125 ministry of 119 ndash 120 132 138 186 205 miracles of 50 130 186 of Nazareth 40 83 123 physical body of 2 ndash 3 5 ndash 6 15 21 23 39 75 107 109 121 ndash 142 143 ndash 145 148 203 post-crucifixion 34 100 144 150 post-mortem appearances of 2 23 ndash 24 39 41 66 ndash 67 87 102 112 ndash 113 115 143 ndash 146 165 176 178 ndash 179 185 as prophet 82 86 as prophetic Messiah 82 ndash 83 86 as risen Lord of life 85n10 119 ndash 120 150 203 as Son of God 15 18 78 80 86 118 138 as source of salvation 84 156 translation of 194 as truly divine 12 18 86 152 154 161 ndash 163 165 186 188 190 198 199 205 visitations by 145 see also Christ disciples historical Jesus resurrected Jesus Risen Jesus
Jesus-memory approach 16 35Jesus Seminar 17n8Jesus tradition 36 72 138 166Jewish-Roman war 59Jewish Talmud 7 ndash 8 71Jews 15 19 48 ndash 50 71 75 ndash 78 85 ndash 87
95 116 122 ndash 123 125 ndash 130 125n3 125n4 139 158 161 first-century 2 49 154 monotheistic 87 non-Christian 3 75 103 127 129n8 Second Temple 90
Joanna 56 58 61 63Joel (prophet) 158Johannine tradition 55n8John the Baptist 20 49 114Jones Jim 82Joseph of Arimathea 6 118 123
Second Temple 16 76 90Judas Iscariot 18n10 55n8 64 ndash 65n18Judea 70 123 127 140Judith 132Junias 41Justin Martyr 15 86Justus of Tiberias 9
123 131n11 145 149 ndash 150 185 192 ndash 193 193n12 founding 12n3 polytheistic 14
Lessing G 4 ndash 6 lsquougly great ditchrsquo 4 ndash 5Lewis CS 167 169Licona Michael 7 ndash 9 29 ndash 32 56
109 127 193 ndash 195 194n13 195n15Livy 193logic laws of 166Lord the 12n3 42n3 43 53
Lost Tomb of Jesus The 122Lucian 7 12n4 50 74Lucretius 50Ludd Ned 147 152Luddites 147 152Luumldemann 53 94 98 105 ndash 106 189lying 72 ndash 73 138Lystra 73
Marcion 42 45Marcus Joel 162 163n7Marian apparitions 91 110 193Markan tradition 55n8Martin Michael 75 173 ndash 174
174n2 176martyrdom 50 70 ndash 72 82 180Mary 56 58 61 144Mary apparitions of see Marian
58 61 63 ndash 64 64n13 122 ndash 123Mary the mother of James 61 63Mary the mother of Jesus 22 56 113
115 122 see also Virgin Marymass hallucinations 90 96 148McGrew Timothy 172 ndash 173 177
232 Index
Mediterranean world 19 45 72 132 202
memoryies collective 147 counter- 36 147 distorted 147 156 flashbulb 154 individual 154 ndash 155 manufactured 147 ndash 148 real 147 ndash 148 see also memory distortion
memory distortion 1 ndash 2 7 145 ndash 146 148 151 ndash 152 165 conventionalization 146 distanciation 146 instrumentalization 146 narrativization 146
Messiah 84 ndash 86 88 95 98 161 ndash 163 Jesus as 4 82 ndash 84 86 89 97 162 ndash 163 200
messianic movements 86 161messianism 162 163n7metaphysical naturalism 168methodological naturalism 23 ndash 24
30 ndash 31 33methodological restriction 31 168Middle East 6miracles 2 ndash 4 32 50 86 130
161 ndash 162 166 ndash 198 199 definition 166 ndash 167 forged 181 of Jesus 50 130 186
Mishnah 124misidentifications 6 91 ndash 92 99 100n7
101 110 112 ndash 113 120 144 164 179 192 197
mistaken identity hypothesis 1 6 25 112 ndash 117 120 143 ndash 144 164 historicity of 143
Mitra 192 ndash 193 196Mohammed 81monotheism 14 32 87 108 163 205
Jewish 87 205lsquomore than five hundred brethrenrsquo
40 ndash 41 50 ndash 51 53 ndash 54 59 66 80 83 87 ndash 88 89 96 104 119 145 149 ndash 150 157 160
Moses 134multiple situated rationalities 33 ndash 34Muslims 3 81 ndash 82 162mystics 89
Nag Hammadi library 46Nain widow of raising of son of
48 116Napoleon 179 200 ndash 201narrative tradition 56 66naturalistic alternatives 1 23 ndash 24 26
34 39 170 170n1 174 ndash 175 178 180 184 ndash 188 193 197 201 203
naturalistic hypotheses 1 3 ndash 4 6 ndash 7 23 39 81 ndash 82 126 141 ndash 142 143 163 ndash 164 176 ndash 177 185 196 199 201 203
naturalistic intramental hypothesis 4natural laws 32 173 176 ndash 177 186
188 190 197 ndash 198 see also nature laws of
natureorder of creation laws of 166 ndash 168 198
Nazareth 40 83 123Nero 71 ndash 72New Testament 1 ndash 2 7 ndash 8 10 ndash 14 12n3
14n6 19 23 35 40 48 ndash 49 51 60 62 63 ndash 64n12 64n14 65 ndash 66 73 78 ndash 80 93 96 102 116 137 150 151n2 155 ndash 156 166 168 195 199 ndash 200 historicity of 16 ndash 17
Nicene Creed 60Nicodemus 125 125n3no experience hypothesis 25 39
68 ndash 70 68 ndash 69n2 164 historicity of 143
non-Christian sources 7 ndash 10 40
objective visions theory 86n11Occamrsquos razor 190omnipotence 190 ndash 191n10Origen 8 ndash 9 69Osiris 10 14 14n6 192 ndash 193ossuary 122 ndash 124other apostles the 41 42n4 54 66
87 ndash 88 100 102 104 110 113 119 149 ndash 150 164 ndash 165
Ovid 193
Padgett Alan 32 189paganism 19 48pagan religion 15 73Palestine 8 24 ndash 25 40 68 ndash 69 78 87
124 176Paley William 4 68 ndash 69 173Pannenberg Wolfhart 5 17 93n2 204parallelomania 10 ndash 11Pascal 5 74 Penseacutees 5 74Passover Friday 124 ndash 125Patristic sources 44 ndash 45Paul 9 11 13 18 ndash 19 21 28 41 ndash 47
47n6 50 ndash 56 60 66 68n1 70 ndash 71 73 75 ndash 76 78 ndash 81 83 ndash 85 87 ndash 88 93 ndash 98 103 ndash 104 106 110 124 128 134 ndash 137 144 146 150 158 160 ndash 165 192 202 execution of 71 Jewish discipline of 76 persecution of 70 vision on road to Damascus
Index 233
93 96 ndash 97 see also Paul letters of Pauline epistles
Paul letters of 8 16 ndash 17 40 44 ndash 45 51 55 60 66 78 96 ndash 97n3 145 161
Pauline epistles 17 ndash 18 76n4 80Paulus Heinrich 4Pentecost 53 145lsquoperiod of living memoryrsquo 7personality cult 162Peter 41 ndash 42 42n4 46 54 ndash 56 64
64 ndash 65n18 66 68n1 69 71 79 89 91 93 98 106 ndash 107 134 137 141 144 ndash 145 157 159 164 executionmartyrdom of 71
Petronius 127n6Pharisees 18 48 97 110 126Philetus 19Philinnion 194Philip II 194Philipse Hermann 146 151Philo of Alexandria 48philosophy 32 ndash 34 analytic 2 religious 8Philostratus 193Photius 9Pilate Pontius 31 70 118 121 ndash 126
125n4 127n6 128 ndash 129 140Plantinga Alvin 82 171 ndash 173 197Plutarch 29 59 ndash 60 66Polycarp of Smyrna 9 45Pompeii 183postmodernists 24 35Price Robert 41 ndash 44 41 ndash 42n2 42n3
42n4 53 97Proclus 194prophecies 83 181 190n8psychic powers 190psychological contagion 91Ptolemy Chennus 194Pythagoreans 195 neo- 193
Q 18 35 55n8 77 ndash 78lsquoQ traditionrsquo 55n8Quest for the Historical Jesus 3 16
reanimation 20 49 81 87 134Reimarus Hermann 3 ndash 4 48 166religions ancient mystery 10 ndash 15remain buried hypothesis 1 26
121 ndash 126 141 143 ndash 144 148removal by enemies hypothesis 27 121
139 143removal by friends hypothesis 27 121
138 ndash 139 143removal by neutral party hypothesis 27
121 140 143
removal by non-agent hypothesis 26 121 140 ndash 141 143
Renaissance 3 7restorations to life 48resurrected Jesus 4 ndash 5 8 13 18 24 ndash 25
27 39 40 ndash 67 40n1 68 ndash 88 90 92 96 98 103 105 ndash 107 109 ndash 110 114 ndash 115 119 131 135 145 ndash 146 149 ndash 150 154 157 164 ndash 165 174 180 182 187 191 194 ndash 195 202
Resurrection the 75 122 175Resurrection hypothesis 143 170n1
175 177resuscitation 14n6 22revivification 20 81 87 134Risen Jesus 17 28n14 57 96 107
116 199Roman emperor 73 193Roman Empire 75 77 Christianization
of 3Roman gods 77Romanticism 4Romulus 12n3 133 192 ndash 193
Sabbath 124 126sacrifice 15 73 77 81 ndash 82 87 ndash 88
119 195 202 for religion 81 willingness to 81
Sadducees 18 48 81Salome 56 58 61 63salvation 97 101 ndash 102 104 113
156 ndash 157 204 through the death of Jesus 84 156
Samaria 70Samaritans 18 125n4Sanhedrin 123 ndash 124 134Saul 21 70 97 104 160 see also PaulSawicki Marianne 105 ndash 106Schleiermacher 4Schneersohn Menachem Mendel 2 49
109 162 ndash 163Schweitzer Albert 4 89science 32 ndash 34 33n16 37 182 187 ndash 189scientific anomaly hypothesis 186 197scientific laws 173 ndash 174 196scientism 33 33n16Scriptures 14 40 47 47n6 48 ndash 50 83
83n9 90 109 190 190 ndash 191n10 205 Jewish 60 145 see also Hebrew Scriptures
self-deception 157September 11 terrorist attacks
81 ndash 82 154Severus Septimius (Roman Emperor)
193
234 Index
Shapiro Larry 7 113 115 177 182 ndash 183 186 190 ndash 191
Silas 18Simon 3 56 see also PeterSimon bar Giora 95Smyrna 45 193Socrates 179soteriology 205Spirit 54 89 135 137spirits 99 144 150 190 ndash 191 see also
evil spiritsStephen 93story telling collaborative 146
collective 146Strauss David 4 74 89 117supernatural the 22 ndash 23 29 136supernatural alternatives 188supernatural events 181supernatural hypotheses 119n5supernatural intervention 177supernatural vision hypothesis 4 93 191superstitions 9 20 75 187Susanna 58swoon (Scheintod) hypothesis 1 4 27
39 85n10 117 ndash 120 121 ndash 122 142 144 164 historicity of 143
swoonescape hypothesis 25Syrian tradition 115
Tacitus 7 8n2 71 75Talpiot Israel 122 203Tammuz 10 14telephone game 150 152 ndash 153 161Temple 16 69 75 ndash 77 86 90Tertullian 44 71Theism 167 172 196theology 2 23 32 34 44 116 185
189 204Thermopylae Battle of 194Theudas 86third-day motif 41Thomas 64 64 ndash 65n18 103Timothy 18 200Titanic 11 183Titus 118 118n4Toledoth Yeshu 139 ndash 140tomb robbery 24 140Torah 122traditional resurrection narratives 52 128transdisciplinary approach 2 24 39transmigration of souls 144 150transphysicality 20 22 109 116
119 ndash 120 135 203
Troeltsch Ernst 4 ndash 5 28 168 principle of criticism 5
Twelve the 18 18n10 40 ndash 42 42n4 46 ndash 47 55 ndash 56 55n8 59 69 71 80 ndash 81 85 88 96 100 102 104 110 113 134 145 149 ndash 150 157 159 162 ndash 165
twin brother hypothesis 115 ndash 116 119 177
two body doctrine 136 ndash 137 144 150
UFOs 6 112unburied hypothesis 26 121 ndash 122 141
143 148unorthodox alternatives 23 ndash 24
Vansina Jan 153 ndash 154verification bias 148Vermegraves G 37 61 64n13 64n14
64n15 65 67 89 104 118 130 132 ndash 133
Vernet 3Vespasian 195n15Virgil 105Virgin Mary apparition at Pontmain
100n7 apparition at San Sebastian de Garabandal Spain 101 ndash 102 see also Marian apparitions
visions 4 12 ndash 13 93 68 ndash 69n2 89 93n2 95 99 105 ndash 106 111 158 ndash 159 191 collective 91 Easter 109 non-veridical 93 objective 86n11 subjective 12 ndash 13n5 13 93 95 veridical 93
visitations by gods 144 150 heavenly 64n14 by Jesus 145
Voltaire 173
Ware James 19 ndash 20 134 ndash 135Whittenberger Gary 54 100n7
101 ndash 102 143 149 157witnesses at the tomb 56 ndash 65 63n11
63 ndash 64n12 64n13 64n14 64n15women at empty tomb 6 24 31
58 63Woolston Thomas 3Wright N T 18 ndash 23 52 57 59 66
90 95 ndash 96 105 107 109 116 161
YHWH 73 88 98 202
Zevi Sabbatai 162Zoroastrianism 48
1 Clement 8 44 55 66 202 54 ndash 5 71 25 137 50 137
Abot 1 46Acts of Peter 71 156Aithiopis 133Apocalypse of Peter 144 71apocryphal Acts 13 123Ascension of Isaiah 42 ndash 3 71
Barnabas Gospel of 3 217 192
Celsus The True Word 8Cicero Verr 1515 50 2140103 50
Epistle of Peter to James 42Eusebius Ecclesiastical History 225 71
Hebrews Gospel of the 42Heraclitus Ep 9 49Herodotus Histories 413 ndash 16 195
IgnatiusmdashLetter to the Romans 43 71mdashLetter to the Smyrneans 31 ndash 2 71
107 33 107 165mdashLetters of 8 55 66 202
Irenaeus Against Heresies 44
James Secret Book of 123Josephus
mdashAgainst Apion 150 ndash 52 50 160 46 ndash 47
mdashAntiquities of the Jews 4219 131 183 8 1816 48 1864 71 209 71 88 18 ndash 89 125n4
mdashJewish War 59 2612 118 6304 118 7203 118
mdashLife 59 359 ndash 62 50 420 118
Justin MartyrmdashDialogue with Trypho 86 97 118
108 3 15 132mdashFirst Apology 21 15 24 15
231b 15
Koran 44 see also Quran
Lucian The Death of Peregrine 11 8Luke-Acts 42 65 75 141
Martyrdom of Polycarp The 22 118
Nicodemus Gospel of 156
Origen Contra Celsum 255 48 259 8 260 3 105 322 48 326 48
Peter Gospel of 126 128 621 118 30 ndash 33 127 127n6 47 ndash 48 128
Philip Acts of 123Philostratus Heroicus 195Phlegon of Tralles 7 ndash 9 194
lsquoChroniclesrsquo 8 Mirabilia 1 194Plutarch Lives of Plutarch 7Pseudo-Mark 56 169 ndash 20 56 1611
49 66 1614 85
Quran 3 33 Surah 4157 ndash 8 3 192
Rheginos Letter to 19
Sanhedrin 43a 71Seneca Dial 12116 49Shepherd of Hermas The 45
Index for Ancient Sources
236 Index for Ancient Sources
Sipre Deut 306282 49Suetonius Nero 162 71
Tacitus Annals 1544 8 75 15442 ndash 5 71 ndash 72
Talmud 7 ndash 8 Sanhedrin 43a 71Tertullian De Spectaculis 30 133 140
Scorpiace 15 71Thomas Acts of 115Thomas Gospel of 8 77 77n5 78
1 Corinthians 21 40 45 53 73 87 12 45 12b 45 112 52 54 66 123 87 124 87 35 ndash 9 52 322 80 411 ndash 13 70 613 135 ndash 136 71 51 8 73 86 87 91 41 94 91 ndash 5 54 66 95 51 80 115 138 95 ndash 6 41 10 73 1014 ndash 22 73 1123 ndash 26 80 192 205n1 1429 158 15 20 42 53 ndash 54 84 87 94 ndash 95 116 132 137 201 151 54 151 ndash 11 42 47 66 80 104 116 150 153 43 46 79 153 ndash 5 20 79 124 153 ndash 7 104 153 ndash 8 51 ndash 52 63 128 153 ndash 11 40 ndash 41 46 50 ndash 52 55 66 ndash 67 79 83 ndash 84 94 101n8 102 ndash 103 149n1 157 164 ndash 165 154 41 83 83n9 94 132 155 41 55n8 56 102 155 ndash 8 162 156 50 54 66 72 83 87 102 ndash 103 157 165 156 ndash 7 164 157 41 42n3 71 102 157 ndash 8 96 158 54 83 ndash 84 93 159 46 70 1511 54 79 ndash 80 80n6 1512 44 49 66 70 83 103 ndash 104 158 165 181 ndash 182 1514 ndash 19 50 72 196 1515 73 88 1517 74 77 79 87 103 160 165 182 1517f 160 1517 ndash 19 47 66 158 1530 70 1530 ndash 32 47 50 66 72 1535 ndash 49 52 1536 ndash 37 31 1544 ndash 54 21 134 ndash 135 1550 95 1558 94 206 163 ndash 4 52 1612 52
1 Kings 1710 ndash 24 481 Peter 124 137 318 1371 Thessalonians 40 73 19 ndash 10 73
22 9 70 413 ndash 14 206 414 80 519 ndash 22 158
1 Timothy 316 472 Corinthians 40 137 31 51 317
135 47 136 416 ndash 58 136 51 136 54 136 516 43 1010 55 1123 ndash 26 70 1124 76 121 ndash 4 94
2 Kings 48 ndash 3 48
2 Maccabees 326 59 333 59 79 48 711 48 714 48 721 ndash 23 48 728 ndash 29 48 1240 ndash 46 48 1446 48
2 Thessalonians 22 512 Timothy 28 47 217 ndash 18 194 Maccabees 48
Acts 8 55 202 11 ndash 11 117 13 28n14 93 13 ndash 9 65 14 107 165 114 115 138 ndash 139 115 53 121 ndash 22 42n4 2 54 159 21 ndash 13 53 27 53 223 118 225 ndash 32 83n9 31 ndash 44 75 318 83n9 410 ndash 11 83n9 425 ndash 28 83n9 756 93 81 70 832 ndash 35 83n9 91 ndash 2 96 91 ndash 9 21 96 97 97 97n4 104 910 93 919 96 ndash 97n3 925 96 ndash 97n3 926 96 ndash 97n3 1040 41 1041 28n14 107 165 112 79 122 71 88 129 93 1314 ndash 48 75 1329 123 1333 ndash 37 83n9 148 ndash 18 73 151 ndash 21 96 151 ndash 35 52 172 ndash 3 83n9 172 ndash 4 75 1731 28n14 205 1732 2 49 66 181 ndash 182 1828 75 226 ndash 11 21 96 229 97 97n5 104 238 48 2612 ndash 18 21 96 2613 93 2619 93 2622 ndash 23 83n9 2626 75
Colossians 214 118
Daniel 121 ndash 3 48 122 106 205 435 190 ndash 191n10
Deuteronomy 2122 ndash 23 122
Ephesians 25 20Exodus 203 73 205 48n7Ezekiel 37 106
Galatians 40 42 1 96 ndash 97n3 16 ndash 10 79 111 ndash 12 42 112 43 112 ndash 21 96 ndash 97n3 113 46 70 113 ndash 14 97 115 ndash 16 94 116 94 96 ndash 97n3 118
Index for Scripture and Apocrypha
238 Index for Scripture and Apocrypha
192 122 70 123 80 1 ndash 2 54 66 21 70 22 80 27 ndash 9 80 80n6 211 52 211 ndash 14 79 211 ndash 21 50 72 220 94 313 122
Genesis 27 135 1814 190 ndash 191n10 19 107 191 ndash 3 107
Hebrews 1135 48 116
Isaiah 2619 106 53 68 86 537 ndash 8 83n9 553 83n9
Jeremiah 1911 136 1911a 136n13 3217 190 ndash 191n10
Job 422 190 ndash 191n10John Gospel of 40 56 219 137
219 ndash 20 41 71 ndash 5 96 71 ndash 10 116n3 99 103 111 ndash 44 48 1828 126 1934 118 1939 125 201 63n11 201 ndash 2 131 202 64n13 208 84 91 141 2011 ndash 12 64n14 2011 ndash 16 64n17 2012 64n14 64n16 2014 ndash 15 113 120 2014 ndash 16 144 2019 117 2019 ndash 24 64 ndash 65n18 2020 107 165 2024 ndash 29 85 2025 103 118 141 2026 117 2027 107 141 165 2029 141 21 65 214 113 120 214 ndash 8 144 2112 ndash 13 107 165 2118 ndash 19 71
Leviticus 1911 73Luke Gospel of 8 51 56 11 ndash 4 57
157 134 22 135 ndash 37 22 711 ndash 17 48 922 41 1833 41 2027 ndash 40 48 2230 55n8 2351 123 2352 124 247 41 2411 49 65 ndash 66 132 1 ndash 8 131 241 ndash 53 65 243 ndash 4 64n14 244 64n14 2412 56 141 2413 ndash 31 144 2415 ndash 32 144 2416 113 ndash 114 120 2421 41 2422 ndash 23 64n14 2430 ndash 31 35 107 165 2431 117 2432 ndash 35 103 2433 64 ndash 65n18 2433 ndash 36 64 ndash 65n18 2434 56 98 2436 117 2436 ndash 39 114n1 2436 ndash 41 85 2436 ndash 43 26n13 65 107 165 2437 ndash 38 106 2438 98 2439 135 2439 ndash 40 107 2439 ndash 43 107 2441 98 2442 ndash 43 135 2449 65 2450 ndash 53 117 46 41
Mark Gospel of 8 140 ndash 45 134 321 116n3 331 ndash 35 116n3 521 ndash 24 48 535 ndash 43 48 614 114 614 ndash 29 20 49 114 645 ndash 826 51 128 831 41 931 41 1034 41 1045 205 1218 ndash 27 48 1422 ndash 25 192 205n1 1428 59 61 1458 137 1539 78 80 138 1544 118 161 ndash 6 64n13 161 ndash 8 131 ndash 132 162 63n11 165 64n14 165 ndash 7 59 167 56 65 168 64n15 133 ndash 134 169 ndash 10 201 169 ndash 20 56 201
Matthew Gospel of 8 56 537 72 ndash 73 1240 41 1621 41 1723 41 1928 55n8 2019 41 2223 ndash 33 48 2711 ndash 26 125 2752 ndash 53 130 ndash 131 2754 78 80 86 118 124 2763 41 139 2764 41 28 75 128 281 ndash 7 131 282 63 ndash 64n12 140 282 ndash 5 64n14 282 ndash 6 64n14 284 ndash 11 129 288 64n15 133 2810 65 2811 128 2811 ndash 15 2 49 103 126 128 132 138 2815b 126 2816 65 2816 ndash 20 53 2817 49 66 85 106 143 149
Philemon 40Philippians 17 40 17 70 123 205
34 ndash 6 96 ndash 97 36 46 70Proverbs 195 73 2128 73Psalms 21 ndash 2 83n9 168 ndash 11 83n9
1610 83n9 145 24 10 1153 190 ndash 191n10 11822 83n9 1356 190 ndash 191n10
Romans 13 ndash 4 80 14 116 17 45 115 45 118 ndash 25 73 119 116 424b ndash 25 80 69 ndash 10 116 109 205 16 45 165 45 167 41 80 1610 45 1611 15 1614 45 1615 45
Sirach 1126 ndash 28 48n7 341 ndash 8 158
Timothy Letter to 200Tobit 45 ndash 10 59
Wisdom 2 ndash 3 48 915 ndash 16 49 1415 46