8ufrh

Dfefry 9lfri

)cemce

!* =)(

rbethm > (cuem be rhft (rbtfbe


4/23



5/23




6/23


Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue

(Kfy tlh Tuprhkh Drhftcr Njhss fjj tlcsh wlchxthemhm lhjp)

Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue04fy Fjjfl rhwfrm ycu6 tc fjj tlcsh

wlc h2themhm tlhbr lhjp be fey &feehr tc mhdcestrudt fem

rhdcestrudt tlh dcestrudthm pfst be hstfnjbslbea tlh 'sjf&bd

pfrfmba& be ?f&fbdfe lbstcry#

7hsphdtiujjy, ' sfy, Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc Mr# Tfjhlf

4fl&ccm, Mbrhdtcr ci tlh 'estbtuth ci 4usjb& 4becrbty

Fiifbrs, )cemce, :;# 5$hr tlh yhfrs, tlh bethreftbcefjjy

rhputhmOcurefj ci Kusjbk Kbecrbty Fiifbrsci tlh 'estbtuth lfspunjbslhm sh$hrfj frtbdjhs rh$hfjbea tlh lbmmhe 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah

ci ?f&fbdf# ' tlfeg tlhOcurefjicr nhbea tlh tcrdlnhfrhr ci f

ehw bethrprhtb$h lbstcry ci ?f&fbdf#

't bs wbtl arhft fm&brftbce, ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbruetc

4r# /frrug (be# 4ulf&&fm Fnmujjfl 0]lcrcjm Mh4hrdfmc6

icr lbs h2dhjjhet fem wcemhriuj arfplbd mhsbaes icr tlh nccg#

3cur wcrg sphfgs ci ycur arhft mhptl ci bethjjhdtufj

dcedhptufjbzftbce ci tlh hetbrh rhshfrdl# 9btlcut ycur

dcetrbnutbce, tlh wcrg wcujm nh jfdgbea tlh fpphfj femhetlusbfs& ci tlh rhfmhrs# 3cur wcrg rh&bems &h ci ycur

wcrms, @' wbjj eh$hr icrab$h ycu bi ycu mc ect jht &h mc tlh

dc$hr icr ycur nccg# 'emhhm, ycu lf$h mceh &crh tlfe tlh

dc$hrN ycu lf$h jhit ycur &frg ce h$hry dlfpthr, ehhmjhss tc

&hetbce tlh hmbtbea ci tlh dlfpthrs# 4fy ycu nh rhwfrmhm

icrh$hr

fjhrbh Mb2ce, ec rhwfrm bs arhfthr tlfe tlh ceh irc&

^fnnuj Fjfkbe 0)crm ci tlh 9crjms6# ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL


7/23



Glfbruetc ycu icr nhbea wbtl &h sbedh tlh jfst mhdfmh nctl be

accm tb&hs fem nfm# 9btl ycu fem ycur lusnfem, Fj$be Mb2ce,

' lf$h trf$hjjhm ifr fem wbmh be ?f&fbdf, up tlh lbjj fem mcwe

tlh lbjj, betc tlh nuslhs fem ce tlh lbalwfys shfrdlbea cut

'sjf&bd trfmbtbces fem bestbtutbces, tfgbea pbdturhs ci sbaepcsts,

jbsthebea tc jcdfj mbfjhdts fem crfj thstb&cebhs, fjj wbtl tlh fb&

ci icrtbiybea tlh 'sjf&bd pfrfmba& be ?f&fbdfe lbstcry# %h$hr

icr f &c&het, mbm ycu mcunt ycur 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah fs f

mhsdhemhet ci tlh arhft 4frcces# 3cur rcjh fs f @mh$bjHs

fm$cdfth dlfjjheabea &y ibembeas lhjphm &h tc strheatlhe &y

mhihesb$h frau&hets# ]c ycu, ' cwh, f sbedhrh @tlfeg ycu icr

tlh arhft pfrt ycu pjfyhm be lcstbea tlh twcImfy sy&pcsbu& cetlh 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces be ?f&fbdf be .--- ft tlh

%crtlhre Dfrbnnhfe :eb$hrsbty, 4femh$bjjh, ?f&fbdf# 3cu

bebtbfthm tlh punjbd mbsdcursh ce f ehw bethrprhtftbce ci

?f&fbdfe lbstcry, ceh tlft nrbeas prbmh fem mbaebty tc tlh

phcpjh ci Firbdfe crbabe, f lbstcry wlbdl sphfgs ci

hejbalthe&het ci tlh Firbdfes# ]c Fj$be Mb2ce, ' sfy Ofzfg

FJJFL Glfbrue# Mhjbaltiujjy, ycu fddc&pfebhm fjhrbh tc

tfgh &h h$hrywlhrh ' wfethm tc ac icr &y rhshfrdl# 4y

icctwcrg be tlh ?f&fbdfe thrrfbe wcujm ect lf$h nhhe pcssbnjhwbtlcut ycu twc arhftIlhfrthm phcpjh, fjhrbh fem Fj$be

]c 4rs# bjhhe (bf&ny, ' h2prhss &y mhhphst fpprhdbftbce

icr pfbestfgbeajy hmbtbea &y &feusdrbpt# 3cu frh f truh

bespbrftbce tc &fey ci us wlc dry @wcji ft tlh s&fjjhst ci

mbstrhss# 3cu frh &y thfdlhr fem bt bs lfrm icr &h tc heu&hrfth

tlh &fey tlbeas tlft ' lf$h jhfret irc& ycu# ' wbjj rh&h&nhr

ycu wbtl fm&brftbce fem fmcrftbce# 3cu stbjj lf$h f jct tc ab$h

tc lu&febty#Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue!

' cwh f sbedhrh Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc Afihz

4clf&&fm Fnmuj 9fllfn icr aubmbea &h tlrcual tlh Acjy

LurHfe tc pbdg tlh rbalt $hrshs be crmhr tc futlhetbdfth &y

rhshfrdl ibembeas# %h$hr mbm ycu ifbj tc rhdbth fem dbth tlh

$hrshs icr djfrbibdftbce# 3cur rhfmbehss fem ycur f$fbjfnbjbty

wbtl lu&bjbty fem f s&bjh cr f jfual &fmh &y mfuetbea tfsg

hfsy# 3cu lf$h lhjphm &h tc icrtbiy &y frau&hets wbtl tlh

Mb$beh 7h$hjftbce#


8/23


F lhfrtbhstOfzfg FJJFL Glfbruetc Tlhbgl 4usf ]bBfeb

icr h2thembea tc &h lbs lhjp be trfesjftbea tlh ef&hs ci tlh

Tpfebsl fem Firbdfe 4frcce jhfmhrs# 3cu fjwfys jbsthehm tc

&h wbtl pftbhedh fem dfj&ehss fem lhjphm &h tc icr&ujfth &y

tlcualts wbtl spbrbtufj besbalt wlbjh h2f&bebea tlh 'sjf&bd

trfmbtbces ci tlh Firbdfe ?f&fbdfe phcpjh# 3cur 3crunfe

nfdgarcuem fem ycur sdlcjfrslbp be Frfnbd fem 'sjf&bd stumbhs

&fmh &h &crh dceibmhet be dcemudtbea &y rhshfrdl wbtl ycur

lhjp#

]c &y LurHfebd fem Frfnbd thfdlhr, Tbsthr )hbjf Fiifeh, '

sfy wbtl f s&bjhOfzfg FJJFL Glfbrue# 3cu frh &y thfdlhr

fem ' eh$hr ihjt h&nfrrfsshm tc dfjj ce ycu icr djfrbibdftbce ciFrfnbd thr&s cr icr suaahstbces ci Frfnbd thr&s be jbhu ci

eajbsl wcrms# 3cu fjwfys fpprcfdlhm &y 8uhrbhs wbtl f

shesh ci lu&cur fem lu&bjbty# 3cu lhjphm &h dlccsh &fey ci

tlh thr&s icr sc&h ci tlh tbtjh pfahs#

rcihsscr hrheh Tlhplhrm, &y dcjjhfauh, ' cwh ycu f

sbedhrh tlfeg ycu icr be$btbea &h tc bethreftbcefj dceihrhedhs

fem jcdfj prhshetftbces tc h2pcsh &y wcrg ce tlh 'sjf&bd

lhrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces be ?f&fbdf# /cr ycur fpprhdbftbce ci f

ehw bethrprhtb$h lbstcry ci ycur lhrbtfah, ' sfyOfzfg FJJFLGlfbrue#

Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbruetc tlh 'sjf&bd Dujturfj Dhetrh fem

tlh Dhetrfj 4fsBbm ci )cemce icr lf$bea f whhgIjcea

h2lbnbtbce ce &y wcrg tbtjhm Bsjfk be Ofkfbdf? Irck

Dcjuknus tc tl rset be .--


9/23



&y sh&befr prhshetftbces icr punjbd mbsdcursh# ]lrcual tlh

'estbtuth, tlh FirbdfeIDfrbnnhfe Mbfspcrf be tlh :; nhdf&h

fwfrh ci tlbs lbmmhe fsphdt ci tlhbr lhrbtfah#

4yrf Tf&&frf, ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue icr puttbea

&y wcrg ce ycur whnsbth, jcea nhicrh ycu gehw &h# 3cur

mbjbahet sdrutbey fem ycur fm$bdh tc strheatlhe &y frau&hets

wbtlcut h&ctbce sphfg ci ycur wbsmc& fem gecwjhmah fem tlh

urahedy tc mhnueg tlh &ytls be lbstcry# 3cur mhihedh ci &y

wcrg rh$hfjs ycur jc$h icr tlh"bbe, 'sjf

]c &y uedjh fem fuet, Mr# 9flbmIuzIOf&fe fem 7fnbf

Of&fe wlc trhfthm &h fs tlhbr mfualthr fem &fmh &h &cst

dc&icrtfnjh murbea &y $bsbts tc )cemce icr rhshfrdl femprhshetftbces ft $frbcus bestbtuths fem dhetrhs, ' sfy f wfr&

fem lhfrtyOfzfg FJJFL Glfbrue# (ctl ci ycu lf$h tfualt &h

sc &udl fncut 'sjf& tlrcual jcea mbsdussbces# Fnc$h fjj, '

dlhrbsl tlh nccgs, wlbdl ycu lf$h ab$he &h tlrcual tlh yhfrs,

&fgbea &h fwfrh ci tlh jfthst jbthrfturh ny 'sjf&bd sdlcjfrs#

]c &y pfrhets, rcihsscr Mr# 4ulf&&fm Fnmuj Fzbz fem

%ur ?flfe (hau&, ' sfy Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrueirc& tlh dcrh

ci &y lhfrt icr dujtb$ftbea be us tlh nhst ci 'sjf&bd $fjuhs, @mc

accm fem icrnbm h$bj, ihfrbea eceh nut F))FA 0T9]6 femfnbmbea ny tlh thfdlbeas ci rcplht 4ulf&&fm 0TF96# 3cu

lf$h h8ubpphm us wbtl tlh nhst f$fbjfnjh hmudftbce tc &hht tlh

dlfjjheahs ci tlh h$hrIdlfjjheabea wcrjm# 4fy h$hry njhssbea

fddruhm irc& tlbs wcrg nh rhwfrmhm tc nctl ci ycu, b&&heshjy

fem hthrefjjy

]c &y nrctlhr, Afsfe 4fl&um 'ne Fzbz, ' sfy f sbedhrh

Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue# 3cu lf$h nhhe f mhjbaltiuj bespbrftbce

tc nrhfgbea mcwe tlh wfjjs ci ifjshlccm fem uplcjmbea tlh

]rutl# ' fjsc fdgecwjhmah ycur hmbtbea ci &y wcrg# Ofzfg

FJJFL Glfbrue tc &y sbsthrs, Tujtfef Mbjrunf Fzbz fem

Tujtfef 4fliuzf Fzbz icr tlhbr hemjhss hedcurfah&het fem

bespbrftbce tc nrbea tlh wcrg tc irubtbce# Mbjrunf, &y cjmhr

sbsthr, ycu lf$h lhjphm &h trh&hemcusjy be slfpbea &y

cwhrcbet wcrg ce 'sjf&, fem 4fliuzf, &y ycueahr sbsthr,

ycu fjwfys bespbrh &h spbrbtufjjy# 4fy ycu twc sbsthrs nh

hemjhssjy rhwfrmhm


10/23


Tbsthr 7fuslfefl 4uwwfggbj, ycu lf$h bespbrhm &h

tlrcual tlh yhfrs tc rh$hfj tlh mbstcrtbces wlbdl pjfauh ycur

lbstcry fem tc rhdcestrudt tlh trutl fncut tlh arhftehss ci ycur

icrhiftlhrs, tlh 4usjb&s ci 9hst Firbdf# F sbedhrh Ofzfg

FJJFL Glfbrue, tc ycu, Tbsthr 7fuslfefl#

F wfr& fem f lhfrtihjt Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc 4r#

Tfbiuj 'sjf& icr &fgbea frrfeah&hets icr &y jcea rbmhs betc

tlh dcuetrysbmh icr tlh mhjb$hry ci jhdturhs tc sdlccjs ce 'sjf&

be ?f&fbdf# 3cu eh$hr ifbjhm tc ghhp fey ci &y rh8uhsts# 4fy

ycu nh rhwfrmhm irc& tlbs wcrg

7hnhddf Ttfpjh, ycu ibjjhm &y lcush wbtl jfualthr fem

af$h &h Bcy fem bespbrftbce tc dc&pjhth &y wcrg# /cr ycurh$hryIlcur dlhdgIup ce lcw ' wfs mcbea fem ycur hiicrt tc

ftthem tc tlh sjbalthst prcnjh& ' lfm wbtl &y jfptcp, ' sfy f

wfr& fem fiihdtbcefth tlfeg ycu# Ofzfg FJJFL Glfbrue,

7hnhddf

]c fjj tlcsh wlc lhjphm &h be tlh $frbcus jbnrfrbhs, tlh

unjbd 7hdcrms 5iibdh, )cemce, :;, tlh 4fbe )bnrfry ci tlh

:eb$hrsbty ci tlh 9hst 'embhs, tlh %ftbcefj Frdlb$hs ci

?f&fbdf fem tlh 'estbtuth ci ?f&fbdf, ' cwh ycu fjj f $hry

sphdbfj tlfeg ycu#Ofzfg FJJFL GlfbrueOfzfg FJJFL Glfbrue tc tlh futlcrbtbhs ci tlh Dfrbnnfe

#ufrtrjyicr tfgbea tlh bebtbftb$h tc nrbea tlh lbmmhe trutl tc

bts rhfmhrs#

]c &y drbtbds, ' wbsl tc stfth tlft ycur drbtbdbs&s af$h &h

strheatl fem mhthr&beftbce tc rh$hfj tlh hejbalthehm trutl ci

tlh icrhiftlhrs ci tlh phcpjh ci ?f&fbdf ci Firbdfe crbabe#

Abstcry bs cphe tc ehw bethrprhtftbce wbtl tlh rh$hjftbce ci

ehw scurdhs fem rh$cjutbcefry sdbhetbibd &htlcmcjcabhs sudl

fs M%F# 't bs tlh lbstcrbfesH belhrhet rbalt tc rh$hfj tlh trutl

fem &hht tlh dlfjjheahs ci tlh rhfdtbcefrbhs# ' jhf$h &y drbtbds

wbtl tlh icjjcwbeaG

9h cualt ect tc nh h&nfrrfsshm ci fpprhdbftbea tlh

trutl fem ci cntfbebea bt wlhrh$hr bt dc&hs irc&, h$he

bi bt dc&hs irc& rfdhs mbstfet fem eftbces mbiihrhet

irc& us# %ctlbea slcujm nh mhfrhr tc tlh shhghr ci tlh


11/23



trutl tlfe tlh trutl btshji, fem tlhrh bs ec mhthrbcrftbce

ci tlh trutl, ecr nhjbttjbea hbtlhr ci ceh wlc sphfgs bt

cr dce$hys bt#

0Fnu 3usui 3fH8un FjI;bemb, "tl Dhetury 4usjb&

lbjcscplhr, Tdbhetbst, 4ftlh&ftbdbfe, Dlh&bst fem

lysbdbfe dbthm irc& Tfjb& ]# T# FjIAfssfeb 0Dlbhi

mbtcr6, $%%$ Be&etbces? Kusjbk Lrbtf' be (ur

)crj*, 4fedlhsthr, :;G /cuemftbce icr Tdbhedh

]hdlecjcay fem Db$bjbzftbce, .--+, p# "=#6

Tujtfef Fircz

4cef, ;beastce,

?f&fbdf, 9#'#

.-!!


12/23


rcjcauh

]lh Mhdcestrudtbce fem ^hdcestrudtbce ci tlhDcestrudthm fst


13/23



]lh urcphfe rhbae ci thrrcr be Firbdf tlft nhafe sunsh8uhet

tc tlh hem ci 4usjb& rujh be tlh 'nhrbfe hebesujf be !*".,

dcetbeuhs tcmfy be tlh wcrjmwbmh @wfr ce thrrcr sbedh .--!#]lh +udrf Kfssf 0f thr& ushm ny tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes tc

&cdg tlh wlbth pjfetftbce &fsthrs be ?f&fbdf6 ci tlh twhetyI

ibrst dhetury frh tlh ciisprbea ci tlh +udrf Kfssf ci

yhsthryhfr#!]lh acfjs ci yhsthryhfr belhrhetjy rh&fbe tlh sf&h

J tlh mh$hjcp&het ci tlh whsthre wcrjm ft tlh h2phesh ci tlh

rhscurdhs ci Firbdf fem Fsbf# 9lbjh lu&fe jfncur wfs

h2pjcbthm icr tlh &fbethefedh ci tlh pjfetftbce hdcec&bhs be

tlh F&hrbdfs jhfmbea tc tlh bemustrbfjbsftbce ci tlh whsthrewcrjm nhtwhhe tlh ibithhetl fem tlh hbalthhetl dheturbhs, tlh

sur$b$fj fem shdurbty ci tlh cbjInfshm db$bjbsftbce ci tlh

mh$hjcphm dcuetrbhs ft prhshet mhphems ce tlh dcetrcj ci tlh cbj

fem efturfj afs mhpcsbts ci Fsbf fem Firbdf# ]lh nrutfj stcrbhs,

tlh facebhs fem suiihrbeas hemurhm ny tlh $bdtb&s ci yhsthryhfr

fem ci tcmfy frh icr tlh &cst pfst lbmmhe irc& bethreftbcefj

punjbd mbsdcursh fem mhnfth# ]lhy frh pcrtrfyhm fs tlh

Kuedb$bjbshmH, mh$cbm ci mhdcru& fem lu&fe mbaebty femwbtlcut fey shesh ci eftbcefjbs& cr pftrbctbs&, wlbjh tlh

phrphtrftcrs ci tlh drb&h frh mhpbdthm fs nhehifdtcrs ci

db$bjbsftbce, dfrrybea tlh nhfdce ci mh&cdrfdy fem tlh

prbedbpjhs ci irhhmc& fem h8ufjbty ifr fem wbmh# ]lh stcrbhs ci

lhrcbs& fem $fjcur ci tlh $bdtb&s ci whsthre h2pjcbtftbce be

tlh twhetyIibrst dhetury rh&fbe lbmmhe uemhr tlh jfnhj ci

@thrrcrbs& fem @fdts ci thrrcr, jbgh tlh stcrbhs ci Firbdfe

sf$fahry fem cnhfl ci tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes# ]lhsh fdts ci

lcjcdfust fem ahecdbmh frh Bustbibhm ny whsthre &bjbtfry

prcwhss uemhr tlh aubsh ci @tlh wlbth &feHs nurmhe tc db$bjbsh

tlh uedb$bjbshm, @tlh sur$b$fj ci tlh ibtthst, fem @prhh&ptb$h

strbgh# Tudl fdts jfdg jhafj mhdhedy nut frh sfedtbcehm ny tlh

6+udrfbs f mbstcrtbce ci tlh Frfnbd thr&s ushm be tlh Acjy LurHfe tc

mhecth tlh icssbjbzhm scujs ci &he wlc dcesbmhr tlh&shj$hs tc nh shjiIsuiibdbhet# Thh tlh Acjy Lurfe, urft Fj-+f.frfl, icr tlh spbrbtufj

hsshedh ci tlh thr&+f.frfl#


14/23


bethreftbcefj crafebsftbces J tlh )hfauh ci %ftbces fem bts

suddhsscr tlh :ebthm %ftbces fem tlh 'ethreftbcefj Dcurt ci

?ustbdh J icr&hm ny tlh whsthre b&phrbfj dcjcebfj pcwhrs tcdcjjhdtb$hjy pjuemhr tlh whfjtl ci tlh mh$hjcpbea wcrjm be tlh

ef&h ci &fbetfbebea bethreftbcefj shdurbty#

9btl whsthre lhah&cebd rujh sbedh tlh ibithhetl dhetury,

tlh dcestrudthm pfst ci tlh Firbdfe Mbfspcrf be tlh F&hrbdfs

lfs nhhe f stcry ci &ytl fem ifjshlccm ci urcphfe dcjcebfj

lhrcbs& nfshm ce frrcafedh fem prbmh, wrbtthe fem tcjm ny tlh

urcphfes wlcsh scdbhtbhs rh&fbehm cejy dujturfj fem hetbtbhs

fem eh$hr rhfdlhm tlh stfth ci lbal &frg db$bjbsftbce,

dlfrfdthrbshm ny bethjjhdtufj hejbalthe&het fem &fthrbfjprcarhss# ]lhbr &balt bs &bjbtfry prcwhss nfshm ce ncrrcwhm

sdbhedh fem thdlecjcay fem ect dujturfj suphrbcrbty nfshm ce

fdgecwjhmah&het ci lu&fe mbaebty fem tcjhrfedh ci eceI

whsthre dujturhs# ]lhbr fdts ci nfrnfrbty fem sf$fahry fafbest

tlhbr $bdtb&s whrh rhdcrmhm fs fdts ci db$bjbty fem tlhbr b&phrbfj

dcjcebfjbs& fs @b&phrbfjbs& ci rbalthcusehss# hrphtrftcrs ci

drb&h fafbest lu&febty h&hrah fs mbsdc$hrhrs, lu&febtfrbfes,

hejbalthehm nhehifdtcrs fem spcescrs ci fncjbtbce be tlh

mcdu&hetftbces ci tlh ciibdbfjs wlbdl lf$h beijuhedhm tlh

sdlcjfrslbp ci nctl tlh urcphfes fem tlh ciisprbea ci tlhbr

$bdtb&s wlc lf$h uemhraceh tctfj trfesicr&ftbce# %c ceh wfs

tlhrh tc dlfjjheah tlh trutl ci whsthre lbstcrbcarfply fem

lbstcrbdfj wrbtbeas#

]lh stcrbhs ci tlh $bdtb&s ci urcphfe hesjf$h&het J tlh

9hst Firbdfe 4usjb&s, tlhbr accm tb&hs fem nfm fem tlhbr

sbedhrh mh$ctbce tc tlh Tuprh&h Drhftcr, ^fnnuj-Fjfkbe, lf$h

ect nhhe ue$hbjhm h$he ny tlh &cst sbedhrh mhsdhemfets ci tlhhesjf$hm Firbdfe 4usjb&s# 7ftlhr tlh $bdtb&s J tlh 4usjb&s

ci 9hst Firbdf J lf$h nhhe jfnhjjhm fs tlh bebtbftcrs fem

dcjjfncrftcrs ci tlh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be Firbdfes# /cr tlh

&cst pfst, hesjf$h&het mbm ect fjjcw tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh tc

jhf$h nhlbem tlhbr wrbtthe rhdcrms, ecr whrh tlhy fjjcwhm tc

thfdl tlhbr dlbjmrhe# Ahrcbs& fem fdts ci $fjcur fem mhdhedy ci

tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh whrh &bsdcestruhm ny tlh prhBumbdbfj

urcphfes fem pheehm tlrcual tlh jheshs ci cnhfl fem


15/23



wbtdldrfit# ]lbs urcphfe phr$hrsbce ci tlh Firbdfes lfs eh$hr

nhhe fmh8ufthjy dlfjjheahm ny tlh ciisprbea ci tlh hesjf$hm

Firbdfes wlc lf$h uemhraceh tctfj &htf&crplcsbs ny whsthre

dujturh fem urcphfe Dlrbstbfe nhjbhis, nfshm ce rhdcI7c&fe

dujturh, wlbdl frh ifr mbiihrhet irc& tlh crbabefj thfdlbeas ci

rcplht ?hsus bne Kfryfk 0sce ci 4fry6 be jbeh wbtl tlh

&cectlhbs& ci rcplht Fnrflf ]lh jfdg ci 'sjf&bd

sdlcjfrslbp fem tlh prhBumbdh fafbest 'sjf& fem tlh 4usjb&s ft

jfrah, bestbjjhm ny tlh fpfj futlcrbtbhs fem tlhbr fsscdbfths, frh

nfrrbhrs tc tlh dcestrudtbce ci tlh truh bmhetbty ci tlhbr pfst#

Tdlcjfrslbp lfs ifbjhm tc fttrbnuth 'sjf& ft tlh dcrh ci tlh

Firbdfe uebty tc rhsbst hesjf$h&het fem hstfnjbsl lu&fembaebty# 7hpuaefetjy, tlh h$bjs ci cnhfl fem wbtdldrfit frh tlh

mhibebea hjh&hets ci Firbdfeehss be tlh wrbtbeas ci tlh Firbdfe

Mbfspcrf futlcrbtbhs J tlh urcphfe dcestrudts tc phrphtufth

tlh dcestrudthm &ytls fem jhahems#

]lh mhdcestrudtbce ci tlh dcestrudthm pfst ci tlh Firbdfe

Mbfspcrf rh$hfjs fe hejbalthehm stcry ci tlh Firbdfes, stfrtbea

wbtl tlh 4ccrs irc& FjIFemfjusbf wlc pjfyhm fe lbstcrbd rcjh

be tlh fm$heturcus $cyfahs ci Dcju&nus, jhf$bea tlhbr &frg

ny dfjjbea tlh 9hst 'embhs, tlh Dfrbnnhfe# Dfrbn, fe Frfnbdthr& &hfes KehfrnyH cr KehbalncurbeaH# 't bs lbaljy prcnfnjy

tlft tlh bsjfems be tlh 9hst 'embhs nhbea sc ehfr tc hfdl ctlhr

whrh ab$he tlh ef&h Dfrbnnhfe ny tlh 4ccrbsl ef$baftcrs, tc

bedjumh fjj tlh bsjfems be tlh rhabce# Tb&bjfr bs tlh rh$hjftbce ci

tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes# ]lh &fBcrbty whrh ci 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah

cr lfm dc&h uemhr sc&h mharhh ci 'sjf&bd beijuhedh be 9hst

Firbdf icr fj&cst f tlcusfem yhfrs prbcr tc tlh bebtbftbce ci tlh

]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be Firbdfes#

]lh prhshet wcrg lfs tlrhh pfrts, ef&hjyG frt 5ehG ]lh

stfnjbsl&het ci tlh 'sjf&bd frfmba& be ?f&fbdf, 9hst 'embfe

AbstcryN frt ]wcG ]lh 'sjf&bd Ahrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces be

?f&fbdfN fem frt ]lrhhG ]lh esjf$hm 4usjb&s ce tlh

jfetftbces be ?f&fbdf#

frt 5eh dcetfbes sh$he dlfpthrs fem ftth&pts tc hstfnjbsl

tlh 'sjf&bd pfrfmba& be ?f&fbdf fem 9hst 'embfe lbstcry fem

lhrbtfah# Ft tlh prh&bsh ci tlh mhdcestrudtbce ci tlh


16/23


dcestrudthm pfst, bs tlh 'sjf&bd lhrbtfah ci FjIFemfjusbf fem

9hst Firbdf, wlbdl icr&s tlh ahehsbs ci tlh &fBcrbty ci tlh

icrhiftlhrs ci tlh prhshet mfy phcpjh ci Firbdfe lhrbtfah be

?f&fbdf# ]lh wcrg ftth&pts tc mhdcestrudt tlh hstfnjbslhm

dcestrudtbce ci tlh pfst, wlbdl bs nfshm ce ciibdbfj mcdu&hets,

hddjhsbfstbdfj rhdcrms, &bssbcefry rhpcrts, trf$hjjhrsH fddcuets,

pjfethr lbstcrbfes, hmbthm efrrftb$hs fem mbfrbhs ci f ihw

hesjf$hm phcpjh# Drbtbdfj fefjysbs ci dceth&pcrfry lbstcry

rh$hfjs fe fdgecwjhmah&het ci tlh prhshedh ci hesjf$hm

4usjb&s be tlh pjfetftbces, nut tlh h&plfsbs bs ce fedhstrfj

wcrslbp fem ce htlebdbty ny sunsh8uhet 9hst 'embfe

sdlcjfrslbp#Dlfpthrs twc fem tlrhh be frt 5eh, bjjustrfth tlh lbal

pcbets ci 'sjf&bd db$bjbsftbce fem bts dcetrbnutbce tc uslhrbea be

&cmhre urcph fem tlh rcjh pjfyhm ny 'sjf& be 9hst Firbdf

fem %crtl Firbdf be tlh sprhfm ci jbthrfdy, h2pfesbce ci trfmh

fem tlh hstfnjbsl&het ci f jhafj suppcrt systh& upce wlbdl

rhsthm tlh dhetrfjbshm pcjbtbdfj uebts, rhsphdtb$hjy# ]lh

mhdcestrudtbce prcdhss mbs&bsshs tlh @uedb$bjbshm dcestrudthm

pfst ci tlh irhh fem tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes fem be bts pjfdh

h&hrahs tlh b&fah ci hejbalthehm dujturhm Firbdfes, fem$fjbmfths tlh djfb& tlft 'sjf& sprhfm be 9hst Firbdf phfdhiujjy

tlrcual trfmhrs, &bssbcefrbhs fem farbdujturbsts# ]lh rhshfrdl

rh$hfjs tlft tlh prhmc&befedh ci 4usjb&s be 9hst Firbdf fem

tlhbr h&plfsbs ce tlh pursubt ci sdlcjfrslbp fem jhfrebea, fem

tlhbr mbsrhafrm icr f stfembea fr&y fem f &bjbtfry icrdh &fmh

tlh& hfsy prhy tc tlh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh# Tb&bjfr wfs tlh

sbtuftbce be fjIFemfjusbf 4usjb& gbeamc&s fem '&phrbfj Dlbef

wlbdl suddu&nhm tc whsthre &bjbtfry &balt nhdfush ci tlhbr

bemujahedh be sdlcjfrslbp fem dujturh fem ehajhdtbea tc nubjm

fe fmh8ufth mhihedh systh& nfshm ce &bjbtfry lfrmwfrh tc

mhihem db$bjbsftbce irc& tlh &frfumbea urcphfe pcwhrs#

Drbtbdfj h2f&beftbce ci tlh ifdtcrs rhspcesbnjh icr tlh

&htf&crplcsbs ci tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh fem tlhbr ciisprbea

h2pcsh tlh spbrbtufj ahecdbmh dfrrbhm cut ny tlh Dlrbstbfe

dlurdl be bts pcjbdy ci prcsjhtbsftbce ci tlh hesjf$hm phcpjh

tlrcual icrdhiuj nfptbs& fem Dlrbstbfe hmudftbce# ]lh mhftl ci


17/23



tlh ibrst ahehrftbce ci hesjf$hm 4usjb&s fem tlh jfdg ci

'sjf&bd sdlcjfrslbp fmmhm tc tlh prcdhss ci tctfj

trfesicr&ftbce ci tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes irc& nhbea 4usjb&s tc

tlhbr ciisprbea, dfjjhm drhcjhs, nhdc&bea mcdbjh Dlrbstbfes#

9lbjh tlh dcestrudthm pfst pcrtrfys tlh phrphtrftcrs ci tlh

]rfesftjfetbd trfmh fs spcescrs ci fncjbtbce, tlh mhdcestrudtbce

rh$hfjs tlh rcjh pjfyhm ny tlh 4usjb& jhfmhrs ci 9hst Firbdf

be dlfjjheabea tlh urcphfe sjf$h trfmhrs tlrcual stfth fr&bhs

icr&hm fs f rhsujt ci tlh/blf*df&pfbaes ci tlh jfth hbalthhetl

fem ebehthhetl dheturbhs icr tlh pcjbtbdfj uebibdftbce ci tlh

irfa&hethm scdbhtbhs# ]lh whfjtl ci 4caluj 'embf fem '&phrbfj

Dlbef lf$h nhhe nrcualt betc tlh h8uftbce icr f nhtthruemhrstfembea ci tlh uemhrjybea ifdtcrs icr tlh fncjbtbce ci tlh

pjfetftbce systh& nfshm ce tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes, wlbdl wfs

ec jceahr prcibtfnjh icr tlh bemustrbfjbsftbce ci (rbtfbe fem

urcph#frt ]wc mhdcestrudts tlh hstfnjbslhm 4frcce lbstcry#

5rfj thstb&cebhs fem prh$fjhet bestbtutbces rh$hfj tlh 'sjf&bdlhrbtfah ci tlh 4frcces, mbs&bssbea tlh hstfnjbslhm ectbce ci4frcces nhbea fedhstrfj wcrslbpphrs mhhp betc tlh prfdtbdh ci

cnhfl# F&cea tlh &fey iuemf&hetfj 'sjf&bd trfmbtbcesprhshet be 4frcce scdbhtbhs sudl fs tlh 'sjf&bd prfyhr arcuemJ tlhOuku0flAcjh, &feehrbs&, if&bjy prfdtbdhs, fem tlh jfemsysth& nfshm ce tlh 'sjf&bd prbedbpjhs ci spcbjs ci wfr, sphfgci tlh 4frcces fs jb$bea h2f&pjhs ci 'sjf&, whjjI$hrshm be tlhmbdtfths ci tlh Acjy LurHfe# ]lrcual 4frcce jhfmhrslbp,'sjf& dlfjjheahm tlh icrdhs ci beBustbdh fem hstfnjbslhm tlhmbaebty ci tlh scuj tlrcual trhfty rbalts wbtl tlh mhihfthm(rbtbsl futlcrbtbhs#

]lh stumy hems wbtl tlh mhdcestrudtbce ci tlh stcry ci tlhhesjf$hm phcpjh be tlh pjfetftbces be ?f&fbdf# /cr tlhrhdcestrudtbce ci f trutliuj pfst, ceh wlbdl hstfnjbslhs tlh truhbmhetbty ci tlh Firbdfe Mbfspcrf sth&&bea irc& tlh]rfesftjfetbd trfmh, tlh sdlcjfrslbp pheehm ny tlh hstfnjbslhmfutlcrbtbhs ci tlh whsthre wcrjm ce tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes lfsnhhe &beuthjy mbsshdthm tlrcual tlh jhes ci 'sjf& femdcrrcncrfthm wbtl 'sjf&bd trfmbtbces prh$fjhet tlrcualcut tlhdcuetry# ]lh wcrg slcws lcw tlh 'sjf&bd tlrhfm wc$he


18/23


tlrcual tlh mb$hrsh htlebd Firbdfe arcupbeas, &hjthm fwfy tlhmbiihrhedh, mbssb&bjfrbtbhs fem mbstbedtbces, fem ncuem tcahtlhrtlh belhrhet hjh&hets ci scdbfj dclhsbce, fem dc&&cefjbtbhs beif&bjy pftthres fem scdbfj ehtwcrgs# ]lh mhihedh ci tlh mbaebtyci tlh scuj ci tlhsh hmudfthm hesjf$hm 4usjb&s irc& 9hstFirbdf be ?f&fbdf uebthm tlh& be tlh pursubt ci f dc&&ce acfjci dlfjjheabea cpprhssbce# ]lh mbaebty ci tlh scuj ci tlhhesjf$hm Firbdfes wfs hstfnjbslhm, nut tlh jfdg ci 'sjf&bdsdlcjfrslbp fem sdlcjfrs &fmh tlh mhsdhemfets ci tlh Firbdfe4usjb&s cnjb$bcus tc 'sjf

]lh h&hrabea rhdcestrudthm lbstcry tlrcual tlhmhdcestrudtbce ci tlh dcestrudthm pfst betrcmudhs ehw thr&s

fem dcedhpts be tlh lbstcrbcarfply ci tlh 9hst 'embhs# ]lhshthr&s frh Frfnbd be crbabe fem tlh dcedhpts frh tlh ueb$hrsfjjyfddhpthm 'sjf&bd prbedbpjhs nfshm ce tlh Acjy LurHfe fem tlhthfdlbeas ci rcplht 4ulf&&fm 0TF96# ]lh thr&s femdcedhpts lhjp h2pjfbe tlh 'sjf&bd icr& ci wcrslbp, nhlf$bcurfjfttbtumhs, if&bjy pftthres fem prfdtbdhs, tlh pcjbtbdfj systh&,jfem cwehrslbp, fem tlh efturh ci rhsbstfedh tc nrbea fe hem tctlh cpprhssb$h hesjf$h&het systh& be ?f&fbdf#

]lh wcrg rfbshs bssuhs, wlbdl frh icr iurtlhr 8uhst icr

sdlcjfrslbp fem mbsdcursh ifr nhycem tlh urcphfehejbalthe&het fem jhfrebea nut ce h2pfemhm ajcnfj $bsbce femjhfrebea#


19/23



F!] "#H

!stf"jbslbe# tlh $sjfkbd frfmb#k be %fkfbdfefem &hst $embfe 'bstcry


20/23


$lf%thr &

]lh $ebedb"bjbty ci $sjfk be %fkfbdfe fem &hst$embfe 'bstcry


21/23



7hshfrdl ce 'sjf& be ?f&fbdf bs f lu&njh nhabeebea jfybea tlh

icuemftbce icr mhhphr fefjyshs fem uemhrstfembea ci tlh

4usjb&s, nctl irhh fem hesjf$hm irc& fjIFemfjusbf, Tpfbe, fem

9hst Firbdf, wlc cddupbhm f ueb8uh fem mc&befet pjfdh

wbtlbe tlh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be Firbdfes# ]lh shhm ci 'sjf&

scwe ny tlh 4usjb&s irc& fjIFemfjusbf, ft ibrst fs &frbehrs ci

Dcju&nusHs mbsdc$hry hetcurfah fem, sunsh8uhetjy, fs

hesjf$hm 4ccrs, arfmufjjy prcpfafthm tlrcual tlh hesjf$hm

4usjb&s irc& 9hst Firbdf betc tlh pjfetftbce hdcec&y ci

?f&fbdf# ]lh gecwjhmah, thdleb8uhs fem sgbjjs nrcualt ny

tlhsh 4usjb&s betc tlh %hw 9crjm dcetrbnuthm hecr&cusjy tc

tlh mh$hjcp&het ci 9hsthre db$bjbzftbce, &cst ci wlbdl lf$hnhhe ehajhdthm be rhdcrmhm lbstcry# 9lbjh slbppbea fem

dc&&hrdbfjbzftbce ci 9hsthre urcph fem tlh F&hrbdfs

prcsphrhm muh tc tlh b&&hfsurfnjh ]rfesftjfetbd trfmh be

Firbdfes icr fj&cst ib$h luemrhm yhfrs, farbdujturfj sdbhedh

fem fnc$h fjj, bemustrbfjbzftbce ci tlh 9hst cwh tlhbr arcwtl

fem mh$hjcp&het tc tlh fppjbdftbce ci sdbhedh fem thdleb8uhs

ci Firbdf nrcualt ny tlh hesjf$hm# ]lh plysbdfj jfncur ci tlh

hesjf$hm Firbdfes, tlh &fBcrbty ci wlc& whrh, h$bmhetjy, ci

'sjf&bd lhrbtfah, drhfthm tlh dfpbtfj fem hdcec&bd whfjtl citlh 9hst#

]lh efturh ci tlh struaajh cr rhsbstfedh 0/blf*6dfrrbhm cut

ny tlhsh hesjf$hm 4usjb&s fafbest tlh fnc&befnjh sjf$h

systh& mbiihrhm uemhr mbiihrhet dbrdu&stfedhs# 4fey tccg

ijbalt cr rfe fwfy 0lb/rf6 irc& tlh pjfetftbces fem icr&hm tlhbr

cwe dc&&uebty 0ukkfl6, gecwe fs 4frcce dc&&uebtbhs, f

ihfturh tlhe dc&&ce be tlh %hw 9crjm pjfetftbce hdcec&y#.

5phe sjf$h nhjjbahrhedbhs ce tlh pjfetftbce hstfths be ?f&fbdf

duj&befthm be fe bsjfemIwbmh rhnhjjbce be !7bdlfrm rbdh 0hm6,Kfrcce cdbtbs? ^nj jf& Dckkuebtbs be tl

Fkrbdfs, (fjtb&crh fem )cemceG ?cle Acpgbes :eb$hrsbty, !""+, bs f

dc&prhlhesb$h stumy ci tlh 4frcce Tcdbhtbhs be tlh %hw 9crjm#


22/23


fb&hm tc mhstrcy tlh phrebdbcus sjf$h bestbtutbce, wlbdl mhebhm

tlh hesjf$hm tlh mbaebty ci tlh scuj# Tudl besurrhdtbces dfrrbhm

cut ny tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes, wlbdl whrh dc&&ce tlrcualcut

tlh (rbtbsl 9hst 'embhs, pcshm shrbcus shdurbty prcnjh&s fem

faarf$fthm tlh fjrhfmy ifjthrbea pjfetftbce hdcec&bhs# ]lh

&bjbtfry befmh8ufdbhs ci tlh (rbtbsl 7hm Dcfts be tlh ifdh ci

tlh 'sjf&bd spbrbt ci tlh hesjf$hm 4usjb&s tcahtlhr wbtl tlh

ifbjbea pjfetftbce hdcec&bhs dc&phjjhm tlh b&phrbfj (rbtbsl

ac$hre&het tc nrbea fe hem tc sjf$hry be ?f&fbdf fem be tlh

(rbtbsl 9hst 'embhs be !


23/23



tlh 'sjf&bd dujturh ci tlh arhft 4calujs lfs fjsc herbdlhm tlh

jbihstyjhs ci ?f&fbdf fem tlh 9hst# 'e$hstbaftb$h rhshfrdl ce

'sjf& be ?f&fbdf bs he$bsfahm tc strheatlhe tlh 'sjf&bd

pfrfmba& be tlh stumy ci tlh Mbfspcrf be ?f&fbdf fem ny

h2thesbce be tlh wbmhr 9hst 'embhs fem tlh F&hrbdfs#

]lh prhshedh ci 'sjf& be tlh icr& ci h2bstbea lbstcrbdfj

bestbtutbces fem $hrefdujfr dujturh be f prhmc&befetjy njfdg

Dlrbstbfe dcuetry bs fe hyhcphehr tc rhshfrdlhrs wbtl 'sjf&bd

nfdgarcuems tc uehfrtl tlh stcry ci tlh luemrhms ci tlcusfems

ci 4usjb&s hesjf$hm irc& fjIFemfjusbf, Tpfbe, fem 9hst

Firbdf tc wcrg ce tlh pjfetftbces ci ?f&fbdf# ]lh stcrbhs ci tlh

4ccrbsl 4usjb& &frbehrs fem tlh hesjf$hm 4ccrs lf$h nhhec$hrslfmcwhm ny tlh ifnrbdfthm &ytls ci Dcju&nusHs

mbsdc$hry ci tlh F&hrbdfs be ?f&fbdfe fem 9hst 'embfe

lbstcry# 9lbjh tlh htlebdbty ci tlh hesjf$hm Firbdfes mc&befths

tlh efturh fem sdcph ci prh$bcus sdlcjfrslbp, 'sjf&, wlbdl wfs

tlh prhmc&befet rhjbabce ci tlhsh phcpjh fem, wlbdl

c$hrslfmcwhm $frbhm trfmbtbcefj dujturhs, icr&s tlh nfsbs ci

tlbs rhshfrdl#

Invisible Yet Invincible: Islamic Heritage of the Maroons and the Enslaved Africans in Jamaica by Sultana Afroz

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