Inventions fuel new industries and communication Industries create wealth and a working class Unions form to protect the worker Immigrants fuel growth.

Inventions fuel new industries and communicationIndustries create wealth and a working classUnions form to protect the workerImmigrants fuel growth of nation

The Inventors and their Inventions

Thomas Edison

More than 1,000 patents

Created: light bulb, phonograph, projector, storage battery, and telephone transmitter

nation’s first industrial research lab

first electric power plant in NYC

Inventions and InventorsTelegraph-invented by Samuel

Morse 18441860 lines cross US; 1866 US

connects to Europe Telephone-Alexander Graham

Bell 1876Between 1860 & 1890 US govt.

grants 400,000 patentsMany for business (typewriter)

some for luxury (Eastmen’s camera)

Henry Ford1st to mass

produce an automobile

first car was the model T

Cars were more affordable because of a process called the assembly line

Wright Brothers First successful

flightplane had 12hp

motorflew 120 feetOrville piloted,

Wilbur watched !!!

Flew at Kittyhawk, NC

Captains of Industry

Railroads lead the way in industry

by 1900 there are 5 transcontinental lines

large RR’s are consolidating smaller RR’s

Cornelius Vanderbilt one of the RR barons, owns lines from NYC to the Great Lakes

RR Growth Iron and steel needed for track and locomotives; Lumber for rails, coal for fuel

Industry must grow to meet these demands

RR’s change to a standard gauge track: all lines use the same rails = faster shipping

RR ImprovementsAir brakes, refrigerated cars, Pullmans sleeper cars along with dining cars make RR better

RR’s compete using rebates to keep and attract customers

Some RR’s form pools = agreements of no competition allowing them to set higher prices

Steel Industry

Large mills open in Pittsburgh, PN (steel capital)

Andrew Carnegie opens his first mill here

vertical integration = bought mines, ships, warehouses, and RR’s

Sold out to J.P. Morgan; creates first billion $ corporation

John Rockefellercreates a refinery for

oil in Cleveland, OH Standard Oil begins

buying out other refineries

low prices, customer pressure, RR rebates to destroy competition

creates 1st trusthas a monopoly on oil

in the USA

J.P. MorganOwned largest

banking chain in USGrew wealthy

through investmentPurchased many

industries using strength and financial backing of his bank

Philanthropy- $ benefits community

Carnegie Hall in NYC a concert hall

Vanderbilt = Vanderbilt University

Rockefeller established Univ. of Chicago and NYC Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research

Growing CorporationsCorporations begin to mergeeconomic power controlled by

few corporations1900 one-third of ALL

manufacturing controlled by 1% of country’s corporations

many states encouraged the practice

Restricting Big BusinessMany states passed laws

restricting mergersCongress passes Sherman Anti-

trust Act in 1890 to protect from monopolies and restriction of trade

Did little to curb big businessWas however used to restrict labor

Interstate Commerce Act

Passed in 1887 due to public outrage of supreme court support of railroads

Gave govt right to monitor rail traffic and freight rates

Interstate Commerce Commission created to enforce law

Had little affect until the early 1900s

Labor

Industrial WorkersWork 10-12 hours a day, 6 days a week

Fired at any time no notice.Noisy, unsafe conditions many accidents

Mines caved-in, garment workers toiled in sweatshops

1 million women worked in industry by 1900, received less pay

Child LaborChildren worked in mines &

factories as well as farms

1st child labor law said no child under 12 & kids could only work 10 hours per day.

Widely ignored law especially on farms

Unions form from angry workersKnights of Labor founded by garment workers in Philly met secretly.

Became a national society in 1880 included women, African Americans, immigrants

Strikes and poor public opinion in 1890’s ended its power

American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886 Represented skilled labor led by Samuel Gompers

pressed for higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.

wanted union to represent worker in meeting with management (collective bargaining)

AFL survives strikes and by 1904 they have 1.6 million members.

WobbliesChicago 1905 by 43

groups who left AFLInternational

Workers of the World formed

Includes unskilled laborers

Radical union included Socialists

Union Action through strikes!RR strike of 1877 happens when wages cut

Workers destroy rail yards, track

Strikebreakers hired to replace workers

Federal troops must restore order

Trouble in Chicago

Haymarket RiotWorkers from McCormick

Harvester are members of Knights of Labor

Wages cut so they go on strikeWorkers & police clash 11 killedPublic turns against Knights

Homestead Strike (Pennsylvania, 1892) at Carnegie’s steel plant

Plant cuts pay to weaken union, hires scabs

Bloody confrontation between strikers & hired scabs

Plant remains open with non-union workers

Pullman Workers Strikeemployees strike in 1894 b/c of cut wages

RR workers union refuses to handle Pullman cars so rail traffic paralyzed

Pullman files injunction to stop strike

Union leader Eugene Debs jailed refusing to stop

Pres. Cleveland uses federal troops to end strike

QUIZ1) Name one complaint labor had

against major corporations?2) Name of the first labor union?3) What strike was put down by

federal troops?4) What labor union only admitted

skilled workers?5) This strike occurred in Chicago

where police and union clashed?