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inVenturesTechnologies
Overview of Site Remediation Technologies
Gas inFusion Systems for Groundwater Remediation
Jim Begley
inVentures Technologies Inc. (iTi)
“Offering you the finest environmental contracting services, products & remedial technologies available”
Contact: Craig Marlow 8248 Hidden Forest Drive, Holland, Ohio 43528
Phone 419.867.8966 Fax 419.867.8976Cell 419.349.7970 Email [email protected]
Represented By:
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Presentation
• Introduction to Gas inFusion technology
• Bioremediation Alternatives
• iSOC system design
• gPRO Systems for active gas infusion and enhanced
NAPL recovery
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iTi Gas inFusion™ Technology
Mass-transfer of gasses to groundwater w/out sparging
Microporous Hollow Fiber
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Mass Transfer- Gas to Liquid
• Solubility– Driving force unique to each gas
• Interfacial Surface – Pathway for gas molecules to contact
liquid
Gas inFusion Technology Provides Large Interfacial Surface
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Dissolved Gas Conditions
• Saturation– The condition of a liquid with the maximum possible
stable quantity of a solute at a specific temperature and pressure
• Supersaturation– An unstable condition of a solution with a solute at a
concentration exceeding saturation
Gas inFusion Technology can achieve saturated and supersaturated conditions
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iSOC® Technology
iSOC® – in situ Submerged Oxygen Curtain—innovative gas delivery technology
Microporous Hollow Fiber
iSOC provides large interfacial surface area as a pathway for gas molecules to contact and dissolve in groundwater
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iSOC Unit
Gas inFusion Well
Typical iSOC Well Schematic
Contaminated GroundwaterTreatment Zone
Groundwater Flow
Gas Supply
Regulator and Manifold
inFusion Well Screen(High Flow Screen) typically 0.010 to 0.030 slot width
Water Table
Well Sump (~ 1 ft below iSOC)
Filter
Valve BoxTubing
Lifting Line
Grout Seal
Sand/Gravel Pack
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iSOC System
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HiSOC® Hydrogen Gas Hose Connection
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gPRO HP Active Dissolved Gas Substrate Delivery
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gPRO HP w/ Oxygen Generator
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Mobile gPRO HP Setup
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gPRO Gas inFusion SystemWater Supply
Gas Supply
gPRO HP Modules (multiple modules in series and parallel)
Injection Pump
Injection Wells
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Remedial Applications• Passive and Active in situ bioremediation
– Oxygen for aerobic treatment– Oxygen and cometabolic substrates (alkane and alkene gases)
for lower chlorinated compounds, 1,4-dioxane, NDMA– Hydrogen for reductive dechlorination of chlorinated solvents,
denitrification and perchlorate reduction
• Abiotic Geochemical Fixation of metals (H2 and O2)
• pH adjustment with CO2
• NAPL recovery enhancement with CO2 Saturated Water
Injection (SWI)
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Bioremediation –Microbes at WorkConceptual The Real Thing
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Direct Aerobic Groundwater Bioremediation
• Soil microorganisms are stimulated to degrade
contaminants of concern
• Oxygen is the preferred electron acceptor
• Contaminant is the food
• Products are biomass, carbon dioxide and
water
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CO2 and energy
O2H2O
Direct Aerobic Treatment
Breathing
EatingHydrocarbons solvents e.g. VC
Gas
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Aerobic Treatment of Petroleum in Groundwater
• Process requires a balanced source of
macronutrients carbon:nitrogen:phosphate
(C100:N10:P2)
• Hydrocarbon is the carbon source for energy
and growth of biomass
• Every gram of BTEX requires 3.14 grams
oxygen for complete degradation
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Anaerobic dehalorespiring bacteria (Dehalococcoides ethenogenes) use H2 as electraon donor (food) and chlorinated solvents (e.g. PCE) as an electron acceptor (breathing PCE)
20 grams of PCE can be degraded with 1 gram of H2
Anaerobic Reductive Dechlorination
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Most Oxidized
Most Reduced
C=CHH
CLCL
C=CHCL
HH
C=CCLCL
CLCL
C=CHH
HH
C=CCLCL
CLH
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Energy Electron donor (H2)
Ethene
Anaerobic Reductive Dechlorination
Eating
BreathingPCE, TCE
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Aerobic Cometabolic Oxidation of Lower Chlorinated Solvents (TCE,
DCE, VC)
• Bacteria use a continuous supply of oxygen as the electron acceptor
• A cometabolic substrate (e.g. alkane gas) is supplied as a growth substrate (electron donor)
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Aerobic Cometabolic Oxidation
• Cometabolic substrate induces the production of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of TCE, DCE and VC (lower CAHs)
• Bacteria gain energy from the cometabolic substrate, not from the chlorinated solvent
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From EPA July 2000
Aerobic Cometabolic Treatment
Eating
Breathing
CO2 and energy Cometabolic substrate(Alkane gas)
O2H2O
Alcohols and organic acids
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inVenturesTechnologies
Example DesigniSOC Plume Biobarrier
System
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`
Con
cent
ratio
n
Distance
MW-X
MW
-X
MW-Y
MW
-Y
iSOC Treatment Zone
GW-Flow
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iSOC Area of Influence and Treatment Zone
0 mg/L
5 mg/L
10 mg/L
Hi O2effect
Low O2effect
Oxygen Demand Satisfied (blue)
High Oxygen Demand (red)
0 mg/L
5 mg/L
10 mg/L
Hi O2effect
Low O2effect
Oxygen Demand Satisfied (blue)
High Oxygen Demand (red)
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Key Design Information
• Site hydrogeologic data
• Contaminant concentration and distribution
• Groundwater geochemistry and nutrients
• Biological parameters
• Remedial objectives
• Access limitations
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Site Groundwater Flow
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Extent of Groundwater Contamination
Source Area
Receptor Stream
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Problem Statement
• Wells containing dissolved petroleum constituents exceeding their respective RBSLs (MW-1, MW-4, MW-8, MW-11, MW-15, MW-17, and MW-19)
• Surface water samples from Salt Creek downgradient indicated the presence of MTBE (main concern)
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Evaluation of Oxygen DemandArea and Hydrogeology
1. Treatment Zone Physical Dimensions Values Range UnitsLength (Perpendicular to predominant groundwater flow direction) 70 1-10,000 feet
Width (Parallel to predominant groundwater flow) 140 1-1,000 feet
Saturated Thickness 15 1-100 feet
Treatment Zone Cross Sectional Area 1050 -- ft2
Treatment Zone Volume 147,000 -- ft3
Treatment Zone Total Pore Volume (total volume x total porosity) 329,956 -- gallons
Treatment Zone Effective Groundwater Volume (total volume x effective porosity) 329,956 -- gallonsDesign Period of Performance 1 .5 to 5 year
2. Treatment Zone Hydrogeologic PropertiesTotal Porosity 0.3 .05-50Effective Porosity 0.3 .05-50Average Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity 5 .01-1000 ft/dayAverage Hydraulic Gradient 0.025 0.1-0.0001 ft/ftAverage Groundwater Seepage Velocity through the Treatment Zone 0.42 -- ft/dayAverage Groundwater Seepage Velocity through the Treatment Zone 152.1 -- ft/yrAverage Groundwater Flux through the Treatment Zone 358,435 -- gallons/yearSoil Bulk Density 1.7 1.4-2.0 gm/cm3
Soil Fraction Organic Carbon (foc) 0.005 0.0001-0.1
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Evaluation of Oxygen DemandAqueous and Sorbed CoCs
3. Initial Treatment Cell Oxygen Demand (one total pore volume)
A. Aqueous-Phase Inorganic Demand Concentration MassStoichiometric
demandOxygen Demand
(mg/L) (lb) (wt/wt O2) (lb)
Dissolved Manganese ( Mn (II)) 0.000 0.00 1.0 0.00Dissolved Iron (Fe II) 0.000 0.00 1.0 0.00
Aqueous Phase Inorganic Oxygen Demand Demand (lb.) 0.00(kg) 0.00
B. Aqueous Phase Organic Oxygen Demand Demand (lb.) Concentration MassStoichiometric
demandOxygen Demand
(mg/L) (lb) (wt/wtO2) (lb)
Benzene 0.150 0.41 3.5 1.45Toluene 0.018 0.05 3.5 0.17
Ethylbenzene 0.120 0.33 3.5 1.16Xylenes 0.030 0.08 3.5 0.29MTBE 0.012 0.03 3.5 0.12Mineral Oil/TPH 0.500 1.38 3.5 4.82
Aqueous Phase Organic Oxygen Demand Demand (lb.) 8.00
(kg) 3.63
C. Sorbed Phase Organic Oxygen Demand Demand (lb.) Koc Soil Conc. MassStoichiometric
demandOxygen Demand
(Soil Concentration = Koc x foc x Cgw) (mL/g) (mg/kg) (lb) (wt/wtO2) (lb)
Benzene 83 0.06 0.97 3.5 3.40Toluene 135 0.01 0.19 3.5 0.66Ethylbenzene 95 0.06 0.89 3.5 3.11Xylenes 240 0.04 0.56 3.5 1.97
MTBE 12 0.00 0.01 3.5 0.04Mineral Oil/TPH/TOC 180 0.45 7.02 3.5 24.58
Total Sorbed Organic Oxygen Demand (lb.) 33.76(kg) 15.31
Total Aqueous and Adsorbed Demand Total Oxygen Demand (lb.) 41.8(kg) 18.94
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Evaluation of Oxygen DemandAqueous and Sorbed CoCs
4. Soluble Flux of Oxygen Demand Concentration MassStoichiometric
demandOxygen Demand
(mg/L) (lb) (wt/wt O2) (lb)
Benzene 0.150 0.45 3.5 1.57Toluene 0.018 0.05 3.5 0.19Ethylbenzene 0.120 0.36 3.5 1.26
Xylenes 0.030 0.09 3.5 0.31MTBE 0.012 0.04 3.5 0.13Mineral Oil/TPH 0.500 1.50 3.5 5.23Dissolved Manganese ( Mn (II)) 0.000 0.00 1.0 0.00Dissolved Iron (Fe II) 0.000 0.00 1.0 0.00
Total Soluble Contaminant Electron Acceptor Demand Flux (lb./yr) 8.69
Total Oxygen Flux Demand (lb/yr) 13.0(kg/yr) 5.9
Total Oxygen Flux Demand (lb/day) 0.036Total Oxygen Flux Demand (g/day) 16
kg/day 0.016
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Gas Supply and Delivery RateOxygen Cylinder Life and Production Rates
*data in cells highlighted in green can be changed
ft
psi
Your Water Pressure (psig)Total Pressure (atm)System Oxygen Flow 19.7 standard cc/min
max deviation (95% C.I.) 1.733495898 standard cc/min
Oxygen Oxygen Cylinder Volume (ft3) (pounds)
250 21
200 17
80 7
Max Dissolved Oxygen @ Y depth (ppm) 53
Oxygen Production Rate (Grams / Day) 308.0
9
Actual Cylinder Life for Y iSOCs
26
20
Depth of H2O to Unit (ft)Number of of iSOCs
Oxygen Regulator Setting (psi)
9
41.3
10
50
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Treatment Layout• Orientation and spacing based on groundwater
flow and oxygen demand • 15 to 20 ft crossgradient spacing in two fences
– 4 treatment well line downgradient to protect receptor stream
– 5 treatment wells to address oxygen demand in the target area
– Anticipated period of operation to address oxygen demand (3 years)
• Longer term operation required to maintain cut off without source remediation
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iSOC Well Layout
Proposed iSOC Treatment Wells
Treatment Shed
70 feet
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What about the source area?
• High hydrocarbon concentrations indicated the presence of possible residual hydrocarbon saturation or trapped LNAPL
• Alternative technologies were more appropriate for the source area in the given time frame for remediation
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Example Case Study:gPRO HP Oxygen Gas
inFusion and Subsurface Delivery
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Field Trial Plan
Field trials were designed to evaluate:• Feasibility of high concentration
oxygenated water injection • Oxygen distribution in the subsurface
(reported here) and• Affects of oxygen delivery on
contaminants of concern
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gPRO Oxygen System
• inVentures Technologies gPRO HP system with oxygen generator
System Constructed by Cornelsen Limited
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Injection Trial System
• gPRO 4-module system oxygenating municipal water supply
• 3 injection wells in a cluster
• Injection depth approx 3.5 meters below land surface
• Sheet pile isolation of test lane
• Groundwater flow parallel to lane
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Field Trial Test Lane
Injection Wells Monitoring Wells
Lane C
Groundwater Flow
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gPRO Operation and Monitoring DataDate gPRO
Average Injection DO (mg/l)
Average Flowrate
(l/min)
Time (min)
Total Volume Injected
(l)
Total Volume Injected
(m3)
Mass O2
Delivered (Kg)
C1 C2 C3 C4 C52/4/2008 Baseline 0.99 1.43 1.54 1.39 2.71
3/25/2008 60.3 20.0 144 2880 2.88 0.17 2.70 1.80 3.40 5.30 9.00
4/2/2008 63.2 17.5 177 3100 3.1 0.20 2.10 2.00 3.50 9.20 10.10
4/7/2008 63.2 30.0 120 3600 3.6 0.23 5.50 4.70 7.50 1.70 12.80
4/14/2008 54.1 28.6 128 3670 3.67 0.20 6.00 6.50 7.20 12.50 18.00
4/20/2008 57.3 29.4 138 4060 4.06 0.23 5.90 3.70 7.80 13.60 16.10
5/19/2008 32.7 43.0 100 4300 4.3 0.14 2.80 2.80 3.90 4.10 10.90
Peak DO (mg/L) @ GW sampling point
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Initial Oxygen Distribution 2/08
>2 mg/L
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Peak Oxygen Distribution 4/14/08
>6 mg/L>12 mg/L >18 mg/L
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NAPL Source Zone Remediationutilizing
Supersaturated Water Injection (SWI) Gas inFusion™ Technology
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Enhancement of NAPL Recovery With SWI
• Water is supersaturated with CO2 in the gPROHP System
• Supersaturated (carbonated) water is injected into the aquifer in and below the NAPL zone
• CO2 bubbles nucleate in the aquifer
• Hydrocarbons volatilize into CO2
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Enhancement of NAPL Recovery
• NAPL coats the gas bubble and is mobilized up for non-aqueous phase extraction
• Trapped NAPL ganglia are displaced by CO2 and mobilized for non-aqueous phase extraction
• Groundwater, NAPL and soil vapor are removed through dual phase extraction wells
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Technology: MechanismsMechanismsSpontaneous spreading of NAPL over water in the presence of gas and the
subsequent transfer of volatile NAPL constituents into the growing gas bubbles
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Upward mobilization of NAPL contacted by gas phase carbon dioxide
Technology: MechanismsMechanisms
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Proof of concept in the lab: In situ gas saturation development and rate of gas
evolution
Water outlet and level control
Vg1Vg2 Vg3
Vw
Bubble flow meter
Injection
Supersaturated water, C
Saturated porous medium
Production
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60 min54 min52 min41 min36 min33 min31 min28 min26 min24 min21 min17 min12 min9 min6 min4 min1 min10 sec0 min
Gas evolution during SWI: Experiment
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In situ gas evolution in the presence of impermeable barriers
SWI
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Recovery of residual hexane by SWI
Volatile NAPL is removed by gas evolution
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Saturated Zone
UnsaturatedZone
gPRO HP
SWI well Multiphase extraction well
Field ApplicationField Application
Contaminated Zone/Trapped NAPL
Induced Flow
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Design Considerationsfor Selection of iSOC and gPRO Systems
• iSOC for enhanced natural attenuation and passive plume
cut off biobarriers– Lower substrate mass requirements– Broad range of geologic conditions
• gPRO systems for active high mass substrate delivery– High substrate demand or NAPL recovery– Geologic conditions suitable for extraction and reinjection– Enhance ETR systems and targeted source area/hot spot
treatment
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Questions?
Jim BegleyinVentures/MT Environmental Restoration
[email protected]
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“Offering you the finest environmental contracting services, products & remedial technologies available”
Craig Marlow 8248 Hidden Forest Drive, Holland, Ohio 43528
Phone 419.867.8966 Fax 419.867.8976 Cell 419.349.7970 Email [email protected]
Contact: