Introductory Handouts For Lecture #1 By Noel Ways TRA Genes G1 G2
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IntroductoryHandouts
For Lecture #1
By Noel Ways
TRA Genes
G1G2
Damaged interstitial tissue and bacteria ( ) release chemo-attractants ( ) . Leukocytes respond by positive chemotaxis (1), followed by margination (2), and diaped-esis (3). Once within interstitium, leukocytes continue positive chemotaxis (4) and begin phagocytosis (5).
1
2
3
4
5
6
78
9
10
11
12
Phagocytosis results in the fusion of pseudopods (6). The resul-tant phagosome is a phospholipid bilayer sac containing bacteria. The Phagosome migrates within the leukocyte and fuses with lysosomes (8, 9) resulting in a phagolysosome (10). Digestive enzymes
(such as lysozyme) digest bacteria (11), and this vesicle may now be considered a residual body. Elimi-nation by exocytosis (12) of debris con-cludes the process.
Leukocyte ActivityLeukocytes move by chemotaxis. Cell surface receptors ( ) may bind to a chemo-attractant ( ). When the complex forms ( ), the cell responds my moving. If the leukocyte moves towards the source of the chemo-attractant, the term positive chemotaxis is used. Negative chemotaxis would be moving aware from the chemical.
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FAD
H2
NA
DH
NAD
+FA
D
2H+
2H+
2H+
2H+
2H+
O2
+ H
+
H2O
H+
H+H
+H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H
+H
+
H+
H+
H+
H+
2H+
2H+
H+
H+H
+H
+ H+
H+H
+H
+H
+H
+ H+
H+
H+
H+H
+H
+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
2H+
H+H
+H
+ H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
FAD
H2
NA
DH
NAD
+
FAD
H2
NA
DH
NAD
+FA
D
e-e-
2H+
2H+
ADP
+ P
ATP
ATP
Synt
hase
NA
DH
Rec.
FAD
H2
Rec.
H+ H+
Prot
omot
ive
Forc
e
Page 3
Page
3
Cell Membrane
Peptidoglycan
Gram Positive
Cell Membrane
Outer MembraneCellWall
Peptidoglycan
Gram Negative
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F+ F-
F+
F+
F+
F+
F+
F-PilusFormation
F-DNA replicationand threading
F+ F- convertedinto F+
TRA Genes
G1G2
PlasmidPlasmids and PiliTRA genes (or transfer genes, transfer operon, etc.) code for necessary compounds for plasmid transfer from the F+ to the F- cell; as well as for the maintenance of the plasmid within a host cell.
All plasmids will, of necessity, have the TRA genes. Other genes may also be present that may or may not provide auxiliary functions for the cell, or substances toxic the bacte-ria host.
Because of their ability to transfer genetic material, they are particular interest and utility to the genetic engineer. Plas-mids are used to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another for genetic engineering purposes.
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1 12 23 44 85 166 327 648 1289 25610 51211 102412 204813 409614 819215 1638416 3276817 6553618 13107219 26214420 52428821 104857622 209715223 419430424 8388608
FavorableEnvironmental
Conditions
AdverseEnvironmental
Conditions
ExponentialGrowth
How Many Endospores madeproduced day?
How Many Endospores madeproduced inone month?
How Many Endospores madeproduced inone year?
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EB -
Elem
enta
ry B
ody
(
)
(H
ighl
y in
fect
ious
, low
-met
abol
ism
)
RB -
Retic
ulat
e Bo
dy (
)
(N
on-in
fect
ious
, hig
hly
met
abol
ic)
EB
EB -
adhe
sion
EB -
in v
acuo
le
EB
RB
Endo
cyto
sis
(Pha
gocy
tosi
s)
Retic
ulat
e bo
dies
div
ide
by b
inar
y �s
sion
RB
EB
Lysi
s - E
B re
leas
ed
Chl
amyd
ial L
ife C
ycle
Page 7
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