Invasion of America

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Project Gutenberg's The Invasion of America, by Julius Washington Muller

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Title) The Invasion of America

  a fact story base" on the ine*orable mathematics of !ar

Author) Julius Washington Muller

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Contents.

List of Illustrations(In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers] clicking directly on the image will bringup a larger version.

(etext transcriber!s note

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"It was not because they knew how to fight# it was because they meant to stay there till theydied.$%rontispiece

THE INVASION

OF AMERICA

A FACT STORY BASED ON THE IN-

EXORABLE MATHEMATICS OF WAR 

&'

)LI)* +. ,)LL- /uthor of "0he /. &. C. of 1reparedness.$

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PREFACE

In anuary; 9:9<; ,r. =. 0. >iskniskki; manager of 0he +heeler *yndicate; asked me?"/ssuming that an enemy landed an army on the /merican coast; what could we actually do withour actual present resources used to their fullest possible extent@$

0his story was written as the answer.

I hesitated a long time before I did it. I feared and fear still the dangers to which the possession

of military power drives 2ations; and which are particularly great in the case of a epublic. 0heobvious danger that a 2ation like ours if powerfully armed may be too easily impelled to war; isgreat enough. &ut still more grave is the danger of a deep and fatal change in our 2ational spirit;our ideals and our attitudes toward the world outside of our own borders.

0herefore when I did write the story I did it with no unworthy design; and not for the sake oftaking advantage of the popular interest in the subAect.

0he story was written without any idea of suggesting that any 2ation or group of 2ations maymean to attack us. It was written with no desire to "scare$ the people of the )nited *tates intogiving thought to the army and navy. I should hold it a sad reflection on our country to assume

that it must be aroused by terror or hatred into setting its house in order.

I beg my readers to accept the story in this spirit. 0here are eight words; uttered by one of thegreatest of simple men. 0hey are? "+ith malice toward none; with charity toward all.$ Let thatspirit dominate whatever this 2ation may do for military 1reparedness; and there will be nodanger that the 1reparedness shall become &ellicosity and curse the land.

/s to the story itself; I need say only that I have tried scrupulously to avoid twisting any fact to prove a point# and I have cited no fact; even the most unimportant; without verifying it byreference to the original source. 0he description of the method of attack by the invading foreignarmies is not based on any of the conflicting tales that have come to us from the -uropean scene

of war. In fact; the present war has been almost ignored. 0he foreign army statistics and otherfacts are based on undoubtedly authoritative official and semiBofficial publications issued duringtimes of peace; on a study of the great peace maneuvers; and on information possessed by ourown military experts.

*imilarly; in treating of our own army and its situation I abstained wholly from using any of thetempting material that has been made so freely available since the beginning of the agitation formilitary preparedness; and have used; instead; the simple and surely unbiassed facts presented to

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Congress in responsible official reports before the -uropean +ar centered /merican interest onour own condition.

0he book will demonstrate for itself that the "story element$ is not made to depend on invented battles or imagined catastrophes. %acing the fact that war is an iron game; wherein the moves are

 predicated inexorably on the possession of the material in men and appliances; the fiction takesno liberties save in trying to present a living picture of what such a war; falling on an army sounprepared; will be in such a country as ours.

0he technical soundness of the book is left by me to the verdict of technical experts. 0he storywas planned; drafted; written and rewritten with the benefit of unusually authoritative assistanceand under technical coperation rarely granted to books of this nature. ,y thanks are due to menwho gave freely of their knowledge; professional ability and time without even asking that creditshould be given to them in return.

0he /uthor.

INTRODUCTION

Let us be safe rather than sorryD -very scene so graphically described by the writer of this bookwill find its duplicate in the mind of the reader who has kept himself informed of the occurrencesin the -uropean fields of war.

In war the law of 2ations; conserving the laws of humanity; is superseded by the law of necessitywhich is invoked and interpreted as to life and property by the belligerent concerned; to excuseevery act committed.

%our years of costly and exhausting Civil +ar found us able to mass on the ,exican border amagnificently trained and virile army to execute our mandate of withdrawal (under the ,onroe5octrine of a soBcalled uler by 5ivine ight and his government sustained by foreign arms.%rom that task the Civil +ar armies of both sides; trained to look with contempt upon obstacleshitherto regarded as insurmountable; turned and accomplished the construction of transBContinental railroads that would not otherwise have been built for another generation; thusinaugurating an era of unparalleled national development.

0he war in -urope; once ended; will likewise find such virile armies with warships and transportservice comparatively unimpaired and aggregating; as to the latter; millions of net tons.

0he teaching of history shows that so long as human nature remains unchanged; war cannot beeliminated as a factor in human affairs. ,eanwhile; and doubtless for centuries to follow; war isinevitable as a recurrent conseEuence of the ceaseless operation of an inexorable law of progresstoward world unity under that ultimate governmental form that shall approach nearest to the lawsof humanity and righteousness.

/s our own experience in the *panishB/merican war abundantly proves; intervening oceans lostto our command by reason of the insufficient strength of our navy; offer no obstacles to the

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landing on our shore of a first armed enemy relay sufficient to secure a gateway through whichothers would rapidly follow. 0o this we should be able to oppose only an available mobile force Fat present little more than double the police force which is deemed somewhat inadeEuate to preserve order and protect life and property in the City of 2ew 'ork.

0his book thus simply stages here in 2ew -ngland; the heart of our industrial efficiency for waror peace; scenes the counterpart of those occurring abroad from day to day; against the actualhappening of which in our own land there now intervenes a wholly inadeEuate navy and but theskeleton of an army; as in the days of the late 0homas 2ast.[9]

ohn /. ohnston;&rigadier =eneral ). *. /rmy (esigned#1resident /rmy League of the ). *.

+ashington; 5. C. 2ovember 9; 9:9<.

CONTENTS

CG/10- 1/=-

I 0he &eginnings 9

II 0he Coast &ombarded H

III 0he Landing <8

I> 0he Coast 5efenses %all 9JJ

>  2ew -nglandKs &attle 9<

>I 0he ising of 2ew -ngland 97M

>II 0he Investment of &oston HJ9>III 5efending Connecticut H8

IN 0he Capture of 2ew 'ork City H78

N 0he 1rice 0hat Gad to &e 1aid 9<

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  1/=-

"It +as 2ot &ecause 0hey 4new Gow to %ight# It +as &ecause 0hey ,eant to*tay 0here 0ill 0hey 5ied$

 Frontispiece

"5ays &efore; the /merican %leet Gad *teamed 3ut of Long Island *ound$ facing 9

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"0here +ere *hips ,oving 0oward the Long Island Coast as if to 0hreaten 2ew'ork $ H8

"0here in Connecticut Lay the /rmy ... ,iles of 0ents *eparated by =eometrically*traight ows of Company *treets$

")p ,ounted a GydroB/eroplane$ 7

"0he 5ragons of 0welveBInch ,ortars that *Euatted in Gidden 1its$ 8

"5estroyers ,oved *traight for the Garbor in a Long Line$ 7J

"Ge *teered Gis Craft; /wash; from &ehind %isherKs Island; at 5awn$ 8

"%or ,iles &eyond that the -nemyKs 1atrols Gad 3ccupied 1oints ...$ :H

"0hey %lew over the 0all ,unicipal &uilding of 2ew 'ork $ 9JJ

"0he -fficient; 1repared; esourceful Invader +as Landing Gis /rmy; 2ot 3nly+ithout Losing a ,an; but +ithout =etting a ,anKs %eet +et$ 9J:

"0he %orward 0urret of a &attleship 0urned and *poke with a =reat >oice$ 9H:

"0he 1eople Gad =one out to 0ear )p the ailroad 0racks Leading into the 0own$ 9<H

"-ntirely aw >olunteers; +ho Gad -verything to Learn$ 97J

"0here Gad &een %iring from ,illB&uildings; +hich Gad &een 5estroyed for1unishment$ 98

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In the +hite Gouse there was a conference of the Cabinet; attended by the Chief of *taff of the)nited *tates /rmy and the /dmiral who was 1resident of the =eneral &oard of the 2avy.PHQ

"0he regular troops are moving;$ reported the Chief of *taff. "-very last man of Kem is on theway east.$ Ge laughed grimly. "I take no credit for it. 0he trains of the country can do it without

changing a schedule. 5o you know; gentlemen; that even the smaller roads often handle anexcursion crowd as big as this whole army of ours@$[H]

0he *ecretary of +ar shrugged his shoulders. "5espite all the talk of recent years; despite all ourofficial reports; I doubt if the people realiRe it.$

",ake themD$ said the 1resident. "5rive it home to them; before war is brought to our coasts.$Ge turned to the two chiefs of staff. "=ive the newspapers a statement about the SmaneuversK thatwill give the public the cold truth.$

"0he fleet;$ said the /dmiral to the newspaper correspondents an hour later; "is assumed to be an

enemy fleet too powerful for opposition. It will attempt to land at least 9JJ;JJJ fighting forcessomewhere on the /tlantic Coast. It is conceded that an actual enemy planning invasion wouldnot come withPQ less than that number. It is conceded also that a sufficiently powerful fleet cantransport that number; and more; safely across the ocean. 0he 2avy; further; concedes thelanding.$[]

What Our Harbor Defenses Cannot Prevent 

"&ut our coast defenses; /dmiralD$ spoke the correspondent of a &oston newspaper. "+eKve beentold that those affairs with their monster 9HBinch rifled steel cannon and their 9HBinch mortar batteries; and mines and things; are as powerful as any in the world; and can stand off any fleetD$

"0hey are not coast defenses; sir;$ answered the Chief of *taff. "0hey are harbor defenses. 0heycan stop warships from entering our great harbors. 0hey cannot prevent an enemy from landingon the coast out of their range. /nd on the /tlantic Coast of the )nited *tates there are hundredsof miles of utterly undefended beach where any number of men can land as easily as if they weretrippers landing for a picnic. /ll those miles of shore; and all the country behind them; lie asopen to invasion;$ he held out his hand; "as this.$PQ

"0hen whatKs the use of them@$

"0hey furnish a protected harbor within which our own navy could take refuge if defeated or

scattered;$ said the /dmiral. "0hey make our protected cities absolutely secure against a purelynaval attack. 2o navy could readily pass the defenses; and probably none would venture so closeas even to bombard them seriously. Certainly no fleet could bombard the cities behind them.

"0herefore;$ he continued; "if an enemy wishes to bring war to us; he must land an army ofinvasion. 3ur harbor defenses force him to do that# butFhaving forced him to bring the army;their function ceases. 0hey cannot prevent him from landing it. +e have to do that with 3)army.$

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"/nd could you stop him; or is that a military secret@$ asked one of the party. Ge did ittentatively. Ge had been a war correspondent with foreign armies; and he did not expect a reply.

31,000 Men—Our Actual Mobile Ar!

",y dear boy;$ answered the Chief of *taff promptly; "there probably isnKt a =eneral *taffP<Q inthe world that doesnKt know all about us; to the last shoe on the last army mule. +eKve got88;JJJ men in the regular army; officers and privates.[] 3f these; you may count out 9:;JJJ.0hey are nonBcombatantsFcooks; hospital staffs; teamsters; armorers; blacksmiths; and all theother odds and ends that an army must have; but canKt use for fighting. 2ow; cut out anotherH9;JJJ men. 0hose are fighting men; but theyKre not here. 0heyKre in 1anama; Gawaii; the1hilippines; China and /laskaFand we wish that we had about three times as many there;especially in 1anama. Gow much does that leave@ %ortyBeight thousand@ >ery well. 0hatKs whatweKve got here at home. &ut youKll please count out another 9M;JJJ. 0heyKre in the Coast/rtillery; and have to man the harbor defenses of which weKve been talking. 2ow youKve got ourmobile armyFthe actual force that we can put into the field and move around. 0hirtyBone

thousand men.$

"/ pretty straight tip;$ agreed the +ashington correspondents when they left the +ar5epartment. /nd as a straight tip they passed it on to their readers. *o the 2ation read theP7Qnext morning how their army was being made ready. 0hey read how four companies of oneinfantry regiment were gathered from %ort Lawton in +ashington and another four companiesfrom %ort ,issoula in ,ontana. 0hey read how still four other companies of the same regimentwere at ,adison &arracks in 2ew 'ork *tate.[<]

0heir fifth Cavalry regiment; they learned; was being assembled like a picture puRRle by sendingto %ort ,yer; >irginia; for four troops of it; to %ort *heridan; Illinois; for four more troops and a

machineBgun platoon; and to %ort Leavenworth; 4ansas; for the remaining four troops needed toform a full regiment.

0here was field artillery whose component units were scattered; guns; horses and men; from the>ermont line to the io =rande. 0here were signal troops in /laska; 0exas; the 1hilippines and1anama.

0his was no such mobiliRation as that giant mobiliRation in -urope when a continent had stoodstill for days and nights while the soldiersPMQ moved to their appointed places. *o far scatteredwas the /merican army; so small were its units; that only a few civilians here and there couldhave noticed that troops were being moved at all.

,ore than one unBmilitary citiRen; looking over his newspaper that morning; cursed the politicsthat had maintained the absurd; worthless; wasteful army posts; and cursed himself for having paid no heed in the years when thoughtful men had called on him and his fellows to demand achange.

,ore than one citiRen; when he left his house to go to his accustomed work; looked up at the skyand wondered; with a sinking heart; how soon it would seem black with war.

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 A Drea"nau#ht For $ver! $ffective Aerican %hip

It was a peaceful; soft sky; with baby clouds sleeping on its bland; blue arch. It radiated a tranEuilwarmth of coming spring# and under it the /tlantic 3cean lay eEually peaceful; eEually soft;eEually tranEuil.

'et even as the people of /merica were taking up the dayKs work; under that soft; tranEuilP8Q seaa message was darting through the encrusted cables that swept away all peace.

&efore noon; from sea to sea and from lakes to gulf; from the valley of the Gudson to the sierrasof the ockies; from upiter Inlet to the 1hilippines; ran the silent alarm of the telegraph that the=reat Coalition had declared +arD

%ortyBeight hours later the combined battleBfleet of the four 2ations put to sea with its armytransports; bound for the /merican coast.[7]

0he )nited *tates learned of its departure before its rearBguard had well cleared the land. 0henews did not come from /merican spies. It came from the Coalition itself.

+ar; the Chameleon; as ClausewitR called it; was presenting a new aspect of its unexpected phases. 2ot a cable had been cut following the declaration of war# and now the submarine cablesand the wireless began to bring official news from the enemyFnews addressed not to the/merican government; but to the /merican people.P:Q

It was news that told of an invulnerable fleet carrying more than a thousand rifled cannon of thelargest caliber ever borne by ships in all the world. It told of enough battleships alone (andnamed them to match the epublicKs fleet with a dreadnaught for every effective /merican ship

of any kind.[M]

"CleverD$ said the *ecretary of *tate to the 1resident. "It is 0errorism.$

"5onKt you think that youKd better reconsider your idea of letting this go through@$ asked the*ecretary of +ar. "ItKs pretty dangerous stuff.$

"ItKs the 2ationKs +ar;$ answered the 1resident. "+ill it demoraliRe our people to know the truth;even under the guise of terrorism@ 5o you know in whose hands IKm going to leave thatEuestion@$

"I canKt guess;$ said the *ecretary.

"In the hands of the newspapers;$ replied the 1resident.

0he newspapers did not reEuire to be told that the purpose of this novel news service from theenemy was 0errorism.P9JQ

0hey answered 0errorism by 1rinting 0he 2ews.

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&he 'attle &hat Was Deci"e" (ears 'efore

0hen the seaBcoast cities began to call to +ashington. &y telegraph and telephone they demanded protection. It was a chorus from ,aine to =eorgia. Into the +hite Gouse thronged theCongressmen.

"5efend usD 5efend our peopleD 5efend our townsD$ said they.[8]

"+e cannot do itD$ said the Chief of *taff. "2o wit of man can guess at what point of manyhundred miles the enemy will strike. Ge may land on the 2ew ersey coast to take 1hiladelphia.Ge may land on Long Island to march at 2ew 'ork. Ge may strike at &oston. Ge may land between &oston and 2ew 'ork; on the hode Island or ,assachusetts coasts; and keep usguessing whether heKll turn west to 2ew 'ork or east to &oston. Ge may even strike for both atonce; from there.$

"0hen why not put men into each place to protect it@$ demanded a Congressman. "/reP99Q these

great cities to be left wide open@$

"'ou know how many regulars weKve got. 5o you know how many effective men weKve pulledtogether by calling out those eastern divisions of organiRed militia@ 0heir enrolled strength is<J;JJJ men. 0heir actual active strength as shown by attendance figures has been only about J per cent. of that# but we were lucky.[:] 0his danger has brought out all; probably; that were ableto come. *till; there are less than J;JJJ men# and not Euite half of those have had good fieldtraining. +e need them. +e need them so badly that weKre putting them all in the first line. &utitKs a little bit likeFwell; itKs murder.$

"0hen you mean to sayFD$ 0he Congressman was aghast.

"I mean to say;$ answered the Chief of *taff; with a set face; "that the army is going to take whatit has; and do its best. &ut itKs going to do it in its own way. 2o enemy will dream of landing aninvading army unless it is decisively; overBpoweringly superior to our own. 2ow; Congressman;the only way for anP9HQ inferior army to accomplish anything is to refuse battle until the chancesare as favorable as they can be made. 0he inferior force must retire before a superior. It mustforce the invader to follow till he is weakened by steadily lengthening lines of communications.Gis difficulties of foodBand ammunitionBtransport grow. Ge becomes involved in strange terrain.Last but not least; he gets more and more deeply into a land filled with a hostile population. &utif we must defend a specific place at all haRards; then we must stand and give battleFwell; itwill be only one battle.$

"'ou meanF@$

"I mean that such a battle is decided already. It was decided years agoFwhen the countryrefused to prepare.$

"=ood =od; manD$ 0he Congressman wiped his forehead with a trembling; fat hand. "I canKt go back and tell my people that.$

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"5ays before; the /merican fleet had steamed out of Long Island *ound.$

seaBgoing submarines; hospital ships; auxiliaries and colliers; one by one they had passed into theopen sea and vanished.

&ut though no man knew where it was; from its unknown place it spoke by wireless to+ashington; and through +ashington to the 2ation.

%rom "somewhere between the >irginia Capes and the northern end of the &ahama Islands$where it lay; it had sent out its feelers across the sea toward the onBcoming foeFswift grayfeelers whose tall skeleton fireBcontrol tops were white with watching sailors. /nd so; presently; between the enemy and the /merican coast there lay a line of relays to catch the news and pass iton to the 2ation and its fleet.

,ore than a hundred miles of sea; said the news; were covered by the advancing fleet. It was ahundred miles of steel forts# and outside of them; dashing back and forth in ceaseless patrol; werethe lighter and faster craft; consisting of destroyers and small; swift cruisers.

0he scout cruiser 'irin#ha had spied ships inside even the inner line. &ut theyP97Q were nottransports. 0hey were still warships. 0he troop transports were so far within all the protectivecordons that the /merican scouts; lying far along the horiRon; could not even sight their masts.

0he enemy fleet scarcely made an attempt to attack the spying vessels. It seemed almost that theenormous mass was too insolently sure of its power to trouble about the scouts.

*o; with watching cruisers and destroyers hanging to its sides day and night; the invadersKarmada moved westward as steady as a lifeless; wicked machine. 2ever varying their distancesor relative positions; never falling out of line; never altering their speed of 9 knots; thedreadnaughts and battleBcruisers guarded their precious transports; trusting to their outer cordonto keep off all attacks. /nd the outer cordon held true.

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"/s a man;$ said the /dmiral that night to the correspondents who pressed him for an interview;"I am glad that the earsar#e did it. /s /dmiral; I can only say that her destruction; old thoughshe was; is a heavy loss to us that would not be balanced even if; besides the ships she sank; shehad sunk both the dreadnaughts. +e have ordered the fleet to keep itself intact.$

"5oes that mean that there are to be no raids@$

"It cannot be done;$ answered the /dmiral. "+ith sufficient machinery; heroism can do greatdeeds toBday; as ever. +ithout the machinery; it can only go down; singing.[99] 0hePHJQ enemytransports are within an inmost line of great ships. /t the margin of their Rone of fire is anotherarmored line of dreadnaughts. /nd the outer cordon is at the margin of that Rone of fire. 0husone of our raiding ships would have to break through at least thirty miles; every inch of it underfire from half a doRen ships. It cannot be done. 0his enemy fleet could be broken only by bruteforce. 0o attack in force with our inferior fleet would mean simply that we should smashourselves against him as unavailingly as if we smashed ourselves full speed ahead against arocky coast.$

"&ut surely at night our ships can dash inD$ insisted the public; reluctant to give up romantichopes. "+aitFand some night you will seeD$

0hen there came a wireless relayed from the Con!n#ha; biggest and swiftest of the /mericandestroyer divisions. *he had circled the whole enemy fleet; flying around it through days andnights at the full speed of her thirty knots. Ger message told why there could be no raids at night.

0here was no night. /ll the sea; ran the Con!n#ha.s tale; was lit like a flaming city.PH9Q 0heouter cordon played its searchBlights far toward each horiRon. It played other lights inward;toward its own battleBships. /nd the line of battleBships in turn; kept mighty searchlights; bow

and stern; steadily on their transports.

-ach transport had its guard; whose bright surveillance never shifted; never wavered; from duskto dawn. 0hese sentinel dreadnaughts never turned a searchBlight to sweep the surrounding sea.0hey held their transports steadily in the white glare.

0here was not an inch of ocean within their lines that was not ablaRe. / fragment of driftwoodcould not have floated into that vivid sea without being detected by a hundred eyes.

&he -nva"er Off the Coast 

 2ow the news came fast and faster; as the fleet; and its hovering spies; came nearer.

0he Alabaa; sisterBship to the earsar#e; by haphaRard fortune got between two enemy scoutsand the main fleet; and accomplished by sudden attack what she never could have accomplished by speed. *he sank them within twenty minutes; and returned without inAury.PHHQ It was 9Binchguns against 8Binch; and the story was as it always is. 0he inferior enemy ships went down like pasteboard; under the fire of the turret guns on the /merican vessel.

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3n the same day; almost at the same hour; the scout cruiser 'irin#ha; at the other end of theenemy line; sent report that the destroyer 'ainbri"#e; tiniest of the division; had driven her two98Binch torpedoes home and sunk an armored cruiser that had fallen out of line to repair someunknown inAury to its machinery. 0he 'ainbri"#e did not tell its own story. 0he little boat andher men were blasted into nothing within ten minutes by a battleBcruiser that had turned to

 protect her mate.

0hese disasters; that might have been appalling to a lesser seaBpower; left the great navy of theCoalition unshaken. *teadily; imperturbably; it kept on its way.

*o there came the day when coasters and small craft sped wildly into the shelter of &oston and 2ew 'ork Garbors; into Long Island *ound and into the 5elaware and Chesapeake &ays. 0heyhad seen the enemy.

 2ext morning; in a gray; transparent; peaceful /pril dawn; watchers on the coast; gaRingPHQacross the empty; flat /tlantic; to the immense halfBcircle of the horiRon; saw innumerable tiny

obAects Aust sticking up above the rim of the sea. 0hrough the glass they seemed to be little perches of skeleton iron built in the deep ocean.

*et at beautifully precise distances apart; they dotted the sharply outlined edge of water and sky;north and south; far beyond vision.

Innocent and Euiet they appeared; as they stood there; growing slowly; very slowly; up out of thefar sea.

/nd the roaring presses; spouting forth extra editions east; west; north and south; told the )nited*tates of /merica?

I2>/5- /11-/* 3%% /,-IC/2 C3/*0

PHQ

II

THE COAST BOMBARDED

 2ever; even in after years; was it determined whence the news of the enemy ships came first.

/lmost as easily might a land invaded by locusts have decided what eye first saw the comingcloud; or at what precise spot.

"+arship on horiRon. *tanding in. *lowly.$ It came from the keeper of 1eaked Gill &ar LifeB*aving *tation at the far end of Cape CodKs sweeping sandBarm. %rom the crest of the 2avesinkGighlands; standing steep out of the /tlantic at 2ew 'orkKs harbor entrance; men saw ships. 3nthe high place their eyes commanded a view eighteen miles out to sea. /t that extreme distance

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were the tops of fighting craft; lying safely outside of the Rone of fire from the big guns in *andyGookKs harborBdefenses.

%rom his lantern 97 feet high the lighthouse keeper of &arnegat on the 2ew erseyPH<Q coast;forty miles south of the 2avesink; saw tops above his horiRon. "*hips standing off here;$ came

the word from Cape /nn; north of &oston.

1hiladelphia heard from /bsecon Light and cried to +ashington that the enemy was preparing toland on its coast. &oston cried to +ashington for ships and men. 2ew 'ork telegraphed andtelegraphed again and sent delegations on a special train.

+ashington faced the clamor; the appeals halfBbeseeching and halfBfurious; with a great sternaspect; new in a epublic wherein the rulers are the servants who must heed public demands.0his coming invasion was unprovoked. 0he /dministration needed no party behind it now# for itknew that this was to be a fight for life; and that only the sword could decide. /nd it had giventhe sword to the army and navy without conditions.

"It is the least we can do;$ the 1resident had said. "Long ago they warned the 2ation. 0he 2ationwould not give them the tools they needed. 2ow that there is nothing left except to do their best;they shall be left to do it in their own way.$PH7Q

*o the word went abroad among the politicians? "0he army and navy have the bit in their teeth.$/nd the politicians; once so powerful; went helplessly to the 5epartments; to ask what theymight tell their people.

"0ell them;$ said the /dmiral; "that there is nothing to sayFyet. GereD +e are sending out a bulletin.$ Ge passed it over.

&he %ea %trate#! an -nva"er Woul" $plo!

"0he enemy fleet;$ said the bulletin; "has expanded its line enormously to threaten many farseparated points simultaneously; and thus mask its actual design for landing. 3ur ships and airscouts; and the army air scouts; are trying to penetrate the screen of cruisers; destroyers andenemy airBcraft to find the real fleet with the convoys.$

"&ut is this not a chance for the navy to attack the scattered enemy ships@$ asked one.

"3pportunities may occur;$ answered the /dmiral. "&ut the business of our fleet is to keep itself

in battle formation.$[9H]

0he seaBcoast cities read the bulletin and held their breath. 0hrough their streets thunderedPHMQtheir traffic; as in peace. &ut the exchanges were closedFhad closed half an hour after opening;in panic. -ven in that short time; a thousand fortunes had been destroyed? and men passingoutside had heard from within a vast noise of cries and shrieks as of animals.

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0he banks were closing. 0he streets leading to the railroad stations from the financial centerswere clogged by slowly moving but madly crowding automobiles and cabs and trucks.-verything on wheels had been pressed into service. 3n one open truck; guarded by half a doRenmen who showed automatic pistols ostentatiously; were bags of gold. 0he )nited *tates subB0reasuries were being emptied. ,en tore at securities in their safeBdeposit vaults and stuffed

them into valises; and ran. 0he treasure of the cities was being sent inland.

In front of the newspaper offices stood the citiRens. 0hey stood so closely crowded that there wasno passage through those parts of the towns. 0heir throngs were so great that from their outskirtsonly those could read the announcements who were armed with field glasses. 0hese fortunateones told the news as it appeared? and it was repeated to thePH8Q crowds in the sideBstreets; who packed the roads from houseBedge to edge.

/ll these great crowds were utterly silent. 0here was no sound from them; except for the voicesof those who passed the news on. / man looking from a high window in a newspaper officesuddenly stepped back; with a choking in his throat. "It isFit is;$ he said; and choked again; "as

if they were waiting for the end of the world.$

 A %trate#ical %hellin# of the Coast 

Incessantly the bulletins spoke. Lighthouses; coastBguards; patrols; harbor defenses; ships; airBscouts wirelessed their reports to +ashington; and +ashington flung it swiftly through the land.

 2antucket had seen ships. 0here were ships moving toward the Long Island coast as if tothreaten 2ew 'ork. /tlantic City on the southern 2ew ersey coast; and ockport in 2ew-ngland sent out warning.

It was a still; warm morning; heavy with the soft; humid air that early spring lays on the cities ofthe sea. 0here was no breeRe; except for a languorous breathing from the distantPH:Q

"0here were ships moving toward the Long Island Coast as if to threaten 2ew 'ork.$

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ocean; that stole up the harbors and scarcely moved the air. *uddenly that brooding; heavy airwas shaken. 3neD 0woD 0hreeD

/fterward; when men compared the time; they knew that it was heard at the same instant at 2ew'ork and &oston; and all the stretches of coast between them and beyond. -ven in that moment

of fear; there were thousands who instinctively looked at their watches and timed it. It wasexactly halfBpast ten when the first shot sounded. >ery regularly; almost somnolently; came thefarBoff shocks through the air. 0here were halfBminute intervals between them; Euite exact.

0he last boom was heard at eleven. Long before that the bulletins had begun to tell that shipswere shelling the coast. 5uxbury &each near &oston was being shelled. Long &ranch and /sbury1ark were bombarded. /magansett on Long Island was in flames.

"It has stopped;$ said the bulletins; then; "0he ships have ceased firing.$

0hen there came news from the harbor defenses. 0wo ships; said 1lum Island at the east end of

Long Island *ound; had engaged the defenses at long range without effect. / shipPJQ had comein east of Coney Island; Aust outside of the Rone of fire from *andy Gook; reported %ortGamilton; and dropped shells into &rooklynKs suburbs.

 2ow the crowds were silent no longer. Long years afterward; old men told how on that still /prilmorning they were in Euiet places on the outskirts of the great cities; and heard from there agreat; strange sound as of a vast Tolian harp. It was the noise of multitudes; risen.

0hey stormed their City Galls; roaring for soldiers. 0hey tried to rush their armories; demandingweapons. 0o +ashington flashed the dreaded news of ,obs. "0roops must be sent at once;$ saidthe cities.

0he old Chief of *taff; with "the bit in his teeth;$ dropped the dispatches on the floor. "Let Kemhandle their own mobs;$ said he.

 )ot $nou#h Men to /uar" $ven the Water %uppl! of )e+ (or* an" 'oston

"Gandle your own mobsD$ he said again; to 0he &oss from 2ew 'ork; who appeared with aflaming face.

&ut 0he &oss had the bit in his teeth; too. 0hose dispatches; and long distance telephoneP9Qmessages from close lieutenants; had filled him with a dread that was bigger than the newBborn

dread of the old soldier. "IKve broken bigger men than youD$ he roared. "/ thousand times biggerD 3nce and for the last time; are you going to send the army to protect us@$

"3nce; and for the last time;$ said the =eneral; Euietly; "noD$

0he &oss looked at him. Gis eyes glared. 0hen; all at once; he saw that in the =eneralKs face thatgave him a big; new; overwhelming knowledge. Ge saw that the new word "23$ had been bornin +ashington# and that he and his henceforth would have to admit that it meant "23.$

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It hit him like a club. *omething came from his throat that was not a sob; yet strangely like one."0hen whatFthenFare we going to everlasting smash@$

"Listen;$ said the =eneral; gravely calm as in the beginning. Ge laid his hand on the politicianKsshoulder. "+e have swept together the stuff that you and your kind gave us in these past years.

)p there;$ he pointed north; "in Connecticut; our officers have been fighting to make an army ofitFof battalions that havePHQ no regiments; of divisions that are not divisions; of riflemen whonever learned to shoot and of cavalry that never learned to maneuver. &ut even if all that messwere not a messFif all these young men were fit to fight in the battle line this moment; there arenot enough of them to guard even the waterBsupply of 2ew 'ork and &oston.$[9]

"0hen you wonKt put any men into the city@$

"0o defend a city from within is an act of desperation; no matter how big oneKs army is;$ said the=eneral. "0he place to defend a city is as far away from it as you can meet the enemy.$

"&ut the newspapers say that you havenKt men enough to stop him.$ 0he &oss had dismissed allattempt to bluster. "IsnKt there a chance@$

"2ot if he comes in the force we expectFand he will be sure to come so.$ 0he =eneral did notendeavor to soften his statement. Ge spoke sharp and short; "/nd rememberFthe cities are notthe )nited *tates. 3ur business is to keep the army in the field for the )nion; not for 2ew 'orkor &oston or even +ashington.PQ

"0here in Connecticut lay the /rmy.... ,iles of tents separated by geometrically straight rows ofCompany streets.$

0here is a price to be paidFand perhaps the cities must pay it.$

"/nd youKll pay the price; too;$ muttered the Chief of *taff; looking northward toward 2ew-ngland from his window after the politician had gone. "'ouKre paying it now; with sweat andnerves# and youKll pay it in lives.$

 A Militia &hat Cannot %hoot 

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0here; in Connecticut; lay the army; looking formidable enough. adiating in beautiful precisionfrom a central point; were miles of tents separated by geometrically straight rows of companystreets. 3ver all the great space; afoot and horseback; in companies and troops; in sEuadrons and battalions; moved spruce; agile figures in the trim efficient campaign dress of the /mericansoldier. =lossy; bright flags floated everywhere. 0he sweet bugles sang.

It would have seemed a very harmonious; solidly welded whole; that army; to any layman whocould have had a birdKs eye view of its businessBlike assembly; its great parks of artillery; its fullcorrals of mounts; its endless rows of tents and eEuipage and its enormous trains of transportvehicles and ambulances.PQ

&ut at one end of that great; orderly; formidable camp were hordes of organiRed militia firing attargets. +ith the enemy on the coast; these men were still being broken in to shootFnot to become sharpBshooters; but to Eualify merely as secondBclass marksmen that they might at leastlearn enough about the use of their rifles to be not entirely useless in battle. -ver since the militiaof the coast *tates had come in; smallBarms experts of the army had been clutching greedily at

every bit of daylight; to teach 9;JJJ men how to shootF9;JJJ men of an armed force that wasoffered by the *tates to be the countryKs first line of defense.[9]

Into that camp had marched a month before; with flags flying; bands gallantly playing; weaponsgleaming; one whole *tateKs militia organiRation of which only MJJ men had fired regularly in practice during the whole preceding year. 3nly <H< of even that small number had Eualified asshots; and more than a thousand were carried as utterly unEualified. 3f that entire *tate force;only one man had passed through the regular army EualificationP<Q course with the rifle; andonly twelve had Eualified at long range practice.[9<]

"&rave@$ said the hapless =eneral of &rigade who had them under his hands. "&rave@ If we gave

Kem the order; they would charge an army with their bare hands; sirFand they might as well.$

Ge fluttered a sheet of paper in his hard; hairy fist. 0he sheet showed H<;< organiRed militiaenrolled as "trained men armed with the rifle.$ 3f these 9<;:HM men had Eualified sufficiently to be fit for firing in battle. 0here were a thousand men in that command whose records showedthat they had not fired their rifles a single time in a year? and the =eneral had reason to believethat many of these never had used weapons except as instruments of parade.[97]

%tate Artiller!en &hat Have )ever ualifie" as /unners

/ mile away; in the artillery encampment; a field artillery battery of regulars from %ort *ill swept

their guns at top speed through passagesP7Q so tight that it seemed impossible for the flyingwheels to clear them. *harply they wheeled and came to position; Aust as a militia battery arrived.

0he militia guns were hauled by horses that their *tate had hastily hired or bought. 0he bruteshad hauled trucks in a city# and in trying to wheel; one of them straddled the gun. In a momentthe gunBteam was around and over the guns in a confusion of chains and leather.

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"5o you stable your mounts on top of your guns in the milish@$ shouted a regular; gleefully. &uthe and his fellows helped goodBnaturedly enough.

"+e never had horses till now;$ growled one of the militiamen; who was stooping to tug at atraceBchain. It made his face fiery red. "*tate wouldnKt give us any; and we didnKt have stables;

anyway; in our armory. *o we couldnKt break in any mounts.$

"2or you couldnKt break yourselves in; chum; I guess;$ spoke another regular. "Gow the devildid you get gunnery practice@ Gaul your little gun out by hand to the firing ground@$

0he militiamen fumbled at the trace again. "5idnKt fire it;$ he said; without looking up.PMQ

"/ll right; milishD$ shouted the regular. "*hakeD 'ouKre game; all right; you boysD +illing; bygum; to face the Gell that youKre going to get; and not a gunner in your battery. %ine leatherBheaded citiRens you must have; back home.$

"0hey didnKt think much of artillery at home;$ grinned the militiaman. "0hought that infantrywas all they needed. 0hey sort of thought we Aust had a little toy to play with.$

"'ou ainKt going to be lonely; milish;$ grunted the regular; sauntering off. "0ie a necktie aroundyour horses and then go over yonder. 'ouKll find three other batteries from three other *tates thatnever had no horses; never had no mounted drills; and never Eualified as gunners.$[9M]

Cavalr! Without Horses an" 2n"rille" 

/ griRRled Colonel of Cavalry rode by. )nder his shaggy eyeBbrows he shot a glance at thehelpless battery; and swore. Ge dated back to Indian times; and they said of him in theP8Q army

that he knew nothing except cavalry tactics and horses. &ut he knew them# and he was breakinghis old heart over the militia cavalry that had come under his command.

*ome he had that were good enough to win his full praise# but none of these was full as to Euotaof men. 0he Colonel of the best of the regiments was riding at his side. It was an organiRed forceof rich men; each of whom had brought his own mount; trained as carefully as any cavalry horse;and perfectly eEuipped. "%ine; sir; fineD$ said the old Indian fighter. "&ut ohD +ait till you seewhat arrived last week. 0hey can rideD 'es; sir; they can ride. Geaven knows how they learned it;for they didnKt ever have a mount except what they hired in livery stables. / rich *tate; too; andone that did its infantry damned well; damned well; sir. It was supposed to be a regiment ofcavalry that we were to get. 5o you know what arrived@ 0wo sEuadronsD /nd; sir; they came

afoot. 0hey served a *tate that evidently prefers horseless cavalry.$[98]

Ge chewed his cigar and threw it away.P:Q "Look over thereD$ he continued. "*ee those chaps@0hey were among the first to come to us. 'es; sir. 0he entire cavalry force of that *tate came out Fthe entire force; you understand. 5Kyou want to know how many there were@ 0hree troops;F threeFtroopsFconfound me; sir. 2ot a whole sEuadron. &ut as these three troops were in threedifferent parts of the *tate they hadnKt even been drilled to move together in their little three

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troops as one body. +eKre Aust getting Kem so that they can ride in sEuadron without smashinginto some other troop and crumpling the whole outfit to Gades.$[9:]

%tate &roops Without Me"ical %upplies, %hoes, Overcoats

-ven while the old cavalry leader was swearing; a delegation of civilians; sent to visit the campofficially; was gathered at headEuarters. 0he visitors were haggard and worried? but; with theeverBready optimism of the extraordinary /merican race; the most worried one of them all said?"/ splendid army. Looks fit to fight for its life. +e are sure that you willPJQ give a goodaccount of yourselves; =eneral; against any force.$

"/gainst any force;$ echoed another.

0he ,aAorB=eneral did not reply. Ge gaRed over the spick and span tents; the spick and spanmen; the spick and span guns; far and on; and on; over an encampment that stretched out of sight behind distant wooded heights.

In the immediate line of his vision lay the sanitary camp. 0here; beside his own regulars; laysanitary troops of the *tate militia that had come into camp without ambulance companies;without field hospitals; without medical supplies. Ge thought of one regiment (a regiment on paper; seven companies in reality that had appeared without even its service outfit of shoes andovercoats. 0wo whole *tate divisions; had they gone into action on their own strength; wouldhave had no ambulances at all to carry off their wounded. 3ne division; formed from a *tate thathad done better than most with its militia; arrived for war with two field hospitals short andlacking seven full ambulance companies. -ven the richest *tate of the seaBboard groups had leftits organiRed force short; both a field hospitalP9Q and an ambulance company. 2ot one of all themilitia forces from all the *tates had ambulances enough.[HJ]

0he soldier looked up at the sky. "LordD LordD$ he muttered; not impiously. "/n extravagantland. /s extravagant with its lives as with everything else.$

&he One &hin# in Which Our Ar! Woul" 'e Perfect 

0here was only one thing in which that army was preUminent and perfect. It was in the matter oftransport. -ven that had been made only since war was declared# but it had been made swiftly;thoroughly; because it demanded only an efficient; swift gathering of vast resources.

+ithin an hour of the declaration; the army had swept the coast *tates from 2ew ersey to ,aine

clear of everything serviceable that had wheels. 1iled on miles of sidings beside the magnificentrailroad system lay the rolling stock of a doRen great commercial *tates. Like mammoth trainsalong the sides of all thePHQ highways; north; south; east and west from the camp; were thereEuisitioned automobiles and trucks.

0his army was going to be able not only to fight on its stomach; as 2apoleon said; but it wasgoing to be able to fight on flying feet; too.

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*o great were its resources in motive power; that although there were motor vehicles making adouble line miles long on each of half a doRen roads leading from the camp; there still werethousands of swift cars free to patrol the /merican coast from the end of ,aine to the >irginiaCapes.

0he army might not be able to withstand a blow# but it could dodge.

It could know; too; in time to dodge. Its own trained intelligence department was supplemented by ten thousand and more untrained observers and watchers; who tried to make up for their lackof technical skill by keen intelligence; alertness; adventurous daring andFunlimited privatemeans.

Oueer enough were their reports; often incomprehensible; freEuently absurd to the point oftragedy. In a measure; they made a confused trouble for army headEuarters# yet onPQ thewhole they were invaluable in that time; when the )nited *tates was so wofully short of scouts.

&he First Aerican to %ee the $ne!.s &roop %hips

0he volunteer scouts spied out the air as they did the roads.

It was a volunteer who soared out in his biBplane from 2ew &edford in ,assachusetts thatmorning; when the newspapers announced the approach of the hostile fleet. Ge had learned toloop the loop for fun; fun being the great obAect of his gay though strenuous existence.

%ortunate it was; indeed; that rich men had taken up aviation as a sport? for the enemy had comewith aeroplanes counted not by scores; but by hundreds. /nd to oppose them; the /merican armyand navy combined had exactly HD[H9]

 2ow it had happened that the few military airmen; attempting their scouting flights from thesouth and the west; had encountered unfortunate cloudless conditions; which Euite preventedPQ them from evading the far superior forces of hostile airmen. 0hey had; therefore; been beaten back; continually; before they could pierce the screen.

0he volunteer; however; sweeping across the mouth of &uRRards &ay and out between the islandsof 2o ,anKs Land and ,arthaKs >ineyard; dipped into one of those drifting; isolated fogs that are born in the waters of 2antucket *hoals. &efore a slow; laRy wind; the thick vapors went steamingand trailing out to sea; and he went with them. 3ccasionally he rose above the bank and lookedout; like a man lifting himself from a trench. Ge had done this about a doRen times; and he was

getting into the thin; seaward end of the fogBbelt; when he saw ships.

Instantly he went up; up; up. It was a racing oneBman biplane. Ge thanked Geaven for its speed?for even as he was looking down on the ships; little things detached themselves from the decksand arose. 0hey were specks at first; but in a moment they had grown. Ge watched them growout of a corner of his eye; but with all his vision; all his concentrated attention; he looked at thefleet.P<Q

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0here; surrounded by war vessels; he saw a long line of immense twoBfunneled; three funneledand fourBfunneled steamships# and he knew that he was the first /merican to see the trooptransports of the enemy.

&he )e+s the Airan 'rou#ht 

Ge was turning in a sharp circle to flee even while he counted them. Ge was darting toward thecoast; even while he still looked sidewise down at them to finish his count. 0hen; rolling andswooping as he put on the fullest speed of his racing engine; he fled; with five navy planes behind him; coming on the wings of their explosive storm.

Ge wondered if they were firing at him. /ll that he knew was that his world Aust then was onlyone blur of whistling; strangling; smiting air and deafening roar. Ge struck a hole in the air and pitched sharply. Ge swept over the fog bank. It could not help him now. Ge dared not sink lowenough to hide in it. *hining brightly in the bright air; he volleyed straight on as if he were goingto dash into the blue wall of sky ahead.

Ge won. Ge never knew how far the enemyP7Q planes had pursued; or whether they had comenear him or not. Ge knew only that suddenly there was a yellow band of sandy land deep; deepunder him; that the next instant trees and hills swept past like little colorBprints; and that he cameto earth.

0hen he reached for a flask. /nd then he looked to wonder where he had landed. /nd then heheard the roar of a motor on one side of him; and the roar of a motor on the other. "Gands upD$shouted a man in khaki; leaning from the side of a swaying; drunkenly rolling car. Ge put up hishands; laughing hysterically.

%ifteen minutes later the telephone bells rang in the forts on %isherKs Island; 1lum Island; in the 2arragansett Garbor defenses; and in the headEuarters of the field army. It told them that theenemy transports were thirty miles south of 2antucket Island; standing in for &lock Island *oundor Long Island.

2nleashin# the %ubarines

)p from %isherKs Island under the Connecticut shore mounted an army hydroBaeroplane. It roseH;JJJ feet; and circled there;PMQ

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")p mounted a hydroBaeroplane.$

with such graceful; steady wheelings that despite its constant speed; it seemed to be soaring inlaRy spirals like a sleepy gull. )nder the two fliers in the machine lay the eastern entrance ofLong Island *oundFthe watergate to 2ew 'ork; with halfBopen Aaws whose fangs were the gunsof %isherKs Island on the north and 1lum Island on the south. )tterly harmless and innocuousseemed those two Aaws; for not even the keenest eye could make out from above anything moresavage than grassy mounds and daintily graded slopes of earth. 2ot even the sharpest glass couldsee within those pretty models in relief the dragons of 9HBinch mortars that sEuatted in hidden

 pits sixteen in a group; or the sleek; graceful rifled cannon whose secret machinery could swingtheir thirtyBfive tons upward in an instant and as instantly withdraw them after they had spat outtheir half ton of shot.

&etween the guarding Aaws there was deep waterFdeep and beautifully green. 3ne of the airmenspoke to the other; who was looking out to sea through his glasses. "0here they go;$ he said;nodding to indicate the water below.P8Q

&oth looked. 0hey looked into fifty feet of ocean; but their height made it but as a thick pane ofdim green glass.

0hey saw things moving; deep down. 0hey were sleek and gray; like small whales. &ut they hadsnouts longer and sharper than any whale that ever swam. 0hree of them there were; moving outto sea through the entrance; steadily; at about ten knots an hour.

&he Wait for the $ne! to %tri*e

/n hour passed. 0he men in the hydroBaeroplane descended; and their reliefs went up. 0heycircled for an hour. *ometimes they drifted out to sea till the land was lost behind them.

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It would not; now. &efore noon there were men in all the armoriesFmilitia fragments andvolunteers. 0hey were incapable of fighting soldiers# but the mobs were as helpless against themas they; in turn; were helpless against trained armies.

 All &hat Our %ubarines Coul" Accoplish

3n a dreadnaught in the van of the convoying fleet; stood the /dmiral of the armada. Ge wasspeaking with the shipKs Captain; as they paced up and down the bridge. -verywhere enormouslylong polished black cannon thrust their supple bodies out of turrets. Like the peering heads ofserpents; the guns of the secondaryP<9Q batteries looked out from bow to stern. -verywherestood officers and men at Euarters. +ithout a momentKs pause signals ran up and down; wimplingout their gaudy messages; and everlastingly the wireless sounded its stuttering staccato. 'et therewas a placid; strangely peaceful Euiet over the whole gray; tall; bristling machine. -xcept for itsappearance; it might have been a pleasure yacht.

"ItKs a lovely shore;$ the /dmiral was saying. "*ome beautiful estates and charming people. I

was delightfully entertained within five miles of where we shall land. It seems a rough return forhospitality. &ut one does for oneKs country what one would not doFhelloD$

0he dreadnaughtKs circling destroyers were coming at the ship headlong. 0he Captain leaped tothe rail. &efore he got there; the shipKs port battery crashed. / signalman pointed at the waterfifty yards off. *omething like a staring; hooded eye had looked from the sea for a moment.

It was the last thing the signalman saw on earth. 0he dreadnaught shuddered. +hile its gunswere still firing; it lifted with a Aerk as a man would lift if caught by an upwardP<HQ swing underthe Aaw. / great; Eueerly muffled explosion shook it. %or perhaps a minute it tore along under theimpetus of its own speed; but it did not move smoothly. It Aolted; like a cart going over a rough

road. 0hen it began to topple. 3ver and over it leaned; slowly; fast; faster. 0here was not anoutcry. *hort calls of command there were from officers; but not a sound from the men.

It was very still now. 0he wireless had ceased; the engines were shut off; and there was only theroar of steam.

0he dreadnaughtKs crew was clinging; like men clinging to a steep cliff; holding fast toeverything that would give footBhold or handBgrip on the inclined deck. / signal climbed alongthe toppling mast. 0hen; with a thunder of breaking metal; with fireBhose; ammunition cases;instruments; shipKs furniture all volleying into the sea; the ship fell full on her side and wentdown.

 A Maneuver to $scape 2n"ersea Attac* 

In a hissing; breaking sea that instantly was gray with ashes and multiBcolored with oil; swameight hundred men. 2one came nearP<Q them. 0he dreadnaughtKs last signal had been the orderto keep off? and the big fleet was weaving in and out at top speed; in a maneuver long since perfected; to escape other attacks from the invisible things.

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%ar astern raved the guns again. 0his time the alert destroyers had not missed their aim. / periscope disappeared. 1resently; slowly; little spreading disks of oil swam on the surface; andunited; and more floated upward and spread.

 2ot for a moment had the fleet fallen into disorder. -ven while the destroyers were picking up

what survivors they could find; another dreadnaught hoisted its commanderKs flag as /dmiral; in place of the one who lay under the bright green water. / speed cone went up? and warships andconvoy steamed full speed ahead.

Galf an hour later the periscopes of two submarines; outdistanced; bobbed up far behind the fleet.0heir gray shapes arose; streaming. 0he manholes opened and heads came out; blinking into thesunlight and drawing in great breaths of fresh air. 0hey followed the ships toward the coast.P<Q

3ne of them hoisted a wireless apparatus; and began to call. It was a weak call; that had to berepeated again and again. 0hen ,ontauk 1oint heard; over a temporary apparatus; and received;and began to send on to 2ew 'ork# and the bulletins told that submarine ,B: had sunk the

/dmiralKs flagBship; that submarine =B had sunk a destroyer; and that submarine 3B9 had beenlost.

">ictoryD >ictoryD >IC03'D$ ran the news. 0hey knew that it was not victory; those great;anxious crowds that stopped all traffic that day in all the continent of 2orth /merica. &ut for awhile they were thrilled; and they cheered; and forgot the slow; implacable grip of irresistible power that was closing in on their eastern seaBcoast; not to be stayed; not even to be halted.

&he 'obar"ent of the Coast 

0he day passed; and the dusk came in. / pleasant evening it was; warm enough to tempt people

to stay outBofBdoors. -ven in the trembling seaBcities there was all the wonted life of such aseason. 0he rich had fled# but the others remained. 0here was nothing else forP<<Q them to do. /few months before; had any of them been asked what they would do in case of an invasion; theywould have painted a picture of the millions fleeing from their cities with what possessions theycould lug. 0hus it had been in -urope; as they had read. 0hus it would be in /merica.

&ut it was not so. 0here they were; watching and waiting; and clinging to the only hold theyknew. /nd in this soft dusk; there they loitered in their countless miles of streets; and talked; andargued; and prophesied; Aust as they had done always. /nd everywhere in the miles fronted bylittle houses and tenements and tall apartments the children were ushering in the spring by playing ringBaroundBrosy. -verywhere their thin; clear young voices made the old accustomed

music of the towns.

-N0/D -N0/D

In the soft dusk; on the hode Island and ,assachusetts coast there was falling red Gell and ruin.

3ut of the tranEuil; empty sea it had come. 3ut there; far out; in the pearl and gray; there had been flashes. 0here had been roars and whistles and bellows in the high; still air; coming;P<7Q

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comingD /nd the shells had plunged down; everywhere; unending. *treams of iron; streams offire; streams of screaming; bursting things? things that struck the land and spun into it like beasts biting; and burst; blasting away forests and houses and men in crimson whirlwind? things that plunged into towns and ricocheted; and pulled down walls and towers? things that darted at power plants and darkened the world? and things that burst into towns with fierce fire and set the

world aBlight.

It was not news that came through the spring night. 0o the men at the receiving ends of wires itwas as if there were coming to them one wild din of terror. Gere were telephone messages that broke off in the middle and were never to be resumed on this earth. Gere were telegraphdispatches that stopped suddenly and left the wire dead; its far end dangling where a shell hadtorn down the poles. %rom hill tops far inland came raving words of burning towns glaring red inthe country below. %rom somewhere unknown; from somebody unknown; came one word over atelephone that instantly went out of commission. It was? "=od.$

In the cabin of the new flagBship sat the newP<MQ /dmiral. 0he ship was shaking with the

explosions from its secondary batteries; but the cabin was orderly and sedate. / shaded light wasshining on a chart.

"/nother hour of this;$ said the /dmiral; "and I think the coast will be nicely cleared for thelanding.$ Ge selected a cigar from its box; and lit it carefully.P<8Q

III

THE LANDING

0he first /merican soil on which the invader set foot was not on the mainland. It was a steepBedged; windBblown bit of 2ew -ngland territory that swims like a ship far out on the /tlantic inthe great misty ocean gate between painted =ay Gead on ,arthaKs >ineyard and the brownBhanded lighthouse of ,ontauk 1oint; Long Island.

)nimportant to the world; but famous in /merican history and legend is this &lock Island or,anisees; as the Indians called it; meaning the Isle of =od. Gere; ever since /merican libertywas born; there have clung generations of seaBfaring; stormBfighting 2ew -ngland men; proud tocall themselves hode Islanders; though the *tate to which they belong is so far away that theycan only Aust see its coast.

&lock IslandKs men and women stood on ,ehegan &luff and &eacon Gill and Clay Gead;P<:Qwatching their sky fill with fighting tops and enemy flags; and their sea oppressed by enemycraft. /mong those who stood there that day were descendants of men who had fought at sea inevery /merican war. *ome were there who could boast that their ancestors had crept into LongIsland *ound in little sloops; and even in rowing boats; to harry tall 4ingKs ships.[HH]

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*trongBhearted; like their forefathers; were these men. 0hey looked out on their beset horiRon anddoubled their sunBburned hands into fists; longing to get among the foe with ship to ship; gun togun; and the battleBflag of /merica shining.

0his was no tame population; to be terrified like a driven herd. *macksmen were these;

accustomed to looking unafraid into the black snarl of storm. *wordfishermen were here whowent daily; without a second thought; to fight the lithe spearsman of the sea in his own element.

&he First -nva"er 

/ cruiser rushed at their island. Geavy with turreted guns and broadside batteries;P7JQ tall withlaced iron mastBtowers and wide funnels and ponderous cranes; swarthyBgray over all like a>ulcanKs smithy; the enormous thing stopped half a mile out with the guns of the secondary batteries pointing at the land. %rom under her Euarter; around bow and stern; swept destroyerswith cocked funnels spitting smoke and with ready; alert men at the lean little guns.

0hey moved straight for the little harbor; in a long line. 3n the bridge of the foremost; an officerwaved a hand at the crowd of fishermen on the shore; pointed to his guns; and; with a backwardmotion; to the cruiser.

"/yeD +e take the hint; damn yeD$ growled an old man. "Ge means;$ he turned to the rest; "thatweKd better not make a fussD 5rop thatD$ Ge turned sharply to a younger man; who had Aust Aoined the group. Ge had a shotBgun; half concealed under his coat.

"/re we going to take it laying down@$ demanded the armed man.

0he old man pushed him backward with both hands. "'ou foolD 0hat thing out there could blow

us off the island; men; women andP79Q

"5estroyers moved straight for the harbor in a long line.$

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children; as if we was dead mapleBleaves afore a southeastern galeD$

0he destroyers had stopped. 0he crews swung their guns toward the shore.

%rom the cruiser dropped six shipsK boats; full of blueBAackets. 0hey swung past the destroyers;

 beached; and formed in a line. 0here was a click of breechBbolts shot homeFso Euick that it wasas but one sound.

/ Lieutenant advanced his men with the swinging navy trot. Ge pointed to men in the littlethrong; selecting six of the older ones. "+e take the island;$ he said in precise -nglish. "%all inD+e hold you responsible for the good order of the rest of your people. 0here must be no attemptat resistance.$

+hile he spoke; another detachment of the landing party had been busy among the huddle of boats in the harbor. *ome were being made up into a tow. 3thers were being scuttled at theirmoorings. / third detachment was knocking holes into the smaller craft hauled up on shore.[H]

P7HQ

&he First Aerican to Fall 

0hree sailors were Aust driving boatBhooks through the bottom of an upBturned catBboat; when atall young fisherman leaped at them with an oaken tillerBhandle; and struck one down.

0he other two closed on him; but let go again almost instantly at the sound of a sharp order. 0heytore themselves away and Aumped aside.

0here was another order; in the same sharp voice. Instantly; while the fisherman still stood;staring; with his weapon in the motion of striking; a blast of fire spat at him from six carbines.Gis head went up; exposing his broad brown throat. Ge thrust his hands before him; all thefingers outBspread. +ith his eyes wide open; he tottered and pitched face down.

/nother order; and the sailors wheeled; covering the islanders.

"5anD$ screamed a girl in the crowd. "GushD 5onKt lookD$ /n older woman caught her aroundthe neck and pressed the girlKs face to her breast.P7Q

"Ge brought it on himselfD$ said the Lieutenant to the fishermen. "0ake warningD 0hat is warD$

Ge turned; and walked to the beach.

0he dead man lay where he had fallen. 0he blueAackets; lowering their carbines; came to rest beyond him; facing the &lock Islanders impassively.

 2one of these had said a word. *ave for the outcry of the girl and the womanKs "GushD$ there had been utter silence; as if the discharge of the weapons had swept away speech. *lowly clenching

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%ollowing the long tows with their heaped brown freight; six cruisers moved toward the coast;each guarded by destroyers whose men watched the sea for a periscope; or for the whitened;P77Q broken water that would indicate the presence of a submarine.[H]

0hey moved fast; until they were within three miles of land. 0hen they opened fire.

*teaming rapidly up and down; ship behind ship; they loosed all their broadBside batteries;starboard and port in turn; simultaneously. *o fierce was the blast that the water shook. /ll thesurface of the sea between the ships and the land Euivered. %antastic vibrationBripples shot allaround; like cracks on a shattered steel plate.

0he blast killed the wind; and made an infernal little gale of its own around each ship; that spunin hot ascending columns. *urfaceBswimming fish were struck dead and floated in schools on thewater; miles away. -ven the bottomBhaunting creatures felt the shock and scurried into the sandand mud.[H<]

P7MQ

0his was only the blast from the lips of the guns. It was only pressure. It was only the releasedenergy that drove conical steel masses forward. 0hey sped with a violence that would leave theswiftest locomotive behind in the wink of an eye. Like locomotives smashing into an obstacle;the proAectiles hit the land.

0hat impact alone was annihilation. Gaving struck; the proAectiles exploded.

0he chart under the shaded light in the /dmiralKs cabin had a semiBcircle marked on itFa semiBcircle that made a great segment into the land. /s if it were in the electric arc; the country in that

Rone of fire melted. Gouses vanished into stoneBdust and plasterBdust even as the screaming thingthat had done it struck houses a mile beyond and threw them on each other. *treets became pitswith sloping sides that burned. 0rees rocked; roaring as in a gale; and were tossed high; and fell;and twisted in flame. 0he land shriveled.P78Q

 A ast Confusion of Facts an" 4uors

/s the shells fell on 2ew -nglandKs coast; so the news fell on the )nited *tates. It sped as a vastconfusion of facts and rumors; bewildered tales of terror; inventions born of craRed brains;dispatches that told only half a story; and messages that told none at all and yet; in their veryincoherence; told more than intelligible words could have done.

0he newspapers were tested that night; and the steady; intangible discipline of the greatorganiRation held true. 2ever a linotype in all the cities had to wait for its copy. 0he word wentto the presses to "let her go.$ -xtras followed extras.

&ut the news sped ahead of the extras. It sped; and spread; and grew; and became monstrous.

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0he enemy had forced the harbor defenses of &ostonD *o ran the rushing rumor in 2ew 'ork and1hiladelphia. Long before trains could carry papers there; people in farBoff country districts heardit.

0he *tate Gouse was in ruinsD 1ortsmouth and &oston 2avy 'ards had fallenDP7:Q

 2ew 'ork; ran the stories through &oston and all 2ew -ngland; was invested at both approachesD%ort 0otten had been blown upD 0he enemy ships had the range of the city; and already the skyBscrapers were toppling into &roadwayD

0he government was fleeing from +ashingtonD /n army had landed on the 5elaware coastD

-ven those who had the newspapers before them; and knew that none of these things was true;were shaken when the tales that had sped ahead; came back like the backBwash of a wild sea.,any hundreds that night ran with the newspapers in their hands and helped to spread; and makemore fantastic; the fantastic falsehoods that had been born miles away.

&ut the newspaper organiRation worked steadily. &it by bit the medley took tangible form. %romthe watchful; selfBcontrolled chain of lightBhouse and lifeBsaving stations; revenue marine andother coast guard services# from the steady; unimaginative army and navy# from the alert;unshaken harborBdefenses; bit by bit the story of the night began to come in orderly seEuence.PMJQ

&he %ea itals of the Coercial 2nite" %tates

0he enemy fleet was biting into the seaBvitals of the commercial )nited *tates; the southerncoast of 2ew -ngland between Cape Cod and Long Island *ound whose possession is the key to

the manufacturing and industrial life of the -ast.

&attleBships lying off the mouth of &uRRards &ay were dropping shells into the harbor and intothe shores. 3ne ship had ventured close into the land; approaching within the Rone of fire from%ort odman; and had dropped shells near 2ew &edford. Gidden by intervening hills; it hadescaped return fire; and was now lying Aust out of range; dropping an occasional 9<Binch proAectile toward the defenses.[H7]

3ther ships were firing into 2arragansett &ay. 0hey; too; were firing at immensely long range; toavoid return fire from the defenses.PM9Q

,ontauk 1ointKs wireless transmitted a dispatch that three vessels were standing in there andlowering boats. 0hen the apparatus fell silent.

1oint udithKs wireless had ceased speaking soon after dusk. Its last dispatch was that shells werefalling near it. /n hour later its operators reported from 2arrangansett 1ier that the tower had been destroyed.

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It was wicked murder. "+icked murderD$ said the wires; telling their tale to their fellowBcitiRensfar away.

0he men who were working the shipsK guns were from little villages; from pretty seaBshorehamlets like these themselves. 0hey were not thinking of the habitations which were being

 blasted away. It was an operation of war. 0his was the chosen time; and this the chosen place; for the landing of the army that waited in the gloom of the sea for them to make the shore safe for it.

+ith their brooms of steel and fire; they simply were sweeping clear the floor on which thatarmy was to set its foot.PM<Q

%ar in shore of the flameBtorn cruisers; safe from any landBfire under the parabolas of the naval proAectiles as if they were under a bombproof arch; certain little vessels had toiled up and downfrom the beginning. *lowly; for they dragged between them long wire cables that hung down tothe seaBbottom; they moved back and forth along the beach; fishing.

0he fish they were trying to catch were spherical and conical steel fish that bore little protuberances on their tops like the sprouting horns of a yearling kid.

/ touch as soft as the touch of a loverKs hand could drive those little horns inward; to awaken aslumbering little devil of fulminate of mercury; whose sleep is so light that a mere tap will breakit. /nd the fulminateKs explosion would detonate three hundred pounds of gunBcotton.

0he submarine mine says to the big ships? "I am 5eathD$ /nd they cannot answer it.

/uns &hat Were 'ein# Ma"e &oo 5ate

&ut there is an answer to the mine. It is the mineBsweeper that drags for them. 0he men on thesemineBsweepers dedicate themselves to the tomb. *ome must inevitably perish. 0heyPM7Q willfind a mine with their keels instead of their groping drags# or they will grapple one too close# ortheir wire cable will clutch two mines and swing them together; so that the little horns touchF 

&ut; if the mineBsweepers are permitted to work on; the mines may kill; and kill; and kill; yet inthe end they will be gathered in.

0here is an absolute answer to the mineBsweepers. It is to hammer them with rapid fire from theshore. 0hese little vessels; dragging laboriously; present targets that scarcely move. 2o artilleristcan miss them.

&ut again there is an answer to the mineBprotecting guns. It is longBrange fire from the ships thatlie safely outside of the mineBfields.

0here is only one answer to that. It is for defenders on land to plant huge guns far inland that canreach the ships and beat them back that they dare not come close enough to reach the lesser shoreartillery nearer the sea.

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0his formula of shoreBdefense is a formula so simple that a mathematician; given the conditions;can work it out with simple arithmetic though he never had seen a cannon in his life.

=uns; guns; and again gunsFand an army toPMMQ protect themD 0his was the only possible replyto the fleet that was pounding the coast. 0he )nited *tates had not enough sufficiently powerful

mobile coast guns and siege guns. It had not enough artillerists to fight what guns there were./nd it had not enough ammunition to provide them with food.[H8]

In &ethlehem; 1ennsylvania# up the Gudson; in smoky +atervliet# in Gartford and &ridgeportand 2ew Gaven; and a doRen other towns; with machinery hastily assembled; and workmenhastily learning; they were trying; now; to make proAectiles enough; and guns enough. 0hey weretrying to make enough powder; down in 5elaware and 2ew ersey.

In the encampment of the )nited *tates army at that moment trains were delivering gunsFgunsmade in record time; magnificent testimony to /merican efficiency under stress.PM8Q &ut theguns were coming in one by oneFto meet an enemy who was beating at the gates and could not

 be stopped except with hundreds.

&he $ne! on the Mainlan"6

-ven then the flagBship off the coast was sputtering a code into the night. It was a long code; butits meaning was short. It meant? "2owD$

0he mineBsweepers hauled their gear and came out. %ourteen had gone in. 0hose that came outwere nine.

&efore they had well begun to move; the beach was white with shipsK boats; and nine hundred

 blueAackets and marines set foot on the mainland of the )nited *tates.[H:]

+ith sharpened knives in their sheaths; and loaded carbines; and bandoleers filled withcartridges; and entrenching tools and provisions; each man of that first force presented thehighest attainable unitBefficiency for war.

0he boats were scarcely off the beach; to return to the ships; before eight hundred of thesePM:Qunits were trotting through the upBland; throwing out advance parties; and making hasty trenchesfrom which; in a moment; there looked the greyhound muRRles of machineBguns.

3n the shore; the strandBparty was sinking sandBanchors and rigging derricks. 3thers were

setting together the five and oneBhalf foot sections of Aointed hollow masts for the wireless.+hen the boats beached again; with more men; two JBfoot masts reached into the night; andhandBpower generators were making the antennT pulse with their mysterious life.

Launches came in now; dragging wide; flatBbottom pontoons and swinging them on to shore andspeeding back for more. ,en snatched at them; and held them in the surf; and ran their mooringup the beach; while others carried out kedges and boatBanchors from all sides to make them liesteady in the groundswell.

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0he beach shone white as day; all at once. 0he destroyers had steamed in; and were giving theirmen aid with their searchBlights.

In swung more pontoons. &roadside to broadside; kedged and anchored out; they were mooredout into the sea; at half a doRen partsP8JQ of the beach. Laid far enough apart that they should

not touch; however hard the swell might strive to grind them together; they formed floating piers;reaching beyond the farthest outer line of surf. %rom pontoon to pontoon ran gangBplanks; lashedfast.

0hree hours had passed. 0hree times the shipsK boats had made the trip between warships andshoreFthirty naval service cutters; each carrying thirty men. 0wentyBseven hundred sailors;marines and soldiers were holding the hode Island coast.[J]

%rom the trenches of the advance party a wireless spoke to the cruiser bearing the senior officer.",otor scouts reported in front; on road; three thousand yards in. +ill fire rocket indicatingdirection.$

0he rocket burst. %or a minute it made all that part of the black country stand out as underlightning. "CrashD$ said the ship. 3ver the blueAackets swept the shells; and burst.

"CrashD$ said another ship.

"/pparently effective;$ said the wirelessP89Q again. "*hall send patrols forward.$ /nd again itspoke; in half an hour? "-nemy driven back. 3ur patrols hold road. &arb wire entanglementscompleted. *couts in. eport land clear; except for enemy cavalry in force inland out of range.$

&he &ransports

"2owD$ said the cruiserKs wireless; speaking once more into the sea.

*ilent; formless; black; four vast ships; long and twice as tall as the cruisers; came slowly inamong them.

0hese were the transports; sealed that not a thread of light should shine from them to betray themto the thing that all the fleet dreaded more than anything elseFthe underBwater lance of asubmarineKs torpedo.

)nder water the submarine is always blind; even when the brightest light of the noonBday sun

shines vertically into the ocean. It can see only with its periscope eye above the surface.

/t night the periscope cannot see. 0hen the submarine ceases to be useful as a submarine. It canact still# but only on the surface; like any other torpedo boat.P8HQ

0wo score destroyers; each of thirty knots; each armed with from four to ten Binch guns andrapidBfirers; circled around the transports. 0wice as swift as the surfaceBspeed of the swiftestsubmarine; armed overwhelmingly; they could defy surface attack.[9]

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0hey hemmed the darkened troopBships round with a great circle of searchBlights; all thrownoutward; that served the double purpose of illuminating the ocean for miles; and of blinding anywho tried to approach. 2o human eye looking into that glare could have seen the transports; evenif the night had not shrouded them.

*till; these liners with their tens of thousands of men; were too precious to be protected only bythis bright vigilance. %rom each transport there proAected long steel booms; eleven to a side.0hese held out a halfBton net of steel grommets. *tretched fore and aft as taut as steamBcapstanscould haul it; this shirt ofP8Q

"Ge steered his craft; awash; from behind %isherKs Island; at dawn.$

chainBmail hung far down into the sea to catch any torpedo that might come driving at the keel.

0here was more protection than that. It would be day soon; and then the submarines would be blind no longer. /ll around the area chosen for the transports to lie in; the fishing boats takenfrom the seaBislands were being towed by destroyers; to drop their nets. 0heir wooden buoysformed odd geometrical outlines on the sea.

0hese thin things of meshed twine; made only to hold little; inoffensive fish; were suspended likesubmarine fences; north and south and east and west of the field of operations.

0hat such trivial things should be of any avail against underBwater craft with death in their heads;

might well have seemed absurd to a landsman. 0hey did not seem absurd to the Lieutenant whocommanded )nited *tates submarine ,B:; when he steered his craft; awash; out from behind%isherKs Island *ound at dawn; and looked eastward through his glasses.[H]

P8Q

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0en miles away lay the transports; Euite motionless; beautifully assembled as a target for him. /tthat distance their masts and funnels seemed huddled. Ge had a vivid picture in his mind; for aninstant. It was a picture of fat; slow sheep crowding together with a wolf among them.

Woven &+ine ersus %ubarine M78

&ut between them and his wolf lay the net buoys; dotting all the surface; in and out as if they had been laid by some laboring artist to make a maRe.

0he seaBwolf went slowly nearer. +ith its tanks full of water; it lay so far submerged that the seawashed the coaming around the manhole hatch. 0he Lieutenant was like a man wading breastBhigh in the ocean. It would be hard to see him from any distance.

Ge studied the traceries of buoys. 0here were spaces between them; that betokened gaps in thefences. 3ne might find a gap and go through.

&ut to find a gap; the submarine must raiseP8<Q her periscope above water; and look around. &utat each gap; sweeping incessantly to and fro; like galloping cavalry; were destroyers.[]

Could one dive and go through blind@ 0he Lieutenant knew the limitations of his terrible littleanimal. Its kiss could draw a twenty thousand ton ship into the abyss; but the woven twine wouldlaugh at it.

Its nose could cut through them like the threads that they were. &ut the torn ends would catchconning tower and masts and periscope tubes. -ven if it tore away from them; the whirl of the propellor remained to renew the danger; sucking the trailing cords to itself and in one instantswitching them around and around the spinning shaft.

+ith the propellor blocked; the submarine must rise# for only with its propellor thrusting and itshoriRontal fins set to hold it down; can the submarine stay under. It submerges; not by sinking but by diving with main strength.P87Q

/nother rather vivid picture flashed into the LieutenantKs mind. It was not a picture; this time; ofa wolf among sheep. It was a picture of a sudden enormous commotion among those Euiet netB buoys; as of something struggling down below# and then of a violent surge as the tangled netswere dragged to and fro by a helpless submarine; held fast by the tail.[]

/ breeRe arose with the rising sun; and the water roughened. 0he submarine stopped. It could not

meet rough water while it was awash. /lthough its buoyancy when it was sealed was such that its propellor had to thrust full speed to make it dive; yet with its hatches open two hundred gallonsof water; far less than is contained in a single big wave; would send it down like a tin can.[<]

0he Commander held on as long as he could; watching the whitening water in the east; andwatching the transports.P8MQ

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Ge saw that at a thousand yardsK distance around them (Aust what he would have chosen as neattorpedo range; there lay a little fleet of gunBboats; all thrusting out booms with steel nets; thatmade them look oddly as if they were hooped and wideBskirted. 5isposed in an oval; theyguarded the transports with a second wall of steel wire.

/nd overhead; soaring in spirals; never flying far away; and always returning; were three naval planes. 0he Commander of the ,B: knew that they were waiting and watching for Aust one thing Fthe "shadow$ of a submerged submarine.[7]

0his enemy; plainly; was taking no chances. 0he fleet had power and time. It bent them to oneobAectFto land its men safely. It would not engage the harbor defenses; and so open itself to therisks of plunging fire and torpedo attack. It would not blockade harbors; and so make itself achosen mark for such terrors as ,B:.P88Q

&he &hree Harbor /ates to )e+ (or* an" 'oston

>ery scientifically; very thoughtfully; had the enemy staked out the vital spot at which he haddecided to strike. Gere; facing each to each almost like the salients of a fortification; lay threeharbor gates to the northeastern )nited *tatesF&uRRards &ay; gashing deeply into,assachusetts? 2arragansett &ay; almost cutting hode Island in two? and the eastern entrance toLong Island *ound and the cities of Connecticut.[M]

3pen any one of these gates; and it opened the way at one blow to both 2ew 'ork and &oston.

0hese three seaBsalients were greatly armed for defense. In each harbor lay batteries of 9HBinchallBsteel rifled cannon. Gidden under facings of earth; steel and concrete; they sat ondisappearing carriages and pneumatic gunBlifts that would swing them up as if they weighed

ounces instead of tons; and instantlyP8:Q plunge them back again into cover after firing.

5eep under earth embankments; sEuatting in concreteBlined graves; 9HBinch mortars; sixteen to agroup; stared upward at the patches of sky over their heads; which was all that their men wouldsee while they were firing; however bitter the fight might be.

/ single shot from one of the long; graceful rifles might sink a ship; if it were well placed. /single salvo from the mortars; the sixteen firing together; assuredly would. /nd they could do it./imed by mathematics; they were sure to strike the spot.[8]

/ score of serving devices in the defenses were slaves to the steel champions. *earchlights in

armor waited like menBatBarms to point with a long white finger at their prey. ,ine fields andemplacements and cable conduitsP:JQ were there to force the ships to steer where the guns couldstrike them most surely. ,asked by trees and mounds; concealed by every device against betrayal; were rangeBfinders and fireBcontrol stations.

Gere sat experts who had studied the most occult Euestions of arithmetic; geometry; surveying;navigation; and cartography for one purposeFto direct those long guns true. 0hey were provided

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with exEuisite instruments for calculating angles and distances to an inch; though the point to beascertained were ten nautical miles and more away.

&efore them lay charts of the seaBarea that they were guarding. Let a ship come within the limitof their apparatus; and in the time reEuired to speak into a telephone the gunBpits miles away

down the defenseBline would crack with the explosion of tons of smokeless powder.

0hey were nearly perfect; those worksFas engineering works. 0hey were fully armed with theengines to make them malignant to the ultimate fatal degree. 0he tenBmile area of sea that lay so bright and dimpled that morning might well have been black as the +ings of 5eath# for a fewlittle motions of the waitingP:9Q men under the pretty grassy mounds would unfold those pinions.

&he 9oint in Aerica.s Aror 

&ut under the iron visages was weakness. In none of the defenses on this morning when the time

had come for their test; were there more than oneBhalf the number of men reEuired to hold them.[:]

0hey could fight the guns; so long as the action remained a shipBtoBfort action# but if the enemyattacked at the rear; from the land; they were not in sufficient force to meet him and throw him back. /ttacked from the land; the men of the defenses would have to retire to the inner keep andfight from shelter with rapidBfire guns. /nd when the defenses thus began to defend themselves;their hour would have struck.[J]

*till; for the time they were deadly. 0heP:HQ enemy fleet paid them the supreme tribute ofscrupulous respect. 2ot a vessel ventured after dawn into the deadly circle of their reach. 0o

make sure that no vessel should expose itself by accident; the mineBlayers of the enemy fleetwere even then moving well outside of the Rone of extreme fire; and laying immense steel buoys; painted a vivid scarlet.

0hese scarlet buoys outlined an area of safety that was shaped somewhat like a pentagon with itsapex at &lock Island and its base on the hode Island coast between +atch Gill and 1oint udith.

It was a base marking out five miles of beach that was safe both from the fire of the Long Island*ound defenses and from the shots of the 2arragansett defenses.

Gere dayBlight revealed a land occupied in orderly; Euiet; perfect military manner. Inland; as far

as the naval guns could protect them; lay the men of the advance landing party behind theirmachineBgun positions. %or miles beyond that; east and west; their patrols had cut telegraph andtelephone wires; and occupied points that commanded roads by which attacking forces mightapproach.P:Q

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"%or miles beyond that the enemyKs patrols had occupied points....$

3n the beach; where the blocks and tackle and hoisting derricks had been rigged in the night;gunBfloats were being brought to the beach with cannon and caissons. )nder the pull ofcentrifugal blocks these were hoisted out and dropped in shore on railway tracks that led over thesand to firm ground.

0here motor trucks and traction engines; all brought to land during the night; took them andhurried them to positions ready for fight; or to park them ready for moving when the advanceshould begin.

 Destro!in# the 4ailroa" of %outhern )e+ $n#lan" 

%rom vantage points inland; from hills on %isherKs Island; from such venturesome spies as ,B:;went the news to +ashington; and so through the land. 0he crowds in the cities; dense even atthat early hour of the morning; read on the bulletin boards?

"-nemy effected a landing during the night on hode Island between 2arragansett &ay and LongIsland *ound. 0ransports are now close in preparing to put troops ashore. *couts report fourliners aggregating one hundred thousandP:Q tons. /rmy officials estimate that at the usual

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allowance of two men per ton this means fifty thousand men. ,ore transports waiting under&lock Island.$

"2ow is the time to strike KemD$ It was not one man in one crowd who said it. In every citywhere there were crowds there arose these speakersFthe excitable; passionate orators who are

 born of every great crisis and who; in such moments; find willing listeners.

"2ow is the time to strike Kem; before they can bring more men ashoreD 0hey should have beenattacked in the nightD +hat kind of =enerals have we got; to let Kem land; instead of throwingKem back into the sea as fast as they came@ +here is our army@ 4eeping itself safe@$

0he army; with ten thousand civilian workers impressed as they were needed; was destroying therailroad of southern 2ew -ngland. It was tearing up the shore line of the 2ew 'ork; 2ew Gavenand Gartford ailroad from 2ew Gaven to 2ew London and from 2ew London to 1rovidence. Itwas throwing the rails on flat cars to be whirled away westward and northward. Concrete andstone embankments; steel bridges;P:<Q and tunnels were sent skyward through the night with

dynamite.

/ll the connecting system from 2ew Gaven north to Gartford and from 2ew London north to+orcester was being destroyed. Locomotives and rolling stock that could not be removed were being sent down grades to crash into wreckage; or blown up or set afire. / curious intoxication of destruction was on the population that night. 1rosperous; dignified citiRens came out with axes or with oil and fire; and helped in the ruin.

In fire and dirt and amid shattering roars of explosion and rumbling of falling trestles theyworked on hundreds of miles of iron highway; desperately; frantically; shouting aloud; willing totear their soft hands and to risk limb and even life; rather than to wait inactive; and listen for

news; and dread what was to happen.

0hey were tearing up their civiliRation# and they did it with a savage delight; that nothing might be left to the foe.

&he Aerican Ar!.s 5ac* of :$!es;

In the /rmy GeadEuarters; where a single short order had set loose all this saturnalia ofP:7Qdestruction; the Commanding =eneral and his staff were busied with something that was of moreimmediate importance to them. 5esperately they were thrusting out for information; and alwaysthey were baffled by superior numbers; superior resources.

0hey had pushed cavalry toward the coast; and it had been driven back by artillery and longBrange fire from the ships; whose aim was controlled by aeroplane signals from the sky andwireless from the shore. 0hey had pushed out motor scouts; and the artillery had found them./lways; at every approach; during the night or since daylight; the shipsK fire had swept the roads.

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 2ow; scarcely an hour after sunrise; the army aeroplanes had come back; after only haphaRardscouting. 0hey had not been able to fly over the invaded coast. +herever they tried it; theyreported; they were met by enemy planes in superior numbers.

3ne )nited *tates airBman had been driven by four enemy planes into 2arragansett &ay where

he had been picked up by boats from the 2ewport 0orpedo *tation. 0wo others; borne down bythree enemy machines faster than they;P:MQ and fired at by antiBairBcraft guns from an inBlyingship; had barely managed to escape behind the defenses of %ort +right in the *ound.

0he others had been pressed back; inexorably; by the screen of naval planes that swarmed overthe coast.[9]

0he enemy planes came from the sea. 0o the marveling eyes in the /merican defenses; it seemedas if the ocean were spewing them forth. 3ne after another rose from the /tlantic under &lockIsland.

0hree strange vessels lay there. 0hey had funnels set extremely far aft; like certain types ofclumsy trampBships; but they were big as passenger liners and their lines showed all theefficiency of the naval architect. 0he great sweep of their decks forward was as bare as the deckof a racing schooner yacht.

/ structure on short trestles like a skidBway rose from this deck at the bow; proAecting slightly.P:8Q

It was there that the aeroplanes were being spewed. 0hese were motherBships.

0orpedoBnetted; guarded by destroyers; guarded even by a small semiBrigid dirigible that hovered

a thousand feet high overBhead; they were sending out spies to search the land.

&+ent!7Five Aeroplanes A#ainst a %+ar

0he two )nited *tates fliers; standing by their machines in %ort +right; looked at the ascendingswarm. "2o wonderD$ said one. "'ou know how many one of those 2ations had at last accounts@0welve hundredD$[H]

"/nd weKve got thirteen in the /rmy andP::Q twelve in the 2avyD$ Gis companion laughed."/nd *ervia had sixty; before the =reat +arD$

0hey said no more; but watched in silence. 0hat ascending; continually growing line of flyingthings was like something that was writing into the sky the word? "esourcesD$

*uddenly the /merican airBmen noticed that these new machines were not flying to the coastnear them. 0hey were turning off; in regular order. 3ne turned west; to fly over Long Island. 0henext one turned east; toward &uRRards &ay. 0hey alternated thus till the entire division hadseparated; and disappeared.

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3ne of the scouts slapped his thigh. "I believe;$ said he; "that they are going to show themselvesto &oston and 2ew 'orkD$

0hat was at nine oKclock in the morning. /t noon the crowds in the two cities were startled by adistant roar that grew; almost before they had first heard it; into a thundering that shook the air.

0hey stared upward and beheld the first sEuadron of armed flying machines that /merica everhad seen.P9JJQ

IV

THE COAST DEFENSES FALL

/rmored; with the bright colors of the enemy on their underBbodies; the aeroplanes from theenemy fleet flew low. +hat few antiBaircraft guns the )nited *tates possessed were with thearmy. /round the peaceful /merican cities were no encircling fortifications; no batteries; no

military works that might conceal marksmen. 0he airBmen knew that there was nothing to fear.

0hey skimmed close to the *tate Gouse on &ostonKs &eacon Gill. 0hey flew over the tallmunicipal building of 2ew 'ork and dipped toward the City Gall. 0hey appeared over1rovidence and %all iver; over &rockton; over &ridgeport and 2ew Gaven. 0hey passed overevery one of the factoryBcities of 2ew ersey that crowd to be near 2ew 'orkKs harbor.

+here they appeared it was as if they bore some instant charm to turn the world to stone.P9J9Q

"0hey flew over the tall municipal building of 2ew 'ork.$

/ll the city noises stopped; dead. /ll motion stopped. +heels stopped turning and feet stoppedmoving and every white face was turned upward. %or that long moment of dumb fear; men saw

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nothing except the wideBwinged bodies. 0hey heard nothing except the yelping and droning ofthe hundredBhorseBpower motors over them.

0hen they fled. ,otorBmen and drivers bent low; and yelled; and sent their vehicles ahead blindly. 0he crowds rushed every doorBway. 0hey fought for the protection of narrow cornices as

if they were bombBproofs. 0hey sEueeRed themselves close to the sides of buildings; and clung tosmooth iron and granite; and stared upward; waiting for bombs.

Instead of bombs; they saw things raining down gently; lightlyFlittle weighted pennants thatcircled downward in lovely spirals and dropped on the streets with scarcely a sound.

Into every crowded street; into every open sEuare of half a hundred cities that day; the hostile airBmen dropped these pennants.

0hey were printed. 0hey bore proclamations addressed to the people of /merica.P9JHQ

0G- -2-,'K* 13CL/,/0I32

"3ur armies have landed;$ said the proclamation. "+e shall advance on your cities at once. /nyattempt to defend them will mean their destruction. Civilians are warned against making anydemonstration; whether with arms or otherwise. Infractions of this ule of +ar will be punished by summary execution. Gouses from which hostile acts are committed will be destroyed. 0ownswhose civilian population resists will be destroyed. 0ake warningD$

ecovering from their shock of fear; the first impulse of the /mericans who read these proclamations was one of rage. 0heir cities had grown proud in unchallenged greatness. 0hese pennants; slowly raining from their sky; were infuriating insults.

Gad the invader appeared in that moment; the people would have torn up the paving blocks tofight him.

In the *tate Gouse in &oston there were said the words that uttered the emotion of all the citiesalong the /tlantic coast. In that old; rebellious town; where /merican liberty had been nurturedin the very presence of an armed foe; there were gathered many eminent citiRens; with theofficials; the ,ayor and the =overnor of their *tate.P9JQ

3ne of these officials had a pennant in his hands. "+hat can we do@$ he asked. "If we had all themilitia of the *tate here; we would have less than 7;JJJ men. If the foe arrives; and lays his guns

on the townFgentlemen; they will be guns that fire high explosives and incendiary shells. +ehave nothing to fight with. If the army cannot check him before he arrives; we mustFto save our  peopleKs lives; we must surrender peaceablyD$[]

Ge turned to a man who bore a family name identified with &ostonKs history from the time of itssettlement. Gis ancestors had stood in %aneuil Gall with ames 3tis when he dedicated it to thecause of liberty.

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" 5et 2s Destro! -t6$

Ge took the proclamation; held it for a moment while he looked around the circle; and thencrumpled it suddenly; angrily; in his fist. 0hrowing it to the floor; he set his foot on it.

"I say;$ he cried with flashing eyes; "let him destroy itD &etter still; let us destroy itD +hen theenemy approaches; let us send ourP9JQ &oston town up in flame and fragmentsD Let us leavehim not so much as a rivet to pick up for lootD$

0here were many men there; of many minds. 0hey had many interests to guard; and manyresponsibilities to bear. &ut for a moment he carried them with him. 0hey waved their hands andshouted assent.

It was only for a moment. "If all thought like youD$ said one; an old; grave man. "&ut we haveMJJ;JJJ people; and they are not soldiers or philosophers. 0heyKre human men. It is laid on us to protect them; at whatever price to our 2ational pride. If humiliation is the price that we must pay

for our past carelessness; why; gentlemen; we must pay it; bitter though it is.$

*o it was in 2ew 'ork; in 1hiladelphia; in a score of cities between and around them.-verywhere was the first outburst of fury and unrecking heroism; and then the sober secondthought born not of cowardice but of cold logic. 0his northBeastern /tlantic seaboard with itschain of twelve million city dwellers; was no Golland to drown itself under its own sea in orderto destroy its foe. 0hese cities were noP9J<Q ,oscows; to devour themselves in fire that theenemy might perish with them. 0his was the )nited *tates of /merica; and this was the0wentieth CenturyFand the men; no less brave; no less patriotic; faced the conditions of their place and time.

0hey faced it from 1ortland; ,aine; to the Capes of >irginia. If the army could not stop theinvader; they must fall.

0hey formed committees of safety. 0hey wrestled with their topBheavy municipal machineries tomake them answer the sharp need. )nder the stress; all the defects of their political rule stood outuncompromisingly; not to be denied. 0heir overBstaffed departments were lost in the ingeniousmaRes of their own contriving. 0here was only one answer to the inextricable; blind confusion. Itwas martial law.

olunteers Who Coul" )ot $ven 'e %ho" 

&ut here; too; there was inefficiencyFinefficiency that had been cultivated and tended; like a plant; by politics through the heedless years. In the armories there were no reserve supplies ofweapons or ammunition for the volunteersP9J7Q who came to offer their services. /lthough the)nited *tates government had given the *tates enough money annually for many years back toeEuip them to full warBstrength# and although the militia nowhere had maintained even oneBhalfof that strength; there were no reserves of blankets; of uniforms; of tents; of cots. 5octors whooffered their services found that there was no place for them; because there were no ambulances;no field hospitals; no surgical instruments; no anTsthetics and no medicines. 0here had not been

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enough for the troops that took the field; though every company had less men than even itsinsufficient peace strength demanded.[]

0he volunteers could not even be shod. 0hose who were accepted had to drill in theirP9JMQworthless street shoes; that never could survive the test of rough roads and mud and water.

1oliticsD 1oliticsD It stared the appalled citiRens in the face wherever they turned; as it had staredthem in the face for a generationFbut now they had to look and seeD It was politics that had lefttheir *tate militias to blunder along; each by itself; without agreement or settled plan. It was politics that now had sent their plucky; intelligent; capable young men into the field insufficientlyeEuipped; trained or organiRed. It was politics that now left their cities bare; to be made a sportof.

/t the recruiting depots of the regular army it was politics again that overBbore the recruitingofficers with eager; courageous applicants whom they could not use. +hat they needed now wasmen who were ready 23+Fnot men who needed six monthsK training. 0hese applicants;

offering themselves by thousands; were cityBborn and cityBbred. 0hey were men who never in alltheir lives had slept except under a roof# who never had lain in rain and storm# who had beensaved by their city from doing a doRen simple things that men of the open do for themselveswithout a second thought.P9J8Q

 2ot one in a thousand of these volunteers ever had built a fire of sticks; or pitched a tent or evenwashed dishes. 2ot one of five thousand ever had held a gun in his hands. 0here were thousandsthere; and thousands again; who did not even know what it was to be in the darkFfor they hadslept all their lives in the electrically lighted city.

 )ee"e"—)ot Men 'ut 4eserves6

It was not men that the regular army needed. It was reservesD /nd never a Congress of all theCongresses that had talked and voted and appropriated had voted a practical system of armyreservesD[<]

3f all the men who had been trained by previous army experience; the +ar 5epartment could notcall on one unless he chose to volunteer. If those menFinvaluable to the country at this moment Foffered themselves; they offered themselves one by one; here and there and everywhere;scattered through a land of three and a Euarter million sEuare miles. -nlisted thus; they werefutile individuals lost in hordesP9J:Q

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"0he efficient; prepared; resourceful invader was landing his army; not only without losing aman; but without getting a manKs feet wet.$

of raw recruits. Could they have been called together by their government; they would haveformed perfect regiments; ready for instant; efficient; priceless service.

+hile the )nited *tates; civilian and military; was working hopelessly to make up in desperatehours for long years of waste; the efficient; prepared; resourceful invader was landing his army;not only without losing a man; but without getting a manKs feet wet. *o perfect were thedispositions of this expedition that the commander had been able to order; "3ur troops must land perfectly dry;$ and the order was carried out.[7]

-very transport had three broad gangways to a side. 2ever for a moment were these gangways bare of eEuipped men; moving file after file into the enormous flatBbottomed landing barges. 2ever for a moment was the sea without long tows of them; each bearing two hundred men toshore with their rifles between their knees; ready.[M]

P99JQ

 Prepare"ness ersus 2nprepare"ness

In the camp of the )nited *tates /rmy at that moment men were breaking green horses forcavalry and artillery purposes. 3n the coast; the enemyKs fourBdecked horse transports weresending trained mounts into broad floats with derricks and slings; lowering away with head and

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tail lines to prevent struggling; with nose lines to bridles to prevent them from turning in the air;with men standing by below to put little bags of salt into each horseKs mouth to Euiet it as soon asit touched the floats.[8]

 2othing had been forgotten; nothing left to be improvised. 0he horseBfloats had hinged sterns.

&acked into the beach; these hinged boards dropped down and formed gangBplanks. *ailorsthrew collision mats on them to prevent slipping. It reEuired less than a minute to lower a horsefrom the ships to the floats. In less than half a minute each horse was unloaded from them and setashore. 0o empty each float of its cargo of twenty horses; and to have each craft off the beachand under tow again for anotherP999Q load; was a matter of less than forty minutes.

/lmost as swiftly; at another end of the beach; guns were being landed from the same type offloats; shoal and wideBbeamed; that could be run well up on shore and could withstand the pounding of the surf. 0hey brought four light field pieces with their limbers to a load; or twoheavy field artillery pieces. 0hey were landing field howitRers of calibers that the )nited *tates/rmy did not possess. 0his artillery has been coming ashore for hours. It had begun to come

 before dawn. *till there was more arriving.

'et the beach never was occupied for a moment. 0he guns were rushed inland; the men wererushed inland; the horses were rushed inland. 0welve hours after the first landing party had prepared the way; hode Island was occupied by J;JJJ foot; ;JJJ cavalry and <J batteries ofartilleryFalmost two full divisions that lay in a great belligerent front snarling with gunsFa perfect; complex; oftenBassembled; oftenBtested machine.[:]

P99HQ

0his was the time for the /merican army to strike; before the enemy could increase his forces

and move forward to attack.

&ut the /merican army was a complex machine that never had been assembled before; or tested before. 0he egular /rmy never had been together with the 3rganiRed ,ilitia; and the3rganiRed ,ilitias of the various *tates never had seen each other. "/n uncordinated army ofallies;$ its Commander had called it; "with all the inherent weakness of allies; emphasiRed by theunusual number of allies.$[<J]

&he 2nco<r"inate" an" 2nor#ani=e" Aerican Ar!

It was an army of which neither the regulars nor the militia had been organiRed into divisions at

the time when it should have been done; the only time when it could have been doneFin thelong days of peace. )ntil it wasP99Q so organiRed; it was an army only in numbers. %oroperation against a prepared; organiRed enemy it was not an army but merely a multitude ofunits; whose trained and perfect ones would inevitably be sacrificed to the errors and weaknessesof the imperfect ones.[<9]

0he division is the true +eapon of +ar. It alone contains in vitally correct proportion the varioustroops that must sustain each other when cannons and explosives begin that arbitration from

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which there is no appeal on earth. It is the division; and the division alone; that possesses all thelimbs and organsFthe signal corps and cavalry that are the eyes and ears? the infantry andengineers and sanitary corps that are the body and feet? and the artillery that is the smiting fists.[<H]

P99Q

In the City Gall 1ark in 2ew 'ork; a speaker; lifted above the crowd that watched the newspaper bulletins; was cursing the army amid savage cheers. Ge cursed its =enerals and its men becausethey did not fight. Ge cursed the =overnment.

0he crowd listened; and forgot that again and again they had been warned that this would be ifwar should ever come.

+ith the blind wrath of helpless men they could reason only that at this moment wheneverything should be done; nothing was being done. 0hey shouted approval when the frantic

orator screamed? "0ell +ashington to order Kem to fight. %ightD %ightD 0hatKs what theyKre forD$

0he crowds could perceive only that they had an army that did not strike a blow. 0hey could notknow that the /merican commanders were fighting a better fight Aust then by fighting toorganiRe; than if they fought with guns. 0hey could not know that to these officers; grown gray inthe service of their country; this fight was more heartBbreaking than it would have been to fight inthe hot blast of shells.P99<Q

 4e#ients of -nfantr! Without a %in#le Cannon to Protect &he

0o organiRe an army in the face of the foe is like organiRing a fire department when the streets of

a city are already in flames. 0his is what the Chiefs of the /rmy were trying to doFhad beendoing; day and night; desperately; ever since the troops had come together. /nd in +ashington; inthe archives of Congress; there were lying sheaves of reports; gathering dust; that had demandednothing except the chance to do it in time.

Gere were regiments of militia so "organiRed$ by their *tates that if they were permitted to gointo battle as they were; 9MJ companies of infantry would face the enemy without a singlecannon to protect them. 3f all the eastern militia cavalry in that camp; only one regiment had amachine gun company.[<]

-ven the regular army was efficient only inP997Q those things that could be maintained and

 perfected by the steady; personal efforts of officers and men. In everything that depended onlegislation it was lacking. Instead of 9<J men to a company of infantry some had only 7<. Itstroops of cavalry were not full. It had no siege artillery corps. It was a skeleton army which;according to optimists; was to be clothed with substance when war arrived. 2ow war had come#and to clothe that skeleton with untrained men would have meant that for every 7< skilledsoldiers there would be 8< utterly useless ones in each company.

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*hortage of men was not the only curse that was laid on the army by the policy of neglect. In theenemy headEuarters; two or at the most three orders were sent to department chiefs for everymovement. In the /merican headEuarters; the staff had to deal with units. -very problem had to be handled in detail by men who should have been free to direct one great; comprehensivemovement. -very order issued by the Commanding =eneral demanded intolerable duplication.

P99MQ

 Aerican Coan"ers Who Ha" )ever Coan"e" 

0he =eneral had under him commanders of brigade who had commanded posts that containedonly fragments of regiments. 0heir brigades; never assembled in any one place; not only did notapproximate to war conditions; but had to be disrupted and divided and reBformed before the=eneral could dare to offer them in battle. Gardly a brigade commander had under him troopsthat he had known and trained and handled himself.[<]

+ith exception of those who had been on the ,exican border; when a part of the small army had

 been mobiliRed in a body for the first time; these men had tried to prepare themselves with the best that Congress would give themFbattalions and companies and single batteries instead ofassembled armies; because the politicians would not let the army come together.

0he : army posts of the )nited *tates; long a subAect of derision among all except those whofattened on them; might well have beenP998Q symboliRed now in that camp by fortyBnineskeletonsFa skeleton army waiting to lead the other skeleton army to death.[<<]

0o none was this better known than to the enemy. 0he invadersK commander; standing idly withhis hands in his pockets; was able to say confidently? "0heyKll not bother us seriously. 0he onlything theyKll do; the only thing they can do; is to retreat when we begin to threaten them.$

Ge held in his grip the sea; the land and the air. In shore lay ships ready to sweep part of his frontwith protective fire. 3n land his advance forces had seiRed roads and railroads; his engineerswere repairing what had been destroyed; and his cavalry was guarding all approaches. Gis airBmen; overwhelmingly numerous; spied on the /merican army almost with impunity; and parriedwith sure aerial thrusts all /merican attempts to spy on their own lines.

0he aerial guard; steelBbreasted; with theP99:Q wings of speed and talons of fire; could be brokenonly by eEual numbers; eEually terrible. Individual daring; individual skill; were nothing againstthis armored brood. %ive times /merican fliers rose to try it# and five times they were grappled inmidBair and torn with shot; and dropped to the earth far below. "2o moreD$ said the =eneral in

command.

Ge sat with his chin in his hand; studying the dispatches that were laid before him. 0hey were piled high; though twenty operators and half a doRen aides struggled to eliminate from thetorrential confusion the news that might be deemed most reliable.[<7]

&he :Fo# of War;

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0here were messages from +ashington; messages from coast defenses; messages from patrolsand outposts; from scouts and from company commanders. 0here were wild reports of enemyinvasion from places so far inland that it was palpable that they could not be true.P9HJQ 0herewere reports from places so nearby that they might mean imminent danger.

-xcited officials of towns and cities sent long; involved dispatches or hung for long minutes totelephones to recount interminable tales.

3ne hundred thousand men had landed; according to spies who had made their way into %ort=reble in the 2arragansett defenses. It was two hundred thousand; telephoned 1rovidence;transmitting messages from the coast. 0he armyKs own scouts and spies and patrols; groping ininsufficient numbers and finding a wall of cavalry and foot and machine gun detachmentsopposed to them everywhere; sent in estimates that varied all the way from twentyBfive thousandto eighty thousand.

0hese /merican advance detachments were striking the enemy outposts east and west. 2ear

+atch Gill three /merican motor cycle companies with machine guns ambushed and cut up twotroops of cavalry. /merican cavalry drove back a battalion of engineers who had begun work onthe railroad at 4ingston. /t 2iantic two /merican motor patrols ran into the fire of a concealedfield gun and were destroyed.P9H9Q

%rom %ort ,ichie on =ull Island came the news; brought by a ,ontauk 1oint fisherman who hadmanaged to make his way across the *ound in a small boat; that men had landed on that end ofLong Island. 0hey had destroyed all communication immediately and had seiRed the railroadleading to 2ew 'ork# but it was impossible to guess how great this force was.[<M]

3nly one certain fact was developed from all the news. It was that the transports were unloading

troops still.

&he $ne! Moves

*uddenly; almost simultaneously; the /merican patrols were driven back all along the line. 3n afront that extended Euickly; irresistibly; clear across +ashington County; hode Island; from eastto west; the invader army expanded. It seiRed +atch Gill. 4ingston was occupied in force.+ickford unction was occupied.P9HHQ 2arragansett 1ier was flooded; all at once; with men andguns.

+ith the swiftness of a blow from a fighterKs fist; the invader had struck and won the entire

railroad system of the 2ew 'ork; 2ew Gaven and Gartford ailroad in hode Island; andcommanded the way to 1rovidence.

0he foe had filled his divisions. %orty thousand men were ready for battle on /merican soil; withten thousand in reserve on the coast.

 2ow the wind turned southBeast. 1oint udith; hode IslandKs cape that coastBwise mariners call0he %ogBGole; began to brew one of its /pril fogs; gray and blind and wet.

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Its first effect was kind to the /mericans. 0he enemy airBcraft; seeing the vapory bank growingfrom the sea; fled toward their lines. %rom all directions they came in; like gulls fleeing before astorm. 0hey could not dare to remain in strange territory. /ll their fine maps; all their ingeniousinstruments; would be impotent against it. 0hey came in; and alighted behind their army.

%reed from them; and masked by the fog; the /merican scouts went forward again and gropedonce more along the foeKs front. In anP9HQ

,/1 03 ILL)*0/0- 0G- L/25I2= 3% 0G- -2-,' %3C-*

/. -nemy 0ransports at &each. 0he lines and arrows show direction of his advance.&. )nited *tates /rmy; withdrawn to a watching position.

P9HQ

hour field telephones and telegraphs and aerial told the /merican commander enough to assurehim that the enemyKs force in men was at least nearly eEual to his own. Ge knew; too; that theinvader had brought up preponderating artillery. -very road; every piece of negotiable countrywas held by guns.

0he /merican army held tight. In its front; between it and the foe; there was not a railBline; not a bridge. /ll had been destroyed. &ehind it lay a perfect railroad system; with long trains and giantlocomotives under steam; and all the gathered motor vehicles; ready to speed along perfect roads.

*o far the fog was kind to the defenders. &ut the invader; too; was Euick to seiRe its favor.

&he Fisheren Who Cau#ht More &han 5obsters

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Long before; half a doRen men; dressed like fishermen; had made their way out of 2arragansettGarbor in a small sloop; and had reported at the enemy headEuarters. %or a month or more pastthey had been fishing for lobsters# but they had caught more than lobsters.P9H<Q 0heir catch layon the table in the CommanderKs tent; in the form of charts with soundings and range lines anddistances. 0hey were maps of the mine fields.

/s soon as the fog began; these men went aboard a mineBsweeper. It steamed eastward; followed by the others. 0he sweepers had more than the cables and grapples that make a mineBsweeperKsoutfit. *et in rows on the afterBdeck of each vessel were bulging mines; filled with JJ pounds of trinitrotol.[<8]

0he fog became so thick that it was hard to say if it were daylight still; or night. 2ight could onlymake it more black. It could not increase the obscurity.

In the coast defenses of Long Island *ound and 2arragansett &ay every man was straining eyesand ears and nerves. -very gun company was at its weapon. -very gun was loaded. 0all

 proAectiles stood ready with the chains and grapples of the hoists prepared. ,en stood waiting inthe powder magaRines under the batteries.P9H7Q

 2othing to see or hear at %ort +right on %isherKs Island. 2othing at %ort ,ichie on =ull Island. 2othing at %ort 0erry on 1lum Island. 3n all the shrouded; swift tideBways that led into LongIsland *ound there was nothing.

0here was nothing in front of the 2arragansett defenses that eyes could see or ears could hear. 2othingFand then; far out; it was as if a seaBmonster had arisen in dying torment; and lashed;and spouted and screamed. &efore the riven column of water could fall; there came muffled;thundering explosion under waterFone; two; threeD

0he defenses split the fog with fire. 0heir mineBprotecting batteries had been trained over thefields long since. 0here was no need for aim. Instantly they swept the hidden sea with shells thatwould clear twenty acres of water.

/gain there was silence and blindnessFthe unearthly silence of the /tlantic seaBfog. It lay forhalf an hour; as if there were no such thing as war in the world.

0hen once more came the roar and the crash; followed by its submarine echoes. 3nce more thelandBguns raved; firing blind.P9HMQ

 Fi#htin# Mines +ith Mines

0he enemy was counterBmining. Instead of sweeping; his vessels were dropping mines of theirown in the fields; and then; backing off to avoid the fire from the batteries if they could; theyexploded them by electric contact; to blow up the /merican mines with the shock.

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 2ot all the mineBsweepers escaped mines or guns. &ut there were vessels to spare; and lives tospare. /ll night the counterBmining went on; and all night the /merican guns fired into the vaporand the darkness.

0he sun arose invisibly. &ut it climbed; and when it had lifted all its disk above the rim of sea; it

showed through the mist as a pale illumination. It was "burning off$ the fog.

"It will be clear enough in an hour;$ said the executive officer of a battleship under &lock Island.0he vesselKs wireless began to speak.

3n one of the motherBships men brought out and assembled an armored biplane. Its two fliersstowed rangeBfinding apparatus; aerial telegraph; aneroids and charts in it. 0here were signalflags and light; brightly silvered balls. ,en brought receptacles that containedP9H8Q bombs andadAusted them carefully in place. 0he fliers waited; watching the fog.

It lessened. It tore away in rifts. /ll around; the ships became visible.

*even battleBships swung around and put on speed and rushed in echelon toward the coast. 0heysteered straight for the mouth of 2arragansett &ay; turned Aust outside of the Rone of fire of itsdefenses; slowed down and steamed across the mouth.

0he biBplaneKs engine burst into life. 0he machine lifted and followed them. It flew high overthem and into the bay; climbing.

"0heyKre over itD$ said an officer on a ship; looking at the machine through his glasses.

 5ocatin# the Forts For the $ne! %hips

%ar inside of the bay; so high in air that it was little more than a shining speck; the aeroplane wasdescribing a series of regular; eEual circles. /ll at once; as if it had been painted in the air with amammoth brush; a AetBblack descending streak stood out against the sky; and lengthened steadilytoward the earth.

0he aRimuth and other rangeBfinding instruments at both ends of the battleBships caughtP9H:Q

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"0he forward turret of a battleship turned and spoke with a great voice.$

the angles and ascertained the range to the black smear that still hung in the air; like grease. 0heaviator had dropped a smokeBbomb to indicate the fort below.

0he forward turret of a battleship turned; its hooded rifle lifted its muRRle to an angle of fifteendegrees; and spoke with a great voice.

-leven miles away a ton of steel rushed from the sky; crashed into the water of the bay roaring;ricochetted; struck again half a mile beyond; and again and again. %our times it rebounded; like a pebble; before it disappeared at last# and each time it filled the air with its clamor; like a sufferingthing.[<:]

0he shipsK wireless caught a signal from the aeroplane. 0he shot had fallen short. 0he battleshipsteamed on; and another one in line opened up the mouth of the harbor and fired.

%rom the aeroplane fell a silver ball. It glittered in the brightening sun; splendid. "GitD$ went themessage to the turret# and the crew there embraced and cheered.P9JQ

It had hit the outer earthBworks of the defenses. It had plunged down with a shock that stunnedmen in mortar pits and gunBemplacements far awayFsmall wonder; for this thing falling fromthe sky had struck a blow eEual to that of 2ew 'orkKs obelisk plunging into &roadway from thetop of 0rinity Church steeple.[7J]

" )o $ffect6$

"2o effectD$ reported the watchers in the coast defense to the commandant. 0hough the impacthad shaken the works and the very earth? though the blast from the explosion of its charge hadtwisted threeBinch iron bars within the works; and bent the steel doors of casemates; it had doneno harm to the defenses. *o well had they been built by the engineers that the rending explosion

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left a crater for only a moment. 0he earth rippled down and closed it. 0he steel and concretefacing underneath held true.[79]

P99Q

0he enemy had the range. *hip after ship passed the entrance; delivered its single shot; proceeded and returned to follow in the circling line. 0hese were the most modern dreadnaughts;firing from 97Binch guns. 0heir shells tore the earth embankments away in tons and flung dirthigh in air and sent it down to bury everything in its way under mounds. &ut all their fire and alltheir havoc was in vain; unless they could hit a gun. /nd the guns were protected by steel armorand concrete and earth piled on earth.

0o hit a gun was to attempt to hit a bullKs eye only a few feet sEuare at a range of eleven miles;farther than men can see.

*till the bombardment went on; undeterred. ,ore aeroplanes soared over the defenses now; far

out of reach from shots; and circled and signaled. 0he fire grew. 0he ships were not hesitatingnow to wear out the rifling of their guns. 0hey meant to give the defenders no rest.

0hey were trying for a priRe that was worth all the guns in their turrets. 0hey knew that inside ofthe works there could not be more than a few thousand men; if that much. 0heyP9HQ knew thatall the Coast /rtillery forces of the )nited *tates combined numbered only 9MJ companies andthat these 9MJ companies had HM harbor defense systems to guard. -ven if the )nited *tates hadstripped its other defenses to the utmost; there could not be a sufficient force in these that werenow being attacked.[7H]

Onl! $nou#h Aunition to 5ast &+o Hours

*o they poured fire on fire and shot on shot. It was a oneBsided duel; for their great gunsoutranged the 9HBinch guns of the defenses. 0he men in there fired only occasionally; when theirobservers and rangeBfinders and plotters perceived an opportunity. 0here was another reason fortheir slow fire; besides the inability to reach. 0hose perfect defenses; those perfect products ofengineering science; those results of millions on millions of expenditure; contained only enoughammunition for two hours of firingD[7]

P9Q

0hey waited till the enemy ships should try to force the passage and come within range; that they

might make those two hours two hours of unspeakable destruction that should glorify their deathwith the fiery splendor of bursting ships.

0he enemy did not try to force the passage. +hile they saved their ammunition; these defenseswere fearful gladiators to approach. 2one could come within reach of their steel hands and live.

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&ut the gladiators were gladiators fearful only in front. *teelBgauntleted; armored with steel breastBplates and shinBplates; mightily visoredFso they faced the sea. In the back they werenaked.

%ire; and noise; and bursting charges; and explosions that made hot gales within the works and

whirled men like dried leavesD /n hour passed. *till from the sea there came the coughing bellow; that made the air tremble and rolled inland like summer thunder among hills.P9Q *tillthere fell the screaming steel from the sky. /nother hourD /nd still it came.

0he sun was overBhead. *uddenly; into the naked back of the defenses poured fire and steel thathammered and beat and tore through them. )nder it; through flame and smoke and flying dirtappeared shining rows of bayonets. +ith a yelp 9J;JJJ men poured in.[7]

/nd through the )nited *tates; smiting it into the dumbness of despair; went the news that thegreat 2arragansett defenses had fallen; and that the enemy fleet was entering the harbor.P9<Q

V

NEW ENGLAND’S BATTLE

/merica had lost 2arragansett &ay; with all its defenses; great guns and government stations; inless than two weeks after the declaration of warD

0he generation that faced this disaster had faced many catastrophes which had seemed greatdisasters. It had seen *tates raRed by cyclones. It had seen giant floods. It had seen magnificentcities thrown down by a shaking earth. )nterrified; it had flung money and men to the stricken

 places to make them whole. 5estroyed cities rose in beauty almost before the dust of their fallhad ceased to veil the sun.

,oney; money; moneyD ,en; men; menD It seemed that no disaster could be so colossal that thewonderful resources and efficiency of the )nited *tates could not mock at it.

&efore the news of 2arragansettKs fall was an hour old; the cities of the )nited *tates;includingP97Q many towns so obscure that few /mericans ever had heard their names; hadsubscribed enough money to raise and eEuip an army twice over and keep it in the field formonths. &ut the country that was so efficient; so intrepid; so resourceful; was facing a disasternow that it could not conAure away with all the money and men that ever were.

,oney; the magician; was futile now. It could not stamp its golden foot and make guns andammunition spring from the empty ground. It could not send to the army in Connecticut cannonthat did not exist or cartridges that had not been made.[7<]

 )ot $nou#h Aerican Aunition for &+o Da!s. 'attle

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/n order had gone out from the /merican headEuarters that morningFan ominouswarningP9MQ that; given in battle; would have indicated; surely; the beginning of the end. Itwas?

"I0 I* 3% 0G- )0,3*0 I,130/2C- 0G/0 23 /,,)2I0I32 &- -N1-25-5

+I0G3)0 )=-20 2--5. C3,1/2' C3,,/25-* +ILL -2%3C- 0GI* 35-I=33)*L'.$

+hile the futile dollars were being flung to the =overnment for new armies; the army that wasalready in the field was counting its smallBarms and artillery ammunition; knowing that it did not possess enough for two daysK battle.[77]

%rom ocean to ocean men with naked hands were crowding to enlist. 0he generous 2ation thatnever yet had denied a need when the need was made apparent; was as generous with its lives aswith its dollars. %or two and three blocks around the recruiting stations of regular army andmilitia the streets were packed with men. 0hey had come from work and pleasure. 0hey had

come home from far places. 0hey had dropped shovels and tennisBrackets; pensP98Q and picks.0hey stood shoulder to shoulder; in fine stuffs and in rags; made eEual by one loyal purpose. /ndthey were as futile as the dollars.

3ne million men; it was computed afterward; had offered themselves in /merica in that one day.&ut there were no weapons for them. 0here were not enough rifles. 0here were no uniforms.0here were no tents. 0here were no shoes.

4eenBeyed men of trails and wilderness offered themselves for the signal corps. 0here were nosignal corps supplies. 0elegraphers were there; but all the field telegraph outfits that the countryhad were with the army. 0eamsters volunteered; but there was no reserve of army wagons. ,en

trained in bridge building and engineering were turned away; because there was no eEuipment tofit out sorely needed companies of miners and sappers.[7M]

Cavalry was needed; urgently# and men who could ride tried to enlist. &ut there were no mountsfor them. /rmy officers in 0exas andP9:Q 2ew ,exico and 3klahoma were buying; atunheardBof prices; rough horses wild from the range; while in Connecticut were regiments ofregular cavalry whose troops were only threeBEuarters filled with either men or horses.[78]

,oney; money; moneyD ,en; men; menD It was too late.

 )e+port.s Palaces Occupie" b! $ne! Officers

0he bulletins still were displaying the news of the loss of 2arragansettKs defenses when themineBsweepers of the enemy; unhampered now; completed their work in the channels of the greatharbor and signaled to their fleet that it was safe to enter.

0he big liners crowded inFships that hitherto never had entered an /merican harbor except 2ew'ork or &oston. %ollowed by horseBtransports and vessels laden with artillery; they passed in agigantic parade past 2ewport.

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3nly destroyers and lightBdraught gunBboats preceded them. 0here was no further need ofcruisers with shotted guns to protect them.P9JQ 0he enemy flag was flying over %orts /dam;+etherill; =reble; =etty; and 1hilip 4earney. 0he /merican guns which the garrison had not been able to destroy now looked down the harbor to hold it for the invader against /mericanattack.

 2ewportKs villas and palaces were occupied by officers of the invading army and navy. 0heavenues and gardens and shores of the rich menKs pleasureBplace were thronged with blueAacketsand marines. 0he famous powerBboats; rich with mahogany and cedar; were brought out of theiropulent housings and launched. =littering steam yachts were being eased down the ways; to takethe water and go into commission under the foreign flag.

/fter the last of the ships had entered; an /merican sea captain; who had been crouching in ahiding place on *akonnet 1oint at the eastern entrance to the harbor; clapped his telescopetogether; arose cautiously; and straightened out his stiffened old limbs. 0aking great care to select byBpaths; he went inland to the village of Little Compton; where he found an automobile stage

that took him to the railroad station at 0iverton.P99Q

0hence he telephoned to %all iver; and %all iver sent it on to &oston; and &oston sent it on to+orcester; whence it went to the army; that an old seaman had not only counted and identifiedthe transports; but was able to say approximately which ships had troops aboard and whichvessels probably carried only supplies.

0here were liners of more than J;JJJ gross tons. 0here were three ships of more than H<;JJJtonnage. -ach of them was a famous liner whose character was known to its last details. It was amatter of only a few minutes to figure out that the net tonnage of the troopBladen vessels wasHJJ;JJ. )nder the foreign military allowance of one soldier for each two net tons of ship

capacity; it was indicated with fair accuracy that the force that had entered the harbor was at least9JJ;JJJ men.[7:]

"+ith the ample landing facilities;$ said the /merican Commanding =eneral to his staff; "themen can; no doubt; be disembarked within twenty hours. Count in the work of landing supplies;artillery; ammunition and horses; andP9HQ organiRing the army for effective movementFwecannot safely figure on more than fifty hours before the enemy will be ready to undertakeimportant operations. Ge will; no doubt; have occupied 1rovidence and %all iver at once.$[MJ]

 An -nci"ent of the Occupation of Fall 4iver 

/ gunboat was lying at that moment in the mouth of 0aunton iver; with Binch guns coveringtall; smoky %all iver. Its officers were watching the signalmen who had been left behind by adetachment of marines that had been sent in to occupy the river streets.

Crouching behind a thirdBstory window of a sEuare; multiBwindowed monster of a cotton mill;three men; roughly clad; watched the blueAackets approach. "I tell you;$ said one; "it is no use;no use. Gave you not read the order@ It is that we must not do anything.$

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"+e have been made citiRens;$ answered the other; savagely. "/nd shall we not fight for thiscountry@ =o; then; you; if you fear. 1eter and I will kill these men. Is it not so; 1eter@$

0he man addressed nodded; silently. GeP9Q had a bomb in his hand. 0he first speaker;shrugging his shoulder; hurried out.

"2owD$ said 1eter. Gis comrade raised the window; and 1eterKs arm went out swiftly. Ge tossedthe bomb.

It fell in front of the blueBAackets and burst. 0he detachment reeled. &ut the smoke had not Euitedissipated before the sailors were in order again; running back; dragging their machineBgun andcarrying two men; one dead; one wounded.

/t the corner they stopped and aimed the gun at the mill. 0here was a tearing scream; like thesudden yelp of a circular saw when it bites a plank. / stream of steelBAacketed bullets blewagainst the building. 0he windows vanished with a clash of splintering glass. 0hree men; their

heads bent low and their arms covering their faces as if to breast a tempest of hail and wind; ranout of the door. 0hey had not gone ten yards when they were Aerked; and tossed high; and flungforward; and dropped into a heap that might have been nothing except a huddle of old clothes.

0he man at the machineBgun grunted. *Euatting comfortably behind his little demon;P9Q heturned it on the factory again like a man manipulating a hose. -xactly as if he were sprinkling; hefanned the rows of windows; systematically.

&ehind them the gunboat awoke. Its men had learned by signal what had occurred. 0heir gunsopened fire on the street. %our steel proAectiles struck the brick buildings; broke through themand tore up floors and walls and girders. /s the shells exploded inside; the walls bent outward;

seemed to recover; and then suddenly leaned out again and toppled; with smoke and dustmounting into a column on a cyclone of their own making.

0hrough the smoke and thick dust sped another flock of shells. / building at the head of a streetmoved. It seemed to Aump; curiously like a frightened man staggering backward. 0hen there wasno building. 0here was nothing but a pile of stone and twisted ironFwith half a doRen menunder it.

 Provi"ence.s Han"ful of Desperate Men

0he gunboat lowered boats and sent more men ashore. 0hey rushed machine guns into the town.

"3ur men have been attacked;$ saidP9<Q their Commander; appearing at the City Gall. "0hetown is subAect to punishment under the rules of war. +rite a proclamation to your people atonce. Inform them that a single other hostile act will cause your immediate execution and thecomplete destruction of your city.$

"%all iver 5estroyedD$ was the news that went through the country. It was spread by men whohad seen the houses fall; and had run away in terror with the roar of tumbling walls and

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exploding shells in their ears; and who truly believed that they had seen the entire city in flameand ruin.

"OuickD OuickD$ shouted a newspaperman in 1rovidence when the news came in. "=et this onthe street with the biggest head you can and rush copies to the madmen at the barricade. ItKll

 probably be the last thing we print# but it may save 1rovidence.$

&ehind the barricade; made of stones and wagons and all the useless; pitiable defenses thatdesperate men in desperate cities have always used; there were a hundred or more men who hadlost their heads and would listen to nothing but the voice of their own fury. 0heyP97Q werearmed with old rifles taken from a plundered marine storeKs establishment whose dusty cellarwas piled with condemned arms. %rom the same place they had taken four automatic guns onrusty tripods.

Lashing themselves to greater and blinder rage at every attempt at opposition or argument; theyhad sworn to turn the weapons on their own police. &ut the black headlines on the extras that

were tossed to them acted like the shock of iceBcold water on a drunken man.

3ne by one they slouched away. +hen the enemy arrived; there was nobody to oppose the filesof blueAackets and marines that marched past the silent; gloomy crowds to occupy the city for thetroops.

/reen %couts for the Aerican Ar!

"eports here that 1rovidence is occupied;$ +ashington telegraphed to the army. "*end details.$

0he =eneral laughed sarcastically; and tossed the dispatch to his aide.

"&laResD$ growled the latter. "*ince they established their aviation camp back of their lines at 2arragansett 1ier yesterday; everyP9MQ reconnoisance weKve attempted has been Aust likestirring up a nest of yellowBAackets. IKm afraid that weKve lost another machine; sir. It shouldhave been back here hours ago. If itKs gone; we have only six left# and our crack aviationsEuadron from *an 5iego has been whittled down to 9 officers and :J enlisted men. 0heysimply pile on top of every machine of ours with half a doRen or more of their own.$

"0he mounted patrols that we pushed out toward the south last night got good results;$ said the=eneral.

"'es; sir. &ut;$ the aide selected a sheet of paper from the pile; "itKs like trying to build up amonster from a single bone. Look at this; sir. GereKs a green patrolFplucky; too; for they got infarther than most. &ut see what they give us. 0hey report a regiment of infantry at -xeter; west of +ickford# and they say that there is positively no artillery with it.$

"3f courseD$ answered the =eneral. "0hey didnKt know where to look for artillery; or how it isconcealed.$[M9]

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P98Q

"2ice manBtrap that sort of scouting isD$ grunted the aide.

"+ell; wellD$ 0he old =eneral laughed again. "ItKs late in the day to kick. +eKve known long ago

what sort of soup was being cooked for our eating. 0he only thing to do now is not to let themladle it into us too hot.$

/n officer with the insignia of the aviation corps appeared before the tentBflap and saluted. /trickle of blood was creeping down his forehead and across one cheek. "GulloD$ said the aide."0hen we havenKt lost that machine after allD 5id you get anything@$

&he 4eport of the Air %cout 

"Cavalry and artillery have seiRed all the railroad and electric lines to 1rovidence;$ reported theflier. "/pparently they are not moving into the town; but holding tight so that the troops that are

landing there can complete their line. CouldnKt get detailsFthree biBplanes got after me withintwenty minutes.$

"+hat delayed you@$

"0hey drove me south to the coast. =oing over 4ingston; I got touched up with shrapnel. 0hentwo other fliers came down on me; comingP9:Q from the direction of our own lines. I had tohustle across the *ound and fly around ,ontauk 1oint and inland before I could shake them off.$

"+hat did you see on ,ontauk@$ asked the =eneral; Euickly.

"/ small force is holding it; apparently for a supply and repair base;$ said the scout. "I saw a rowof forges in one place.$

"0hatKs better news; anyway;$ said the =eneral. "IKve been anxious since we heard that a forcehad been landed there. %eared it might be a second army moving toward 2ew 'ork. +ell; weKd better tell +ashington what weKve gathered.$

"Gostile line;$ +ashington learned; "is strongly extended through hode Island along entirerailroad system from +esterly northeast almost to 1rovidence. -nemyKs left flank at +esterly has been strengthened by successful assault on %ort ,ansfield near +atch Gill whose twoBcompanygarrison was overcome before it could destroy the <Binch guns.[MH]

P9<JQ

"0he enemy holds in strength +esterly; 2iantic; +ood iver; +ickford unction and Landing;iver 1oint and -ast =reenwich; thus maintaining line that touches 2arragansett &ay at one endand the ocean east of Long Island at the other. -xtraordinarily powerful artillery supportsreported along entire front.$

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"2o important news from the front;$ said +ashington; transmitting this information to thenewspapers. "1rovidence appears to have been occupied; as all communication with that placehas ceased. It is reported that two blocks of buildings in %all iver have been destroyed; but therest of the city is intact.$

+ashington had become the only source of news; for the time; after the foe had effected a base in 2arragansett &ay. 0he coasts of 2ew ersey and Long Island suddenly had become as Euietagain as if there were no enemy within three thousand miles. 2o demonstration was madeagainst the ocean defenses of 2ew 'ork City. 2o ships threatened the defenses of Long Island*ound.P9<9Q

&he Pli#ht of )e+ 'e"for" 

*imultaneously with the severance of communication with 1rovidence; &oston had been cut offfrom direct communication with southern 2ew -ngland; and could telegraph or telephone only by way of +orcester.

Late that night the city transmitted a dispatch that had come to it from %ort odman; near 2ew&edford in &uRRards &ay. / strong force; numbers unknown; had begun moving along therailroad out of %all iver; with evident design against the town or the fort. 0rains were beingassembled. "*end reinforcements;$ said %ort odman. "2o militia in the city. +e have in ourdefenses only 7 men; %ourth Company; 2ew &edford ,ilitia Coast /rtillery; besides our owntwo companies of regulars and the two companies that were sent here from Charleston and,obile.$[M]

0he morning newspapers announced that 2ew &edford was in uproar and had demanded of+ashington to know if the =overnment intended to abandon its seaBboard cities utterly. 0he

 people had gone out to tear up the railroadP9<HQ tracks leading into the town; but one train offifteen cars had already advanced half way from %all iver; with another of twelve cars behind it.

*hortly afterward a dispatch from a station along the line informed &oston that three other trainshad Aust passed; close behind each other; going slowly. 3ne train had twelve; one had eight andthe other had ten cars.

"%iftyBseven cars;$ said the +ar 5epartment; "would indicate that two regiments with artillerywere on the way.$

0wo hours later +ashington gave out this bulletin?

"2ew &edford was occupied at nine /.,. by a regiment of infantry and three batteries of heavyfield artillery. *hortly before 9J /.,. this force; augmented by a further regiment of infantry; astrong body of sappers and miners; and a battery of howitRers; proceeded in the direction of %ortodman. *ince then it has been impossible to gain any intelligence.$

&he Dean" of the Cities for Protection

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/t noon an enemy force of unknown strength advanced toward 0aunton; ,assachusetts; by wayof the railroad running north from %allP9<Q

"0he people had gone out to tear up the railroad tracks leading into the town.$

iver. It was reported that two companies of infantry; ,assachusetts >olunteer ,ilitia; had

attacked enemy cavalry outside of the town and had defeated it. / little later came a report thatthe /mericans had been surrounded and forced to surrender.

0hen 0aunton was cut off. &oston telegraphed to +ashington? "+e have practically strippedourselves of militia and demand help at once.$

"Gold the army where it isD$ said 2ew 'ork; promptly. "0o move it toward &oston would simplyuncover us; and open all Connecticut to capture.$

"1rotect &ostonD$ demanded Lawrence and Lowell and Gaverhill.

"Gold the army in ConnecticutD$ telegraphed 2ew London and 2ew Gaven; &ridgeport andGartford.

",ost of our militia is with the armyD$ urged 1hiladelphia. "+e insist that our men be kept between us and the foe.$

"+hat is the disposition of the enemy forces now@$ +ashington asked army headEuarters.

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"5isembarkation proceeding swiftly;$ was the reply. "0he line 1rovidence to 2ew &edfordP9<Qappears to be strongly held. ,ain strength; however; evidently being thrown to face our front.0he original army is being steadily augmented by additions from the forces now landing. &elievethat hostile line stretching across hode Island and threatening us is now fully eighty thousandmen; with preponderating artillery.$

0he news bulletin that the +ar 5epartment in +ashington gave out as a result of this informationwas that the /merican army; though numerically inferior; was holding the invader in check forthe time. 2o immediate movement; said the bulletin; was expected.

0o the =eneral in command; however; the 5epartment telegraphed? "It is of the utmostimportance to know if you can maintain present position; and if so; how long. +e wish to work*pringfield arsenal to the last moment. ,ust have twentyBfour hours to dismantle it and shipmachinery away.$

&+o Da!s in Which to Ma*e Aunition for the Aerican Ar!6

*pringfield /rsenal; lying behind the protecting army; was aBglare with light at nightP9<<Q and aBroar night and day with labor. It was toiling almost literally over a mine# for the foundations weremined; ready for the dynamite that was to blow them up when the need came.

/n army of workmen; each provided with his own specific instruction; were ready; when theword came; to tear out what machinery they could and load it on the trains.[M]

0hus; with men standing ready to pull it apart; the great place was being "speeded$ to turn outrifles. )nder civilian and military experts all the workers who could find room were working ineightBhour shifts. 0hey had increased the output from the normal one hundred rifles an hour to

three thousand in the twentyBfour hours.

"%orces in our front constantly increasing;$ the army leaders informed +ashington; after acouncil of war. "2o doubt of offensive intention. +e believe; however; that no forwardmovement will be made until completion ofP9<7Q landing operations. 0he total destruction of allroads in our front will then delay enemy for not more than two days. 0hink it safe to delaydismantling works till expiration of that time.$

"0hank =odD$ said one of the men in +ashington. Ge was thanking =od for two days of graceF after fifty years of unused time. 0wo short days had become suddenly precious. In that time therecould be added to the stock of arms 7;JJJ rifles before the *pringfield works should have to be

abandoned and the country forced to depend on the output of the ock Island arsenal in Illinois;whose utmost capacity was only two hundred and fifty rifles in each eightBhour day.[M<]

 Militia &hat Ha" Coe in Without 4ifles

/lready; without a battle; the army had made reEuisition for H;<JJ new rifles. 0he militia hadcome in with many rifles corroded from the powerful fumes and acid deposits released by

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smokeless powder. 0he rifling of many was ruined by rust; due to lack of cleaning after use.P9<MQ In more than one militia company there were men who had come in without rifles.[M7]

&eholding this wastage that had occurred in peace; the authorities were inclined to believe thedictum of some of the military men who insisted that for every infantryman in the field there

must be a rifle in reserve. Certainly it was evident enough that when fighting should once begin;the waste of small arms would be enormous.[MM]

0wo days moreD 0he word went secretly to Gartford and /nsonia; to &ridgeport; to 2ew Gaven;to all the crowded world of Connecticut and southern ,assachusetts where machines were panting night and day; buildings trembling with their steam fever; men toiling without sleep; totake advantage of the days of grace.

It was not only the brass cases for the fixedP9<8Q ammunition; the fuses for shells; the cartridgesfor rifles and pistols; the bayonets and entrenching tools for which the army depended on 2ew-ngland. / hundred places of peaceful manufacture were working as desperately as were the

manufacturers of EuickBfiring guns; to provide the food that war devours with such monstrousrapacity when it begins to feed.

0here were shops that turned out chains; and shops that turned out cooking utensils. 0here wereworkmen who never had done anything more warlike than to make bootlaces. 0here weremanufacturers of whips and hats; and wheelwrights and makers of thread. )p and down all theriver valleys; and in all the crowded towns they were working to give the army what it needed before the enemy should reach out and make the land his own.

 2ow that it was on the verge of being lost; the )nited *tates knew suddenly what this 2ew-ngland meant to it. It realiRed all at once what vast productiveness had enriched the entire

Continent with its manifold variety. *o accustomed through long generations to the endlesssupply; even the merchants of /merica had not realiRed how much they depended onP9<:QConnecticut and ,assachusetts factories for a thousand articles of daily utility.

%rom every point in the )nion came orders. Gad such a torrent arrived in a time of peace;Connecticut might have built one unbroken factory reaching from the &erkshire Gills to*tonington; to meet the demand.

"We Will Pla! Our Han" Out6$

/nd all that lay between this treasureBhouse of the )nited *tates and capture was a bluffFa last;

desperate /merican bluff.

0he /merican =eneral knew that his adversary must know that it was a bluff# but bluffing was an/merican game.

"+e will play our hand out;$ he said to his staff. "2o doubt he knows that he could drive us back now; without waiting for his whole army to land; and all that ungodly mess of artillery that heKs brought with him. &ut he wants to play safe. Ge wants to clean the whole thing up in one

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operation. Ge wants to lick us; true# but he wants still more to accomplish his bigger AobFthe possession of the seaboard. +eKll sit tightFand bluff him into going slow.$P97JQ

0he army sat tight. It sat tight while 2ew -ngland worked; and Chambers of Commerce andCommittees of *afety argued and resolved and argued and could agree on nothing except that the

whole thing was a hopeless mess. It sat tight while a hundred millions stared at the mess; andhooted their Congressmen and politicians who wandered around feebly to explain that it was thefault of somebody else.

In 3hio and Indiana the mess was typified. Gere in great camps were gathered the organiRedmilitia of the western *tates to be organiRed; with JJ;JJJ entirely raw volunteers who hadeverything to learn. 0hese green men were the pick of the countryFphysically perfect;intelligent; Euick to understand. &ut there was nobody to teach them.

%or years the )nited *tates had been warned that if the crisis ever should occur; there would not be any officers available for the work of organiRing and training recruits. 0he warning had been

whistled down the wind. Congresses that could find ample time to debate about mileage andconstructive recesses and pork barrels had never found a time when they could debate this.P979Q

"-ntirely raw volunteers; who had everything to learn.$

Congresses that could always find the money for increased pension rolls never had been able tofind the time to lessen the pension rolls of the future by providing trained officers who would

 protect their soldiers and teach them to stay alive as long as possible instead of rushing toglorious and unnecessary death.[M8]

-ven as it was; there were not enough officers for the army that was in the field. %or training thenew men; the 2ation had to call on every aged officer in the land; on every otherwise Eualifiedman who was physically unfit for active service; and on foreigners from foreign armies.

 A 5an" 5ac*in# in War $fficienc!

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0his army in formation was placed in perfect surroundings. Its health; its sanitation and its waterBsupply were excellent. It was fed onP97HQ the best that money could buy. In everything that didnot depend on military efficiency; its maintenance was beyond criticism.

)niforms were being made for it in record time. ,ills were producing blankets at a speed never

 before reached. +herever /mericans could help by the efficient execution of duties that theyunderstood; the result was magnificent.

&ut in everything that demanded the efficiency of men trained to war; the land was entirelylacking. -verything had to be improvised. 0here were only a few men who knew anything about pitching tents; camp drainage; and the management of large bodies of men. 0here were practically no men outside of the army who were capable of managing the work of supplying thegreat camps with what they needed. /s in the *panishB/merican +ar; the utter inadeEuacy of theOuartermasterKs 5epartment under its civilian appointees had become a scandal within a fewweeks; and threatened already to demoraliRe the entire volunteer body.

1erishable provisions were left in freight cars till they rotted. eEuisitions for vitallyP97Qneeded supplies were not made until it was too late. eEuisitions for one and the same thing weresent out by half a doRen different officials; leading to inextricable confusion. 0here was not anhour in the day when EuartermasterKs transports did not block roads where they had no businessto be; and in situations that in war would have made disaster for a hurrying army.[M:]

"*ix months to train that mobD$ said a retired =eneral; reporting to the 1resident. "+ell; ,r.1resident; letKs hope so. I should say nine months; and not even then unless you can give Kemmore officers to teach Kem.$

&he )e+s the %p! 'rou#ht 

In Connecticut a spy was reporting to the staff. Ge was a Captain of /rtillery; and he had spentseventyBtwo hours behind the enemyKs lines.

"0hey have completed their disembarkation and organiRation;$ he said. "0here are at least9<J;JJJ men; as was calculated. 0hey areP97Q magnificently organiRed; with reserves ofeverything. 0hey have an enormous supply of artilleryFat least ten guns to every thousandinfantry and cavalry. 0heir machine gun companies also are extraordinarily large.$[8J]

"/nd what is their disposition@$

"0hey were still moving men around to our front;$ answered the spy. "I should say; =eneral; thatyou now have; or will have before the end of the day; approximately one hundred thousand menfacing you.$

"/nd the others@$

"-verything indicates that they are planning to move against &oston; while the larger forceattacks us; sir. Country people told me that they are holding 0aunton now with a strong force.

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0hey were moving men through 1awtucket this morning on the 1rovidence railroad line for&oston.$P97<Q

"5id you see any movement that might menace +orcester immediately@$

"0hey have already repaired the railroad from 1rovidence to +oonsocket.$

"0hen itKs time for us to get out of this. =entlemen; you all know what to do. Issue your orders atonce.$

&he 4etreat of the Aerican Ar!

-ight hours later the enemy army advanced suddenly. Its southern wing pushed forward; acrosshode Island and entered Connecticut. Its northern wing; advancing more slowly because it hadto repair railroads and clear obstructed roads before it; extended itself gradually northwardtoward +orcester.

0he extreme southern line; advancing from +esterly; took *tonington; =roton and the newLondon 2avy 'ard; and held the eastern shore of the 0hames iver. /nother force took 2orwichand crossed the 0hames at that place.

=radually the line straightened out and formed into the drive that was to sweep the /mericanarmy before it; or crush it. &ut the /merican army; with everything lacking exceptP977Qtransport; was not there; either to be swept or crushed. It was retreating swiftly; in perfect order.

/s the last wheel rolled out of *pringfield; the town shook with the explosions that werewrecking the dismantled arsenal.

-astward; two divisions of enemy forces; perfectly appointed to act as independent armies; wereconverging on &oston.P97MQ

VI

THE RISING OF NEW ENGLAND

 2ew -ngland was filmy red with bursting maple buds. *ilver troops of rain floated over the lowhills in the dawn; and left /pril shining. 0he orderly land lay lovely and serene under the tranEuil

 blessing of the 2ew -ngland spring whose memory draws its sons; soon or late; from all theworldKs places to go home.

It was such a morning "promising to become hot$ as had lain on ,assachusetts in the dawn of/pril 9:; 9MM<; when men were gathering at Concord and Lexington.

0he country was as still as it must have been in that farBoff day. 0he millBtowns were still andsmokeless. 0he machineries were still. 0here was no cry of plowmen in the fields.

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It was a supine 2ew -ngland; hushed; apprehensive and conEuered. *o; at least; it seemed to theinvaders whose patrols; spreading fanwise; were beginning to pierce the country in all directions; pushing forward far inP978Q advance of their armies; and finding no opposition.

0hrough 2ew -ngland the church and town clocks struck? *even. 0he land was peaceful as

death. 0he hour passed. 0he laRy clocks began to strike? -ight.

In a village north of 2ew &edford stood a little crowd of farmers; gathered around the generalstore and listening to the sheriff. Ge was warning them that they must not attempt to resist theinvading troops when they came.

"I know that youFand you;$ said he; pointing to men as he spoke; "brought arms with you.'ouKd better give them up to me.$

"/nd you an /mericanD$ growled one of the men. 0he sheriff did not retort. Ge was scarcely pastmiddle age# but there was a great; slow patience in his face that made him look old.

Ge shook his head and said? "ItKs only for your own sake.$

&he Mo"ern Paul 4evere

"LookD$ cried a farmer. "+ho is coming here@$

0he man who was coming was a man on aP97:Q motorcycle. ,an and machine were so coatedwith dust; were speeding so desperately; that even without war in the land one would stare at thisflying thing; one would wait with eyes and lips open to learn what startling message it wascarrying.

,an; roaring motor; and their brother pillar of dust crashed by. 0hey had disappeared before the breathless watchers realiRed that the man had waved an arm at them and had screamed?"*oldiersD$

/ farmer ran to his wagon and pulled out a rifle from its hiding place under the wagonBseat."Come on; boysD$ he said.

"ListenD ListenD$ 0he sheriff shouldered forward. ",enD 2eighborsD 3ld friendsD %or =odKssake; listenD 'ou have no right to fight.$

"+hat@$ 0he sheriffKs young brother; sturdy; handsome; suddenly ferocious; brought his faceclose to him. "2o right to defend our country@ /re you craRy; im@$

0he patient man shook his head again. "It is against the rules of war.$

"0hen curse the rules of warD$ shouted the younger. "/re you a coward@$P9MJQ

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0he sheriff reached out and touched his brotherKs arm. It was a secret; almost a timid; act. 0he brother threw off the appealing hand.

"5onKt touch meD$ Ge spoke through set teeth. "If you are a coward and traitor; may you bedamned through all eternityD /gainD %or the last timeD +ill you fight@$

0he sheriff raised his hands; dumbly. 0he men went to their wagons and returned with arms.

 )e+ $n#lan".s %tone Wall 

"0o that stone wall yonderD$ said one.

Ge pointed into a field with a rough stone wall dividing its center three or four hundred yardsfrom the road. 0his man was an old hunter; and the others had followed him often. Ge tookcommand now as a matter of course.

0he sheriff watched them flounder through the plowed field. Ge stood still; for a minute. 0hen hehurried to his house; emerged with a gun; and Aoined the party.

0wo miles away a sEuad of ten cavalrymen cantered over a ridge and examined the countrythrough their fieldBglasses. 0hey studied the ground foot by foot; almost inch by inch.P9M9Q*atisfied; they trotted toward the village.

/round a turn they came on a little knot of women and children who scurried; screaming; intothe ditch. / rider headed off a woman who was carrying a child. Ge stooped to her from his tall black horse. Laughing; he nodded and said something to her in a foreign language.

*tooping still lower; he snatched the child suddenly and swung it out of the trembling womanKsarm. Ge lifted it; and danced it up and down.

Ge fumbled in his saddleBbag and brought out some chocolate which he fed to the baby. 0hen hehanded it back to the mother; roaring again with laughter at her frightened face. 0he other riders;laughing also; waved their hands at the group and cantered on.

0hey entered the village; swiftly examined it; riding through gardens and into alleys; assuringthemselves that there was nothing there to mask danger for the troops that were behind them.0hey passed out of the other end and into the road leading past the plowed field with the stonewall.

It was still; and very lonely. 0here was notP9MHQ a living being in sight throughout all the softlytinted land. 3n a tree branch that hung over the stone wall; a bluebird began to sing with all the power of its little throat.

It brought a hot choking to the throat of a farmer who was lying behind the stone wall; Aust under the bird. Its song had welled out Aust as he was raising his rifle. &ut his gray 'ankee eye soughtthe sights; his sinewy brown hand gripped the weapon; and he fired.

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&he Firin# of the First %hot 

Ge fired; and pumped another cartridge into the breech and fired again; so Euickly that hissecond shot had roared out before a cavalryman who had pitched forward with the first bulletthrough his side; had Euite toppled from his saddle.

/ll along the stone wall they fired; and pumped their magaRines; and fired. 0hey were men whohad hunted deer in early autumn cover and learned to send bullets driving after them at hot speedon the Aump. 0he big horses and the big men; broad in the open road; were easy targets. &ut theywere not deer. 0hey were men. ,ore than one of the rifle bulletsP9MQ went wild because themarksmanKs horror shook his hand.

In the road lay two men; lashing in the dust. 5own the road went a bleeding horse that screamed.It dragged its rider; smashing his face against the ground. In the field was a soldier; trying to balance himself on his saddle; with one hand gripping at his breast while the other reached outgrotesEuely; as if groping for something to which he might hold.

/ farmer behind the wall; unable to endure the sight of the men who were rolling in the road likeanimals trying to bury their agony; fired at them and made them lie still. ",y =odD$ he said; andcried.

0he wounded man fell from the saddle and sEuatted in a Eueer hunched posture in the field; hishead between his knees. It was the cavalryman who had fed the child.

0he others scattered; and charged toward the wall. Instantly; the defenders became cool. 0heirnerves stopped Aumping. 0hese riders; looming big; with swords out and fury in their eyes;ceased to be men. 0hey were killers. 0he farmers shot as steadily as if they were aiming at deer.

P9MQ

0wo riders escaped and galloped headlong down the road back to their forces. 0he 2ew -nglandmen arose from behind the wall; and ran across the fields to gain the shelter of a woodBlot.&efore they could reach it; there was a yelling behind them and a doRen troopers were in thefields; following them desperately.

 -n the %tone House

"0o the houseD$ cried the sheriff. Ge led the way to an old stone house; built in evolutionarytimes. 0he cavalrymen reined up sharply. / glance at the solid little building with windowB

openings as deep as embrasures; showed them that it was dangerous. 0hey opened out; remainingcarefully out of rifle shot; and surrounded the place where they could watch it from all sides.0hen one rode back; swiftly.

0he watchers sat; easy and careless; as if they had been halted during a peaceful practice march.Galf an hour passed. 0he immobility of the soldiers; their passionless watch; was driving thefarmers frantic. ,ore than once the old leader had to growl at a man whoP9M<Q wanted to fire;despite the hopeless distance.

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If the tension in the house had lasted much longer; some of these men would have rushed out.&ut there came a great sound from the distance. It might have been thunder; rolling far away. Itmight have been a river in flood.

"0heyKre comingD$ said the sheriffKs brother. It was hard for him to speak. 0he defenders were all

violently thirsty; and they had not had time to bring water from the well.

0hey came. Gorses; horses; horsesD &ayonets; bayonets; bayonetsD 0hey came; and passed alongthe road; and more came on.

0hey did not turn off to attack the house. 0hey did not even turn their heads to look at it. 0hisinfuriated the defenders.

Gorses; horses; horsesD &ayonets; bayonets; bayonetsD If the men in the stone house could haveseen other roads; they would have seen each one so filled with silent; steadily moving columns of men.

/ little party of men and horses turned off from the column and entered the field. &efore it waswithin the range of the rifles; it wheeled. / shining; glossy little thing pointed at the house. It wasfield artillery; sleek; beautiful.P9M7Q

0he sheriffKs brother; carried away by rage; fired and fired. Ge emptied his magaRine at thedistant men.

&he War Machine 4olls On

/long the highway the column moved steadily; silently. 2o soldier checked his foot for so much

as an instant at the sound of the shots. &ayonets; bayonets; bayonetsD 0he machine moved on.

It moved on; eyes front; while the captain commanding the cannon snapped an order. It movedon; bayonets twinkling out of sight in front; and twinkling past; and twinkling into sight from behind; while the little gun tore the /pril morning.

0he stone house spouted clouds of dust and powdering stone. It dissolved. It became a ruin thatstared phantomlike through the cloud; as if it were looking with horribly expanding eyes at thegun.

If the besieged fired in return; the men at the gun did not know it. 0heir steel beast drowned the

farmersK tiny efforts in roar and flame. 0hey passed as a breath. 0he cavalrymen cantered to theruin. / half wall wasP9MMQ standing; Aagged. 0he rest was a mound of dirt. )nder it lay fourteenmen of ,assachusetts. 0he sheriff lay there; with his face more patient than ever; and his armaround his brother.

0he little gun and its horses and men Aoined the horses and men that were moving northwardthrough 2ew -ngland.

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3ver the field telegraph wire that unreeled behind the advancing force went the report to theenemy headEuarters? "Civilians estimated at about a doRen fired from ambush; killing eightcavalry. 0ook refuge in building. /nnihilated.$

It was a perfunctory report telling of a merely perfunctory incident. &ut the commanderBinBchief;

sitting at his ease in headEuarters in 1rovidence; stopped smoking for a moment. "*ee that thenews does not spread;$ said he. "It might raise the country. eUnforce all patrols and warn them.$

 )e+ $n#lan" Abla=e

Ge was a Euick man. Gis officers were Euick and his system of communication was Euick. &utthe news sped more Euickly still.P9M8Q 3ver every telephone that was intact; over everytelegraph wire that still worked in 2ew -ngland; by bicycle; on horseback; by men running; thestory was passed from man to man and village to village.

0hey were fourteen humble men; unknown beyond their own township; when they crouched

 behind the stone wall. 0hey were fourteen shining names before the ruins that covered them hadceased smoking. 2ew -ngland; like a blaRing forest; was ablaRe with wrath and fury.

>ain was it now for cautious men to warn or authorities to command. ,en who never in theirlives had thought harm to any living thing; dashed out with smoldering eyes to fight. 1rudentmen; who never in their lives had acted on impulse; now acted without a secondKs pause forreflection. ,en who had cared all their lives only for their own little affairs; were all drunkennow and thought it nothing to fire one shot for their country and die behind a stone wall in thedirt.

In /cushnet an old whaling captain; a prosperous; weighty citiRen; emptied his shot gun into a

raiding party and was left dead underP9M:Q his forsythias with the golden blossoms from thevolleyBtorn shrubs covering him.

&etween 0aunton and 1awtucket a militia company of field artillery that had been unable tomove its gun because it lacked horses; got it from its hiding place; and with a party of volunteerswho had no firearms; fought behind piled bags of cement against enemy cavalry till artillery hadto be brought from miles away to destroy them.

*outh of +oonsocket a band; made up of thirty ,assachusetts militia infantry and sixty factoryhands from the town; prevented two companies of hostile infantry for almost two hours fromcrossing the &lackstone iver. It was not because they could shoot; or knew how to fight. It was

 because they meant to stay there till they died. /nd it was not until they were dead that theinvaders succeeded in crossing.

 2ew -ngland women who had spent their lives in homely; simple duties; brought out dippers ofwater to parched men and cheered them on. 0hey hid fleeing men in barns and stood by; defiant;when pursuing soldiers dragged them out and shot them before their eyes.P98JQ

 As the Men of Ol" 

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,en took down old muskets that had been over chimneyBplaces for a generation. 0heir wivesand mothers kissed them as they went out to fight.

=randparents saw their sons and their sonsK sons lie in ambush in ancestral pastures that had notechoed to a ruder sound than the lowing of cows# and they saw them vanish away in red storm;

and did not weep.

5ynamiteD 5ynamiteD went the word through ,assachusetts and Connecticut. 0his wassomething that the unarmed country had; and that it knew how to use. -ven the peaceful farmershad it; and were practiced in handling it; from long work in blowing out stumps and rocks. Irishconstruction gangs; Italian roadBmakers; workers of every tongue and race from pits and Euarries; Aoined the 2ew -ngland men.

0hey blew up a sunken road through which artillery was lumbering. 0hey blasted away a steep bank and buried a troop of cavalry. 0hey blew up a mined road in front of infantry and when itretreated; sprang a second mineP989Q under the soldiersK feet that exterminated a battalion.

ailroads and roads were blown up before advancing troops and behind them. ,en blew up bridges and prevented their own escape so that the armed forces caught them as in a trap andslaughtered them at leisure. >iaducts and works were dynamited that never could have been ofany use to the enemy. It was formless; systemless destructionFbut in that very lack of systemlay its danger to the enemy forces.

Gad all the men in 2ew -ngland who were engaged in this wild fighting been gathered in one body; the trained; disciplined soldiers could have disposed of them in an action so simple thatthey might scarcely have named it a skirmish. &ut this was like a forest fire that; stamped out inone spot; breaks into roaring flame in another. /s it sweeps from tree tops to tree tops and creeps

underground; and flames out in Euick fury miles away; so the warfire raved through,assachusetts and Connecticut to be crushed out only in detail with detailed; bitter work throughall that long; hot; dusty day.P98HQ

%erious to the $ne!

It was serious. 0his uprising of an undisciplined population could not defeat; or even damageseriously; the great army. &ut it could hamper it. It would force a wide scattering of troops to break down the sporadic opposition. It would make a dangerous countryFdangerous in front ofthe advancing soldiers; dangerous in their rear; continually dangerous around them.

In that sense it was more serious than deliberate; military opposition by the /merican armywould have been. Gad the enemy commander faced only a defending army; it would have been aEuiet; technical matter of advance guards against advance guards. 0hese pawns in the old gameof war would have thrust each other back here; receded before each other there; fighting onlywhen it was forced on them; and so; gradually; properly; they would have cleared the board thatthe great game might be played.

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0his incoherent uprising was disorganiRing all his tactics. %rom the western army that had set outto sweep through Connecticut; cameP98Q

"0here had been firing from millBbuildings; which had been destroyed for punishment.$

word that everywhere patrols had been attacked. ,en in a swift power boat on the 0hames iverabove 2ew London had succeeded in three places in firing on scouting parties with a Gotchkissrifle; apparently taken from a yacht.

0he line north of 2orwich along the same river reported four men killed from ambush. /t+illimantic there had been firing from mill buildings; which had been destroyed for punishment.

0he Commander of the brigade that was advancing on +orcester in ,assachusetts fromConnecticut had halted his advance; and was asking headEuarters if the extent of the disorderwere great enough to imperil his communications.

0he eastern division; moving on &oston; reported that the patrols had been ordered in from theline 2orth ,iddleboroF-ast ,iddleboroF1lymouth. "3ur men can move only in considerableforce;$ reported the Commander. "*mall parties are constantly in danger of being assassinated.0he population appears to be in a frenRy. *even cavalry at 2emasket; engaged in foraging fortheir horses; were burnedP98Q alive in a barn. +e have fired the town. It is still burning. Gaveshot ten citiRens.$

",y men are getting out of hand;$ telegraphed the Commander of a brigade moving toward,ansfield. "*tern reprisals reEuired at once.$

" 5et &he Have -t6$

"Let them have itD$ said the CommanderBinBChief.

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"Instant retaliationD$ said the field telegraph to the armies. "3rder all brigade commanders toexecute disorderly civilians in most public and exemplary manner possible. /ttach placard to bodies proclaiming why punishment was incurred. 5ivisional commanders are empowered intheir discretion to order partial or total destruction of offending cities.$

0he commanders transmitted the orders to their regimental commanders; and these to the officersof their battalions and companies. "Crush all disorder with utmost severity;$ they said. +hat itmeant was? "4ill; burn and destroyD$ It meant? "*et fury against furyD$ It meant? "Let your mengoD$

It meant what a war of soldiers against battlingP98<Q civilians in a conEuered country always hasmeant. &oth sides had seen their dead. &oth sides were maddened. 2ow the men with arms;restrained no longer by cold discipline; broke loose.

0hen 2ew -ngland saw such deeds as that Euiet landscape never had framed since the days of itsold Indian wars; and perhaps not even then. It saw housewives hanging from budding appleB

trees; with placards pinned to their breasts saying that they had helped to murder soldiers. It saw 2ew -ngland people; who; twentyBfour hours earlier would not have killed a chicken without a pang of pity; surround solitary soldiers and do them to death with their bare hands; while they begged for mercy. It saw unarmed citiRens seiRed on the roads and hustled to walls and shotwhile they were screaming for somebody in authority; that they might prove their innocence.

0he authorities of a score of towns were hanged in their town sEuares because troops had beenfired on. In many a park that never had seen anything more formidable than children at their play; hung dead men in a rowFthe executed hostages who paid for the acts of menP987Q whomthey had not known. / thousand men and women of Connecticut and ,assachusetts; it wasreported later; were shot or hanged in that one afternoon.

 )e+ $n#lan".s Funeral Curtain

/nd over the two *tates; rising slowly and spreading until the sunny sky was darkened; therehung; like a funeral curtain over the place of death; the black smoke of burning villages andtowns.

+hen that /pril day ended; and the night came down; there was no place in eastern Connecticut;in all the seventy miles north and south from 2ew London to +orcester where men could not seethe fire of burning towns or houses. In ,assachusetts from 2ew &edford to 0aunton; and from0aunton north to &rockton; there were fires. /ll the sky around 1rovidence was red with it. 0he

smoke drifted over &oston and the strangling odor filled its streets.

/ll night the country burned. /ll night wounded fugitives lay hidden; gritting their teeth; or;forced by intolerable anguish; crawled out and surrendered. /ll night long the troopsP98MQ sweptthrough town after town; wreaking vengeance.

It was finished in the morning. "0he country is pacified;$ were the reports that went toheadEuarters. 0here were no gatherings of citiRens anywhere within the province of the armyKs

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operations. 0hey were forbidden. 0here were no arms left in the hands of civilians. Gouses inwhich weapons were found had been destroyed. ,en who had been found with them in their possession were shot. ,en with explosives were shot. In all 2ew -ngland that morning; everyman had to be ready; for his life; to hold out his open hands whenever he met a soldier; andsubmit to search.

&he Machine %ha*es Do+n

0hrough the two armies ran the orders to restore stiff discipline. 0he soldiers came to leash andthe big machine shook down. 0he patrols went out grimly; with a new meaning in their peering;scrutiniRing frowns. 0hey found a terroriRed country; through which they moved unhampered.

"+orcester 3ccupied$ was the early newsP988Q that went through the )nited *tates. "GeavyCavalry &ody -nters )nopposed.$

",otor aiders at %itchburg;$ was the next report. It was followed by news of raiders east of

+orcester.

&it by bit the enemy was cutting &oston and all -astern 2ew -ngland off from the rest of the)nited *tates.

-ast of 1rovidence the advance guard of the army that was threatening &oston reached the linefrom /ttleboro through &ridgewater and *ilver Lake to 4ingston; thus extending across that partof ,assachusetts all the way to 1lymouth &ay.[89]

0aunton; according to rumors that reached &oston; was being made the point for a heavyconcentration of men and rolling stock.

+ashington received news of an enormous unfolding of cavalry. 0he reports came from -ast&rookfield; half way between +orcester and *pringfield in southern ,assachusetts#P98:Q from+illimantic in Central Connecticut; and from 2ew London on the Long Island *ound shore inthe south. -very road across the whole *tate north and south was held by horsemen who were pressing steadily westward; converting all means of communication to the armyKs use and cuttingoff the population completely from the outside and even from communicating with each other.[8H]

%rom /ttleboro there was a sudden thrust along the railroad line 0aunton to ,ansfield. %rom this point the enemy moved rapidly along the railroad line to %ramingham. In two hours he had in his

 possession six important Aunctions of the railroad systems that connect &oston with the rest of 2ew -ngland and with the )nited *tates.

 $ncirclin# 'oston

0he enemy was making good a great line that extended in a semiBcircle from the west of &ostonto the coast south of it.

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Gis grip on hode Island had not relaxed. 0hat whole *tate was in his hands. 0here wasP9:JQnot a village left in it that was not dominated by his troops. ,en were Euartered in every house.3fficers were Euartered in every hotel; every mansion. 0he town halls and churches wereoccupied. In places where there were not sufficient stable accommodations; the horses were placed in the churches.

0here were proud homes there; in "little hode Island;$ where crossed swords over the oldBfashioned mantelBpieces bore witnesses to ancestors who had fought on land and sea in the +arsof the evolution and of 989H. %oreign soldiers sat under them; and spread out maps of the *tateon the floors while they debated over the best use to make of roads and houses and towns.

0own and village authorities received orders; not from officers; but from common soldiers; or; atthe most; from sergeants or corporals. 3nly in the most important places did commissionedofficers trouble to consult with the officials. ,ostly; they limited themselves to sending theirreEuisitions and instructions in curtly written notes.

*o it was everywhere throughout the conEuered country. +herever the invader setP9:9Q foot; allold law ceased instantly and new law began. 0he bulletin boards in town halls; court rooms and post offices were covered; within half an hour after the irruption of soldiery; by placards thatwere headed; each and every one; with the words? "/n 3rder.$

0he people were ordered not to be out of doors after nine at night. 0hey were ordered to bring inan accounting of all horse forage; all foodBstuffs and all accommodation they had in their premises for men and animals. 0hey were ordered to bring in all rolling stock for inspection.0hey were ordered to leave their lights burning behind lowered shades.

2n"er Forei#n 4ule

0heir officials were ordered to report daily to the army for instructions. 0heir Audges wereordered to make reports of their cases. 0here was no duty of the day to which a citiRen could turnwithout feeling the invaderKs hand upon him. 0here was no road on which he could movewithout being challenged by a sentry. 0here was no woman who dared venture on the street; forfear of offense which her men could not dare to resent; or for the worseP9:HQ fear of the fate thatwould be theirs if they did.

*o; like a great fan opening out from 1rovidence the armies expanded over the conEueredcountry; and each spoke expanded again. 0he divisions unfolded their brigades; the brigades their regiments; the regiments their battalions; the battalions their companies; and the companies their

detachments; reaching everywhere and everywhere keeping in touch with the main body throughthe marvelous network of intelligence that grew into being behind the soldiers.[8]

It was as if a vast octopus had crawled from the sea at 2arragansett &ay. +ith its body clingingthere; fast to its ocean base; it sent its tentacles into every crevice of the land; and gripped tight.

"It is plain now what he is doing;$ said the Chief of *taff to the 1resident in +ashington. "Ge iskeeping a powerful retaining force in hode Island; absolutely assuring his base and holding the

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gate open for reUnforcements. +estward he is throwing masses of cavalryFprobably most of thecavalry that he hasFto clear the way for his infantry and artillery toP9:Q march along the coastto 2ew 'ork. 2orthward those cavalry masses are screening him against any attempt by ourarmy either to fall on his forces in Connecticut; or to move around north of him and attack therear of his divisions that are marching on &oston. It isnKt tactics. ItKs simple; commonsense use of 

numerical superiority.$[8]

 Ma*in# a Fi#ht for 'oston

0he 1resident played with a pile of dispatches. 0hey were from &oston and 2ew 'ork. "'ou saythat those companies of coast artillery from the south got throughD$

"I had a message from the Commander of the /rtillery 5istrict of &oston;$ he said. "0he sixcompanies arrived at %ort &anks yesterday morning. 0hey had to go around by way of LakeChamplain and >ermont; but they got through. 0hat will at least give the men some relief if thereshould be a sustained action.$[8<]

P9:Q

"'ou are sure it was not a mistake toFsacrifice them@$ asked the 1resident.

0he =eneral shrugged his shoulders. "0here are some things that one simply must do;$ he said."+e had to give 2ew 'ork and &oston something. +e absolutely must make some sort of a fightfor them.$

0he Commander of the harbor defenses of &oston was not concerning himself about the occultreasons that had inspired the reUnforcements. Ge had been praying for men; for he needed half a

doRen men wherever he had one. Ge needed them for the searchlights; he needed men that hemight establish defenses to the land approaches; he needed men for protection of base lines andcable stations. 0here were scout boats to be manned; and outlying islands to be posted withlookouts to guard against approach of ships in fog or darkness.

 2ow that he had them; he waited for no orders and asked for no instructions. Ge loadedEuartermastersK boats with detachments and rushed them to the waterfront of &oston and Chelseawhere he knew of things he wanted. 0hey returned with two tons of explosives andmiscellaneous ordnance material that had beenP9:<Q seiRed from merchants. Ge seiRed barbwire. %rom electric light plants and power works he obtained; by the same simple method; someforty miles of leadBcovered cable for his mineBfields; and from ships in the harbor he took half a

doRen searchlights.[87]

&o Hol" the Defenses

&efore night; too; he had men entrenched behind entanglements with machine guns on thenarrow neck of land that leads to 2ahantKs broad cliff promontory on the north of &oston Garbor;to protect position finding stations there and a great 7JBinch searchlight.

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*outhward at 1oint /llerton; on the long cape that Auts toward &oston Garbor from 2antasket&each; to defend the stations and searchlights and approaches of %ort evere with its mighty batteries; he placed a strong force with ample artillery.[8M]

P9:7Q

0his was the point where he feared a landing most. Ge built an armored train; seiRing thematerial from the town of Gull; and armed it with EuickBfirers that it might be sent to threatened places.

3utposts were sent as far as 2antasket; for fear the enemy should try to land there or cross thenarrow neck and take boats over it into the bay behind.

&eyond %ort evere he destroyed certain houses that would interfere with the firing. /t the faroutlying islands called 0he =raves he posted men with signal rockets. Ge sent scout boats to lieat sea beyond the fire Rone; from 2ahant to the spot where the LightBship was moored in times of 

 peace.[88]

P9:MQ

+ithin forty hours he had doubled the strength of his defense because he had the men. Ge lookedup at a hostile aeroplane; flying well beyond gunshot. 0hey had become almost commonplaceobAects in &ostonKs sky during the past days. "+ell; come onD$ he said. "'ou and your shipsD+eKll give you a whirl.$

Ge was awakened at one oKclock that morning. 0he "whirl$ had begun. *hips were standing intoward 2ahant &ay in the north and off Cohasset in the south. %ifteen minutes afterward the

 people of &oston and Charlestown and &rookline; of Ouincy and +eymouth; Gingham andLynn; were brought out of their beds by explosions that shook the houses. 0hey came from thesea; northeast and southeast and east. 0hey were not only incessant; but they came two and eventhree so close together at times that they made a sustained roar as if the very air itself had turnedto thunder.

 'oston.s 'obar"ent 'e#ins

&attleships with 9<B and 97Binch guns were bombarding %ort evere and the fort was answeringwith its 9HBinch guns. /rmored cruisers were firing on *tandish. /rmoredP9:8Q cruisers and battle cruisers were throwing 9HB and 9Binch shells into 5eer Island and on +inthrop.

&attleships lying north of 2ahant in 2ahant &ay; and thus invisible to the &oston defenses andnot to be reached by searchlights; were bombarding %orts &anks and Geath.[8:]

%ort +arren was firing at them; over &oston Light. %ort /ndrews loosed its batteries.

0here was bombardment from Binch guns along the beaches; north and south; where destroyerswere attacking the coast stations; under heavy fire in reply from the defenders on the land.

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*outheast; on the horiRon; there sprang up a dull glow that became greatly red; and grew swiftlyto pulsating flame. It was the town of Gull; burning.

0he people in *outh &oston; looking seaward; saw lights appear in the sky over the outer harborislands. 0hey slipped slowly downward; leaving long trails of stars behind; that hung; burning; in

the air as if they had been fixed there.

0he falling lights opened; like monsterP9::Q flowers; into glaring; spectrally white flame Aust before they reached the earth. /ll the harbor where they fell stood revealed as in a lightningflash# but this flame did not go out like a lightning flash. It burned; steady; inextinguishable; forlong minutes.

0hey were starBbombs that were being dropped on the forts by the great warBfowl; the iron breasted aeroplanes. 0he white lights glaring below; and the hanging lights in the air that stoodlike a lighted staff; pointed out the forts to the hooded cannon of their iron sisters out at sea.

%ired at from sea and sky; the forts replied and shook the earth. %aster and faster hurried the firefrom the hidden ocean. %ive ships were firing their secondary batteries to destroy an outBlyingsearchlight at a range of 7;JJJ yards. It was said afterward that at least five hundred proAectileswere expended at that one mark alone.[:J]

PHJJQ

In a great semicircle around &oston Garbor; from 2ahant out to sea and curving in again towardCohasset on the south; lay the flaming; roaring line; firing at the defenses all night long; till thedawn began to whiten.

/nd behind &oston; inland; the other great armed semicircle was contracting steadily; swiftly.PHJ9Q

VII

THE INVESTMENT OF BOSTON

&oston Garbor should have been impregnable to attack from the sea. Gad 2ature been a modernarmy engineer; she could not have constructed an oceanic gate more perfectly designed formodern defense against modern ships.

3ne might picture &oston as being protected by two great claws that curve seaward and waitthere on guard; pointing toward each other. 0he northern claw would be +inthrop peninsula withits beach and summer cottages. 0he southern one would be the long; narrow arm of land that hasfamous 2antasket &each on it; and ends northward at 1oint /llerton.

&etween these two claws; a prodigal hand has scattered islands. %rom 5eer Island; lying in thenorth close under +inthrop; to =eorgeKs Island in the south; they form a stone wall with gaps that

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are the channels. %ar out; grouped around the portal; the sea is sown with ledges and rocks whosekelp beards stream in an everBheavingPHJHQ sea. Gere are the &rewsters; the 5evilKs &ack; the=raves; the oaring &ulls.

+ithin; there is a glorious harbor great enough for a worldKs armada. &ut the entrance is a 1ass

of 0hermopylT.

Commanding that pass and all approaches far out to sea with Rones of fire whose intersectingcircles marked rings of sure destruction; were defenses honestly built. 0hey were ready toreceive and withstand that climax of destructiveness which manKs science has embodied in theconical steel proAectile fired from the rifled gun.[:9]

0he navy that invested the harbor entertained no illusions on that score. It had not dared theattempt to force the passages of 2arragansett. It would not dare to force the passages of &oston./s at 2arragansett; its business was to occupy the defenders and wear them out while the armyfell on them and on &oston from the land.[:H]

PHJQ

,/1 ILL)*0/0I2= 0G- -2-,' /00/C4 32 &3*032 /25 2-I=G&3I2= CI0I-*

PHJQ

&he Dea"l! 'lin" Man.s 'uff 

0he ships entered a shrouded; black sea where there was not a light to warn of reef or shoal.Lightless themselves; they groped with deepBsea leads and sounding machines till they assured

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themselves of safe positions where they might have seaBroom to swing around in great closedcircles at high speed.

0hese circles would cut deeply into the circles of the fire Rones of the defenses. /t close rangethe vessels; invisible to the forts; could send a furious volley into them; and rush past before the

guns could find them; to return on their circle and fire from some other point. It was the penaltythat darkness lays on land defenses. &ut it penaliRed the ships; also.[:]

PHJ<Q

0hey would have to fire without sighting their mark. 0hey dared not betray themselves to thewaiting guns on land by throwing their searchBlights on the defenses; while the defenses couldsweep the sea incessantly; for their searchlights were disposed along miles of coast; far alooffrom the batteries.

If the searchBlights were effective; the ships should have to flee to the farthest limit of the coast

gunsK range. /t that distance they; in turn; could not deliver an effective bombardment of the landso long as it was dark. *o; then; all the ferocious game of war centered for the time on thesearchBlights. 0he deathBladen ships; the deathBladen guns on land; had to wait till it was learnedwhat the lights would do.[:]

0he enemy knew that the /merican defensesPHJ7Q had only about oneBhalf the searchBlightinstallation that was needed. 0he hostile sailors had not been forced to depend on spies for thisinformation. It was in /merican reports that had been made to Congress session after session.[:<]

0hey had prepared for their game of blind manKs buff by long consultations over charts. -very

shipKs officer was provided with minute instructions for every contingency that human wit couldforecast in the headlong game of chess that is played with cannon.

 Defen"ers %tan" Prepare" 

0he defenders were ready; too. In the human chain that began with the battle commander; andreached from him through links of district commanders to fire commanders and batterycommanders; each man had his orders for any onePHJMQ of a hundred things that might occur;however Euickly it might come.

0hey knew what batteries to fire and when; at the extreme fire Rone; at the intermediate Rone;

and at the third fire Rone which commanded the mine fields. 0hey had before them; worked outto the ultimate detail; the order of fire if the enemy ships should come in column; in doublecolumn; or in scattered formation. %ar down the beaches; north and south; they had every range plotted; that the great guns might be turned on landing parties if the secondary shore defensesshould fail to hold them.[:7]

0he ships struck simultaneously all along the line of defenses. 0hey fired close in north andsouth; and from battleships out at sea. / plunging fire went over 2ahant and across into

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+inthrop. 0he speeding ships missed the defenses and their bursting shells wrecked the towninstead. /s its flames reddened the sky;PHJ8Q the flames of Gull; at 1oint /llerton on the end ofthe southern peninsula; made a red reply.

0he Euick searchBlights caught the ships. /gain and again the white lightBshafts fell on veering;

speeding vessels and made them hurry to get away before the fireBcontrol of the defenses couldcover them.

*till they returned. -ach time they approached at a new point in the hope of developing a defectin the lightBsystem. -ach time they fired all the metal that they could throw in the one instant before the beams fell on them.

0here were few hits made by these running ships# but they could afford to waste ammunition;since their continual attack forced the defenders to use their own insufficient supply.

 A /ae of Wits

+hile halfBnaked men in shipsK turrets and halfBnaked men at coast guns and in mortar pits weretoiling to wreak brute destruction; a game of wits was being played Aust as busily. 0his game was played; not on the huge armored ships; not in the formidable engineBbatteries of the forts; but in places miles away from either.PHJ:Q

"0he Euick searchlights caught the ships.$

0hey were insignificant little places from the point of view of warFsummer settlements onfriendly beaches; harmless little coves; pleasant shores beset with the fantastic hotels andfantastic towers of /merican pleasureBplaces. In the summer days of peace; probably not one inany thousand of the happy crowds that played and laughed there ever imagined that these serene;careless places could have any importance some day in battle.

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0hat night they were playing a part that was full of danger to the venturesome ships. 0he/merican engineers had established portable searchBlights there; and made base stations andrangeBfinding points of them. -very one of these insignificant outBlying points was endowing theguns in the distant defenses with an added deadliness of accuracy.

0he modern rifled gun is fired not by sight but by mathematics. 0he position of its target is foundnot by guess but by triangulation. %ar away; on either side of land batteries are observers. 0hestraight line from one to the other is the base line. /s soon as they sight a ship; each turns hisinstruments on it and getsPH9JQ the angle from his end of the base line. 0he ship to be fired at isat the apex of the triangle thus obtained.

0he men at the guns get this position by telephone instantly. 0hey know to a foot what theirweaponsK elevation must be with a given charge of powder and a given weight of proAectile toreach that distant spot. 0hey set their mammoth piece; elevate it above the parapet on its lift; fireit and bring it back into concealment again.

0o bombard these baseBstations from the sea was nearly futile. 0he shells that could sweep aforeBshore and make it untenable for an army might never find these few scattered; concealedmen or these scattered; hidden; tiny stations. / whole fleet might rave at them for hours; and invain. 0here was only one sure; Euick way to cripple them.[:M]

PH99Q

&he %ecret Attac* on the %hore

%ar northward; miles outside of &oston Garbor; beyond the system of the harbor defenses; twoships stood into 2ahant &ay; until they were within a line drawn from %ishing 1oint south of

*wampscott to *pouting Gorn on 2ahant. Gere; in M fathoms of water; they stopped and loweredtheir boats.

,anned by crack blueAackets; whose oars were wrapped with cloth that they should not make asound in the rowlocks; the cutters moved toward the beach at Little 2ahant.

%ar away the harbor searchlights played like summer lightning. 0he sailors moved on in utterdarkness; toward the invisible beach. 0hey rowed in; in irregular formation; till they could hearthe surf. 0hen the foremost boats lay still; tossing on the swell; waiting for the others to drawabreast. %ormless; vaguely gray in the night; the line made a dash.

0hey were on the first lifting swell of the long waves that tumble toward the land when a fiercewhite light tore terribly through the night; and blaRed on them; and around them. It held them;intangibly; tightly; like the hand of a ghost.PH9HQ

3range flashes ripped through it. Little 2ahant &each Euaked with explosion. In the white light;as if the tossing boats were spectral pictures in a dissolving view; they melted amid the roar ofthe shoreBguns. &lack fragments whirled through the steady glare; and shells chopped the seawhere there were bobbing heads and clutching hands.

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0he light stabbed the night; in and out. It veered to sea with enormous speed. / long; blacksilhouette with three funnels appeared full in the circle of its artificial day. / funnel vanished;and another. / spout of water lifted alongside from a shell that had fallen short. /nother; the nextinstant; smashed into its side and made it reel. 0he destroyer turned suddenly and rushed at theland. Its steering gear had been shot away. /lmost instantly it straightened out again# but Little

 2ahant was raving. Little 2ahant was flaming without pause. 0he searchlight held the ship. Itstaggered; like a stumbling animal; pitched twice; each time a little more wildly; and went down bow first.

"Gave repulsed attack on searchBlight station and observers at this point;$ went the wordPH9Q

"/ landing was attempted in greater force; with the assistance of a destroyer division lying closeto the beach.$

from &aileyKs Gill on 2ahant to the battle commander in %ort +arren. "2o losses. 5estroyer andfive shipsK boats with crews completely eliminated.$

 Attac*s Ma"e $ver!+here

0hey did not have time to cheer at %ort +arren. 3n 2antasket &each; as far south as 2ahant wasnorth; a landing was being attempted in greater force and with the determined assistance of adestroyer division that was lying close to the beach.

Gere there were three hundred men of ,assachusetts >olunteer ,ilitia; Coast /rtillery; behind barbBwire and sandBbag defenses with two pieces of field artillery and three machine guns. 0heywere being swept by savage fire from the destroyers.

"+e can hold the shipsK boats off. *urf high; and landing will be slow;$ they reported to the battlecommander by field telegraph. "&ut we must have relief from naval fire; or cannot concentrateefforts on landing parties.$

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0heir officers sent the exact distance from the beach of the destroyers. In the forts the firecommanders studied their charts; plotted withPH9Q diagrams of the shore in sections. 0heycalculated the range. / dropping shot from a 7Binch gun fell among the enemy vessels oneminute later. 0he next went over. 0he third struck a destroyer. &efore it disappeared; shells werefalling among the division too fast to count. 0hree guns were firing. 0hey were throwing 9H

shells in one minute.[:8]

0wo destroyers were towed away; crippled. /nother escaped from the fire Rone but sank at sea.

)ndeterred; the boat parties tried to run the surf and rush the defenders. &ut the sea was heavy; breaking with a sharp overBfall. )nprotected by fire from the sea; unable to work their ownmachine guns in the rough water; the sailors were pounded in the breakers. 0he field artillery blew their boats apart. 0he machine guns slashed them. ifle fire hammered them.

"/ttack beaten off;$ reported the militiamen. In the surf there were a few drifting pieces of wood;tossing oars and bodies pitching to and fro as the undertow played with them.PH9<Q

&he :Hussars of the %ea;

"5estroyer division off this point.$ It was a report from *trawberry Gill; south from %ort evere.1oint /llertonKs searchBlight swung down the beach; the searchBlight from *trawberry Gillcentered on them. 0he reckless craft; the hussars of the sea; dashed in to a JJ yard range; and;steaming parallel with the beach at full speed; sent in a heavy broadside fire from all their guns.,ore than three hundred shells were directed against the *trawberry Gill light in those fewminutes. 0hey swung; and fled to the sea as the batteries of the fort opened on them.[::]

"*earchlight intact;$ reported *trawberry Gill.

",en have landed on ,arblehead 2eck; according to reports from *wampscott;$ reported %ortGeath. "0hree hundred men at least taking road southward.$

"1ush forward and occupy Lynn &each at narrowest part;$ telegraphed the battlecommanderPH97Q to the force at 2ahant. "+ill send one hundred reUnforcements by boat toLynn.$

/t 2antasket a second attempt at a landing was made. It was defeated; and the boats withdrew.0wo suspicious vessels were sighted almost within Gull &ay and were destroyed by fire from ashore battery. / landing party struck at *trawberry Gill. /nother; probably the same that had

attempted the second landing at 2antasket; tried to haul three boats over into the +eir iver.[9JJ]

/ll were repulsed. 0here was hot fighting going on near Lynn. It was difficult for the battlecommander to Audge what its result would be. 3nce his forces sent to %ort Geath for more men.Later; they telegraphed that they were holding their ground.

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0he enemy struck again; and again. Ge made an attempt on +inthrop; and lost two destroyers inthe mine fields. 0he fleet opened heavy fire at short intervals; to mask the attack of the landing parties. &ut the telegraph and telephone system of the forts sent word everywhere; to all theoutlying posts; of the uniform success of thePH9MQ defense; with the result of making their fightconstantly more effective.

&he Defenses Hol" Out 

0he defenses were holding out. +hen word came at last that the raiders who had landed at,arblehead 2eck were retreating to their boats; the end of the nightKs fighting had arrived. 0hefleet called off its boats; and took them aboard.

It was near dawn. 3nce more; for the last time; the ships ran in; passing the batteries at fullspeed; and fired from every gun that would bear in the instant of their passing. -very huge turretgun; every broadside battery; opened up at once.

%or many miles inland the air trembled and hummed. 0he hills growled with rolling echoes.+indows in distant places blew inward and walls trembled. &ut the defenses held.

*hip after ship swung in that fierce circle and passed. It was the climax of the nightKs bombardment. +hen the dawn spread far on the ocean horiRon; the defenders saw the enemyfleet lying back against it; far out of the Rone of fire.

0he sea was bare between them and the forts; except for a rent ruin hanging on the 3uterPH98Q&rewster where a shattered destroyer was aground. 3ff Cohasset lay another; sprawling on therocks called 0he =rampuses; half out of the sea as if it were the torn body of a weird monsterthat had thrown itself ashore in a dying agony.

"2o damage;$ said %ort evere. "2o damage; except dismounted searchlight;$ said %ort *trong."3ne 7Binch gun dismantled;$ said *tandish. "2o damage;$ reported /ndrews and &anks. In %ort+arren two Binch Euick firers were destroyed.

"+e could hold them off forever;$ said the battle commander; "if we were protected from theland.$

 -t Was His 5ast Fi#ht 

0he successful fight of his defenses had made it only the more bitter for him. Ge knew that this

was the last fight. Ge knew that the army that was sweeping northward would take him in the back before night.

Ge looked at one of his 9HBinch rifles. Ge walked over to it and patted the beautiful thing; soshapely; so graceful that it seemed impossible that it should weigh < tons. "If they had AustPH9:Q given you that little extra elevationD$ he murmured. "0hen yonder ships wouldnKt darelie within HJ;JJJ yards of us.$[9J9]

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&ut "they$ had not given the rifles that little extra elevation. "0hey$ had found time enough andmoney enough to pay for bridges over muddy creeks; for printing millions of words of oratory;for hundreds of private bills. "0hey$ had been able to find money to pay themselves forconstructive recesses of Congress; and mileage for Aourneys that they had not made. &ut they hadnot been able to find money for defense.

ust a little foresight; and &oston; that now was trembling; might be sitting behind that charmedcircle of its great guns and laughing at all the navies of the world.

Gaggard and pale; &ostonKs people looked toward the sea and the dawn. 0he sullen thunders stillrolled out there; but slowly now; and far off. 0he fleet was using only its heaviestPHHJQ guns; andfiring deliberately; though steadily. Gaving failed to destroy the effectiveness of the defenses; itwould content itself with long range fire; simply to wear the defenders out till the army shouldarrive.

/ll night long &oston people; moved to unendurable terror by the bombardment; had tried to flee

from the city. /ll night long other crowds had tried to enter it. 3n all the roads these opposingcrowds had met and Aostled.

Opposin# %treas of Fu#itives

0hey warned each other; and tried to turn each other back. *hells were falling into &oston town;said the people who were fleeing from the city. CraRed by fear; they invented the most monstroustales and believed them.

0he inBcoming refugees; too; invented tales. 0hey told of soldiers who had appeared in nearbytowns; and who were burning and killing. 2othing so well illustrated the effect of terror on the

faculty of reason as the fact that always; after this wild interchange of news; the city peoplecontinued to press toward the country; fearing soldiers less than the cannonBshots that had rung intheir ears all night# and the countryPHH9Q people rushed into the city; so panicBdriven by whatthey had heard of the soldiers and their bloody day of vengeance; that they cared nothing for theheavy thunder that was shaking all the air.

0hough the roads out of &oston were thus crowded; the fugitives were only a small proportion of the population. 2ever before had humanity realiRed how firmly men are chained to their habitat.Gere was a city; terribly beset by land and sea with unknown; terrible fate closing steadily aroundit. &eyond lay the )nited *tates where there was complete freedom still; and safety. 'et whocould seek it@

0here were none who could go; except those temporarily mad with fear; or those so abAectly poor that it mattered nothing to them where they trudged. 0he workers could not go. 0hey had to clingto the places that they knew; to the scanty footBhold that was all the more precious to them for itsscantiness. 0he rich could not go. ,oney had stopped. /ll that they owned had become suddenlyvalueless for producing cash# and without cash they could not flee. 0he merely wellBtoBdo; whosewhole life depended on the town; whose whole possessions lay in realPHHHQ estate; in homes; inshopsFwhere could they turn@

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 'oston in Hopeless Fear 

0hey stayed. 0hey even tried; dully; to attend to business; though there was no business. ,ailwas still coming in and going out; but in a vastly circuitous way; as it had to go around by way of &urlington; and so through >ermont and 2ew Gampshire to its destination. &oston could

communicate still by telegraph and telephone with the )nited *tates outside of southern andwestern 2ew -ngland# but this; too; was in an eEually circuitous way; and even such service asexisted was constantly in danger of being severed.

,otor traffic had almost ceased on the streets. 0he trolley and train services were cut down tothe merest necessity. =asoline and coal shortage already had begun to make itself felt. 1rices hadgone up for flour and for meat. 0he fish wharves held none except empty vessels.

0here was an unreasoning fear of the waterfront streets. 1eople shrank from them; and used theside streets; as if the tiny difference ofPHHQ a block or two could save them; should shells beginto fall.

0here was a fear; less unreasoning; of tall buildings. ,ost of the upper stories in high office buildings were deserted; except for daring ones who went in temporarily to look toward theharbor.

/ renewed fear of aeroplanes also had seiRed the city. %or days they had passed and repassed; tillthe people had become almost accustomed to them; since they threw no bombs nor made otherdemonstrations. 2ow; with the steady cannonading; the old fear returned. 0here were wild flightswhen the whirring roar was heard. ,ore than once; men and women were trampled in thosesudden dumb panics. GypnotiRed by the impending of a greater tragedy; the citiRens scarcelynoted these episodes that; in any other time; would have shocked the town.

/ rumor went through the streets that the fleet had been driven off. *urvivors from +inthropappeared in the city. 0hey clutched at strangers and told with Euivering mouths how the shellshad crashed into their town; and how theyPHHQ and theirs in night clothes had fled betweenfalling walls through a night ruddy with fire.

efugees from &reedKs Island told how the ground was all ploughed by shells falling wild. 0heytold of the water tower; flung far down the hill.

Cities Destro!e" an" &a*en

Gull was destroyed utterly. 0here was nothing left of it. /ll gay 2antasket had vanished.&etween it and 1oint /llerton the houses along shore were thrown on each other and torn apartor burned.

3n the last train to come in from the direction of &rockton were some who had fled from thatcity. It had been taken by the advancing army in the small hours of the morning. 0he townauthorities; ordered out of bed by soldiers; had been escorted to the enemy commander; who hadmade them write announcements. &efore sunrise all the streets flaunted placards ordering the

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inhabitants to continue their business. 3ther placards warned them to deliver up all arms of anydescription.

0wenty of the most prominent men; saidPHH<Q the fugitives; had been seiRed as hostages.

-very little while now &ostonKs communication with some point was being cut. 0hese severedlines told of the advance of the hostile army as eloEuently as messages might.

)p and down +ashington street moved the multitude; waiting for news. 0he 3ld *outh ,eetingGouse that has looked down on so many dramatic &oston spectacles never had looked on one sotragic as thisFon a proud and not timorous city that was waiting impotently to be taken anddealt with.

Gad the enemy come Euickly; had the army advanced into &oston with a swift rush; it wouldhave been less agoniRing for the waiting city than this slow; systematic; machineBlike advancelike the Aaws of a great pincer that were closing down with cruel deliberation.

0he armed circle was contracting all the time; but it contracted slowly. 0hough the enemyKsscouts had assured him long ago that the road was free; he was taking no chances in that hostileland; whose sting he had felt. %ar as he might throw out his advance guards; he took care thatthey should remain in constant touch with the main force and with each other. Ge movedPHH7Qhis divisions in fighting array. Ge kept an unbroken line of communications.

 Ma*in# /oo" His Possessions

+herever the army passed; it made good its possession wholly. It left no village behind it in itsmarch whose means of existence; communication; food supply and machinery of labor and

 business it had not made entirely its own.

+here there were destroyed places; the invader organiRed the population to rebuild them. Gelevied on every community; large and small; for funds. Ge paid out nothing of his own; exceptwritten scrip. /t one blow the whole financial system of the conEuered country was convertedinto one great source of tribute.

*uddenly there came a storm of news to the &oston papers. It came from the country to the southof the harborFfrom Cohasset and Gingham; +eymouth and Ouincy.[9JH]

Geavy artillery was being unloaded all along the line of the south shore branch of the 3ld

Colony ailroad. Gorses and limbers werePHHMQ moving along all the roads to the shore.*oldiers were advancing into all the towns.

&efore the Gingham wires were cut; the correspondent in that town reported that enormous gunswere being moved through it; on heavy motors.

Ouincy telegraphed that troops had hurried through there and seiRed the 9JJBfoot =reat Gill; andalso the yacht club house on GoughKs 2eck. 0hen Ouincy; too; was cut off.

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*carcely half an hour later the fire from the forts broke out furiously. It was answered; withgreater speed and fury; from the shore; where the foe had posted his great guns to enfilade theharbor defenses.

/t %ort evere the commandant cut away concrete emplacements and succeeded in swinging

one of his 9HBinch guns around to fight the assailants; putting a heavy howitRer near Ginghamout of action.

/ second plunging shot fell near a gun behind &aker Gill# but the assailants; from howitRer batteries concealed under 0urkey and *cituate Gills; concentrated a desperate bombardment onhim that drove the /mericans from the works.[9J]

PHH8Q

%iring from heavy caliber weapons at short range; pouring explosives and common shell andshrapnel from every vantage point along all the shore; the hostile army swept the rear of the

harbor defenses with such blasts that the mere impact of the solid shells made a din like the pounding of monstrous rivettersK hammers.[9J]

%rom the sea all the big guns of the ships struck into the chorus. 0he vessels pressed in as closelyas they dared and opened with every cannon that could get the range.

 'oston Copletel! -solate" 

&ostonKs populace; listening to the clamour from the sea; scarcely noted that the bulletins wereannouncing that all the railroad lines of the &oston and ,aine ailroad leading north andnorthwest to 1ortsmouth; Gaverhill; Lawrence and Lowell had been seiRed; and that &oston was

completely cut off.PHH:Q

*ilent policemen appeared all at once followed by men with posters and pasteBpails. 0he crowdssaw posters go up on their walls; signed by the &oston CitiRensK Committee.

0here was a poster in great red letters warning the inhabitants to deliver any firearms that they possessed in the City Gall within six hours.

"/ttentionD$ said another placard. "In case of military occupation of the city; a single disorderlyact may mean the ruin of all. It is the duty of all citiRens to offer no resistance; and to report tothe authorities any plan toward resistance.$

0here was a great stir in the crowd. / cab was pushing its way through +ashington *treet. 0wodishevelled and bloodBstained artillerymen; and an eEually dishevelled civilian were in it.

+hile the soldiers went on to the City Gall; the civilian got out and entered a newspaper office.Ge was a reporter.

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0he rumor sped from man to man in the crowd before the building and from street to street thatnews had arrived from the forts. 0here was a tremendous press into +ashington *treet;PHJQwhere men and women; crushed together; stared at the building.

0he cab hardly had stopped at the City Gall before a bulletin went up.

%30 /25-+* =/I*325I-* /0 I0* 13*0 FFF I=23-* *),,32* 03 *)-25-  FFF 32L' 0G-- ,-2 -*C/1- %3, )I2* FFF

0en minutes later the "extras$ appeared and were whirled through the town. 0hey passed withthe speed almost of the wind# for men passed them from hand to hand. 0hey shouted the news to

 people looking from windows; in a delirium half of dismay; half of exultation. 0he newspaperman had brought in such a tale as would live in /merican history.

&he )e+spaper Man.s %tor!

Ge had been writing his story during the nightKs bombardments while the mortar pits Euakedaround him with the eruptions of their steel volcanoes. Ge told how; in the morning; there hadcome suddenly from the shore the enfilading fire that caught the works in the back.PH9Q

0he men at the mortars; unable to turn their ordnance against these assailants; continued to fire atthe ships; obedient to the instructions from the rangeBstations; till the blasts from the bursting

charges above and around them tore away all the systems of fire control.[9J<]

3ne enemy howitRer; trained at the very edge of a pit; threw shot on shot till a group of mortarswas buried under the dVbris that was hurled down from the torn mounds.

0he mortars ceased action. 0he assailant; suspending his bombardment; demanded instantsurrender; with the condition that the works must be delivered intact. 0he remnants of thegarrison; black with smoke and grime; wounded and burned; replied by manning such movableartillery as was left. 0here was only one end to that. It was death. In twenty minutes there werefour men left alive in the defensesFtwoPHHQ artillerymen; the newspaper man and anoncommissioned officer.

0hey lay flat under a mound. 0here was a small boat hidden below the far end of the island. "=etout of this if you canD$ said the noncommissioned man; an electrician sergeant. "GurryD IKll giveyou five minutesD =oodBbyD$

Ge crawled back into the works. /s they rowed away; they saw boats with invaders leaving themainland for the island. 0hen there came a lick of flame out of the mortar battery that expandedinstantly into a spraying fountain. /n enormous detonation nearly blew their boat out of the

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water. 0he sergeant had found the firing key and touched off the hidden mine to demolish thedefenses.

In the excitement over this news that had broken the dull strain of waiting; the people of &ostonscarcely noticed that all at once the firing at sea had stopped.

 Dean"in# %urren"er 

5own the harbor a boat with a flag of truce was lying under %ort +arren. /n officer; led blindBfolded into the works; presented a summonsPHQ transmitted from the headEuarters of the army.It called on the commander to surrender the entire system of defenses without further damage. Itdemanded also that a complete diagram of all the mine fields be delivered at once.

"'ou have four hours;$ continued this summons. "/t the end of that time; we shall bring ourartillery to bear on the city from every Euarter. -very five minutes thereafter we shall fire on agiven section. 'ou have made a brave and magnificent defense. &y surrendering now; you will

save your city from unnecessary destruction which you are unable to prevent otherwise.$

"I will reply in half an hour;$ said the commander. /t the end of that time he sent this answer?

"I shall surrender the defenses on condition that the city be left inviolate? that no troops occupyit? that the civil authorities be left in control? and that no levy be made on the municipality.$

"/bsolutely refused;$ the hostile commander replied promptly. ")nconditional surrender; or bombardment begins at time stated. If anyPHQ attempt is made to dismantle works; bombardment will begin at once.$

0his was at noon. 0he hourBhand of the 3ld *outh ,eeting Gouse clock had not Euite touchedone; when artillery was passing through +altham and 2ewton Centre; and along all the roadscrossing the Charles and 2eponset ivers.

0here were cavalry and cycle and motor troops on these roads; and trains full of infantry. &utalways and everywhere was artillery. 0he sleek guns; pounding along 2ew -nglandKs highways;spoke so wickedly of destructiveness; that they were more terrifying to the population than longcolumns of heavily armed men.

/t amaica 1lain big howitRers were detrained and taken to the ridge running west by north fromthe line of the 2ew 'ork and 2ew -ngland railroad. ,ore guns were unloaded in &rookline and

 posted on the crests from whose tops; HJJ feet high; they had all &rookline; all &oston to the bay;and Cambridge and *omerville under their long range fire.[9J7]

PH<Q

Infantry with field guns occupied Cambridge and *omerville; and laid their ordnance on all points that covered &oston from there. / regiment pushed Euickly through Charlestown; took

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 possession of the great grounds of the 2avy 'ard and stationed a battery of Binch field piecesunder the &unker Gill ,onument.

&he Final &hreat 

/t Euarter past three the hostile =eneral sent a message to the /merican commander at %ort+arren apprising him of the disposition of the guns. "In one Euarter of an hour;$ said he; "the bombardment will begin. +e shall fire at &rookline first.$

0he commander walked to the shattered flagstaff of the fort; on whose splintered top the/merican flag was waving in the wind from the /tlantic. Ge bared his head; and with his ownhand hauled down the colors that he had defended so well.

%ive minutes later the colors on all the defenses dropped.

)ntil then no soldiers had appeared in the city of &oston itself. 0he armed ring had

contentedPH7Q itself with encircling all the suburbs. 2ow the telephone bell rang in the CityGall; and a voice asked for the ,ayor.

0he voice was that of the hostile commander; speaking from &rookline.

"'our defenses are in our hands;$ he said. "3ur guns command every part of your city. I have thehonor to demand unconditional and peaceable surrender at once; with all property of every kind.I regret to say that I can give you no time for discussion. I must reEuest you to give me youranswer now.$

0he ,ayor; with the instrument at his ear; looked around at the members of the Committee. "It is

the army commander;$ he said. "Ge demands unconditional surrender.$

"0here is only one answer to make;$ said one of the Committee.

"+e *urrender$

0he ,ayor turned to the telephone. "+e surrender;$ he said.

">ery well;$ was the response. "/ body of troops under a general officer will enter the city atonce. 0hey will have orders to punish any disturbance severely. I shall have the honor ofPHMQcalling on you shortly after my men have occupied the town.$

/ little later the CitiRensK Committee saw cavalry with machine guns approach the City Gall.*imilar bodies were taking position in all the sEuares and parks; and posting their little gunswhere they could sweep the intersecting streets. )p and down +ashington /venue; and up anddown all the side streets; were sentinels and guard parties. / wagon train was encamped on theCommon.

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/nd a little later still; preceded by light cavalry; three automobiles rolled through the streets tothe City Gall. In each sat four men; dressed in campaign uniforms. 0hey were leaning back;smoking; and looking with interest at the buildings. 0hey seemed not to see the silent crowds thatlined the sidewalks.

0hese sedate; cheerful; interested gentlemen were the commander and his staff; arriving to takeformal possession of the city. +ith machine guns and rifles threatening all around them; thesilent people of &oston saw their conEuerors enter the City Gall; and knew that their sovereigntyhad passed into alien hands.PH8Q

VIII

DEFENDING CONNECTICUT

"+hat is happening in &oston@$ 0he Euestion stood before the )nited *tates and there was no

answer. /ll communication with it had been annihilated as if by a lightning stroke.

,aine; >ermont and 2ew Gampshire still were able to reach the rest of the country with entirefreedom; except that everything; mail; telegraph messages and freight; had to pass by way of theLake Champlain >alley exclusively. &ut &oston; the richest half of ,assachusetts; all of hodeIsland and the whole eastern end of Connecticut were as completely cut off as if all that greatterritory had been torn from the continent and dropped into the sea.

3f the 9:< /merican cities with more than thirty thousand population; twentyBtwo were in thesection that had been lost by the )nited *tates. 0he assessed valuation of those cities alone wasmore than two billions seven hundredPH:Q millions of dollars. 0en thousand manufacturing

establishments were in the grip of the conEueror.[9JM]

0he grip lay on the captured country like a thing of iron. 0elegraph and telephone could be usedonly under the supervision of soldiers who controlled every central operating station andscrutiniRed everything; cutting out any expression that did not suit them or refusing transmissionaltogether. /gainst these decisions there was no appeal.

 Post Offices Occupie" 

0he post offices were occupied by censors. -very piece of mail passed under their eyes andreached those to whom it was addressed only after long delay and generally with parts of it

obliterated by heavy daubs of printing ink.

/ll the springs of creative work were broken. *hops and manufactories were open; under ordersfrom the military commanders; but the owners and managers did not know what to do. 0heycontinued to produce; dully and without plan. 0hey dared not make even the mostunimportantPHJQ contract; for no man could guess what might happen next. 0here was nomoney to be had; except for pressing needs. 0he banks throughout the conEuered territory had

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 been commanded to hold all cash in their vaults. -very man who applied for money had to proveto military officers that it was for immediate subsistence.

In the banks and trust companiesK offices everywhere there were posted placards reading asfollows?

"3ur conEuest; having been completed; carries with it absolute ownership of property conEueredfrom the enemy *tate; including debts as well as personal or real property.$[9J8]

0he richest man in 2ew -ngland was on a level with the poorest. Gowever much wealth hemight have lying in the banks; he could draw only enough for daily food. Ge could not takeanything from his safety deposit vaults. 0hey were guarded by armed sentries who permittedPH9Q access only to those who came accompanied by officers.

0his condition would last; as the invaders informed the people; until a complete list of all fundshad been made.

In every financial department of cities and towns were uniformed men demanding cashstatements and lists of assessed valuations for the purpose of apportioning the amount ofcontribution to be levied on each community.

+hile the enemy was going thus systematically to work to ascertain the full money value of his priRe; he made reEuisitions for immediate needs in every place occupied by him. 0he troopsdemanded hay; oats; corn and other forage. 0hey paid for the supplies with written papers thatacknowledged receipt# but it was noticed that these receipts did not promise payment.[9J:]

>?0,000 a Da! 5evie" 

In &oston the municipal authorities were informed that the city was subAect to a cash levy for thesupport of troops at the rate of W9 dailyPHHQ for each man of the occupying army; making anamount payable in bank funds of W<J;JJJ a day.[99J]

0he authorities had no recourse except to find the money. 2ominally in control; they were heldrigorously to account for the obedience of their city. 0he GeadEuarters *taff of the invading armyhad possession of the *tate Gouse; and from this point sent out brief orders.

1rominent among the notices that were posted here and in all public places of &oston was theannouncement of the institution of the new government. It was?

"3n and after this date the City of &oston is under the rule of the GeadEuarters *taff of this army.0he present civil officials of the city will continue their functions. / continuance of existing civiland penal laws; and the exercise of legislative; executive and administrative duties are permittedunder the sanction and with the participation of the military government.$[999]

Gad &oston town gone under in flame and terror; the very fury of the catastrophe mightPHQ

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"0he CountryBClub had been turned into a &rigade GeadEuarters.$

have carried men through it with less of despair than this cold conEuest. Instead of blows to bestruck; or blood to be shed; there was only humiliationFhumiliation intensified hourly by thecool; unimpassioned correctness with which the enemy treated the fallen city.

Ge did not even fill the city with troops. 3nly four thousand infantry and a regiment of cavalrywere sent in to hold all &oston. 0he rest of the army remained outside; encamped or Euartered onthe people of the suburbs and the towns of the metropolitan district.

2nconcerne" Con@uerors

)nconcerned; almost unguarded; the commander and his officers moved about the town. 0heywent in and out of the City Gall with the assurance of superiors. 0hey occupied the two largesthotels. &rookline people reported that the Country Club there had been turned into a brigadeheadEuarters.

5aRed; as if in the bonds of an ugly nightmare that must vanish if they could only awaken; the people of &oston looked at this handful of men who had so easily; so calmly; made themselvesutter masters of a metropolitan district of :PHQ municipalitiesF9 cities and H7 towns allwithin fifteen miles of the *tate Gouse. %rom the *tate Gouse this doRen or two doRen Euiet; businessBlike men in uniform ruled with a word or two over 9< sEuare miles with a populationof more than a million and a half of people; and a taxable value of more than two and oneBhalf

 billions of dollars.[99H]

In the city so helplessly given over to them; there were; according to the certificate then lying inthe City ClerkKs office; 9H;JJJ men liable to enrollment in the *tate ,ilitia. 0hese were part ofthose "millions of men$ of whom passionate orators had spoken so oftenFthe millions of heroic;strong; intelligent /merican freemen who would instantly spring to arms at the call of need andsweep the most daring invader back into the sea.[99]

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0hey were heroic. 0hey were strong. 0hey were intelligent. &ut they were confronted by the coldtruth. It stared at them from all their sEuares; from all their parks; from the approaches to all their  bridges. It was the coldPH<Q truthFin the shape of cannon. -ven the grounds of Garvard and of &oston )niversity were occupied by batteries. *entinels were on watch in &ostonKs churchtowers with machine guns that pointed down into the streets.

/gainst that machinery of war; courage was as futile as a dream. *trength was as helpless as aninfant in a cyclone. Intelligence was naked against the unintelligent steel.

 Helpless as An! illa#e

*o this city; one of the richest of the world; next to 2ew 'ork in its imports; with its enormousrailroad terminals that drew together the roads of a continentKs commerce; had dropped into theinvaderKs hand almost for the picking; and lay in his grasp as incapable of resistance as if; insteadof being the fourth greatest city of the )nited *tates; it had been a seaside village.[99]

0here had not been a shot fired after the last shot had sounded from the harbor forts and the/merican flag had vanished from the harbor sky.

0here was nothing to do. *lowly; systematically as it had invested &oston; so the army hadPH7Qtaken &oston. 0here was no commanding point in all the country around it that was not crownedwith heavy artillery. 0here was no road to the city that was not held by troops who demanded passes. 1atrols moved constantly through the streets.

0hrough the whole metropolitan district had been sent a proclamation issued by the localauthorities; warning the people that all intercourse between the territories occupied by belligerentarmies whether by letter; by travel; or in any other way; had been interdicted and was punishable

 by fine or imprisonment; or; in cases of serious infraction; by death after summary trial. 0his proclamation was countersigned by the military commanders of the various districts.[99<]

/nother proclamation; issued from headEuarters in the *tate Gouse; said?

"0he civil authorities; by and with the consent of the military government; proclaim that troopswill be Euartered on the inhabitants at the pleasure of regimental and company officers. 0hetroops are reEuired to respect the persons and property of citiRens during the good behaviorPHMQof the latter. /ny treachery on the part of citiRens is punishable by death. efusal to comply withany provision of this proclamation will be punished with fine or imprisonment; or in aggravatedcases by confiscation of any property whose use has been denied the troops.$[997]

Clearin# the Wharves

/long the waterBfront an order was given to clear all the big wharves. 3wners of vessels berthedthere were instructed to have them towed to basins or anchored in the stream. 1rovided withdiagrams of the mineBfields that had been surrendered under the conditions of capitulation; themineBsweepers cleared the harbor for the entrance of the fleet.

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%loating from more than a score of warships and transports; the CoalitionKs flags moved towardthe city. Cannon saluted them from the forts; and they saluted in reply. /mong the strickenthousands on shore there were many who sobbed as they heard the foreign thunders peal aroundtheir bay; and saw the foreign flags against their sky; with never a starry banner on all thoseancient /merican waters.PH8Q

0here were foreign ships lying under the forts; unloading spare guns to replace those that weredestroyed. /ll the works were busy with enemy sailors; repairing the defenses to protectconEuered &oston against attack from its own navy.

 2aval and army transports steamed up to the city; and took possession of the wharves and the 2avy 'ard basins. 5estroyers and small craft moved up the channel to the ,ystic iver andoccupied the naval and marine hospitals. ,arines and sailors came ashore in *outh &oston andestablished a signal station on 0elegraph Gill.

0he naval commander seiRed all %ederal property that had anything to do with the conduct of the

harbor. Ge assumed control of the Euarantine and pilot service and declared the port open underhis supervision.[99M]

&he )e+s %hut Off 

/ll this; and all else of importance that was happening in their city; the people of &oston couldlearn only slowly and in fragments; as thePH:Q news spread from man to man by word ofmonth. 0he newspapers were under armed guard; like all other important places that touched on public business. Censors sitting at editorial desks permitted only the printing of the most trivialroutine news of local happenings that did not touch on the real concerns of the invaded countryand city.

0he first pages of all the newspapers were reserved by the military government for itsannouncements. 0hese were headed?

3%%ICI/LD FFF 35-* /25 5-CI*I32* &' 0G- ,ILI0/'=3>-2,-20 3% ,/**/CG)*-00* /250G- CI0' 3% &3*032 FFF 

0here were so many of them that there was no room for news on the first pages; even had news been permitted.

+ithin twentyBfour hours the city had been set back to its condition in the seventeenth centurywhen &ostonKs first newspaper was throttled by a reactionary legislature.[998]

PH<JQ

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0he people of &oston did not know if Connecticut had been conEuered. 0hey did not know if 2ew 'ork had fallen. 0hey did not know where their army was or what it was doing. / great battle might be deciding the fate of the entire country; but no whisper reached them.

/s in Colonial days; they were reduced to such knowledge as might come from rumor or from

information whispered by those who learned something by chance.

It was in this way that nearly everybody in &oston came to know that in the *tate Gouse there sata council; dressed in uniform and bearing military rank; but in reality a council of men learned ininternational and )nited *tates law. *urrounded by great rows of books which they had broughtwith them; these men were the real rulers of the conEuered land. [99:]

0he Commanding =eneral and his field staff might act with summary authority under the rules of war. 0he Commanding =eneralKs name might be signed to all the scores of ordersPH<9Q thatissued daily. &ut this council of military lawyers acted as governors; Audges and soldiers at once.0heir decisions in all mooted cases; their ingeniously worded orders; were perfecting the

enemyKs complete possession.[9HJ]

%trippin# 'oston of -ts &reasure

 2o /merican; great or humble; might go a step beyond the prescribed and routine affairs of theday without first learning what their orders were. 2o man held property; whether it were priceless or beggarly; except by their favor. 2o man knew at any moment what remainingliberties might not be taken from him at a word from them.[9H9]

+ith the impersonal coldness of a Audicial machine they went about the work of stripping thecity of treasure. In all the departments of the municipality were soldier experts; studying the

 books. In the Custom Gouse were half a hundred others searching the records of exports andimports. -very financial institution of thePH<HQ city had been ordered to present its accounts inthe *tate Gouse.

5uring all this time the invader made daily reEuisitions for the use of the troops or for othermilitary purposes. Ge demanded for the navy a supply of 9J;JJJ pounds of smoking tobacco;9;JJJ pounds of roasted coffee; one ton of rice; <JJ pounds of salt; and <J;JJJ pounds of freshmeat. Ge made reEuisition for paint; cable; ropes; hose; and steel for the ships.[9HH]

0here were reEuisitions for medical supplies; for cloth and for shoes. 0o the harassed officials;who remonstrated against the hardships that were laid on the city; and pointed to the state of its

trade; the reply was that it was one of the richest cities in the world and that the levies weremodest. +hen a deputation of citiRens pressed the protest; the council printed its reply in the"official$ columns of the newspapers.

"In regard to the reEuisitions made by thePH<Q occupying army;$ said this statement; "attentionis called to the fact that the )nited *tates *upreme Court in the case 2ew 3rleans versus*teamship Company; HJ +all; :; decided that the military governing authority Smay doanything to strengthen itself and to weaken the enemy;K and that the Court further stated that

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Sthere is no limit to the powers that may be exerted in such cases save those which are found inthe laws and usages of war.K $[9H]

&he Ol" %pirit 

5espite the cannon that glowered in all the streets; &ostonKs fury at this ironic reAoinder nearly broke through all restraint. In the old city that had the famous 0ea 1arty among its priRedachievements; the spirit of that past age awoke again; and spread; almost without concertedthought or intention. +herever men could meet they formed in groups to ease their minds by freespeech; if they could do nothing else. In several Euarters of the city there were incipient riots;suppressed by the police onlyPH<Q Aust in time to avoid bloody interference by the soldiers.

"+e must curb this town;$ said the Commanding =eneral to the military council in the *tateGouse. "It is not one to remain cowed for long; without repressive measures.$

0he council nodded. 2ext morningKs newspapers had on their first pages an announcement that

made many readers rub their eyes and stare incredulously at the printed page; for on it was such a proclamation as might have been read in &oston town in the reign of Charles I. It was headed?

*-5I0I32 L/+

9. -very person resident in the territory occupied bythe power exercising sovereignty by right of conEuest; whoshall utter seditious words or speeches; or write; publish or circulate scurrilous libels against the governing authority;or who shall conceal such practices that come to his knowledge;shall be punished summarily and severely.

H. -very person who Aoins a secret society or attends asecret meeting for the purpose of advocating sedition or rebellion shall be punished summarily and severely.[9H]

PH<<Q

/gain the citiRensK committee protested. &oston lawyers represented to the military council that/merican citiRens could not be held guilty of sedition or rebellion if they adhered to theircountry.

Citi=ens of )o Countr!

"0he inhabitants of conEuered territory;$ answered the council; "are citiRens of no country. 0heyare under the Aurisdiction of the occupying army# but they are not even entitled to the privilegesof citiRens of the country which controls that army.$[9H<]

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"&ut mere conEuest does not entitle you to treat them as rebels;$ urged the committee. "0hey arewithin their rights to preserve their allegiance; so long as they do not violate the rules of war byopposing you with arms.$

3ne of the officers smiled. Ge opened a book. "3nce more I must respectfully refer you to your

own court decisions;$ he said; and read from a )nited *tates *upreme Court verdict? " SConEuestis a valid title while the victorPH<7Q maintains exclusive territory of the conEueredcountry.K $[9H7]

"0here is nothing that we can do;$ the committee reported to the people. It was the refrain thatsounded in all the )nited *tates Aust then. 0o the wild proAects for desperate defense that were being broached every day in the city of 2ew 'ork; to the frenRied demands that the volunteers inthe western camps be rushed into the field; to the curses directed at the /merican army because itrefused to fight; the same answer formulated itself because there was no other. /lways; from allEuarters; to all demands and imprecations; the only answer that was possible was? "0here isnothing that we can doD$

0he city multitudes surrendered wearily to the situation# but there were men whom the helplessreply drove frantic.

0here were hundreds of these men in 2ew 'ork; &rooklyn; ersey City; 2ewark; and allPH<MQthe towns eastward from there into Connecticut. 0hey were militiamen who had not been able to Aoin their organiRations when they went to the front; or whose organiRations had been merely paper ones. 0here were members of sportsmenKs clubs; accustomed to the use of heavyBcaliberfireBarms and to the trail; and there were many men who were moved simply by the recklessnessof courage.[9HM]

5uring the days while there drifted through the )nited *tates the broken; incomplete but everBgrowing story of 2ew -nglandKs uprising and its fearful suppression; these men had begun toassemble in ConnecticutKs country between 2ew Gaven and Gartford; urged by no settled plan but moving to that district simply because it was the last /merican front between 2ew 'ork andthe invading army.

&he Foe.s %lo+ A"vance

0he enemy was moving westward slowly. Ge had to hold out a mighty screen northwestwardagainst the /merican army that now lay beyondPH<8Q the &erkshire Gills; holding the land between western Connecticut and /lbany. 0hat army; intact and out of his reach; was a constant;

acute danger. It endangered his communications; it endangered his base; it endangered hisdivisions that occupied &oston. It forced him to advance only in continual readiness for battle onflanks and rearBlines.

5uring the slow approach the men who had gathered between 2ew Gaven and Gartford began toform some sort of an organiRation. /lmost it evolved itself.

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0he enemy pushing forward along the north; took *pringfield with cavalry and artillery. 0heundefended city surrendered without a blow.

%rom 2ew Gaven and Gartford; to the factory cities of +allingford and ,eriden; ,iddletownand 2ew &ritain; along all the factoryBlined valleys; there passed a word that gathered workers

from shops and idle men from streets. /ll one long day; and all one evening; they moved towardthe two cities. 0hey seemed aimless enough# but there were leaders who put themselves at theirhead secretly in the night.

*uddenly they were angry; determined; unitedPH<:Q bodies of men. *uddenly; like a suddenlyawakened wind; they stormed the great arms factories of the two towns.

0hey came with guns and pistols. 0hey came with crowbars and picks. 0hey came with stones;and with nothing except their bare hands. 0hey hauled their dead aside and withered under thefire of the guards; and burst through and took the works.

In Gartford they seiRed a whole trainBload of rapidBfirers and machine guns that had been loadedfor the /merican army. In 2ew Gaven they took almost four thousand sporting rifles.

0he riot fever spread to &ridgeport. 0he mob arose and seiRed the cartridge factories.

&he Ma" A"venture

It was a mad thing; springing less from purpose than from the insanity that invasion had laid onmenKs minds. It could have but one mad end. 'et this army of madmen was moved and molded by a touch of the /merican ability to "do things$Fthat very ability on which the people might;indeed; have depended with perfect assurance; if only they had not depended on it wholly.PH7JQ

/merica did; truly; have men who would fight. 0hey were here# and they were to fight such afight as would be remembered many a long day. /merica had the men to lead; too. 0hough theyknew that this was a hopeless thing; they "took hold.$

0hey took hold of men armed with magnificent rifles; but of a score of different patterns fordifferent kinds of sport; and demanding a score of different shapes and calibers of cartridges.0hey took hold of infantry militia fragments whose companies had had only two or threeassemblies a year for target practice with average attendances of only 99 or 9H men. 0heyimprovised scout detachments of volunteers with bicycles and motors.[9H8]

'oung doctors took hold with nothing but emergency kits; without ambulances; without litters;without even helpers who would know how to find a wound or apply a first aid bandage.

0he army of madmen went forward to the Connecticut iver to hold the western bank fromGartford to ,iddletown.

0hey did not know how to dig trenches.PH79Q

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"0he army of madmen went forward to the Connecticut iver to hold the western bank.$

0hey dug ditches. 0hey did not know how to make defenses for their machine guns. 0hey piledtrees that would skewer them with splinters under shell fire; or heaped up rocks that would flyinto fragments and kill like shrapnel.

0hey were all of three thousand men. 0hey were the kind of men whom /merica has expectedalways in times of peace to call to its defense. 0hey were callousBhanded workers in metal andwood and leather# bleached workers from woolen mills and cotton spindles# Slongshoremen fromthe harbor cities of the *ound# professional men resolute with the fervor of the time# roadBmakersand teamsters and shoemakers# hunters; yachtsmen; and football players.

What Aericans Coul" Have Done

0hat day along the Connecticut iver they showed what /mericaKs men could have done hadthey learned how to do it in advance and had they been armed for the work.

0hey lay behind their pitiable defenses; with their motley weapons; commanded by men who didnot know war. 0hey bore the shock of machine gun assaults from advance patrols. 0heyPH7HQ bore the shock of cavalry charges from scouting detachments.

/t ,iddletown they were attacked in force by heavy cavalry that crossed under cover of gunBfireand outflanked them; and charged in mass. 0hey sent the charge back; broken; with many empty

saddles.

0hey lay under the fire of a Binch gun at Cromwell for an hour; and endured; and diedFbut theydenied the river crossing to a battalion.

%or two long hours they held the river along their whole line. It seemed to them that they werefighting a great battle. *urely their dead testified to it; and the hot fire that beat on them testified

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to it; and across the river; or floating down with the stream; were many enemy dead to testify toit.

0hey cheered and shouted to each other hoarsely that they were winning. 0hey watched; witheverBgrowing savage lust; for more assailants.

In the headEuarters of the advancing army there was received this report from the brigadecommander? "0wo or three thousand raw but determined /mericans disputing passage ofPH7QConnecticut iver with our advance guards. 0hey have machine guns; no artillery. /m sendingfield guns forward. *hall have passage clear in an hour.$

")se ample force;$ answered the commander. "0hese /mericansD$ he said to his aid. "0heyarenKt to be underestimated. / little more preparationF$

"/nd we wouldnKt be hereD$ laughed the aid.

&hirt! Minutes 5ater 

0hirty minutes afterward; from points wholly invisible to the /mericans; there burst theshattering thunder of fieldBartillery. -xplosive shells flew over and into the trenches. *hrapnelscreamed at them; and burst like sentient things right in their faces; to drive rattling bullets in alldirections.[9H:]

0heir machine guns were useless. 0here was nothing in sight at which to fire. 0he men lay facedown; clutching dirt; choking with fumes and smoke; stunned by the blasting things that burrowed into their earthBworks and blew them apart and tore living bodies to pieces.PH7Q

/t ocky Gill a militia company of artillery tried to move its gun into better shelter. 0he plowBhorses that had been seiRed to drag it; wild with terror; became entangled in the traces and fell.Cutting them away; the men wheeled the cannon into position by hand. &ut their armory neverhad been fitted for subBcaliber practice; as it never had been fitted for mounted instruction. 2oneof the men had been Eualified as first class or even as second class gunners. 0hey fired; and theirshots went wild; serving only to betray their situation to the enemy. 0hey did not know how to place themselves for protection from indirect fire. *o they died.[9J]

/ troop of militia cavalry; trying to move forward near Gartford; was cut off by an advance patrol of enemy cavalry that had crossed the river to outflank the defenders from the north. 0he/mericans charged. &ut they were mounted on horses never used before for cavalry work. 0he

enemy riders were men trained to swordsmanship. 0he /merican troop had averaged only 9men in mounted drill in a wholePH7<Q year; because they had possessed neither horses norarmory.[99]

0he green brutes reared at the sight of weapons. 0hey pitched into each other as the enemycavalry dashed at them; and added their iron hoofs to the mXlVe. %or one brief moment eyesstared into eyes; and it was hack and thrust. 0hen the enemy riders were through them; andwhirled like a gale and swept through them again; and killed and killed.

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&he Massacre of the Connecticut 4iver 

"/nnihilated;$ reported the scout cavalry a little later; when its sEuadrons came up. "3ur loss onedead; three slightly wounded.$

/nnihilatedD 'es; gentlemen of Congress; sitting in +ashington at that moment and passingresolutions and appropriations; and uttering fine sentiments about millions for defense and notone cent for tributeD 0here were ugly things there on the Connecticut iver shore that answeredyou more loudly in their eternal silence than if they had spoken with a thousand angry tongues.PH77Q

0hat dayKs battle that filled the fields of Connecticut with dead menKs bones to be plowed up inmany a year afterward; went down in /merican history as the massacre of the Connecticut iver./ massacre it wasFan /merican massacre; carefully prepared by elaborate carelessness throughmany a year before.

Less than a thousand men; it was said afterward; escaped from the massacre. 0hey crawled awaydown gullies or swam down the river; and hid under weeds and panted; and tied up their woundswith rags from their ragged garments. 0hey were never able to tell what had occurred. 0heyknew only that they had thought there was victoryFand then; in front of them; and on theirflanks; and behind them; there had come flames as if a hot line of blast furnaces had opened to blow in their very faces; wherever they turned.

"+e have taught them their lessonD$ said the hostile commander. "+e shall have no moretrouble.$

It was true. +estern Connecticut was broken under the invaderKs rod as -astern ,assachusetts

had been broken. 0hat night the army occupied Gartford; ,eriden; 2ew &ritain;PH7MQ and 2ewGaven; though not before the arms factories had been blown up; to welcome the soldiers withflaming ruins.

0he next morning cavalry detachments began cautiously to scout into the &erkshire Gills; to feelfor the /merican outposts.PH78Q

IX

THE CAPTURE OF NEW YORK CITY

+hen the news of the &attle of Connecticut went through the )nited *tates; there was atemporary end to all patience; to all calculations of prudence. 0here was an end to everythingexcept blind passion. 0he )nited *tates was not a patient 2ation; but no 2ation; however patient;could have remained so at such a time. 2o man; however deeply admired; could have counseledwisdom then. 2o interests; however great; could have controlled.

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/ll the knowledge that had gone to the public about the utter unreadiness of the freshly enlistedvolunteers to take the firing line# all the information that had been given to the people about thecondition of their army# all the proofs that the foe had given with blood and fire of his immensesuperiorityFall these were as nothing. 0hat the army; if it had fought now;PH7:Q must bedestroyed; was as nothing. 0he cry was that the army must fightD

0rusted leaders pointed in vain to the history of the )nited *tates to prove that whenever its rawforces had hurried into battle in obedience to popular demand; the result had been only to hurrydisaster. In vain they pointed to the Civil +ar and the hideous deathBtolls paid by both sideswithout military advantage to either.

,en would not listen. 0hey would not reason. 0hey hated those who remained cool enough toreason. It was the human eEuation that; at some time or another; defies all the combination ofmanKs intelligence.

&he Presi"ent /oes to the Ar!

 2o administration; however determined; could have ignored it. *ecretly; a special train was madeready in +ashington. *ecretly; in the night; the 1resident of the )nited *tates with his advisersand staff boarded it and were taken northward.

 2o dispatches went ahead of it; except railroad orders to clear tracks. /fter passing &altimore; itwent by way of Garrisburg and +ilkesbarre; avoiding 1hiladelphia and the cityPHMJQ of 2ew'ork. 0hrough the sad; black iron and coal country of 1ennsylvania it passed to the 2ew 'ork*tate line without a welcome anywhere.

"+e might be fugitives;$ said the 1resident; looking out with sleepless eyes.

/t efferson unction an armored train with machine guns and a Binch rifle slid in ahead of themfrom a siding where it had been waiting. /n officer entered the 1residentKs train and reEuestedthat all shades be kept down. 0hus; furtively; the 2ationKs ruler entered /lbany.

/rmy GeadEuarters had been a target; like the +hite Gouse; for messages that had shaken thoseto whom they were addressed. ,ore than once the Commanding =eneral had felt that it wasmore than human men could bear. ,ore than once; in council; officers; infuriated by the veiledaccusations of cowardice in the dispatches; had spoken in favor of giving the army the fatal order to go into action.

What the Coan"er Face" 

0he 1resident; when he looked at the =eneralKs deeply lined features; knew that the old soldierhad more to gain from a battle; howeverPHM9Q disastrous; than from life. "If he does notinterpose between the invader and 2ew 'ork City;$ thought the Chief ,agistrate; "he will liveonly to see his name blasted. 0here will be a thousand tacticians in future years who will assertthat he was a blunderer; if not a traitor.$

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"0he country demands a battleD I knowD$ 0he soldier laid before the 1resident a sheaf of papers."*ome reports; sir; bearing on the matter.$

0he first sheet was a report from brigade headEuarters. "0wenty batteries of <.9 inch artillerymoved westward through 2ew Gaven last night;$ it said. "3ur spy reports that these guns appear

to be of the type that is known to have a range of seven miles; far outranging our field guns./ccompanied by heavy convoys of shrapnel and explosive shell.$[9H]

"0hey are bringing up heavier guns still;$ said the =eneral; selecting another report. "&etween 2ew London and *aybrook unction flat cars were seen with 99.JH inch howitRers; which; we presume; must be the type that throwsPHMHQ a M7JBpound proAectile. +e have nothing near thattype in our artillery to oppose them. /s they have a range of 9H;JJJ yards; they can be placedwherever it may please the enemy; and we might as well bombard them with roman candles aswith our guns.$[9]

 Men Disable" 'efore 'attle

0he 1resident; without replying; picked up a third report. It was from a maAor of the ,edicalCorps; and ran?

"/ considerable proportion of militia infantry still suffer severely from blistered feet after only afew miles of march over rough country. ,ore men are being disabled from illBfitting shoes andunsuitable socks (thread and cotton than from all other causes combined. Gabit of prophylacticcare of the feet almost wholly lacking. %ew regimental or infirmary supplies include footB powder.$[9]

"If you take men from their office chairs or from seats by the side of machines in shops;$

growled one of the staff; "you canKt expect themPHMQ to hike the same day. ,en who insist onliving near trolley cars; which is a great /merican habit; must expect to get sore feet afterwalking three miles. In a fifty mile march; sir; this army in its present condition will lose fifteen per cent. of its militia strength from straggling and falling out.$[9<]

"&ut they have improved very greatly; have they not@$ asked the 1resident.

"*ome of them;$ answered the =eneral; "notably the 2ew 'ork; ,assachusetts and 1ennsylvaniatroops; are excellent and can go into battle with the regulars at any time. &utF$ he turned to anartillery officer. "+ill you tell the 1resident about yesterdayKs field artillery practice@$

What 2ntraine" 'atteries Di" 

"+e sent five untrained batteries to an indicated position;$ said the officer. "0hey had practicedonly about half a doRen times in thePHMQ last year; and then they had merely drilled in themotions of handling their pieces; as their armories were eEuipped neither for mounted drill orsubBcaliber practice. +hen they reached the positions that they were to hold; they had lost thelocations of their own side; and within half an hour they were blaRing into cover occupied bytheir own infantry. If they had been using shell instead of blanksFwhewD$[97]

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"+e are only Aust getting several organiRations to learn how to deploy as skirmishers from closeorder;$ said the Commander. "'ou know how vital that is under fire. 0heir companycommanders appear to have had no previous experience at it; and the corporals let their sEuadsget out of hand hopelessly. 0here have been some sad mixBups. 0he result in battle would have been sickening.$[9M]

"&ut I tell you;$ said the 1resident; "the country is wildD 0he people know that you have thewhole of a magnificent railroad system from here to 2ew 'ork at your disposal. 0heyknowPHM<Q that the invading army must have been spread out tremendously to hold all theterritory that it occupies. 0hey cannot understand why you should not be able to engage the forcethat is advancing on 2ew 'ork.$

What the Public Di" )ot no+

0he =eneral walked to the wall map. "0he enemy is thinned out. 'esD$ Ge laid his finger on thechart. "&ut to meet him; we must move due south 9J miles down the Gudson >alley; with the

river on one side of us and the &erkshire and Litchfield Gills of ,assachusetts and Connecticuton the other. +e cannot leave men behind us to protect that length of line and hold open our roadfor us if we have to retreat. +hen =eneral *herman marched to /tlanta; he left 99<;JJJ men behind him to guard his JJ mile line back through Chattanooga to 2ashville. +e have less thanfifty thousand men in our whole army; even if we scrape together all the very latest greenarrivals.

"0he moment we leave our base;$ continued the Commander; "the enemy headEuarters willknow it. 0hey will instantly begin a big shifting of their 2ew -ngland forces. 0hey willPHM7Q push them across into 2ew 'ork *tate behind us; and weKll be trapped.$

"'ou think that they can concentrate swiftly enough@$ asked the *ecretary of +ar.

0he soldier pulled a paper out of the pile; and read? "3bserver at 1rovidence reports that hostileforces entrained cavalry; field and heavy artillery and ammunition columns at regular rate of twohours for full military train. 0ime for loading siege material; Y hours.$[98]

Officers Ha" )ever Han"le" Men

Ge tossed the papers aside. "+hen did any of our officers ever have to handle thirty thousandmen@$ he asked. "Gow many of them ever handled as many as ten thousand@ Last week; tworegiments were left without food for two meals on a practice march because their commissary

failed to supply travel rations. 5ay before yesterday seven boxes of provisions were found lyingin a company street without any one to claim them. 0hose were militia# but our own officerseEually lack experience in handlingPHMMQ such a big contract as a whole army.[9:]

"5o you know what it means to see that an infantry division gets its material@ 5o you know whatweKve got to send into battle with it@ It means an ammunition train of 97< Bmule wagons; andmore than MJJ mules and horses. 0hen there are the other supply trains; the pack trains and theengineer trainsF9< more wagons and 7JJ animals. 0here are ninety ambulances and wagons

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with their animals. /nd this is without counting the horses for the cavalry and the signal corpsD Itell you; ,r. 1resident; if we unload that mess in the face of an enemy like the one down there;$he pointed southeastward; "it will never get back hereD$[9J]

"/nd if you stay hereD +onKt you be attacked@$ asked a member of the 1residentKs party.

"I think not.$ 0he =eneral turned to thePHM8Q chart again. "*ee hereD GeKs got a great bigterritory to hold already. +hen he has 2ew 'ork City and Garbor to control also; I think heKll betoo well occupied to attack us until he brings reUnforcements across. /t any rate; he canKt comeat us; except from the direction of 2ew 'ork City up the narrow river valley; or from thedirection of ,assachusetts through the &erkshire Gills. +e can make the banks of the Gudson adifficult place for him. /nd the longer we can hold on here; the longer the ordnance works at+atervliet can continue to turn out the heavy guns that we need so sorely. +atervliet; ,r.1resident; in my eyes; is the most precious thing weKve got to guard Aust now.$[99]

:%ta!6; %a!s the Presi"ent 

0he 1resident arose and walked to the window. %or a Euarter of an hour he looked out over therolling country to the -ast where thePHM:Q soft blue curves of the hills were cloudBlike againstthe /pril sky. 0hen he returned. "*tay where you are;$ he said; "as long as you can; or thinkwise. 2ew 'ork will have to fall. =oodBby. +eKll go back to +ashington and do our best. =oodluck to you; and to your &erkshire Gills.$

"0hey are good /merican hills;$ said the =eneral; smiling for the first time. "0hey are giving our men the only protection theyKve had against aeroplanes since this thing began.$

0he spreading; crowding groves that crowned them and made them famous for their loveliness;

now made the multiBfolded Gills a welcome cover for the harassed /merican troops. 0heyreduced to a minimum the effectiveness of scouting from the air; and increased to a maximumextent the efficiency of cavalry and motor troops that knew the country. /mong their laureledslopes and in their vales and intervales; was good territory for artillery defense.

0he rich men whose pleasure grounds they are gave the army their motors; their horses andthemselves. OuickBwitted and keen; aware of every foot of the ravines and roads and byBroads;they helped the picked men who had beenPH8JQ selected by the commanders to guard and holdthe "escapes$ through the Gills.

 Aericans Hol" the Wall 

/t the southern end; on the open summit of ,ount -verett that old settlers prefer to call "0he5ome;$ whence the sight can command the sweep of the Gousatonic >alley through the Gills; allthe approaches from ,assachusetts in the eastward; the Litchfield Gills south in Connecticut;and the basin of the Gudson iver to the west; a signal corps had erected its wireless and itsheliograph. /t their feet; on the lower slopes; hidden in the great wild laurel that is most beautifulthere; was artillery.

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0here were guns at =reat &arrington. /t *tockbridge gleaming batteries guarded the road fromGartford; which once had been the stage coach road between &oston and /lbany.

Limbers and guns Aolted past the great houses and estates of Lenox and vanished in the cover on both sides; to be posted on the hilly ground that commanded the Gousatonic >alley. ,ore guns

 passed under the elms of high 1ittsfield. ,otors and cavalry and cannon held 2orth /dams and+illiamstown; where +illiams CollegePH89Q stood almost deserted because students and professors had volunteered to act as sentinels and patrols.

3n the old trail that had been the trail of the ,ohawk Indians of 2ew 'ork when they went onthe warBpath against ,assachusetts; men in olive drab were scouting and lying in cover withmachine guns.

3n the green hills behind &ennington; >ermont; where 'ankee breastworks had been thrown upin the evolution; there were more batteries. Gere outposts and patrols guarded the road leadingto Lake =eorge; the last gateway to the territory held by the /merican forces in 2ew 'ork *tate.

 2orth of this were >ermontKs =reen ,ountainsFbarriers indomitable as of old when -than/llen; wroth at Congress; threatened to retire into those fastnesses and "wage eternal warfareagainst Gell; the 5evil and Guman 2ature in general.$

 -passable b! 4ail 

0he long barrier thus running northward from Connecticut like a wall separating 2ew -nglandand 2ew 'ork; would check any except a powerful; wellBsupported force; advancing with thedeterminationPH8HQ to break through. Long before such an army could make its way; the/mericans could either front the enemy in battle; or retire safely beyond his reach.

0he invaders could not break through the wall by rail. 0he railroad line that led from =reenfield;,assachusetts; to 0roy and /lbany; had in it a famous link that was vital to its operation. 0hislink was the celebrated Goosac 0unnel; bored for Z miles through Goosac ,ountain. It wasnow a solid mass of blasted and piled rock that could not be cleared away in the time demanded by any military operation.

In the south; on the Long Island *ound coast of Connecticut; were other ruins almost as big andas costly. 0hey were the wreckage of &ridgeportKs big cartridge factories; blown up as the hostile patrols entered the outskirts of the town.

It was the last source of ammunition and arms supply in 2ew -ngland. +ith it there were lost;

too; three submarines that were on the stocks in the harbor ship yards; and the works that had been manufacturing naval seaBplanes and military tractors for the armyKs flying scouts.PH8Q

0he aerial motor works of Gyde 1ark in ,assachusetts; the ,arblehead factory that made gunBcarrying convertible land and marine flying machines; and the 2orwich factory for tractor biplanes and hydroBmonoplanes had been captured almost in the beginning.[9H]

 )e+ $n#lan".s Con@uest Coplete

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/s the army entered &ridgeport; another column advancing parallel with it captured the greatmanufacturing city of +aterbury in the 2orth. +ith these two cities; the invaderKs conEuest of 2ew -ngland was complete. -xcepting only 1ortland in ,aine; he now possessed every city ofmore than J;JJJ population. Ge possessed every source of manufacture. Ge held every port onthe northern shore of Long Island *ound. Ge held the three great harbors of 2ew -ngland. In

addition to the vessels building in &ridgeport; he possessed %ore iver; with a battleship and twodestroyers on the ways# Ouincy; with eight submarines in coursePH8Q of construction; and the1ortsmouth 2avy 'ard with one.[9]

0he division that had taken +aterbury turned southerly to the coast after it passed through thattown; to Aoin the division that had taken &ridgeport and was pressing westward.

/n hour later the /merican army; apprised by its spies; began to block the rock cuts on all the 2ew 'ork Central systems leading northward out of 2ew 'ork City.

+hen 2ew 'ork heard this news; it knew that it had been abandoned.

In that moment of despair; the population would have done what every loosely knit;heterogeneous multitude does almost spontaneously in the face of catastrophe. It would havegrown into mobs to riot against itself. If the huge population had been organiRed; if it had possessed a single will; nothing could have prevented it and nothing could have withstood it. &utfacing the overwhelming numbers were a few thousand men who were moved by a single willand who were firmly welded together for its accomplishment.PH8<Q

&he Po+er of Or#ani=e" Discipline

0hey were the police. +hatever their faults were; they possessed the one thing that all the city

and all the )nited *tates lacked. It was 3rganiRed 5iscipline. In the face of millions unorganiRedand undisciplined; the 99;JJJ policemen of the city; armed with no visible weapons except clubs;maintained the peace. 0hey scarcely needed the assistance of the ten thousand men who had beenenlisted hastily as volunteer militia and deputy sheriffs; and who patroled the streets with clubsand riot guns.[9]

0heir work was facilitated by the fact that for many days past there had been a greatdisarmament in the city. )nder the autocratic latitude of martial law; all suspected individualshad been searched wherever they were met. Gouses had been visited. +arned by the riots inConnecticut; the authorities had stripped every sporting goods shop and every pawnbrokerKsestablishment of weapons; and stored them under heavy guard in the armories.PH87Q

It had been a necessary precaution. 5uring the days that came after the enemy forces had begunto land; factory after factory and industry after industry had stopped. 2ow the greater part of thecity was dead. *eventeen thousand longshoremen and stevedores loitered in the waterBfrontstreets; with ten thousand sailors of all nationalities; whose ships were tied up. %ifty thousandunskilled laborers wandered around town with nothing to do. /ltogether it was estimated that onthis day there were HJJ;JJJ people in 2ew 'ork whose occupations had been lost; and fully asmany again who were working on half time.[9<]

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&he Wholl! Helpless Metropolis

0he leaders of commerce and finance; the most resourceful of the cityKs business men; wereutterly unable to suggest anything. 0he Chamber of Commerce; that had met many crises andevolved practical plans of action; could suggest nothing now.

0he banks were practically closed. 0he )nited *tates 0reasury 5epartment already had declaredthat the center of the *econd %ederalPH8MQ eserve 5istrict would be considered as temporarilymerged with the 0hird 5istrict in 1hiladelphia.

0he fire insurance companies were refusing all new business; and had called attention to the factthat existing policies on every kind of property provided that they were not liable for loss"caused directly or indirectly by invasion; insurrection; riot; civil war or commotion; or militaryor usurped power.$

0here were thousands of other contracts and agreements that would lapse automatically the

moment the first hostile soldier set foot in the city. ,en had laughed for a generation at themediTval expression in many printed legal forms that provided that the signers were notresponsible for anything that might occur under "the acts of any foreign 1rince or 1otentate.$ 2ow; suddenly; these mediTval words were alive.

0he mails were piled high in the 1ost 3ffice and in every substation. 0he whole )nited *tateswas striving to settle urgent affairs with the city; and the city was trying as desperately to settlewith the )nited *tates. It was impossible to handle the mass. It remained in bags for days;untouched; while the postal forces; heavilyPH88Q increased from nearBby cities; struggled withthe accumulations of days before.

0he long distance telephone systems were so crowded that connections could be obtained only by asking for them many hours in advance. 0elegraph dispatches were twentyBfour hours old before they could be forwarded; and steadily their increasing accumulation was leaving thearmies of swift operators farther behind.

 Da!s of Frantic Perpleit!

5uring the days of frantic perplexity there had been talk of dismantling the factories andshipping their machineries to the interior. &ut when the owners of the cityKs H7;JJJmanufacturing establishments faced the problem; they realiRed that it could not be done. 0heywere not like the government that could afford to pull plants apart and move them at more

expense than would be involved in building new ones.[97]

0hey were as helpless as their <JJ;JJJ employees. 0o leave their city meant for ownersPH8:Qand workers alike to go away bareBhanded and pauperiRed. 0here was nothing to do except tostay.

/ll these manufactories and industries of the city had labored so furiously in the last weeks to produce merchandise and ship it that at last the railroads were unable to handle the rush of

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freight. -very yard was piled high with goods destined for the interior that could not be loaded./ll the sidings were clogged. 0here were lines of freight trains with not a gap between themstretching from the Gudson iver straight across the 2ew ersey meadows and on into the yardsand sidings of 2ew ersey towns miles from 2ew 'ork.

 2o freight was coming in. %or three days everything had been sideBtracked far away from thecity; in order to clear the tracks for provisions. 0he authorities; with the CitiRensK Committee;unable to guess what the enemy might do; had decided that all efforts must be subservient to theeffort to stock the town with food.

/lready the city had taken over the entire business of distributing foodBstuffs. 2othing could besold except in Euantities and at prices fixed by ordinance.PH:JQ

&he $"#e of Faine

0he cityKs people often had been told by their statisticians that they always were within a few

days of famine. 2ow they realiRed what it meant. 0he congested tracks had cut down their coalsupply. /ll interurban transportation had to be reduced to save power. *omewhere in the narrowvalleys leading from Lake Champlain on crowded rails were the enormous rolls of paper neededto feed the cityKs presses. 0he morning newspapers had to be cut down to four pages of smallsiRe. 0here was no sporting news in the papers; no foreign news and no financial news.

+ithin the short time that had elapsed since the occupation of 2ew -nglandKs mill cities; the cityhad used up a great part of its stocks of textiles. 0here was shortage of coffee; of spices; of all thestuffs that ordinarily came in by sea.

Gostile cruisers and destroyers patrolled all the /tlantic coast; taking the precaution merely to

stay out of range of the harbor defenses. 0hey captured every vessel; large or small; thatPH:9Q

"0he only activity that remained in full progress was the activity of the bulletinBboards.$

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*augatuck; where the Colonials had fought =eneral 0ryon when he landed to burn 5anbury.0hey took 2orwalk and *outh 2orwalk. 0hey Euartered men in the estates of 5arien.

0hey swept on through rich *tamford; whose inhabitants are Connecticut people by residenceand 2ew 'orkers by occupation. 0hey took =reenwich.

&he -nva"ers of 5on# -slan" 

%rom oslyn; Long Island; came word that all the invading vessels that could find room at theCold *pring wharves were unloading material.PH:Q 0he character of the derricks that had beenrigged; said the report; indicated that extremely heavy guns were being handled.

/ bulletin that went up immediately afterward announced that the army was crossing the *tateline from Connecticut into 2ew 'ork; and that advance patrols already were passing through the 2ew 'ork *tate town of 1ort Chester.

0he enemy was now only twentyBfive miles from 2ew 'ork City. 0his; and the actual entranceinto *tate territory; caused a senseless; headlong fright. It spread even into the councils of theCitiRensK Committee and city officials in the City Gall. ,en Aumped to their feet and exclaimedthat the bridges over the Garlem must be dynamited at once. 3thers proposed to demolish thegreat suspension bridges by cutting away the suspending rods and letting the roadways fall intothe -ast iver; that the Long Island invader might be kept from crossing.

It was only the final flareBup of nerveBrasped; helplessly cornered men. 0he least intelligent people in the streets could perceive that nothing except cannons; and cannons again; could stopthis invader who came with a warBmachine that made war a matter of systematic business./sPH:<Q &oston had learned it; so 2ew 'ork was learning it. 0here could not be even the barren

relief of desperate; futile activity. 0he city; richer than many a kingdom; more populous than any*tate in the )nion except three; was as utterly unable to ward off its doom as a trapped animal.0rapped by its own wealth; it could only wait for the hunter to take it.

If any men adhered to the belief that the city might gain anything by destroying its approaches; atelephone message that came through from 1ort Chester presently was sufficient to convinceeven the most recklessly daring that it would be madness in the face of the iron will that actuatedthe enemy. 0he telephone call was from the corps commander; who asked for the ,ayor.

"I have the honor;$ he said; "to inform you that the /merican army; having abandoned thedefense of the City of 2ew 'ork and surrounding territory; all military resistance against us has

ceased; and we claim occupation. )nder the rules of war; your civilian citiRens lay themselvesopen to penalties if they destroy bridges; railways; or other lines of communication. *hould suchdestruction occur; I shall have toPH:7Q exact compensation for any suffering that it may cause tothe troops under my command.$

" -nva"er Can Do What He Pleases$

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"Ge is straining the lawD$ cried one of the CitiRensK Committee who was an authority oninternational law. "Ge has not yet occupied the territory contiguous to the city.$

"I think that he has made his occupation good;$ said another. "In our own /rmyKs ules of+arfare; paragraph H:J expressly states that Sit is sufficient that the occupying army can; within

a reasonable time; send detachments of troops to make its authority felt within the occupieddistrict.K $

"It makes little difference;$ interposed the ,ayor. "+e canKt take him before a Court of /ppealsto argue hairBsplitting distinctions. Ge has us; and can do to us what he pleases. Ge needs onlythe color of law to go to any extremity. +e should be insane to argue with him. 0he only thing todo is to give renewed and urgent orders that the population must absolutely avoid any act ofviolence.$

/gain the cold logic of inexorable circumstances forced humble submission. 0hrough allPH:MQthe districts north of the Garlem and through +estchester County almost to the line of the enemy

 patrols; there was sent by every possible method of communication the following warning?

"0he invading forces assert occupation of the territory in which you reside. )nder thisoccupation; any act of disorder involving raiding; espionage; damage to railways; war material; bridges; roads; canals; telegraphs or other means of communication is punishable by death as war treason. Communities in which such acts occur may be punished collectively. /ll persons arewarned earnestly to yield full obedience to the occupying military forces and to abstain from alloffensive acts.$[9M]

 A Matter of 5a+!ers. 5o#ic

0hus for the men of 2ew 'ork war was no matter of glorious resistance or of a splendid death. Itwas a matter of cold lawyersK logic with imprisonment or execution as felons the only answershould they try to assert their manhood.PH:8Q

0he knowledge held all the territory passive. ,en and horses and motors moved into +estchester County with no more opposition than if they were pleasureBseekers moving through friendlycountry. =uns Aolted along the highways with their artillerists sitting at ease. 0he +estchesterhills and valleys echoed no shots; no cries of battle.

In every village and town the /merican flag fluttered down from the flagBstaffs of schools andtown halls.

0he corps commander that evening established his headEuarters in one of the great houses in thefamous residence colony of 3rienta 1oint; ,amaroneck. Gis columns; advancing along theshore; spread out; occupied 2ew ochelle and ,ount >ernon; and encamped for the night in agreat line that stretched from the Long Island *ound to the Gudson iver; fencing 2ew 'ork Cityon the north with a wall of men and artillery.

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It was a wall of silence. 2ot a word came through to the city from 'onkers; from ,ount >ernon;from 1elham; or from any of the other places already taken.PH::Q

&he 'attle in the )i#ht 

3nly the harbor defenses of the city were still speaking to each other. %rom the forts on 0hrogs 2eck in +estchester County and from %ort 0otten on Long Island; the commanders at %ortsGamilton and +adsworth in the 2arrows received reEuests for more men. Large forces; said the*ound defenses; were closing in rapidly to invest them on land from the rear. It would be anartillery and infantry fight in which the mammoth coast guns could take little part; if any. 0heend was certain if reUnforcements could not be sent through the -ast iver and the *ound.

0he commanders of the 2arrows were helpless to give aid. 0he commanders of the *andy Gookdefenses were helpless. /ll the men; regulars and militia; of the coast artillery who could beobtained; were not enough. %ort Gamilton; being on the Long Island shore itself; dared notdenude itself further than it had done. /t any moment there might be an attack on it; too. 0he

southern defenses had no choice but to tell the eastern defenses that they must do the best theycould.PJJQ

0G- /00/C4 32 0G- 2-+ '34 5-%-2C-*

/. /ttack on %t. 0otten. &. /ttack on %t. *chuyler.

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ailroad brought guns to the high ground behind 2ewtown Creek; to the summit of -astern1arkway; and to the 1rospect 1ark *lope.

Capture" essels $nter 4iver 

0hrough Gell =ate into the -ast iver came a motley fleetF*ound and iver steamers capturedat 2ew Gaven and &ridgeport; wallBsided freighters and lighters; sideBwheelers and screw propellers; and a flotilla of motor boats; the pick of the beautiful little navy of pleasure that filledall the *ound harbors.

0his fleet anchored in a long line below &lackwellKs Island close under the ,anhattan shore.PJQ

/ll the larger vessels had guns on their forward and upper decks. /s soon as the craft had swungto the tide; the weapons were pointed at the city.

0hen the telephone bell in the City Gall called the ,ayor again. 0he corps commander; speakingfrom temporary Euarters in the )niversity of 2ew 'ork buildings; announced that he wished tosend commissioners into the city to treat with the authorities for the terms of capitulation. Gedesired that the ,ayor send an escort to meet them at the Lenox /venue &ridge over the Garlem.

 2one of the people in the streets realiRed that the automobiles that sped down Lenox /venue afew hours later; through Central 1ark and down &roadway; were bearing enemy soldiers. 0he population had become accustomed to men in field uniforms hurrying through the city.

 Dean" %urren"er of Forts

/rrived in the City Gall; the commissioners presented a demand signed by the commander; forunconditional surrender of the city. 0he ,ayor and his advisers read it; and turned to the soldiers.PJ<Q

"+hat does this mean@$ asked the ,ayor; pointing to a clause that called for the surrender of allfortifications with troops and munitions of war. "+e possess no fortifications.$

"It means %orts Gamilton and +adsworth; on the 2arrows;$ answered the Chief Commissioner.

"&ut those are )nited *tates property;$ said the ,ayor. "+e have no authority over them.$

"0hen I should advise you to consult with the commandant of these places at once;$ answeredthe Commissioner. "0heir surrender is an indispensable condition in the terms of capitulation.$

0he ,ayor reached for the telephone. "*top all other business; however important;$ he said tothe operator. "Connect me with the Commandant at %ort Gamilton.$

Gis conversation with that officer was brief. "Ge declines absolutely to surrender any part of thedefenses or other government property;$ he reported.

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"0hen; sir;$ said the officer; rising; "I regret to inform you that we shall shell the city. +e areauthoriRed to give you twentyBfour hours.PJ7Q 1recisely at the end of that time; we shall orderthe firing to begin. I call your attention to the fact that our artillery; as at present placed;commands the &orough of ,anhattan to about <:th *treet; and that our guns in &rooklyncommand a great part of the most valuable sections of that borough. 'ou will take note; also; that

guns on the vessels anchored in the river can sweep both the 2ew 'ork and &rooklyn streets.$

Clais &hat Cit! -s 2nfortifie" 

"&ut;$ exclaimed an old udge who was on the CitiRensK Committee; "we are willing to surrender the city without opposition. /s a matter of fact; it lies wide open to your entrance. 'ou cannot possibly mean to bombard an undefended and unfortified townD$

+ithout hesitation the officer drew a paper from his pocket and presented it. It read? "0he City of  2ew 'ork; having %orts Gamilton and +adsworth not only within its harbor limits; but actuallywithin its municipal limits; is plainly a fortified place under all accepted definitions. /lso; while

troops occupy these forts the town clearly falls under the definitionPJMQ of a Sdefended place;Kunder the clause that Sa place that is occupied by a military force is a defended place.K $[98]

+ith a bow he handed the paper to the ,ayor.

"+e shall bombard the city within twentyBfour hours;$ he repeated.

0he 2ew 'ork men looked at each other. "+e are Euite helpless; sir;$ said the old udge; then."+e cannot force )nited *tates officers to surrender. I propose to my colleagues that adeputation shall go to +ashington at once to lay your terms before the 1resident as CommanderBinBChief of the /rmy and 2avy. I assure you that we shall represent to him; most strongly; the

advisability of yielding. +ill you; for your part; give us more time@$

"I cannot go beyond my orders;$ answered the officer. "0wentyBfour hours; I fear; is the extremelimit. It will give you ample time; since the matter to be considered is most simple. 'ou mightinform Gis -xcellency the 1resident;PJ8Q if you wish; that we have succeeded in reducing andtaking %orts *chuyler; *locum and 0otten. +e shall proceed to invest %ort Gamilton before toBmorrow morning. *urrender will prevent useless loss of life and destruction of property.$

/overnent %urren"ers Forts

/ special train brought the deputation into +ashington before daylight next morning. 0he 2ew

'ork men went at once to the +hite Gouse where they were received by the 1resident; who hadnot been in bed. "'ou have no doubt that they mean to make good their threat of bombardment@$asked the 1resident; after receiving their report. "0hen; gentlemen; there is only one action forthis =overnment to take.$ Ge sighed; and echoed the refrain of all the past days. "0here isnothing else that we can do.$

/n hour later the wires to 2ew 'ork; cleared by orders from the +ar 5epartment; carried adispatch to the commandants at %ort Gamilton and %ort +adsworth. It ordered them to surrender.

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%rom his headEuarters the enemy commanderPJ:Q ordered detachments to go down the harborin boats and occupy the captured defenses. 0hen he sent his troops forward into the City.

/nd now the 2ew 'orkers who had expected that their streets would be flooded by a great army;were amaRed at the ease and simplicity with which the city fell into military control. Instead of

 brigades entering the city; there were not even regiments. 0roops of cavalry; companies ofinfantry; single machineBgun detachments; moving separately down separated avenues; with bigintervals between them; were all the force that entered.

*ome boatloads of men and artillery passed down the river and landed in &rooklyn; some tooccupy the 2avy 'ard and others to reUnforce the men who had come in through Long Island# but the army remained outside; holding the northern districts from the *ound to the Gudson; andguarding the Gudson iver and 1utnam >alleys against surprise attack from the direction of/lbany.

 An $as! Cit! to Occup!

0he officers in charge of the men who entered the city asked no Euestions and reEuired noP9JQdirections. )nhesitatingly each led his force to the point that he wanted. +ithin two hours 2ew'ork was wholly in the hands of the soldiers.

 2obody had thought of it before. 2ow; all at once; when it was accomplished; it amaRed the people of 2ew 'ork to learn how easy it was to control the cityKs whole life; civic andcommercial.

/ battalion of infantry occupied the =rand Central 0erminal. /nother battalion took the great1ennsylvania terminal with its underBriver tunnels to 2ew ersey and Long Island. 5etachments

appeared at the 0wentyBthird *treet and %ortyBsecond *treet ferries over the Gudson iver and bythat one seiRure controlled all railroad connections with the +est from uptown. 0he occupationof half a doRen other Gudson iver railroad ferries downBtown; and of the Gudson 0erminal0ube *ystem; completed the entire control of all the cityKs railroad traffic in every direction.

-Eually simple was the control of its communications. ,en appeared at the two great telegraph buildings and at the telephone building. +ithin half an hour they had every trunkP99Q line ofwires in their hands and could strike the city dumb at will.

0hus less than three thousand men had their fingers on the big townKs spinal nerves; and could paralyRe it with a slight pressure.

%till $asier to /uar" 

It was still easier to control the city from a military point of view. 0he citiRens who had expectedto see their streets commanded by cannon on limbers; did not at first comprehend why there werehardly any of these to be seen; while machine gun detachments scattered and disappeared as soonas they got well into the town. 3nly gradually did the citiRens discover that their big; sprawlingmetropolis was being held subAect by a very simple utiliRation of the cityKs characteristic feature.

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0his feature was the skyBscraper. 0o the eye of the soldier; these high buildings were nothing somuch as inviting and magnificent eminences for controlling the streetBvalleys and their population below.

%our men with a machine gun and abundance of ammunition in one of these stone and steel

summits could control more area than half aP9HQ doRen heavy field gun batteries posted in thestreets could command.

0hese sentinel watchers were as aloof and as sure as fate. 0hey could neither be rushed by a mobnor sniped from concealment. /t a word from the telephone in their eyries; they could start deathdancing among the pygmy hordes far under them.

%rom the top of the +oolworth &uilding two of the little guns pointed down into &roadway.0urned southward; they could sweep the town as far as the &attery. -astward; they could raintheir steelBAacketed bullets into the river front streets and over the two lower bridges that crossthe -ast iver. 2orthward; they had &roadway as far up as Canal *treet under their fire.

0hey were supplemented by a gun on top of the great ,unicipal &uilding. It held a good part ofthe crowded tenement house district of the Lower -ast *ide under its Rone of fire; notably thedoubtful sections of Cherry *treet and other areas known to the police.

Church &o+ers as /un %tations

3n the tall towers of the suspension bridges themselves were other detachments with a gunP9Qeach. 0he churches were not forgotten by the soldiers. 0he graceful steeple of =race Church;standing at an acute angle of &roadway so that it can be seen from far down town; had been before menKs eyes so long that they had ceased; almost; to note its soft beauty. 2ow they looked

at it with a new and acute perception; for its steeple held a gun that pointed down &roadway;whose southern Rone of fire would Aust about reach to where the northern Rone of fire from the+oolworth &uilding would end.

0rinity; too; had a gun in its tower; pointing down +all *treet. 2orth and south on upper&roadway; guns on the %latiron &uilding could reach any important street or any place wheredangerous crowds might conceivably form. 0his eminence controlled both ,adison and )nion*Euares. 0he tower of ,adison *Euare =arden; nearBby; also was armed. %rom it men couldwatch and reach any part of the -ast *ide that was out of reach of the detachments in the bridgetowers. )ptown 2ew 'ork was governed more easily still. 0he wide; geometrically regularstreets with many open sEuares; were overlooked by tall apartment buildings and hotels that

commanded longP9Q sweeps of avenue. /s a result; many of the city sEuares and smaller partshad no artillery in them at all; and others had only half a battery.

0he people knew that wherever they might move; they were within the range of cannon that wereloaded and ready. 0heir CitiRensK Committee and their officials worked under guns. -very foot of their =reat +hite +ay could be changed into a +ay of 5eath at a momentKs notice. 0heir womencould not shop; their children could not play; except under the menace of weapons.

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*mall need was there in 2ew 'ork City of the many placards and notices warning the peopleagainst disorder. -very manKs eye was on every other man# and had one plotted mischief orrebellion; there would have been a hundred witnesses ready to suppress him; to betray himF anything to prevent those steel devils in the city towers from setting death loose in the streetsDP9<Q

X

THE PRICE THAT HAD TO BE PAID

 2ot until the City of 2ew 'ork actually was surrendered did the people of the ,iddle and %ar+est become startled into a really acute perception of the catastrophe that had fallen on thewhole country.

0hough they were fiery with patriotism and anger; and though they were giving not only lavishly

 but extravagantly of their wealth and men; they were free; unconEuered and untouched. 0hey hadseen no invader. +ith a suddenly freshened realiRation of the hugeness of the country; they hadattained the conviction that there was little danger that any foe possibly could reach them fromthe /tlantic.

0hey were willing to defend the -ast with all that they had. 0hey were willing to toss to the airall their royal plans for the splendid future that was all but built. 0hey were the real /merica; andthey were willing to ruin themselvesP97Q and die for /merica. &utFthe men of Chicago were athousand miles from an enemy. 0hree thousand miles separated the men of the 1acific from thearmed enemies in 2ew -ngland.

*o their customary life and their business had continued. 0hey continued to work and barter and plan. 0he loss of the industries of 2ew -ngland had made itself felt at once; but there was anenormous land left. -ven the locking of all the /tlantic and =ulf ports with the attendantcalamities could not wholly shatter their great web of trade.

 Pacific 4eains Open

0heir commerce could go and enter through their own ports unimpeded; for happily in this crisisthere was no danger threatening from across the 1acific.

0herefore; though the surrender of &oston had shaken them; it had not terrified them. 0he great

inland country clung to the belief that the army would do something. 5uring the enemyKs slowmovement through Connecticut in the advance toward 2ew 'ork; the people of the +estremained inspired by that hope; as men in pastP9MQ ages; stricken dumb by a darkened Geavenand a smoking mountain; still clung to the belief that a kindly miracle would interpose to savethem; though the earth of their market places was trembling under their feet.

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0hat spiritual selfBdefense with which men armor themselves against inevitable fates had notgiven way until the /dministration announced the surrender of the City of 2ew 'ork and its twogreat forts; with the statement?

"0he 1resident assumes full responsibility. /fter a careful examination of the situation in person;

he issued orders; as CommanderBinBChief of the armed forces of the )nited *tates; that the armyin the field should offer no opposition.$

0hen the +est began to fear with a great fear that its 1acific coast was not safe; after all. Itthought; appalled; that an enemy so formidable and successful; confronting opposition so futile;might succeed in breaking the defenses of the 1anama Canal as easily as he had broken thedefenses of the /tlantic.

 Panaa Canal %afe

&ut the 1anama Canal was being held. 0he )nited *tates fleet; having failed to prevent theP98Q

hostile landing on the 2ew -ngland coast; had turned at once to defend the one vital spot that itcould protect even against superior numbers. 0hat was the Caribbean entrance to the Canal.

It raced there under forced draught. It surprised and destroyed an inferior force of cruisers and battleships that the enemy had stationed there for blockade. /gain it was mathematics. 0he foe;forced to assure himself against attack on his transports off the 2ew -ngland coast; had held allhis powerful ships north of the /merican fleet. 0he weaker blockaders in the *outh; facing gunsof superior range; ships of superior speed; and superior volume of gunBfire; went down todestruction without even the satisfaction of biting hard as they died.

 2ow the country that had been sick with humiliation because its navy would not fight; thanked

Geaven that the fleet had kept itself intact? that instead of going down in glorious disaster; it hadworked out a scientific problem coolly. 0he big navy; intact to its smallest torpedo boat; waslying fully potent under the strong defenses of Limon Garbor.

0he guns of the fortifications protected theP9:Q ships; and the ships protected the fortifications.0hree thousand naval officers and sixty thousand sailors and marines; added to the land forces inthe defenses; made a force of highly trained; completely efficient men.[9:]

&he Defenses Perfect 

0he defenses were perfect. 0his precious possession was one /merican possession at least that

could be held to the last. Its guns were fully installed. It had ammunition. Its range findingsystems and its systems of fire control were complete. +ithout the navy; it; too; would have beensorely weak in men and would have been open; like /mericaKs continental defenses; to attackfrom the land. &ut with the naval forces; it was able to hold out.[9<J]

0he navy was ready to throw men ashore to meet any attempt at landings along the coast. 0henavyKs torpedo boats and destroyers crept to sea in the night and guarded all weak places. 0he/merican submarines; with a safe harborPHJQ for a base; worked under ideal submarine

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conditions. +hen the hostile navy; freed from the task of protecting its army; at last appeared inforce off the Isthmus; it dared not institute anything like a close blockade.

It dared not even venture in to bombard. 0here were 97Binch guns at 1anama. It was an obAectlesson for the )nited *tates. -xactly thus; had there been an army to protect them; the /tlantic

coast defenses could have defied any attempt from the sea to force a harbor.

 Hostile )av! Po+erless

0he enemy navy; overwhelming as it was; could do nothing except to wait and watch. It cruisedup and down; far out in the purple Caribbean. Its only trophies in the *outh were 1orto ico andthe )nited *tates 2aval station of =uantanamo in Cuba. It had taken the latter by the simplemethod of steaming in; for this "naval station$ was only an unfortified harbor.[9<9]

0he news of 1anamaKs safety was the first and only good news that had been given to the countrysince the declaration of war. 0he reliefPH9Q that it gave was so great that the people received

almost with eEuanimity the news which followedFthat word had come from spies of the arrivalof more transports in &oston Garbor and 2arragansett &ay; bringing forces estimated at figuresvarying from <J;JJJ to 9JJ;JJJ more men.

*oon after this landing had been accomplished; cavalry and light artillery moved northwardthrough >ermont. 0hey seiRed and occupied in force &ellows %alls and the +hite iver; +ellsiver and *t. ohnsbury unctions of the >ermont railroads. 0his cut the last communication of 2ew -ngland with the )nited *tates. It gave the invader absolute command of the *t. ohnsburyand Lake Champlain ailroad; the Central >ermont; the ,aine Central; the &oston and ,aineand the utland branch railroads. ,aine; 2ew Gampshire and >ermont were in his power likethe rest of 2ew -ngland. &lockaded from the sea; and cut off from railroad connection with the

interior; they were subAugated even without the unfolding of forces that now began through theirarea.

Gere; too; the invaders; despite their grown power; moved slowly; cautiously. 0hey cutdistrictsPHHQ from each other; and occupied them one by one systematically; making unitedaction by the population impossible even had it been feasible. &y the simple method ofdisorganiRing all the accustomed political and governmental affiliations; they turned to their purpose the everBpresent lack of coherence between *tate governments and city governments;township authorities and County authorities. 0he machinery fell apart# and the enemy dealt withthe bits as he chose.

&he Con@uest Coplete

0he few big cities of the three *tates could offer no resistance. +ithin a few days the conEuest of all 2ew -ngland was complete. 2ot a word came out of it to the rest of the )nited *tates. 0heCity of 2ew 'ork was eEually sealed. 2othing was permitted to pass out of the gagged andfettered town. 0he messages that stormed at it were delivered to censors who did what they pleased with them; and passed practically none to the persons for whom they had been destined.

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In this sealed city; for the first time in menKs memory; there were no crowds on the streets.PHQ&roadway from <:th *treet to the &attery was almost naked of people by day and by night. Itselectric signs were dark. Its hotels and theaters were all but dark.

+henever; by chance; people found themselves in a given block in numbers sufficient to make a

throng; there always was a hasty scattering; as if they feared to touch each other. /s these littleknots scattered; they cast swift glances of apprehension at the high roofs.

0here had been an official notice on the front pages of all the 2ew 'ork newspapers on themorning after the occupation?

/LL /**-,&L/=-* 3 =/0G-I2=* 32 0G-*0--0* /- *0IC0L' %3&I55-2

&y 3rder of the ,ilitary =overnment.[9<H]

0here was no threat as to penalty for infraction. 2one was needed. 0he machine guns in all thetowers and skyBscrapers were sufficient warning.

0he shape of the island on which the &orough of ,anhattan lay; with immensely long straightstreets running north and south through its narrow width; made it a simple matter to isolateallPHQ sections in which there were populations who might become unruly. 0he crowdedtenement districts of the -ast *ide were cut off from those in the +est. 0hey were separated intounits within themselves. >ery soon; the soldiers moved around the city with the ease of carelessvisitors. 3fficers; mounted and in automobiles; went where they pleased. 0hey paid apparentlyno attention to the people; and these; in turn; could not guess anything that the conEuerors had inmind or what would be their next act in the next minute.

%urroun"e" b! the 2n*no+n

0he cityKs newspapers; like those of &oston and all 2ew -ngland; were controlled and edited bymilitary censors. 0hey were permitted to tell their readers nothing of importance. 0his utterignorance in which the multitudes were kept; made them more helpless than did even the gunsthat watched them everywhere.

It was a city surrounded; perpetually confronted and oppressed by the unknown. 0he veil ofsecrecy and silence was lifted only when newspapers or placards printed some new proclamationin formal; legal verbiage.PH<Q

0he first one to be issued had proclaimed the occupation; and the institution of a ,ilitary=overnment. It had added that the existing civil authorities had been empowered and ordered tocontinue their administration with the sanction and participation of the ,ilitary =overnment; andthat all civil and criminal laws remained in effect subAect to changes demanded by militaryexigency.[9<]

&ut immediately under this announcement was a paragraph headed?

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L/+* *)*1-25-5

3n and after this date the following Classes of Laws are *uspended. (9 0he ight to &ear /rms.(H 0he ight of *uffrage. ( 0he ight of /ssemblage. ( 0he ight to 1ublish 2ewspapers orCirculate 3ther ,atter. (< 0he ight to Ouit 3ccupied 0erritory or 0ravel %reely in same.[9<]

/nother announcement that struck home after the people saw its real meaning under its smoothwording was?

"0he municipal and other civil and criminal laws as administered by the civil authorities; are forthe benefit andPH7Q protection of the civilian population. 0heir continued enforcement is not for the protection or control of officers and soldiers of the 3ccupying /rmy; who are subAect to theules of +ar; and amenable only to their own ,ilitary =overnment.$[9<<]

/t first this announcement seemed to the citiRens to be for their protection; but the sharperreaders soon pointed out that it was only a skillful way of intimating that the soldiers were above

all the laws that controlled the conEuered population.

 A M!sterious Flotilla

/ few days after the surrender; people along the waterBfront noticed a great movement of vessels.0he big %all iver Line and other *ound steamers moved down the )pper &ay in long procession; with some steamships seiRed at the wharves.

0hey were full of troops. *ome of the vessels towed railroad floats with flat cars on which werelashed cannon so big that even from the shore the eye could perceive their unusual siRe. 3thercraft towed strings of small scows; and still others towed floating derricks.PHMQ

0he flotilla passed down the )pper &ay; but it did not go out through the 2arrows. It disappearedin the narrow waterBway of the 4ill von 4ull that winds between *taten Island and the mainlandof 2ew ersey; and connects with the Lower Garbor through aritan &ay.

0he story of the mysterious flotilla spread Euickly through a city whose lack of newspapers madeits apprehensive curiosity only the more keen. obbed of its news and bulletin service; the people; without any conscious plan; had organiRed a news service of their own. 0hey had fallen back on the primitive method of circulating information from man to man.

 )e+ (or*.s :'ush &ele#raph;

+ithin twentyBfour hours of the suppression of the liberty of its press; the highly modern; highlyartificial city had in operation the same form of newsBtransmission that has so often puRRled andeven awed travelers in savage lands. )nder the skyBscrapers the "bush telegraph$ carried itsmessages with almost the same astonishing swiftness as in the Aungle.

It was done by hasty whispers and by furtive conversation; for among the 3rders andegulationsPH8Q that were promulgated daily there was a little warning that severe punishment

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"It is unlawful to disobey orders given by our army.$ 0his short regulation covered a great deal.It tied the police and the citiRens hand and foot.[9<M]

P9Q

"0he big guns behind them made no despicable sentinels.$

&a*in# of %an"! Hoo* 

3n *andy Gook; fifteen miles down the harbor from the &attery; there were being demonstratedthe inexorable mathematics of war that had been demonstrated at 2arragansett; at &oston; at%orts *chuyler and *locum in +estchester; and at %ort 0otten in Long Island.

%ort Gancock on *andy Gook; almost invulnerable to shipBattack from the sea; was beingreduced from the land. 0he fort commander had disposed his men in the most formidable positions possible; and they made the narrow sandy neck of the Gook that led from the mainlandto their fortifications a pass that no force; however contemptuous of death; would attack hastily.&arb wire and great sand mounds; rapid fire guns and big guns behind them; made them nodespicable sentinels. &ut the /mericans numbered companies where the enemy numbered battalions and regiments. 0he /merican mobile guns numbered pairs where the enemyKs artillerywas counted by doRens.

0he steel mass of fort that could protect harbor and city could not protect itself. 0he motley

flotilla; emerging into aritan &ay; landedPHQ its men on the 2ew ersey shore at 4eyportinside of the lower harbor; and behind *andy Gook. 0he defenses had not been devised or builtto withstand attack from their own bay. 0he great rifled guns and the steel mortars were ponderous. 0hey were mounted on complex engines; eEually ponderous; whose bases werefirmly anchored in concrete and steel. 0hese mammoths were not things that could be swungaround to all points of the compass. 0hey were set in their solid beds for the one purpose offighting things out at sea.

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&he Open 'ac* of the Fort 

0he commander had succeeded; with desperate labor; by blasting away concrete emplacementsand facings; in turning two of his big guns around to face the land and protect the open back ofthe fort. &ut the giant steel guns with their 9;JJJBpound proAectiles that could fight J;JJJBton

 battleships; could not fight little twoBlegged men. 0hey might; by chance of fortune; find anddestroy one of the siege guns that were attacking them. &ut if they missed a gun and fell merelyamong soldiers; they would bePQ scarcely more murderous than a little field gun that fires bursting charges or shrapnel.

0he enemy did not try to rush the works. Ge had time and means and did not need to sacrificemen. 0o the heights of the /tlantic and 2avesink Gighlands; that ascend so strangely out of thesea and out of the flatBsea country there; he lifted guns of great caliber. Ge placed guns in cover behind every undulation. +hen he had placed all these weapons with scientific precision; they began to fire.

 2one of the mobile artillery installed for the defense of the fort against land attack could reachthe invadersK heavier artillery with any hope of effect. 0he men in the defenses; cowering under bombBproofs and in pits; held out for a day and a night. 0hey held out for another day. 0hen therewas nothing left to defend. 5ismounted and broken; their armament was destroyed. 0hesurvivors surrendered.

 2ew 'ork City did not know that the *andy Gook defenses had fallen till three light enemycruisers appeared in the upper bay and steamed through the -ast iver to the 2avy 'ard. 0henthe city knew that its harbor was open.PQ

 $ne! -nva"es )e+ 9erse!

0he army that took *andy Gook did not return to 2ew 'ork. 0he flotilla took the troops and their light artillery aboard at the /tlantic Gighlands; and steamed back through aritan &ay; throughthe narrow sound behind *taten Island and into 2ewark &ay. Gere other boats met it with cavalryand motor troops from 'onkers.

0roops landed at both sides of the entrance to the bay; taking &ayonne and -liRabethport; withtheir oil refineries and tanks; and their ship yards. 0hen the flotilla moved up the bay; and putgreat bodies of soldiers of all arms ashore at the great factory town of 2ewark. / big city; and adifficult city to control; it kept the commanders occupied for three days before they had madetheir footing good# but then it was an admirable and a vastly valuable base. %rom it the troops

spread out and took utherford; 1assaic; Gackensack; and 1aterson.

It was rich commercial territory that complemented the value of possessing 2ew 'ork; for thesefactory cities were a part of the ,etropolitan 5istrict counted with 2ew 'ork City inP<Q every 2ational estimate of industrial wealth. 0his district contained almost thirtyBtwo thousandfactories. In wealth and productiveness; it was as choice a priRe as 2ew -ngland.[9<8]

 Ar! Ceases Operations

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Gaving made good its hold on the new conEuest across the Gudson iver; the invading armyceased to expand. -ven with the accretion that had been made to its forces; it had none to sparefor further operations; for it now had under its charge 7H;JJJ sEuare miles of domain with morethan thirty millions of people.

0his was a 4ingdom. 0he victor set himself to the task of organiRing his government; whichmeant the task of turning it to profit.

%rom the beginning; he had taught the conEuered people that an invading army lives on thecountry. +herever his troops entered; the inhabitants were ordered to supply all that was needed by men and horses.

0he occupying troops demanded lodgings andP7Q stableBroom. 0hey demandedaccommodations for everything belonging to the army. 0hey reEuisitioned fuel and straw. 0heycalled for teams; cars; motors; wagons; boats; and claimed the services of their owners. 0heyoccupied flour mills and bakeries. 0hey took machinery; material; tools and eEuipment for

repairing their munitions of war; bridges; and roads.[9<:]

In all the towns they seiRed parts of the hospitals and set them aside for the care of their men;impressing the hospital attendants into the service. %or the use of their own medical service theyforced the towns to contribute drugs and medicines.

0hey seiRed all appliances on land; on water or in the air that might serve for the transmission ofnews. )nder the allegation that they were susceptible of use in war; they took all sorts of subAectsof peaceful commerce or industry; from telegraph wire to houses.[97J]

PMQ

 Puttin# on the %cre+s

/lready they had subAected &oston to a levy of W<J;JJJ a day for the maintenance of the troops.0hey laid on 2ew 'ork and the factory cities of 2ew ersey a Aoint levy of W9JJ;JJJ. 0hey laidanother impost for the same purpose on the big cities of 2ew -ngland of seventyBfive thousand.0his one levy alone amounted to 9 million; <M< thousand dollars a week# and it was only one ofmany.[979]

0hey confiscated outright all the cash; funds; realiRable securities and notes belonging to thestate; city and local governments. -very bank was warned under threat of condign punishment to

deliver over everything that might be considered public property. In 2ew 'ork City they seiRedfrom a bank W9JJ;JJJ that was deposited by a *tate 5epartment to pay a draft# and they issued awarning that if the holder of the draft attempted to collect the amount or permitted it to pass fromhis possession; his house and lands would be confiscated.[97H]

P8Q

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0hey declared themselves possessed as absolute owners by right of conEuest of all public property besides cash. 0hus in 2ew 'ork they asserted ownership of ninetyBnine million dollarsKworth of suspension bridges and in &oston they took bridges to the value of ten and a Euartermillions. 0hey took the 2ew 'ork City armories valued at fifteen millions. 0hey declared thatthey owned the subways valued at 9JJ millions.

/ll )nited *tates property; comprising fortifications everywhere in the conEuered territory; navyyards; post offices; customs houses; lighthouses; treasury buildings; and court houses were listedin proclamations throughout the occupied country as good and legal priRes of war. 0he propertyso seiRed in the city of 2ew 'ork alone amounted to sixtyBsix millions.[97]

Wor*in# Furiousl! for Defense

0he )nited *tates was working furiously for defense. In the steel country of 1ennsylvaniaP:Qand the +est; all the works were being altered to turn them into factories for shells; shrapnel; bigguns and gun carriages. /t +atervliet and Indian Gead the capacity of the shops had been

enlarged immensely and there was not a moment in the day or the night when there was a pausein the headlong labor. 1owder was being made in the ,iddle +est; in places safe from any possible attack by aeroplanes. 0he flying machine works of Gammondsport; and &uffalo; in 2ew'ork; *an 5iego; and 3verland 1ark; were turning out machines at the rate of one and sometimestwo a month. Galf a doRen other factories were being erected.[97]

/ group of automobile factories had agreed to turn out HBton trucks at the rate of forty a day; and;indeed; already were producing thirty a day. 3ne concern was working under a contract to produce enough automobiles every day to carry one regiment; each machine capable of making9JJ miles an hour with four men and ten daysK rations of food and ammunition. 3thers hadagreed between them to produce enoughPJQ motors in every working day to carry five or six

regiments.[97<]

&he Han"icap of 2nprepare"ness

0he efficient land was rising to the occasion with magnificent ability and temper. *o far; thosewere Austified who had said that /merica could meet a crisis with miraculous speed. &ut therewere things that could not be met with speedFand these things were vital.

/ll the industrial efficiency on the land could not provide <;JJJ trained and experiencedofficers? and that number was needed if the country was to put half a million volunteers into thefield.

/ll the efficiency of men and engines could not correct; except by tedious; slow training; thedefects in an army system that had made it impossible in peace times to concentrate 97;JJJ menand officers at the *an /ntonio border of 0exas in less than three months after the order wasissued.[977]

P9Q

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/ll the efficiency could not alter the fact that of the whole militia force of the )nited *tates;enrolled as "men armed with the rifle;$ exclusive of the four divisions already with the army;there were only H;JJJ; or 8 per cent.; who could shoot well enough to make them suitable for battle purposes.[97M]

0he capture of ,assachusetts and Connecticut had cut off at one blow the source of 78 per cent.of all the ammunition and weapon works of the )nited *tates. 0he army; already short ofcartridges; would have to remain short till all the complicated and minutely accurate machineryfor making them could be built and established.[978]

PHQ

0here were only H<;JJJ rifles in reserve. 0he volunteers would have to drill without arms tillfactories could be put into operation.

What Ha" 'een 5ost 

*even militia mobiliRation camps were in the territory lost to the )nited *tates. 3ne thousandacres of powder works in 2ew ersey were in the possession of the invaders.

0he volunteers needed shirts; breeches; underwear. 0he four leading cities in the manufacture ofcotton goods; the four that led in making woolen goods and the leaders in making clothing werecut off from the )nited *tates.

0he volunteers needed shoes. ,ore than all; they needed shoes. *hoes; shoes; and again shoesD/mericans realiRed with heavy hearts how these unromantic things were making them helplessF what a blow it had been to their defense when the great ,assachusetts factories of Lynn;

&rockton; Gaverhill; and &oston with their unBreplaceable machinery had been taken. 0hesecities and cities scattered through the rest of lost 2ew -ngland; had produced <M per cent. of the boots and shoes for the )nited *tates.

0he army was short; even under its old; economicalPQ estimates of more than <JJ fieldartillery. 0o put the army of JJ;JJJ volunteers into the field; it would need at least 9;<JJ. In thedays of peace it had been calculated that the shortage then existing could not be made good inless than two years. 2ow; with half a hundred factories toiling; with blackened +atervliet roaringand clanging as never a factory had labored before; guns were being turned out at a rate that promised to reach surprising dimensions when all the shops were fully at work.

%i Months of Helplessness

&ut at best there were six months during which nothing could be done except to prepare. 5uringthose six months; while the country poured forth its money prodigally to make up in wastefulspeed what it had neglected during long years; the invader could sit in the conEuered seaboardcities and suck them dry.

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 2othing on earth could alter it. 0he volunteers had to learn everything. 0hey had to learn toshoot; to survive slush and rain and cold; to dig trenches. 0hey had to become hardened enoughto march twenty and more miles a day with blankets; half a tent; fryingPQ pan; plate; knife;fork; water bottle; first aid kit; an emergency ration; an intrenching tool and bayonet; a heavyrifle and ninety heavy cartridges.

0he militia regiments had to be raised from peace strength to war strength. 0hat meant that intoevery company of 7< trained or partially trained men there would have to be an influx of 8<utterly untrained ones who would; of course; instantly destroy the original efficiency of theorganiRation till they were trained up to it.[97:]

"*ix months at the very lowest possible estimateD$ said the *ecretary of +ar. "/nd it will be sixmonths of such work as this country never did before in its history.$[9MJ]

%i Months of 'lee"in# 

"*ix months with the 2orth /tlantic *eaboard amputated;$ said the 1resident; "means six monthsof bleeding to death.$

-ven without the mortal blow that was struck at the countryKs commerce by the locking ofitsP<Q /tlantic and =ulf ports; this severance of 2ew -ngland and the metropolitan district of 2ew 'ork did; indeed; cause a huge; bleeding wound.

3f the seventyBfive manufacturing cities of the )nited *tates whose manufactured productranked highest in value and played the greatest part in the industrial wealth of the country; theinvader possessed twentyBseven; or more than oneBthird.

%iftyBsix thousand manufacturing establishments were in his control. 0hose of the 2ew -ngland*tates had produced J per cent. of the total wealth of the country in manufactures. +hen theywere cut off; the blow struck every human being in the continent who needed their products; andevery human being who depended directly or indirectly on the income from their purchases ofraw material.

0he )nited *tates had lost the source of 7< per cent. of its woolen manufactures in value; 8 percent. of the cotton manufactures; < per cent. of the bronRe and brass products.

/ll the amounts involved were enormous. 0he annual value of the raw material used by theconEuered territory was beyond H billionP7Q dollars. 0he value of the completed products was

< billions; 7H millions.[9M9]

 An -ncalculable Pri=e

0he 2ation; thus maimed; stared aghast at the value of the priRe that had been wrested from it for lack of a little insurance. Its individuals had paid scrupulously each year for insurance againstfire and crime and had scrutiniRed their policies with the utmost care. &ut they had permittedtheir chosen representatives in Legislatures and Congress to do as they chose about insuring

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against war; to spend money as they would or not at all; and to accept a worthless policyobtained at an extravagant price.

 2ow they faced a loss that; for the time at least; might well be called total. 0he value of &ostonand the city of 2ew 'ork alone in taxable property was : billions and 88J millions. %ive cities of 

Connecticut were worth 8 millions. ,assachusetts had HH cities exclusive of &oston whosevalue was 9 billion and 9< millions. Counting all 2ew -ngland; with 2ew 'ork and &oston;and leaving out the 2ew ersey conEuest; the enemyKs loot was 9< billionsPMQ and 87millions; exclusive of the public city; *tate and %ederal property that he had seiRed.[9MH]

What Can He Do With -tB

"&ut what can he do with it@$ the people of the rest of the )nited *tates began to ask each other presently.

,en had prophesied in the beginning that the conEueror with his guns turned on the great cities;

would extort vast tribute under threat of leveling them. &ut there had swept through the land aspirit that would face anything rather than to purchase safety and ignoble peace. "Let him destroythe cities and all the landD$ said /merica. "+e will build the seaBboard up again; better than before. +e will recompense our fellowBcitiRens for every scrap that they lose. &ut we shall never pay blackmailD$

Gad the invader entertained any such plan; this spirit that flamed unmistakably through thecontinent would have daunted him. &ut he had no such puerile design as to turn his wonderful priRe into ashes. If his errand was one of brigandage and robbery; it was brigandageP8Q androbbery in the most scientific modern terms. It was brigandage that enlisted in its conception and prosecution the brains of a worldKs financiers; the keen wit of a worldKs merchants who wanted to

win back the markets of the earth and the farBsighted policy of international diplomats.

%or almost a month the conEueror did not show his hand. %or almost a month the seaboard fromthe end of ,aine to 2ew ersey remained sealed. 0hen; suddenly; he gave the )nited *tates hisreply to the Euestion? "+hat Can Ge 5o +ith It@$

&he -nva"er.s 4epl!

Ge opened the wires. Ge did not send out a word over them. 0he people of 2ew -ngland and 2ew 'ork did it. 0hey sent out a flood of dispatches that were like a great cry for help. It was theinvaderKs reply; through them. 0he reply was "*tarvationD$

"+e need coalD +e need iron and steelD +e need cottonD$ cried the people of 2ew -ngland. "+ehave used up all our raw materials. +e cannot work any longer unless you ship to us.$P:Q

"+e must reBopen our banksD$ said &oston and 2ew 'ork and the hundred other cities. "+e are paralyRed without our exchanges and relations with the financial system of the country.$

"+e need foodstuffsD$ said they all.

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0he first Euick decision of the country was one of wrathful refusal to furnish the supplies that theenemy might fatten himself. &ut the importunities from the conEuered places grew. 0hey went toall the land; west and north and south. 0hey came at the +hite Gouse like a storm.

"+e are on the edge of panicD +e have three millions of factory workers who will starve unless

we can instantly reUstablish our industries and our financesD$

"It is intolerableD$ said the 1resident; his face white with anger. "It is simply a disguised form of blackmail. Ge means to make us finance him# for; of course; he will levy contributions on thecountry as soon as money begins to flow in.$

" He Has 2s6$

"Ge has usD$ said the *ecretary of the 0reasury. "/s we were helpless against his cannon;P<JQso we are helpless against the new weapon that he has drawnFthe starvation of our own people./ll the messages that we have received prove that. Ge has shown them that their fate is wholly in

our handsFthat if we refuse to send them money and foodstuffs and raw material; they will haveto blame us for the conseEuences.$

0he 1resident of the )nited *tates arose. "=entlemen;$ he said; "they are our own people. 0hereis nothing else that we can doD$[9M]

  . . . . . . . .

0hat is the story of 0he Invasion of /merica. 0here was nothing else that we could doD

Gow the land labored heartBbreakingly to put an army into the field# how the invader for eight

long months held the conEuered land; and under his efficient mastery made its soil produce prodigally; its manufactories pour forth their wealth in redoubled measure# how he laid taxP<9Qafter tax on the men whose necks were under his foot# how; toward the end; he gathered histransports in all the harbors# and how; when three /merican armies; each <JJ;JJJ strong; beganto move toward the coast from three grand bases; he embarked all his men within one hundredand twenty hours and sailed away unscathedFthese things were but inevitable conseEuences.

0he )nited *tates of /merica never knew how much wealth the ConEuestadore had sEueeRedfrom the conEuered territory in reEuisitions; in fines; in license fees; in taxes on imports andexports; and in war levies. *tatisticians figured for years afterward to discover from the wildlytangled accounts how much he had extorted. 0hey figured and Euarreled for a generation over

the vast amounts that the )nited *tates had lost by losing the markets of the world# for when her ports were opened; she found that the markets were gone.

,en said that from first to last the invading army had taken a sum not short of four billions ofdollars. &ut whatever the sum; it was as nothing to the wound that had struck /merica near theheartFa brave 2ation; a greatly capableP<HQ 2ation; made to grovel for her life because; in aworld of men; she had failed to prepare for what men might do.

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 0G- -25

%330230-*?

[9] 0he reader will recall 2astKs skeleton representing the egular /rmy with the legend; ",atchit for grit if you can$ or words to that effect.

[H] *tatement based on statistics.

[] /uthorities concede these matters.

[] *ee +ar 5epartment eports; 9:9<.

[<] 0aken from actual stations of various troops at various times. 0he army post system isconsidered indefensible among military men.

[7] *peed of embarkation of a mobiliRed and prepared army as calculated by -uropean militarystaff officers.

[M] 3ne thousand rifled cannon could be enumerated from the naval lists of less than four1owers. Less than four 1owers could match our 2avy with battleships.

[8] 0his is exactly what happened during the *panishB/merican +ar.

[:] %rom ). *. +ar 5epartment eports for 9:9< on ,ilitia 3rganiRation.

[9J] 0his statement does not betray a military secret. It is well known to all foreign governmentsthat we cannot defend our coast defenses against land attack.

[99] Certain naval experts; basing their opinion on study of the recent naval battles; claim that adifference of as little as 9J per cent. in efficiency between fleets otherwise absolutely eEualmeans inevitable destruction for the inferior fleet.

[9H] / tactical necessity for an outnumbered fleet.

[9] 0his statement is based on official army calculations.

[9] %rom tabulated returns by the militia departments of twelve -astern *tates.

[9<] %rom annual reports of rifle practice for 9:9; militia organiRations.

[97] *ee tabulated returns published by +ar 5epartment; 9:9<.

[9M] )nderBstated. /nnual reports for 9:9< show many practically useless batteries.

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[98] /nnual report ,ilitia 3rganiRation; 9:9<. (/n -astern seaboard *tate.

[9:] 0ables given in +ar 5epartment statistics; 9:9<.

[HJ] -xtracted from tabulated returns to +ar 5epartment. (eport on ,ilitia 3rganiRation;

9:9<.

[H9] 3fficial figures? 9H /rmy aeroplanes; 9 2avy aeroplanes; no dirigibles; two aeroplanes notserviceable; total effective; H.

[HH] &lock Island men helped in the capture of a troopship during the +ar of the evolution.

[H] / landing party seiRing an outlying island for a base; as &lock Island would infallibly beseiRed; always destroys everything that might enable the inhabitants to communicate with themainland.

[H] / submarine cannot attack until it has risen near enough to the surface to lift its periscopeabove water. Gaving thus obtained its aim; it submerges again only deep enough to conceal the periscope. It fires its torpedo blind when submerged. If it dives too deep; it might send theweapon harmlessly under the shipKs keel. Gence; it is possible; often; to "spot$ the disturbed;whitened water above a submarine even though it is sunken out of sight.

[H<] 0arget practice near the land has been found to so affect all life nearby that it seriouslyinAures the commercial fisheries. 0he fishermen of Cape Cod have opposed fleetBfiring severaltimes. 3n one occasion it is recorded that the fishing for lobsters (exclusively bottomBhauntingcrustacean was Euite ruined for months owing to the firing of big guns.

[H7] /s a matter of fact; the extreme range of the present armament of /merican harbor defensesis H;JJJ yards. 0his is not a reliably effective fighting range; and is merely stated as being theextreme range; "under crucial test;$ of the 9HBinch steel rifled mortars. 0he rifled guns as nowmounted have a range of not more than 9;JJJ yards. &attleBships now being constructed arearmed with 9< and 97Binch guns that can outrange the extreme theoretical range of the mortars.

[HM] Garbor defenses are not constructed; necessarily; to protect places near them. 0heir purposeis to prevent a naval force from occupying an important harbor whose possession would open theway to rich territory or lay commerce prostrate. 0herefore it is no defect in the construction ofthe Long Island entrance defenses that it is possible to bombard coast places near them. It is physically impossible ever to defend all the places on our coast with fortifications.

[H8] 0he /rmy +ar College has repeatedly called attention to the urgent need of the mobile armyfor siege artillery and for the organiRation of an efficient body of troops trained in its use to beavailable +henever nee"e" . "/mmunition on hand for artillery; 8 per cent. of amount reEuired.$(*ee report of /rmy &oard; and *ecretary of +ar =arrisonKs statement to Gouse /ppropriationsCommittee; 9:9<. /nother estimate in the possession of the author would indicate that theammunition on hand for heav! artillery is only about 9< per cent. of the amount reEuired.

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[H:] 0roops cannot be landed with as little delay as this. &ut naval tactics assume as a matter ofcourse that an advance body of blueAackets; trained for beach and surf work; can effect animmediate landing if protected from attack.

[J] Lord Cochran landed 98;JJJ men on the open coast of Chile in five hours; with some guns.

0he surf conditions there are extremely haRardous.

[9] /merican submarines now in commission do not carry more than one Binch rapid fire gun.It is set in a watertight compartment from which it is elevated when the vessel is on the surface./rmaments of destroyers are? /mmen class; five Binch rapid fire J cal. rifles# /ylwin class;four Binch rapid fire <J cal. rifles# &ainbridge class; two Binch rifles and five 7Bpounders rapidfire.

[H] *ubmarine wire entanglements are being used effectively for the protection of harborsduring the present war. 0he wire cannot resist cutting much more than twine can. It stops thesubmarine by menacing it with being entangled and trapped. / submarine caught under water

cannot be cleared by its crew. 0he utmost the men can do is to try to reach the surface by puttingon "special escape helmets$ and emerging through the airBlocks.

[] +ith periscopes shot away; a submarine; even though uninAured; is Euite helpless. *he mayescape; if she is in deep water and the assailant is far enough away to give her time to dive andflee; deeply submerged. *ee loss of )B9H on ,arch 9J merely through destruction of periscope;which permitted enemy destroyers to ram her.

[] -ven steam vessels of high power often are rendered helpless by Aamming a trailing hawseraround the shaft. 0he revolution of the shaft so macerates and binds the fouled material that theengines are unable to turn the propellor in either direction and only a diver can clear it.

[<] 0he reserve buoyancy of a submarine when awash (technically known as "divingBtrim$ isso delicate that 9JJ additional gallons of water would sink a JJBton vessel.

[7] "%rom an altitude of H;JJJ feet the movements of a submarine torpedo boat may be easilyobserved unless the water is very muddy$FCapt. >. -. Clark; /viation Corps; ). *. /.;5ecember issue; Coast Artiller! 9ournal .

[M] Important cities in this territory besides 2ew 'ork and &oston are %all iver; 1rovidence; 2ew &edford; 2ew London; &ridgeport; 2ew Gaven; Gartford; +orcester; *pringfield;+illimantic and 1awtucket.

[8] Colonel /bbott; ). *. /.; one of the leading Chiefs of -ngineers who constructed the ). *.harbor defenses; stated that the fire of the sixteen mortars; "like one giant musket throwing acharge of buckshot; each pellet weighing ton;$ could drop their sixteen proAectiles into a space8JJ feet long by JJ feet wide. 0he author was present at a test of a 97Bmortar battery on *andyGook when the sixteen shells were fired simultaneously at a deckBplan of the )nited *tatescruiser %an Francisco; the plan being outlined with stakes on the 2ew ersey beach five and ahalf miles from the battery. -ach proAectile struck inside of the staked outline.

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[:] "It will thus be seen that there are now provided about oneBfourth of the officers and oneBhalf of the enlisted men necessary for this purpose;$ i.e. manning the defenses of the /mericancoastFeport; Chief of Coast /rtillery; ). *. /.; to Chief of *taff; *eptember 9:; 9:9.

[J] "It is certain that presentBday coast defenses could not withstand an energetic attack from

the land side;$ i.e. they must be defended with a mobile armyF"3verB*eas 3perations.$

[9] 0he present war has made evident to military observers that in the future the "aeroplanescreen$ will play a vital part similar to the "cavalry screen.$ It is based on the simple principle of overpowering the adversaryKs attempts by vastly superior numbers.

[H] -stimates that were transmitted confidentially to this country by observers in -urope and arenow before the writer are that the -uropean 2ations had raised their aeroplane efficiency to thefollowing magnitude? %rance 9;JJ; =ermany 9;JJJ; ussia 8JJ; Italy 7JJ; -ngland JJ(probably greatly increased since then; /ustria JJ; *pain 9JJ; &elgium (in the beginning 9JJ;*witRerland HJ and *ervia 7J aeroplanes. 0he )nited *tates has at present 9H army aeroplanes;

9 naval planes; no dirigibles; H aeroplanes old model; total effective H. 0he first aero sEuadronof the army has Aust been formed at the *ignal Corps /viation *chool; *an 5iego; Cal. It willcontain twenty officers and ninetyBsix enlisted men. 0he last Gouse of Congress refused toconsent to the *enateKs appropriation of WJJ;JJJ for military aviation; and the amount availablethis year was cut down to WJJ;JJJ. 0he 2avy 5epartment is making specifications for a smalldirigible; and on %ebruary HM opened bids for the construction of six hydroBaeroplanes; biBplaneseaBgoing type; armored; to carry two men; wireless; guns and ammunition at speeds of fromfifty to eighty miles an hour.

[] *trength of ,assachusetts >olunteer ,ilitia; 9:9; as per returns of inspecting officers;<;7: men; H officers.

[] 3nly eleven *tates had on hand at the time of the last annual inspection one completeuniform (less shoes for each enlisted man of the authoriRed minimum strength.... "In the opinionof the 5ivision of ,ilitia /ffairs the *tates could have by this time; by proper economy and carein the use of property and the expenditure of funds; acEuired stores sufficient to eEuip the militiaat war strength.... 0he militia is not now eEuipped with supplies sufficient for peace strength.... Inno *tate is the prescribed minimum peace strength maintained.$F1ages HJ7; H8 and H8M;3rganiRation and %ederal 1roperty; /nnual eports; +ar 5epartment; une 9; 9:9 to 3ctober9; 9:9.

[<] "+e are still without an adeEuate reserve system either of officers or men.$FLeonard

+ood; ,aAor =eneral; Chief of *taff; ). *. /.; official report; anuary HJ; 9:9.

[7] *o stated in instructions issued to foreign armies for the event of disembarkation.

[M] Landing barges of this capacity are possessed by at least three 1owers and have been testedin maneuvers.

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[<8] 0rinitrotol; now being used in -urope largely for underBwater work; is one of the mostviolently acting explosives known toBday.

[<:] 0he latest type of 97Binch naval gun has a range of H;JJJ yards or eleven and a halfnautical miles; which is a little more than thirteen statute miles.... / proAectile from a 9HBinch

rifled gun (). *. /. coastBdefense type which was fired in the presence of the author; ricochettedseven times.

[7J] 2ot a fanciful description. 0he impact of a 9HBinch proAectile was calculated exactly by,aAor =eneral /bbot; Chief of -ngineers; ). *. /.; in order to formulate a precise comparison.

[79] 0he writer has seen iron bars two and a half inches wide; which locked the steel doors to acasemate; buckle and bend outward from the vacuum created by the blast of a rifled gun.

[7H] eport; Chief of Coast /rtillery; ). *. /.; *eptember 9:; 9:9; pages 8; 9J; 9H; 9; 9; 9<.

[7] 0he ammunition now on hand and under manufacture is M per cent. of the allowance fixed by the 2ational Coast 5efense &oard. Last report to the Chief of *taff; ). *. /.... "0he actualsupply of ammunition at present is very considerably behind even that modest standard;$ i.e. theminimum allowance; "and in many cases of our most important seaBcoast guns would besufficient for only thirty or forty minutes of firing.$FGenry L. *timson; former *ecretary of+ar; ,arch 9; 9:9<.

[7] /rmy and naval officers; both /merican and foreign; believe that <;JJJ men would be morethan sufficient to take such works if they are manned only by their Coast /rtillery companies andundefended by a mobile army.

[7<] +e have less than one Euarter of the ammunition considered necessary as an adeEuatesupply and reserve for our full number of smallBarms. (/uthorKs 2ote. ... "+e are lessadeEuately supplied with field artillery material than with any other form of fightingeEuipment.$FGenry L. *timson; *ecretary of +ar; 9:99.... "/ full supply of this type of materialmust be stored and ready for use before war is undertaken.$F+. +. +otherspoon; ,aAor=eneral; Chief of *taff; ). *. /.; 2ovember 9<; 9:9; /nnual eport.

[77] It has been said authoritatively that if all the guns of the army should have to go into actionat any one time there is not enough ammunition for a single dayKs engagement; even at aconservative estimate of the amount of shells expended by each gun. In some of the -uropean battles; more guns than our whole supply were engaged on each side.

[7M] 0here is only enough material on hand to keep our present mobile army (at its present low peace strength in the field for six months in the event of war. 0here is nothing to spare.

[78] Cavalry troops in the regular army as now constituted are under law rarely filled to anumber of more than MJ; while their proper complement is 9JJ.

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[7:] / comparatively small number of modern liners would be enough to aggregate this nettonnage.

[MJ] &ased on foreign army calculations.

[M9] ,odern artillery is almost invariably concealed. -xperienced soldiers would suspect that aninfantry regiment hardly would be without at least one battery; and more probably two; of fieldartillery support.

[MH] ")nless provision is made in the near future for additional Coast /rtillery personnel; it will be necessary to reduce the garrisons to mere caretaker establishments at some of thedefenses.$F-. ,. +eaver; &rigadier =eneral; Chief of Coast /rtillery; ). *. /.; *eptember 9:;9:9; /nnual eport.

[M] /ctual manning detail for 2ew &edford defenses; 9:9; one company regular Coast/rtillery.

[M] 0here is said to be only one firm in the )nited *tates that can produce the rifling tools; Aigs;gauges and other exact and intricate machinery needed to make a rifle. ConseEuently; the loss ofthe *pringfield /rsenal would be disastrous.

[M<] 3fficial statistics.

[M7] Large numbers of guns and large numbers of ammunition are liable to capture anddestruction.... 0o start into field operations with the expectation that the proper proportions will be maintained without large sources of manufacture; would be fallacious.$FChief of *taff; ). *./.; 9:9.F*ee eport on ,ilitia 3rganiRation; 9:9; for comments on the great loss and

destruction of eEuipment and material.

[MM] *ome observers of the -uropean +ar declare that the reserve of one gun per man has proveditself necessary for the proper eEuipment of an active army.

[M8] "Ge;$ i.e.; *ecretary =arrison; present *ecretary of +ar; "asks for an increase in the numberof officers to take the place; in time of peace; of such officers as are serving with the militia or ondetached duty; and in time of war to assist in the organiRation of the citiRensK army. 0he necessityof these reEuests is selfBevident. 'et the Gouse of epresentatives has completely ignored eachand every one of them; and the pending appropriation bill contains no provision for them.$F Genry L. *timson; former *ecretary of +ar.

[M:] 0he scandal caused in 98:8 by appointing incompetent civilians to the OuartermasterKs5epartment and the ensuing difficulties with commissariat; etc.; have been the subAect of muchdiscussion.

[8J] 3ur +ar 5epartment has asked for only about five guns to every thousand men; but has notyet been able to have this Euota finished. -uropean practice has been to increase the number ofguns to the thousand rifles and sabers steadily. &efore the war it was at least five. It has been

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enormously increased as a result of the experience gained during the recent fighting; in which itwas established that infantry or cavalry without absolutely dominating gun protection werehopelessly weak.

[89] 0hese movements of advance bodies and patrols have been carefully worked out as a

campaign problem. 0he lines of advance mentioned are those that present themselves to militaryobservers as the ones most likely to be selected by an invading army moving toward &oston froma base on 2arragansett &ay or &uRRards &ay.

[8H] *o laid down as the most likely movement to be made by invading armies with heavycavalry supports.

[8] 0he elementary tactics for the procedure of every army that has to hold any extendedterritory.

[8] +orked out from a consensus of opinions and plans by tactical experts both here and

abroad.

[8<] "+hen the defenses outside the Continental )nited *tates are provided for; there willremain for home gun defenses 9M7 officers and M;< enlisted men; +hich is about one7thir" ofone relief .$F1age 9<; eport; Chief of Coast /rtillery; ). *. /.; for year ended une J; 9:9.

[87] "0he searchlight proAect is approximately <J per cent. completed.... 0he fireBcontrol systemmay be said to be approximately 7J per cent. completed.... Installation of power generating anddistributing eEuipment is H< per cent. completed.... *ubmarine mine structures are 8 per cent.completed.$Feport; Chief of Coast /rtillery; ). *. /.; for year ended une J; 9:9.

[8M] egular manning detail for &oston defenses; twelve companies of Coast /rtillery. 0hesehave seven systems of defense to maintain. 0he companies are not enlisted to their full strength.-ven if they were; there would be less than two hundred men to each defense. 0his is notsufficient for any sustained action at the big guns alone. / sufficiently energetic enemy; even ifhe might not damage the works; could wear out the men by incessant attack for a few days andnights. 0here certainly would not be men enough to provide for outlying defense against landing parties.

[88] 0hese are all vitally necessary parts of the defense of the &oston harbor forts. 0hey are onlya small part of what would have to be done in case of naval attack. 0he data used here are nottheoretical. 0hey have been developed by actual test.

[8:] *o developed in sea and land maneuvers undertaken for the purpose of establishing the very points here mentioned.

[:J] It is estimated; from careful calculations; that to put out of action a searchlight at night withshipfire at a range of 7;JJJ yards; more than a thousand shots from Binch guns should bereEuired. 0he fact is mentioned here to illustrate the great strength of harbor defenses against fire

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from the sea; if there be enough mobile troops on the land to prohibit destruction by landing parties.

[:9] 0hat the /merican harbor defense system and construction are of the very highest type; has been acknowledged many times by the technical experts of the world. ,ore than once the author

has heard foreign officers express the belief that they were practically impregnable to naval fire; providing they were fully supplied and eEuipped with the material necessary for continuousdefense.

[:H] / generous system of reliefs is imperative in harbor defenses during war. 1eace timemaneuvers have developed the fact that the mere strain of incessant watchfulness while waitingfor an enemy who may appear at unexpected points suddenly; is so great that unless the menhave freEuent relief; they cannot exert that concentrated energy which is needed instantly in thecrisis.

[:] 0his system of night attack has been developed and tested by actual trial; and is such as is

now laid down for battle practice in the tactics of most navies. "0he ... sEuadron will enter ...;and will maneuver at range of about :;JJJ yards from %ort ...; firing heavily; to induce thedefense to expend as much ammunition as possible.$F-xtract from actual orders in authorKs possession; given to a sEuadron of battleships and cruisers for night attack. It will be noted thatthis distance is less than oneBhalf the range of the 9HBinch rifled mortars in a harbor defense battery.

[:] 0he searchBlight system; recogniRed as a vital part of harbor defense by the -ndicott &oardon harbor defense (appointed in 988< has grown steadily in importance with the steady increasein ship armament and ship speed. / thoroughly efficient installation of searchBlights for modernharbors demands as much scientific calculation and interlocation as do the gunBsystems. If the

searchBlights cannot infallibly find any vessel that may approach within range; the guns of thefortification are useless.

[:<] 0he inadeEuacy of the installation has been made the subAect of continuous reports. It is afact that a few years ago; when a mock attack on one of the most important /tlantic defenses wasordered by the +ar 5epartment; the commander had to reEuisition searchBlights from other coastdefenses; and that during the maneuvers the searchBlight defense; because of its inadeEuacy andtemporary character; failed at several critical points; permitting attacking ships to come withinless than ;JJJ yards of one important battery.

[:7] )sually the firing Rones are? first; 7;JJJ yards to the extreme range of biggest guns# second

or intermediate; ;JJJ yards to 7;JJJ yards# third (mine field Rone; ;JJJ yards. 0he order offire is worked out absolutely for every condition that is possible. 0he movements of attackingships; and their combinations; although very numerous; can be predicated with some accuracy beforehand.

[:M] -stimated number of shots reEuired at night from ships afloat at 7;JJJ yards? to destroy positionBfinding tower which is visible; HH 9HBinch shells; H<J Binch shells or H;<JJ Binchshells# to destroy invisible station without tower; JJ 9HBinch shells; <;JJJ Binch shells# to

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destroy searchBlight; H 9HBinch shells; JJ Binch shells or ;JJJ Binch shells. 0his fact makesit feasible to protect outlying and secondary range stations perfectly if sufficient troops can guardeach station to fight off landing parties. /n enemy will surely land men to destroy them unless heknows they are well defended.

[:8] /ctual records of /merican harbor batteries? three 7Binch guns on disappearing carriages; 9<shots in 9 minute; HM seconds.

[::] %rom an actual maneuver performed successfully by a destroyer division attempting todestroy a base station during a mock battle on the /tlantic coast.

[9JJ] 0he +eir iver would enable assailants to reach the inner harbor and take the defenses inthe rear.

[9J9] ,r. =arrison; *ecretary of +ar; again represented to Congress at its last session thatchanges in the 9HBinch gun carriages are absolutely necessary to give them an elevation of 9<

degrees. 0his matter has been so well established that all military engineers are unanimous bothas to the urgent need for the change and the excellent result that will follow.

[9JH] 0hese are points lying south of the southern defenses of &oston Garbor; and so near themthat modern siege guns planted there could fire into them at short range.

[9J] 0he primary harbor defense batteries (9HBinch; 9JBinch and 8Binch guns and 9HBinchmortars are not emplaced for anything except seaBward fire; nor should they be. 0o use themagainst land attack would be only a matter of desperation; as in the case here described. /s amatter of fact; they would be rather inefficient against smaller guns that are more mobile anddurable.

[9J] "%iring at speed; the shots from a doRen guns shooting at successive intervals; would nothave five seconds between them.$

[9J<] 0he tremendous airBcompression in fortifications during gunBaction almost always tears out parts of the general installation even in mere target practice. If fireBcontrol installation; wiring;telephone systems; etc.; are efficient only to the minimum degree; and there is no adeEuatereserve supply of material for repairs; they are certain to break down in any attack that is pressedwith vigor. /n attacked harborBwork is subAected to the most terrible destructive attempts thathumanity has been able to devise.

[9J7] Long range investment with modern artillery serves the double purpose of commandingthe ultimate target; and commanding all the territory in between; thus giving the artillerist possession of many miles of area.

[9JM] %inancial *tatistics; 5epartment of Commerce; &ureau of the Census; 9:9.

[9J8] In &rown versus the )nited *tates; the ). *. *upreme Court decreed that "war gives to thesovereign;$ i.e. the conEuering power; "full right to take the persons and confiscate the property

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of the enemy wherever found.FGumane mitigations may affect exercise of this right but cannotimpair the right itself.$

[9J:] "0he soBcalled exemption of private property from capture or seiRure on land may becalled almost nominal.$FearB/dmiral *tockton; 3utlines of International Law.

[99J] 2apoleon made >alencia pay W9JJ;JJJ for the support of his army. eceipts were providedfor originally when troops made reEuisitions; not necessarily to insure pay to the despoiledinhabitants; but merely to prevent unauthoriRed plundering.

[999] / universally accepted form of military rule; and distinguished from merely martial law.

[99H] ). *. Census &ureau eport; 9:9# also &oston City ,anual.

[99] *o certified to City Clerk; &oston; by &oard of /ssessors; une J; 9:9; exact number9H;7<M.

[99] *tatistics of Cities of the )nited *tates; 9:9.

[99<] %rom "Instructions for =overnment of /rmies of the )nited *tates in the %ield$ (withexception of statement as to specific punishment for infraction. 1unishment mentioned here;however; is such as all military authorities will claim the right to inflict.

[997] 0he right of Euartering troops on the inhabitants of enemy country is unEuestioned anduniversally exercised. -Eually universal is the military commandersK right to punish treachery bydeath.

[99M] "Complete conEuest carries with it all rights of former government.$F). *. *upremeCourt.

[998] &enAamin GarrisK "1ublick 3ccurrences;$ suppressed after one issue.

[99:] 0here is an immense literature on military law; and every army contains officers who havetaken degrees in law; for the purpose of expounding and administering it.

[9HJ] 0he legal and technical correctness of all acts is of extreme importance in the peacesettlements.

[9H9] /ll authority in conEuered country is only by and with the authority of the militaryconEueror. Gis power; practically; is limited only by his motives of policy or kindness.

[9HH] 0his reEuisition is taken almost verbatim from a reEuisition issued by a belligerent army inthe field. It is an accepted and acknowledged principle of war that the conEueror may force theenemy to pay his expenses to as large an extent as possible. / commander may waive the right; but it is held unimpaired.

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[9H] 0his decision covered a case that arose during the Civil +ar; and was cited by the Law3ffice; 5ivision of Insular /ffairs; on several occasions to fortify )nited *tates procedure afterthe *panishB/merican +ar.

[9H] / literal extract from the *edition /ct (2o. H:H; etc. of the 1hilippine Commission; except

that the act provides for specific imprisonment and fine.

[9H<] *o laid down by nearly all writers on military law who touch on this subAect.

[9H7] 0his principle was laid down in regard to territory subAected to military occupation by the)nited *tates during the war with ,exico. 0he )nited *tates claimed (and sparingly exercisedthe right to court martial and execute as rebels certain leaders of an insurrection against themilitary government in 2ew ,exico; 98MB8.

[9HM] "In many instances the deficiency has reached such a figure as to leave militiaorganiRations such in name only.$F1age HJ7; last report; =eneral ,ills; ). *. /.

[9H8] 0able 2o. :; eport; 5ivision of ,ilitia /ffairs; ). *. /.; 9:9.

[9H:] ange of four miles.

[9J] 1age H9; eport on militia field artillery; =eneral ,ills; ). *. /.; 9:9.

[99] 0able :; militia cavalry statistics; 5ivision of ,ilitia /ffairs; ). *. /. /nnual eport; 9:9.

[9H] %rom statistics; gathered before the present -uropean +ar; of the armament then owned byat least four of the great 1owers.

[9] %rom statistics; gathered before the present -uropean +ar; of the armament then owned byat least four of the great 1owers.

[9] / literal transcript of the report of two medical officers on the conditions existing amonggood militia troops who were ordered out for maneuvers distinctly specified as war maneuvers to be conducted under war conditions.

[9<] 0his figure is purposely placed below what is actually expected. 5uring the Connecticutmaneuvers; 9:J:; the straggling was a subAect for comment among both militia and regularofficers; though the troops did well considering their softness. 3ne officer reported that the

straggling amounted to 9< to H< per cent. of some regiments.

[97] %rom the report of an umpire at a maneuver under war conditions. Ge reported that the batteries of both sides fired into woods actually occupied by their own troops.

[9M] *o reported by a =eneral of ,ilitia; as the result of his observations in field practice.

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[98] *chedule laid down by =eneral von &ernhardi as the maximum time that should beexpended by properly trained troops under experienced officers.

[9:] /rmy heads have called the attention of Congress and the public repeatedly to the fact thatofficers cannot possibly be prepared for the complex work of handling an army if they never get

an opportunity to learn by actual experience. 0he post system is to blame to a considerableextent.... emarks about commissary troubles in this paragraph are based on actual occurrencesin the field; as set forth in an official report.

[9J] %rom "0he /rmy in /ction.$

[99] +atervliet; situated near 0roy; 2. '.; is one of the most important =overnment gunfactories in the )nited *tates. It produces the 9H; 9 and 97Binch all steel rifled guns for theharbor defenses and is fitted out with enormously expensive machinery for making many otherdifferent types of ordnance. Its exposed situation; under our present conditions ofdefenselessness; has long been a cause for anxiety.

[9H] It has been pointed out often that within a radius of less than a hundred miles around 2ew'ork City there is a large percentage of the works and factories on which the =overnmentdepends for much of its war material.

[9] >essels actually building in places named when the last annual edition of the 2avy 'ear&ook was published.

[9] *trength of total force; including all individuals; 3ctober 9; 9:9; 9J;MJ. It is held that 2ew 'orkKs conformation; long and narrow; makes it an unusually easy city to control; as it is possible to prevent mobs from combining; and trouble can be confined to limited areas.

[9<] &ureau of Census; ). *.; 9:9.

[97] Census 3ffice 0abular *tatement issued in 9:99. %igures are for all boroughs of =reater 2ew 'ork; and include only establishments conducted under factory system. &uilding andsimilar industries and small establishments producing less than W<JJ worth of products a year arenot counted.

[9M] 1aragraph M; /cts 1unished /s +ar 0reason? ules of Land +arfare; published for theinformation and government of the armed land forces of the )nited *tates; /pril H<; 9:9.

[98] "/ town surrounded by detached forts is considered Aointly with such forts as an indivisiblewhole; as a defended place. / place that is occupied by a military force or through which such aforce is passing; is a defended place.$F&ombardments; /ssaults and *ieges; ules of Land+arfare; ). *. /.

[9:] 3ffice of 2aval Intelligence; uly 9; 9:9.

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[9<J] 1ractical completion of battery construction and armament; power plants; fire control;searchlight installation and supply of ammunition reported by Chief of Coast /rtillery;*eptember 9:; 9:9.

[9<9] Congress has appropriated comparatively little for the needs of =uantanamo Garbor.

[9<H] )sually one of the first orders given to the occupants of occupied territory.

[9<] 0he practice laid down for our own army and followed in the Insular campaigns.

[9<] 1aragraph J9; ules of Land +arfare; ). *. /.; 9:9.

[9<<] 0his is one of the rules accepted among all nations and followed by all armies.

[9<7] Issued during the ussoBapanese +ar in ,anchuria and cited by recent writers asacknowledged precedents.

[9<M] "+hile a military government continues as an instrument of warfare; used to promote theobAects of invasion; its powers are practically boundless.$F,agoon; Law of Civil =overnmentunder ,ilitary 3ccupation; ). *. &ureau of Insular /ffairs.

[9<8] 0able ; 9th Census; >olume 8. 0he ,etropolitan 5istrict; as referred to in this sense;comprises =reater 2ew 'ork and the 2ew ersey manufacturing counties that contain 2ewark;&ayonne; 1aterson; Gackensack; 1assaic; utherford; etc.

[9<:] *paight; an authority; says that "practically everything under the sun$ may be reEuisitionedand cites the case of a bootBAack being demanded for army use. *ee Euotation and rulings of ). *.

/rmy.

[97J] )nder Gague ule; /rticle LIII; it is held that "everything susceptible of military use$ may be reEuisitioned; and modern army practice defines this as meaning anything from telegraph wireto canal boats.

[979] 2ot a large sum as compared with some imposts laid on Euite small and unimportant townsin wars during the past century. 3ne such levy was W9;JJJ;JJJ from one town in one day;according to -uropean writers.

[97H] *ee case of seiRure by ,aAor =eneral 3tis of W9JJ;JJJ from 1hilippine bankers; being

money owned by insurgents and payable on presentation of a draft held by insurgents. eport;Charles -. ,agoon; Law 3fficer; 5ivision of Insular /ffairs; 9:JH.

[97] List of nonBassessable %ederal property; 2. '.; 9:9.

[97] /t present it is considered that one military flying machine in two months is good speed of production.

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[97<] esult of inEuiry made by ). *. /rmy after tests on 0exas border had developed the highvalue of motor trucks for war.

[977] 3rders issued by +ar 5epartment; ,arch 7; 9:99; for concentration at *an /ntonio; 0exas;of maneuver division of three infantry brigades; one field artillery brigade; an independent

cavalry brigade and the necessary auxiliary troops. *trength should have been 9<;77: officersand men. 3n ,arch 9 the division mustered only 99;H< men. 3n /pril J it had reached astrength of 9H;<:8. 3n ,ay J it numbered 9H;8J:. It never reached its full reEuired strength andit did not reach its maximum actual strength until three months after it had been ordered out. 3n%eb. H9 and H; 9:9; three brigades of the second division were ordered to mobiliRe at 0exasCity and =alveston. 0his force did not reach its maximum strength till une J; 9:9. *ee eportof ,aAor =eneral Carter; ). *. /.

[97M] 0able H7; page H7H; eport; Chief of 5ivision of ,ilitia /ffairs; ). *. /.; 3ctober 9; 9:9.

[978] Census of ,anufactures; ). *.; 9:9J.

[97:] eport; &rigadier =eneral /. L. ,ills; ). *. /.; 9:9.

[9MJ] *ecretary of +ar =arrison says? "It will reEuire six months at the lowest possible estimateto eEuip; organiRe; train; drill and make ready our volunteers.$

[9M9] Census &ureau; >olume 8.

[9MH] %rom 0ax Lists; 2ew 'ork City and &oston; and assessable values of 2ew -ngland; ). *.Census &ureau.

[9M] ,any soBcalled "nonBintercourse acts$ were passed during the Civil +ar. 0hese authoriRedthe 1resident both to prohibit and to license and permit intercourse and trade with belligerentterritory. )nder these acts 1resident Lincoln permitted the purchase of cotton in the south; andhis procedure was upheld by the )nited *tates *upreme Court on the ground that "the )nited*tates has power to permit intercourse with an enemy during the time of war.$

Typogrp!"#$ %rror #orr%#&%' (y &!% %&%)& &r*+#r"(%r,

one of the men in +ashBton\ one of the men in +ashington Ppg 9<7Q

2n" of the Project Gutenberg 2Boo of The Invasion of America, by

Julius Washington Muller

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