Introductory Chemistry , 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro

Basic Principles of Chemistry OnlineSoutheast Missouri State UniversityCape Girardeau, MOIntroductory Chemistry, 3rd EditionNivaldo TroChapter 15ChemicalEquilibrium2009, Prentice Hall

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Equilibrium vs. DisequilibriumWhen systems are at equilibrium with their surroundings, their conditions are the same as the surroundings and they stay that way.When systems are in disequilibrium with their surroundings, their conditions are not the same as the surroundings.Systems that are in disequilibrium tend to change until they reach equilibrium with their surroundings.Living things are in controlled disequilibrium with their environmentthey are not at the same conditions as the environment and do not tend to change toward those conditions.

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Reaction RatesSome chemical reactions proceed rapidly.Like the precipitation reactions studied in Chapter 7 where the products form practically the instant the two solutions are mixed.Other reactions proceed slowly.Like the decomposition of dye molecules of a sofa placed in front of a window.The rate of a reaction is measured in the amount of reactant that changes into product in a given period of time.Generally moles of reactant used per second.Like miles per hour.Chemists study ways of controlling reaction rates.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Reaction Rates, ContinuedInitially, only reactants are presentAfter 15 seconds, the left reaction is 60% complete, but the right reaction is only 20% completeAfter 30 seconds, the left reaction is complete,whereas the right reaction is only 40% done.After 45 seconds, the right reaction is still not complete


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*2 N2O5 (g) 4 NO2(g) + O2(g)Over time, theconcentrations of reactants decreaseas products increase.


Decomp of N2O5

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[N2O5] (M)-D[N2O5]Rate, -D[N2O5]/Dt[O2], MD[O2]Rate, D[O2]/Dt[NO2], MD[NO2]Rate, D[NO2]/DtLn[N2O5]0/[N2O5]1/[N2O5]-1/[N2O5]0

02.3300.0000.0000.000.00

11100111002.0800.2501.13E-050.1250.1251.13E-050.5000.5004.50E-050.110.05

1920081001.9100.1701.05E-050.2100.0851.05E-050.8400.3404.20E-050.200.09

31600124001.6700.2409.68E-060.3300.1209.68E-061.3200.4803.87E-050.330.17

52400208001.3500.3207.69E-060.4900.1607.69E-061.9600.6403.08E-050.550.31

72000196001.1100.2406.12E-060.6100.1206.12E-062.4400.4802.45E-050.740.47

112700407000.7200.3904.79E-060.8050.1954.79E-063.2200.7801.92E-051.170.96

138900262000.5500.1703.24E-060.8900.0853.24E-063.5600.3401.30E-051.441.39

188600497000.3400.2102.11E-060.9950.1052.11E-063.9800.4208.45E-061.922.51

Time (sec)Dt (sec)P(N2O5) (torr)-DP(N2O5)Rate, DP(N2O5)/DtP(O2)DP(O2)Rate, DP(O2)/DtP(NO2)DP(NO2)Rate, DP(NO2)/Dt

0348.400

6006002471018.45E-0251518.45E-02203202.8003.38E-01

1200600185625.17E-0282315.17E-02327124.0002.07E-01

1800600140453.75E-02104233.75E-0241790.0001.50E-01

2400600105352.92E-02122182.92E-0248770.0001.17E-01

300060078272.25E-02135142.25E-0254154.0009.00E-02

360060058201.67E-02145101.67E-0258140.0006.67E-02

420060044141.17E-0215271.17E-0260928.0004.67E-02

480060033119.17E-0315869.17E-0363122.0003.67E-02

54006002497.50E-0316257.50E-0364918.0003.00E-02

60006001865.00E-0316535.00E-0366112.0002.00E-02

720012001083.33E-0316943.33E-0367716.0001.33E-02

84001200552.08E-0317232.08E-0368710.0008.33E-03

96001200328.33E-0417318.33E-046914.0003.33E-03

[N2O5], M[NO2], M[O2] (M)Rate (M/sec)Rate/[N2O5] (1/sec)k (L-mol-1-sec-1)Temp(K)1/T (1/K)ln{k (L-mol-1-sec-1)}

2.212.001.001.14E-055.16E-064.8E-043183.14E-03-7.64

2.211.002.001.12E-055.07E-068.8E-043233.10E-03-7.04

2.210.000.001.13E-055.11E-061.6E-033283.05E-03-6.44

2.000.000.001.05E-055.25E-062.8E-033333.00E-03-5.88

1.790.000.009.67E-065.40E-06

1.510.000.007.83E-065.19E-06

1.230.000.006.31E-065.13E-06

0.920.000.004.81E-065.23E-06

&CKinetics - 8

Decomposition of N2O5 at 45C

2 N2O5 4 NO2 + O2

Decompostion of N2O5 at 45CDependence of Initial Rate on N2O5 Concentration

Rate Dependence on Temperature

Conc vs Time

2.3300

2.080.1250.5

1.910.210.84

1.670.331.32

1.350.491.96

1.110.612.44

0.720.8053.22

0.550.893.56

0.340.9953.98

&A

[N2O5] (M)

[O2], M

[NO2], M

Time, sec

Concentration, M

Decomposition of N2O5 at 45 C

Rate vs Time Chart

0

0.0000112613

0.0000104938

0.0000096774

0.0000076923

0.0000061224

0.0000047912

0.0000032443

0.0000021127

&A

y = (10-5)e(0.000009x)

Rate, -D[N2O5]/Dt

Time, sec

Rate, D[]/Dsec

Decomposition of N2O5 @ 45C

Log Chart

0

0.1135003739

0.1987650255

0.3330446411

0.5457636751

0.7415082523

1.1743723345

1.4437052683

1.9246779289

&A

y= 10-5x

Ln[N2O5]0/[N2O5]

Time, sec

Ln[N2O5]0/[N2O5]


Inverse Chart

0

0.0515846814

0.0943756601

0.1696178459

0.3115561914

0.4717163515

0.9597043395

1.3889972688

2.5119919212

&A

1/[N2O5]-1/[N2O5]0

Time, sec

1/[N2O5] - 1/[N2O5]0


Activation Energy

-7.6417244541

-7.0355886505

-6.4377516497

-5.8781358618

&A

ln{k (L-mol-1-sec-1)}

1/T, (1/K)

ln k, L/molsec

Determining Activation Energy, ln k vs 1/T

Decomp of H2O2

Decomposition of H2O2(aq) at 40C

2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[H2O2] (M)-D[H2O2] (M)Rate, -D[H2O2]/Dt (M/sec)Ln[H2O2]0/[H2O2]1/[H2O2]-1/[H2O2]0

01.0000.000.00

21600216000.5000.5000.00001157410.691.00

43200216000.2500.2500.0000057871.393.00

64800216000.1250.1250.00000289352.087.00

86400216000.0630.0630.00000144682.7715.00

k (sec-1)T (K)1/T, (1/K)Ln(k), (1/sec)

2.19E-115000.002000-24.545

6.92E+0110000.0010004.237

1.02E+0615000.00066713.835

1.23E+0820000.00050018.628

Conc vs Time, H2O2

1

0.5

0.25

0.125

0.0625

&A

Page &P

[H2O2] (M)

Time, sec

Concentration, M

Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

Log & Inverse, H2O2

00

0.69314718061

1.38629436113

2.07944154177

2.772588722215

&A

Page &P

Ln[H2O2]0/[H2O2]

1/[H2O2]-1/[H2O2]0

Time, sec

Concentration Function


Act. En., H2O2

-24.5445344791

4.2370008626

13.8353131853

18.6276949133

&A

Page &P

Ln(k), (1/sec)

1/Temp, (1/K)

Ln k, (1/sec)

Activation Energy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

Disprop. of BrO

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[BrO-1] (M)-D[BrO-1] (M)Rate, 1/3-D[BrO-1]/Dt (M/sec)-Ln[BrO-1]1/[BrO-1]

00.7500.28771.3333333333

10100.5280.2227.33E-030.63871.8939393939

20100.4080.1203.96E-030.89652.4509803922

30100.3320.0762.51E-031.10263.0120481928

40100.2800.0521.72E-031.27303.5714285714

50100.2420.0381.25E-031.41884.132231405

60100.2130.0299.57E-041.54654.6948356808

70100.1900.0237.59E-041.66075.2631578947

80100.1720.0185.94E-041.76035.8139534884

90100.1570.0154.95E-041.85156.3694267516

100100.1440.0134.29E-041.93796.9444444444

[BrO3-1], MD[BrO3-1]Rate, D[BrO3-1]/Dt (M/sec)

0.0000

0.07330.07337.33E-03

0.11290.03963.96E-03

0.13790.02512.51E-03

0.15510.01721.72E-03

0.16760.01251.25E-03

0.17720.00969.57E-04

0.18480.00767.59E-04

0.19070.00595.94E-04

0.19570.00494.95E-04

0.20000.00434.29E-04

[Br-1], MD[Br-1]Rate, 1/2 D[Br-1]/Dt (M/sec)

0.0000

0.14870.14877.44E-03

0.22910.08044.02E-03

0.28010.05092.55E-03

0.31490.03481.74E-03

0.34040.02551.27E-03

0.35980.01949.72E-04

0.37520.01547.70E-04

0.38730.01216.03E-04

0.39730.01005.02E-04

0.40600.00874.36E-04

&A

Page &P

Disproportionation of Hypobromite Ion3 BrO-1 BrO3-1 + 2 Br-1

Conc vs Time, BrO

0.75

0.528

0.408

0.332

0.28

0.242

0.213

0.19

0.172

0.157

0.144

&A

Page &P

[BrO-1] (M)

Time, sec

Concentration of BrO-1, M

Disproportionation of Hypobromite

Log & Inverse, BrO

0.28768207251.3333333333

0.63865899531.8939393939

0.89648810462.4509803922

1.10262031013.0120481928

1.27296567583.5714285714

1.41881755284.132231405

1.54646311334.6948356808

1.66073120685.2631578947

1.76026080225.8139534884

1.85150947366.3694267516

1.93794197946.9444444444

&A

Page &P

-Ln[BrO-1]

1/[BrO-1]

Time, sec

Concentraiton Function


HCN + H2O

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[HCN] (M)-D[HCN] (M)Rate, -D[HCN]/Dt (M/sec)[NH4HCO2], MD[NH4HCO2]Rate, D[NH4HCO2]/Dt (M/sec)

00.10000.0000

2.00E+052.00E+050.09840.00168.00E-090.00160.00168.00E-09

5.00E+053.00E+050.09610.00237.67E-090.00390.00237.67E-09

1.00E+065.00E+050.09230.00387.60E-090.00770.00387.60E-09

2.00E+061.00E+060.08510.00727.20E-090.01490.00727.20E-09

3.00E+061.00E+060.07850.00666.60E-090.02150.00666.60E-09

4.00E+061.00E+060.07240.00616.10E-090.02760.00616.10E-09

5.00E+061.00E+060.06680.00565.60E-090.03320.00565.60E-09

6.00E+061.00E+060.06170.00515.10E-090.03830.00515.10E-09

7.00E+061.00E+060.05690.00484.80E-090.04310.00484.80E-09

8.00E+061.00E+060.05250.00444.40E-090.04750.00444.40E-09

9.00E+061.00E+060.04840.00414.10E-090.05160.00414.10E-09

1.00E+071.00E+060.04470.00373.70E-090.05530.00373.70E-09

2.00E+071.00E+070.01990.02482.48E-090.08010.02482.48E-09

3.00E+071.00E+070.00890.01101.10E-090.09110.01101.10E-09

4.00E+071.00E+070.00400.00494.90E-100.09600.00494.90E-10

&A

Page &P

HCN(aq) + H2O(l) NH4HCO2(aq)

HCN + H2O

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

[HCN] (M)

[NH4HCO2], M

Time (sec)

Concentration, M

HCN + H2O NH4HCO2

CH3Cl + H2O

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[CH3Cl] (M)-D[CH3Cl] (M)Rate, -D[CH3Cl]/Dt (M/sec)[CH3OH], MD[CH3OH]Rate, D[CH3OH]/Dt (M/sec)[HCl], MD[HCl]Rate, D[HCl]/Dt (M/sec)

00.10000.00000.0000

40400.08230.01771.46E-040.01770.01774.43E-040.01770.01774.43E-04

80400.06780.01451.20E-040.03220.01453.63E-040.03220.01453.63E-04

120400.05580.01209.90E-050.04420.01203.00E-040.04420.01203.00E-04

160400.04600.00988.09E-050.05400.00982.45E-040.05400.00982.45E-04

200400.03780.00826.77E-050.06220.00822.05E-040.06220.00822.05E-04

240400.03110.00675.53E-050.06890.00671.68E-040.06890.00671.68E-04

280400.02560.00554.54E-050.07440.00551.38E-040.07440.00551.38E-04

320400.02110.00453.71E-050.07890.00451.13E-040.07890.00451.13E-04

360400.01740.00373.05E-050.08260.00379.25E-050.08260.00379.25E-05

&A

Page &P

Hydrolysis of CH3Cl@ 90CCH3Cl + H2O CH3OH + HCl

CO + NO2

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[CO], (M)-D[CO], (M)[NO2], (M)-D[NO2], (M)Rate, -D[CO]/Dt, (M/sec)

00.1000.100

10100.0670.0330.0670.0333.30E-03

20100.0500.0170.0500.0171.70E-03

30100.0400.0100.0400.0101.00E-03

40100.0330.0070.0330.0077.00E-04

100600.0170.0160.0170.0162.67E-04

10009000.0020.0150.0020.0151.67E-05

&A

Page &P

Oxidation of CO by NO2

CO(g) + NO2(g) CO2(g) + NO(g)

CH3OH + HCl

Time (sec)Dt (sec)pH[H+1], (M)[HCl], M-D[HCl]Rate, D[HCl]/Dt (M/sec)Ln[HCl]0/[HCl]1/[HCl] - 1/[HCl]0Time (sec)Dt (sec)[SO2Cl2], (M)-D[SO2Cl2], (M)Rate, -D[SO2Cl2]/Dt, (M/sec)ln[SO2Cl2]0/[SO2Cl2]1/[SO2Cl2]

0-0.271.861.860.0000.00001.00E-020.0000

8080-0.221.661.660.202.53E-030.1150.06620209.70E-033.00E-041.50E-050.0303

15979-0.181.511.510.151.85E-030.2070.12450309.28E-034.20E-041.40E-050.0758

314155-0.121.321.320.201.26E-030.3450.222100508.61E-036.70E-041.34E-050.15016

628314-0.01001.021.020.299.39E-040.5990.4402001007.41E-031.20E-031.20E-050.30035

4002005.49E-031.92E-039.60E-060.60082

7003003.50E-031.99E-036.63E-061.050186

10003002.30E-031.20E-034.00E-061.470335

&A

Page &P

Nucleophilic Substitution

CH3OH(aq) + HCl(aq) CH3Cl(aq) + H2O(l)

Decomposition of SO2Cl2@ 320CSO2Cl2 SO2 + Cl2

CH3OH + HCl

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

[HCl], M

Time (sec)

[HCl], M

Nucleophilic Substitution CH3OH(aq) + HCl(aq) CH3Cl(aq) + H2O(l)

Sheet8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

[SO2Cl2], (M)

Time (sec)

[SO2Cl2], M

Decomposition of SO2Cl2 @ 325CSO2Cl2 SO2 + Cl2

Sheet9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

1/[SO2Cl2]

Time (sec)

1/[SO2Cl2] - 1/[SO2Cl2]0

Decompostion of SO2Cl2, 1/[SO2Cl2] vs Time

Sheet10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

ln[SO2Cl2]0/[SO2Cl2]

Time (sec)

Ln[SO2Cl2]0/[SO2Cl2]

Decompositon of SO2Cl2, Ln[SO2Cl2] vs Time

Sheet11

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

Ln[HCl]0/[HCl]

Time (sec)

Ln[HCl]0/[HCl]

Nucleophilic Substitution, CH3OH + HCl, Ln[HCl] vs Time

Sheet12

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

1/[HCl] - 1/[HCl]0

Time (sec)

1/[HCl] - 1/[HCl]0

Nucleophilic Substitution, CH3OH + HCl, 1/[HCl] vs time

Sheet13

&A

Page &P

Sheet14

&A

Page &P

Sheet15

&A

Page &P

Sheet16

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*2 N2O5 (g) 4 NO2(g) + O2(g):Rate vs. TimeBecause reactant concentrationsdecrease, the rates of reactionsslow down over time.


Decomp of N2O5

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[N2O5] (M)-D[N2O5]Rate, -D[N2O5]/Dt[O2], MD[O2]Rate, D[O2]/Dt[NO2], MD[NO2]Rate, D[NO2]/DtLn[N2O5]0/[N2O5]1/[N2O5]-1/[N2O5]0

02.3300.0000.0000.000.00

11100111002.0800.2501.13E-050.1250.1251.13E-050.5000.5004.50E-050.110.05

1920081001.9100.1701.05E-050.2100.0851.05E-050.8400.3404.20E-050.200.09

31600124001.6700.2409.68E-060.3300.1209.68E-061.3200.4803.87E-050.330.17

52400208001.3500.3207.69E-060.4900.1607.69E-061.9600.6403.08E-050.550.31

72000196001.1100.2406.12E-060.6100.1206.12E-062.4400.4802.45E-050.740.47

112700407000.7200.3904.79E-060.8050.1954.79E-063.2200.7801.92E-051.170.96

138900262000.5500.1703.24E-060.8900.0853.24E-063.5600.3401.30E-051.441.39

188600497000.3400.2102.11E-060.9950.1052.11E-063.9800.4208.45E-061.922.51

Time (sec)Dt (sec)P(N2O5) (torr)-DP(N2O5)Rate, DP(N2O5)/DtP(O2)DP(O2)Rate, DP(O2)/DtP(NO2)DP(NO2)Rate, DP(NO2)/Dt

0348.400

6006002471018.45E-0251518.45E-02203202.8003.38E-01

1200600185625.17E-0282315.17E-02327124.0002.07E-01

1800600140453.75E-02104233.75E-0241790.0001.50E-01

2400600105352.92E-02122182.92E-0248770.0001.17E-01

300060078272.25E-02135142.25E-0254154.0009.00E-02

360060058201.67E-02145101.67E-0258140.0006.67E-02

420060044141.17E-0215271.17E-0260928.0004.67E-02

480060033119.17E-0315869.17E-0363122.0003.67E-02

54006002497.50E-0316257.50E-0364918.0003.00E-02

60006001865.00E-0316535.00E-0366112.0002.00E-02

720012001083.33E-0316943.33E-0367716.0001.33E-02

84001200552.08E-0317232.08E-0368710.0008.33E-03

96001200328.33E-0417318.33E-046914.0003.33E-03

[N2O5], M[NO2], M[O2] (M)Rate (M/sec)Rate/[N2O5] (1/sec)k (L-mol-1-sec-1)Temp(K)1/T (1/K)ln{k (L-mol-1-sec-1)}

2.212.001.001.14E-055.16E-064.8E-043183.14E-03-7.64

2.211.002.001.12E-055.07E-068.8E-043233.10E-03-7.04

2.210.000.001.13E-055.11E-061.6E-033283.05E-03-6.44

2.000.000.001.05E-055.25E-062.8E-033333.00E-03-5.88

1.790.000.009.67E-065.40E-06

1.510.000.007.83E-065.19E-06

1.230.000.006.31E-065.13E-06

0.920.000.004.81E-065.23E-06

&CKinetics - 8

Decomposition of N2O5 at 45C

2 N2O5 4 NO2 + O2

Decompostion of N2O5 at 45CDependence of Initial Rate on N2O5 Concentration

Rate Dependence on Temperature

Conc vs Time

2.3300

2.080.1250.5

1.910.210.84

1.670.331.32

1.350.491.96

1.110.612.44

0.720.8053.22

0.550.893.56

0.340.9953.98

&A

[N2O5] (M)

[O2], M

[NO2], M

Time, sec

Concentration, M


Rate vs Time Chart

0

0.0000112613

0.0000104938

0.0000096774

0.0000076923

0.0000061224

0.0000047912

0.0000032443

0.0000021127

&A

Rate, -D[N2O5]/Dt

Time, sec

Rate, D[]/Dsec

Decomposition of N2O5 at 45 C

Log Chart

0

0.1135003739

0.1987650255

0.3330446411

0.5457636751

0.7415082523

1.1743723345

1.4437052683

1.9246779289

&A

y= 10-5x

Ln[N2O5]0/[N2O5]

Time, sec

Ln[N2O5]0/[N2O5]


Inverse Chart

0

0.0515846814

0.0943756601

0.1696178459

0.3115561914

0.4717163515

0.9597043395

1.3889972688

2.5119919212

&A

1/[N2O5]-1/[N2O5]0

Time, sec

1/[N2O5] - 1/[N2O5]0


Activation Energy

-7.6417244541

-7.0355886505

-6.4377516497

-5.8781358618

&A

ln{k (L-mol-1-sec-1)}

1/T, (1/K)

ln k, L/molsec

Determining Activation Energy, ln k vs 1/T

Decomp of H2O2

Decomposition of H2O2(aq) at 40C

2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[H2O2] (M)-D[H2O2] (M)Rate, -D[H2O2]/Dt (M/sec)Ln[H2O2]0/[H2O2]1/[H2O2]-1/[H2O2]0

01.0000.000.00

21600216000.5000.5000.00001157410.691.00

43200216000.2500.2500.0000057871.393.00

64800216000.1250.1250.00000289352.087.00

86400216000.0630.0630.00000144682.7715.00

k (sec-1)T (K)1/T, (1/K)Ln(k), (1/sec)

2.19E-115000.002000-24.545

6.92E+0110000.0010004.237

1.02E+0615000.00066713.835

1.23E+0820000.00050018.628

Conc vs Time, H2O2

1

0.5

0.25

0.125

0.0625

&A

Page &P

[H2O2] (M)

Time, sec

Concentration, M


Log & Inverse, H2O2

00

0.69314718061

1.38629436113

2.07944154177

2.772588722215

&A

Page &P

Ln[H2O2]0/[H2O2]

1/[H2O2]-1/[H2O2]0

Time, sec

Concentration Function


Act. En., H2O2

-24.5445344791

4.2370008626

13.8353131853

18.6276949133

&A

Page &P

Ln(k), (1/sec)

1/Temp, (1/K)

Ln k, (1/sec)

Activation Energy for Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide

Disprop. of BrO

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[BrO-1] (M)-D[BrO-1] (M)Rate, 1/3-D[BrO-1]/Dt (M/sec)-Ln[BrO-1]1/[BrO-1]

00.7500.28771.3333333333

10100.5280.2227.33E-030.63871.8939393939

20100.4080.1203.96E-030.89652.4509803922

30100.3320.0762.51E-031.10263.0120481928

40100.2800.0521.72E-031.27303.5714285714

50100.2420.0381.25E-031.41884.132231405

60100.2130.0299.57E-041.54654.6948356808

70100.1900.0237.59E-041.66075.2631578947

80100.1720.0185.94E-041.76035.8139534884

90100.1570.0154.95E-041.85156.3694267516

100100.1440.0134.29E-041.93796.9444444444

[BrO3-1], MD[BrO3-1]Rate, D[BrO3-1]/Dt (M/sec)

0.0000

0.07330.07337.33E-03

0.11290.03963.96E-03

0.13790.02512.51E-03

0.15510.01721.72E-03

0.16760.01251.25E-03

0.17720.00969.57E-04

0.18480.00767.59E-04

0.19070.00595.94E-04

0.19570.00494.95E-04

0.20000.00434.29E-04

[Br-1], MD[Br-1]Rate, 1/2 D[Br-1]/Dt (M/sec)

0.0000

0.14870.14877.44E-03

0.22910.08044.02E-03

0.28010.05092.55E-03

0.31490.03481.74E-03

0.34040.02551.27E-03

0.35980.01949.72E-04

0.37520.01547.70E-04

0.38730.01216.03E-04

0.39730.01005.02E-04

0.40600.00874.36E-04

&A

Page &P

Disproportionation of Hypobromite Ion3 BrO-1 BrO3-1 + 2 Br-1

Conc vs Time, BrO

0.75

0.528

0.408

0.332

0.28

0.242

0.213

0.19

0.172

0.157

0.144

&A

Page &P

[BrO-1] (M)

Time, sec

Concentration of BrO-1, M


Log & Inverse, BrO

0.28768207251.3333333333

0.63865899531.8939393939

0.89648810462.4509803922

1.10262031013.0120481928

1.27296567583.5714285714

1.41881755284.132231405

1.54646311334.6948356808

1.66073120685.2631578947

1.76026080225.8139534884

1.85150947366.3694267516

1.93794197946.9444444444

&A

Page &P

-Ln[BrO-1]

1/[BrO-1]

Time, sec

Concentraiton Function


HCN + H2O

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[HCN] (M)-D[HCN] (M)Rate, -D[HCN]/Dt (M/sec)[NH4HCO2], MD[NH4HCO2]Rate, D[NH4HCO2]/Dt (M/sec)

00.10000.0000

2.00E+052.00E+050.09840.00168.00E-090.00160.00168.00E-09

5.00E+053.00E+050.09610.00237.67E-090.00390.00237.67E-09

1.00E+065.00E+050.09230.00387.60E-090.00770.00387.60E-09

2.00E+061.00E+060.08510.00727.20E-090.01490.00727.20E-09

3.00E+061.00E+060.07850.00666.60E-090.02150.00666.60E-09

4.00E+061.00E+060.07240.00616.10E-090.02760.00616.10E-09

5.00E+061.00E+060.06680.00565.60E-090.03320.00565.60E-09

6.00E+061.00E+060.06170.00515.10E-090.03830.00515.10E-09

7.00E+061.00E+060.05690.00484.80E-090.04310.00484.80E-09

8.00E+061.00E+060.05250.00444.40E-090.04750.00444.40E-09

9.00E+061.00E+060.04840.00414.10E-090.05160.00414.10E-09

1.00E+071.00E+060.04470.00373.70E-090.05530.00373.70E-09

2.00E+071.00E+070.01990.02482.48E-090.08010.02482.48E-09

3.00E+071.00E+070.00890.01101.10E-090.09110.01101.10E-09

4.00E+071.00E+070.00400.00494.90E-100.09600.00494.90E-10

&A

Page &P

HCN(aq) + H2O(l) NH4HCO2(aq)

HCN + H2O

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

[HCN] (M)

[NH4HCO2], M

Time (sec)

Concentration, M

HCN + H2O NH4HCO2

CH3Cl + H2O

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[CH3Cl] (M)-D[CH3Cl] (M)Rate, -D[CH3Cl]/Dt (M/sec)[CH3OH], MD[CH3OH]Rate, D[CH3OH]/Dt (M/sec)[HCl], MD[HCl]Rate, D[HCl]/Dt (M/sec)

00.10000.00000.0000

40400.08230.01771.46E-040.01770.01774.43E-040.01770.01774.43E-04

80400.06780.01451.20E-040.03220.01453.63E-040.03220.01453.63E-04

120400.05580.01209.90E-050.04420.01203.00E-040.04420.01203.00E-04

160400.04600.00988.09E-050.05400.00982.45E-040.05400.00982.45E-04

200400.03780.00826.77E-050.06220.00822.05E-040.06220.00822.05E-04

240400.03110.00675.53E-050.06890.00671.68E-040.06890.00671.68E-04

280400.02560.00554.54E-050.07440.00551.38E-040.07440.00551.38E-04

320400.02110.00453.71E-050.07890.00451.13E-040.07890.00451.13E-04

360400.01740.00373.05E-050.08260.00379.25E-050.08260.00379.25E-05

&A

Page &P

Hydrolysis of CH3Cl@ 90CCH3Cl + H2O CH3OH + HCl

CO + NO2

Time (sec)Dt (sec)[CO], (M)-D[CO], (M)[NO2], (M)-D[NO2], (M)Rate, -D[CO]/Dt, (M/sec)

00.1000.100

10100.0670.0330.0670.0333.30E-03

20100.0500.0170.0500.0171.70E-03

30100.0400.0100.0400.0101.00E-03

40100.0330.0070.0330.0077.00E-04

100600.0170.0160.0170.0162.67E-04

10009000.0020.0150.0020.0151.67E-05

&A

Page &P

Oxidation of CO by NO2

CO(g) + NO2(g) CO2(g) + NO(g)

CH3OH + HCl

Time (sec)Dt (sec)pH[H+1], (M)[HCl], M-D[HCl]Rate, D[HCl]/Dt (M/sec)Ln[HCl]0/[HCl]1/[HCl] - 1/[HCl]0Time (sec)Dt (sec)[SO2Cl2], (M)-D[SO2Cl2], (M)Rate, -D[SO2Cl2]/Dt, (M/sec)ln[SO2Cl2]0/[SO2Cl2]1/[SO2Cl2]

0-0.271.861.860.0000.00001.00E-020.0000

8080-0.221.661.660.202.53E-030.1150.06620209.70E-033.00E-041.50E-050.0303

15979-0.181.511.510.151.85E-030.2070.12450309.28E-034.20E-041.40E-050.0758

314155-0.121.321.320.201.26E-030.3450.222100508.61E-036.70E-041.34E-050.15016

628314-0.01001.021.020.299.39E-040.5990.4402001007.41E-031.20E-031.20E-050.30035

4002005.49E-031.92E-039.60E-060.60082

7003003.50E-031.99E-036.63E-061.050186

10003002.30E-031.20E-034.00E-061.470335

&A

Page &P

Nucleophilic Substitution

CH3OH(aq) + HCl(aq) CH3Cl(aq) + H2O(l)

Decomposition of SO2Cl2@ 320CSO2Cl2 SO2 + Cl2

CH3OH + HCl

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

[HCl], M

Time (sec)

[HCl], M

Nucleophilic Substitution CH3OH(aq) + HCl(aq) CH3Cl(aq) + H2O(l)

Sheet8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

[SO2Cl2], (M)

Time (sec)

[SO2Cl2], M

Decomposition of SO2Cl2 @ 325CSO2Cl2 SO2 + Cl2

Sheet9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

1/[SO2Cl2]

Time (sec)

1/[SO2Cl2] - 1/[SO2Cl2]0

Decompostion of SO2Cl2, 1/[SO2Cl2] vs Time

Sheet10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

ln[SO2Cl2]0/[SO2Cl2]

Time (sec)

Ln[SO2Cl2]0/[SO2Cl2]

Decompositon of SO2Cl2, Ln[SO2Cl2] vs Time

Sheet11

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

Ln[HCl]0/[HCl]

Time (sec)

Ln[HCl]0/[HCl]

Nucleophilic Substitution, CH3OH + HCl, Ln[HCl] vs Time

Sheet12

0

0

0

0

0

&A

Page &P

1/[HCl] - 1/[HCl]0

Time (sec)

1/[HCl] - 1/[HCl]0

Nucleophilic Substitution, CH3OH + HCl, 1/[HCl] vs time

Sheet13

&A

Page &P

Sheet14

&A

Page &P

Sheet15

&A

Page &P

Sheet16

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

&A

Page &P

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Collision TheoryIn order for a reaction to take place, the reacting molecules must collide with each other.Once molecules collide they may react together or they may not, depending on two factors:Whether the collision has enough energy to start to break the bonds holding reactant molecules together."Whether the reacting molecules collide in the proper orientation for new bonds to form.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Effective CollisionsCollisions in which these two conditions are met (and therefore the reaction occurs) are called effective collisions. The higher the frequency of effective collisions, the faster the reaction rate.There is a minimum energy needed for a collision to be effective. We call this the activation energy.The lower the activation energy, the faster the reaction will be.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Effective Collisions:Kinetic Energy FactorFor a collision to lead to overcoming the energy barrier, the reacting molecules must have sufficient kinetic energy so that when they collide, it can form the activated complex.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Effective Collisions:Orientation Effect


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Reaction Energy Diagram


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The higher the concentration of reactant molecules, the faster the reaction will generally go.Increases the frequency of reactant molecule collisions.Since reactants are consumed as the reaction proceeds, the speed of a reaction generally slows over time.Factors Effecting Reaction Rate:Reactant Concentration


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Effect of Concentration on RateLow concentrations of reactant molecules leads to fewer effective collisions, therefore a slower reaction rate.High concentrations of reactant molecules lead to more effective collisions, therefore a faster reaction rate.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Increasing the temperature increases the number of molecules in the sample with enough energy so that their collisions can overcome the activation energy.Increasing the temperature also increases the frequency of collisions. So the rate increases because the frequency of effective collisions increases.Both these mean that increasing temperature increases the reaction rate.Factors Effecting Reaction Rate:Temperature


Effect of Temperature on RateLow temperatures lead to fewer molecules with enough energy to overcome the activation energy, and less frequent reactant collisions, therefore a slower reaction rateHigh temperatures lead to more molecules with enough energy to overcome the activation energy, and more frequent reactant collisions, therefore, a faster reaction rate.

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Reaction DynamicsIf the products of a reaction are removed from the system as they are made, then a chemical reaction will proceed until the limiting reactants are used up.However, if the products are allowed to accumulate; they will start reacting together to form the original reactants. This is called the reverse reaction.Reactions that can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions are called reversible reactions.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Reaction Dynamics, ContinuedThe forward reaction slows down as the amounts of reactants decreases. At the same time, the reverse reaction speeds up as the concentration of the products increases. Eventually, the forward reaction is using reactants and making products as fast as the reverse reaction is using products and making reactants. This is called chemical equilibrium.Dynamic equilibrium is reached when the rates of two opposite processes are the same.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Chemical EquilibriumWhen a reaction reaches equilibrium, the amounts of reactants and products in the system stay constant.The forward and reverse reactions still continue.Because they go at the same rate, the amounts of materials do not change.


EquilibriumInitially, we only have reactant molecules in the mixture. The reaction can only proceed in the forward direction, making products.As the reaction proceeds, the forward reaction slows down as the reactants get used up. At the same time, the reverse reaction speeds up as product concentration increases.Eventually, the forward and reverse rates are equal. At this time equilibrium is established.Once equilibrium is established, the concentrations of the reactants and products in the final mixture do not change, (unless conditions are changed).

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Equilibrium, ContinuedTimeRateInitially, only the forwardreaction takes place.As the forward reaction proceedsit makes products and uses reactants.Because the reactant concentration decreases, the forward reaction slows.As the products accumulate, thereverse reaction speeds up.Eventually, the reaction proceedsin the reverse direction as fast asit proceeds in the forward direction.At this time equilibrium is established.Once equilibrium is established,the forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate, so theconcentrations of all materialsstay constant.


*Hypothetical Reaction2 Red BlueThe reaction slows over time,but the red molecules never run out!At some time between 100 and 110 sec,the concentrations of both the red andthe blue molecules no longer changeequilibrium has been established.Notice that equilibrium does not meanthat the concentrations are equal!Once equilibrium is established, the rateof red molecules turning into blue is thesame as the rate of blue molecules turning into red.

Time[Red][Blue]00.4000.000100.2080.096200.1900.105300.1800.110400.1740.113500.1700.115600.1680.116700.1670.117800.1660.117900.1650.1181000.1650.1181100.1640.1181200.1640.1181300.1640.1181400.1640.1181500.1640.118

Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach*Hypothetical Reaction2 Red Blue, Continued

Tro, Chemistry: A Molecular Approach

Sheet1

Choose the reaction you wish to investigate

Choose the Initial Concentration of Chemicals[A]init =[Y]init =

00

Choose the Celsius temperature you wish to useChoose the time interval between readings

Choose the value of DG, in Joules

Choose the order for each reactant in the forward rate equationOrder of A =0

Choose the order for each product in the reverse rate equationOrder of Y =0

Choose the activation energy, in joules, for the forward reaction

Given the above information, the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction will equal3.2

Given the above information, the value of the forward reaction rate constant, kf, will equal0.15

Given the above information, the value of the reverse reaction rate constant, kr, will equal0.0475

Data Sheet

Reaction ListCoeff ACoeff BCoeff YCoeff ZCoeffA =2Init Conc[A]init =0.4OrdersA order =2

2 A ----> YA ----> Y1010CoeffB =00.1[B]init =0.10B order =1

2 A ----> Y2010CoeffY =10.2[Y]init =01Y order =1

A ----> 2 Y1020CoeffZ =00.3[Z]init =0.42Z order =0

3 A ----> Y30100.4

A ----> 3 Y10300.5

2 A ----> 3 Y20300.6

3 A ----> 2 Y30200.7

A + B ----> Y11100.8

2 A + B ----> Y21100.9

A + B ----> 2 Y11201

A + B ----> Y + Z1111

2 A + B ----> Y + Z2111

A + B ----> 2 Y + Z1121

Time IntervalTime Interval List, secondsTotal Time

20.550

1100

2200

5500

101000

Temp, CTemp List, CTemp, K

250-100523

0

50R, J/mol-K

1008.314

500

DGDG List, JKx

-5000-250003.2E+000

-20000Kcalc

-150003.1578622343

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Ea forwardEa List, jouleskfkf_calcForward Collision Freq, Afkf/kr

700010001.50E-010.14993768880.753.1578947368

3000

Ea reverse5000krkr_calcReverse Collision Freq, Ar

1200070004.75E-020.04748075680.75

10000

Calc Sheet

Mole MultiplierAvog. Number

1.66E-196.02E+23

Time[Red]0[Blue]0Molecules AMolecules BMolecules YMolecules ZRate ForwardRate ReverseMolecules A ReactMolecules B ReactMolecules Y ReactMolecules Z ReactMolecules A MadeMolecules B MadeMolecules Y MadeMolecules Z Made

00.4000400000000.024038400000019200

20.361725880600.01920668390361600192000.01962684190.000912317528390408014200

40.333406025300.03337161330333290333600.01667393670.00158515162223011022011120

60.311388363200.04438544610311280443700.01454440690.0021083087181101903809060

80.29365219100.0532585340293550532400.01293474140.0025297804151902705407600

100.27899709100.06059108570278900605700.01167590650.0028780766130303507006520

120.266662798700.06676323360266570667400.01066635720.0031712536113704208405690

140.256129132900.07203506820256040720100.00984031990.0034216657100804909805040

160.24702596500.07658665220246940765600.00915327410.003637866904056011204520

180.239103207900.08054803070239020805200.00857555160.0038260315820062012404100

200.23214078500.08402924220232060840000.00808340160.003991389750067013403750

220.225978640600.08711031440225900870800.00765995190.0041377399692072014403460

240.220496732900.08985126820220420898200.00729282140.0042679352643077015403220

260.215605030600.09230212110215530922700.00697282940.0043843508601081016203010

280.211213502300.0945028870211140944700.00669167150.0044888871565085017002830

300.207262127200.09648357630207190964500.00644363840.0045829699534088017602670

320.203680880900.09827419940203610982400.00622288520.0046680245507092018402540

340.200449756500.09989476340200380998600.00602701570.0047450013483095019002420

360.197518736500.101365275101974501013300.00585204770.0048148506462098019602310

380.194857810500.102695738101947901026600.00569543490.00487804764440100020002220

400.192416961100.103916162801923501038800.0055536430.00493601774270103020602140

420.190206191800.105026549201901401049900.00542675930.00498876114130105021002070

440.188175485100.106046904301881101060100.0053115020.0050372284000107021402000

460.186314837600.106977228101862501069400.00520698280.00508141833880109021801940

480.184614245800.10782752401845501077900.0051123630.00512180743770110022001890

500.183043699200.10861779901829801085800.00502574940.00515934553680112022401840

520.181603197900.109338049601815401093000.00494695820.00519355743590114022801800

540.180292741900.109998279401802301099600.00487582090.00522491833520115023001760

560.179072317200.110608491801790101105700.00481003420.00525390343440116023201720

580.177951927300.111168686701778901111300.00475003330.00528051263380117023401690

600.176911565200.111688867701768501116500.00469465530.00530522123320118023601660

620.17595123100.112169034801758901121300.00464382540.00532802923270119023801640

640.175060921200.112619191501750001125800.00459694890.00534941163220120024001610

660.174240635700.113029334201741801129900.00455396990.00536889343170121024201590

680.173490374700.113409466501734301133700.00451483650.00538694973130122024401570

700.172800134400.113759588301727401137200.0044789830.00540358043090123024601550

720.172169915100.114079699701721101140400.0044463720.00541878573060124024801530

740.171589713200.114369800701715301143300.00441645450.00543256553030124024801520

760.171039521800.114649898201709801146100.00438817770.00544587023000125025001500

780.170539347700.114899985201704801148600.00436255040.00545774932970125025001490

800.170069184100.115140068701700101151000.00433852910.00546915332950126025201480

820.169639034400.115360145301695801153200.00431661030.00547960692930126025201470

840.169228891700.115570218401691701155300.00429576270.00548958542910127025401460

860.168858762800.115760284601688001157200.00427699230.00549861352890127025401450

880.16850864100.115940347201684501159000.00425927430.00550716652870128025601440

900.168198533100.116100402901681401160600.0042436120.00551476912850128025601430

920.167908432100.116250455201678501162100.00422898620.00552189662840128025601420

940.167628334700.116390503901675701163500.00421488880.00552854892830129025801420

960.167378247600.116520549201673201164800.00420232170.00553472612810129025801410

980.167148167600.116640590901670901166000.00419077650.00554042812800129025801400

1000.16692809100.116750629201668701167100.00417974810.00554565492790129025801400

1020.166718017900.116860667501666601168200.00416923460.00555088172780130026001390

1040.166537955200.116950698801664801169100.00416023360.00555515822770130026001390

1060.16636789600.117040730201663101170000.00415174150.00555943472760130026001380

1080.166207840300.11712075801661501170800.00414375690.0055632362750130026001380

1100.166057788100.117200785901660001171600.00413627830.00556703732750130026001380

1120.165907735900.117280813701658501172400.00412880650.00557083872740131026201370

1140.165787694100.117340834601657301173000.00412283390.00557368962730131026201370

1160.165677655800.117400855501656201173600.00411736280.00557654062730131026201370

1180.165567617500.117460876401655101174200.00411189540.00557939162720131026201360

1200.165467582700.117510893801654101174700.00410692810.00558176752720131026201360

1220.165367547900.117560911201653101175200.00410196390.00558414332710131026201360

1240.165277516600.117610928601652201175700.00409749860.00558651912710131026201360

1260.165187485200.11766094601651301176200.00409303580.00558889492700131026201350

1280.165107457400.117700959901650501176600.00408907090.00559079562700132026401350

1300.165047436500.117730970401649901176900.00408609840.00559222112700132026401350

1320.164987415600.117760980801649301177200.00408312710.00559364662690132026401350

1340.164937398200.117790991301648801177500.00408065180.00559507212690132026401350

1360.164887380800.117821001701648301177800.00407817730.00559649762690132026401350

1380.164837363400.117851012201647801178100.00407570350.00559792312690132026401350

1400.16478734600.117881022601647301178400.00407323040.00559934862680132026401340

1420.164747332100.117901029601646901178600.00407125250.00560029892680132026401340

1440.164707318100.117921036501646501178800.00406927510.00560124922680132026401340

1460.164667304200.117941043501646101179000.00406729820.00560219962680132026401340

1480.164627290300.117961050401645701179200.00406532170.00560314992680132026401340

1500.164587276400.117981057401645301179400.00406334570.00560410022670132026401340

1520.164557265900.118001064401645001179600.00406186410.00560505062670132026401340

1540.164527255500.118021071301644701179800.00406038270.00560600092670132026401340

1560.16449724500.118041078301644401180000.00405890150.00560695122670132026401340

1580.164467234600.118061085301644101180200.00405742070.00560790152670132026401340

1600.164437224200.118081092201643801180400.00405594010.00560885192670132026401340

1620.164407213700.118101099201643501180600.00405445980.00560980222670132026401340

1640.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1660.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1680.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1700.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1720.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1740.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1760.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1780.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1800.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1820.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1840.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1860.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1880.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1900.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1920.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1940.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1960.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

1980.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2000.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2020.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2040.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2060.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2080.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2100.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2120.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2140.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2160.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2180.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2200.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2220.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2240.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2260.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2280.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2300.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2320.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2340.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2360.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2380.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2400.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2420.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2440.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2460.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2480.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2500.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2520.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2540.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2560.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2580.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2600.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2620.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2640.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2660.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2680.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2700.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2720.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2740.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2760.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2780.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2800.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2820.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2840.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2860.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2880.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2900.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2920.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2940.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2960.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

2980.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3000.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3020.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3040.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3060.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3080.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3100.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3120.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3140.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3160.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3180.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3200.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3220.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3240.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3260.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3280.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3300.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3320.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3340.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3360.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3380.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3400.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3420.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3440.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3460.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3480.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3500.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3520.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3540.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3560.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3580.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3600.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3620.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3640.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3660.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3680.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3700.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3720.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3740.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3760.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3780.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3800.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3820.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3840.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3860.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3880.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3900.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3920.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3940.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3960.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

3980.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

4000.164377203300.118121106101643201180800.00405297970.00561075252660133026601330

Conc vs Time

0.40

0.36172588060.0192066839

0.33340602530.0333716133

0.31138836320.0443854461

0.2936521910.053258534

0.2789970910.0605910857

0.26666279870.0667632336

0.25612913290.0720350682

0.2470259650.0765866522

0.23910320790.0805480307

0.2321407850.0840292422

0.22597864060.0871103144

0.22049673290.0898512682

0.21560503060.0923021211

0.21121350230.094502887

0.20726212720.0964835763

0.20368088090.0982741994

0.20044975650.0998947634

0.19751873650.1013652751

0.19485781050.1026957381

0.19241696110.1039161628

0.19020619180.1050265492

0.18817548510.1060469043

0.18631483760.1069772281

0.18461424580.107827524

0.18304369920.108617799

0.18160319790.1093380496

0.18029274190.1099982794

0.17907231720.1106084918

0.17795192730.1111686867

0.17691156520.1116888677

0.1759512310.1121690348

0.17506092120.1126191915

0.17424063570.1130293342

0.17349037470.1134094665

0.17280013440.1137595883

0.17216991510.1140796997

0.17158971320.1143698007

0.17103952180.1146498982

0.17053934770.1148999852

0.17006918410.1151400687

0.16963903440.1153601453

0.16922889170.1155702184

0.16885876280.1157602846

0.1685086410.1159403472

0.16819853310.1161004029

0.16790843210.1162504552

0.16762833470.1163905039

0.16737824760.1165205492

0.16714816760.1166405909

0.1669280910.1167506292

0.16671801790.1168606675

0.16653795520.1169506988

0.1663678960.1170407302

0.16620784030.117120758

0.16605778810.1172007859

0.16590773590.1172808137

0.16578769410.1173408346

0.16567765580.1174008555

0.16556761750.1174608764

0.16546758270.1175108938

0.16536754790.1175609112

0.16527751660.1176109286

0.16518748520.117660946

0.16510745740.1177009599

0.16504743650.1177309704

0.16498741560.1177609808

0.16493739820.1177909913

0.16488738080.1178210017

0.16483736340.1178510122

0.1647873460.1178810226

0.16474733210.1179010296

0.16470731810.1179210365

0.16466730420.1179410435

0.16462729030.1179610504

0.16458727640.1179810574

0.16455726590.1180010644

0.16452725550.1180210713

0.1644972450.1180410783

0.16446723460.1180610853

0.16443722420.1180810922

0.16440721370.1181010992

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

0.16437720330.1181211061

[Red]

[Blue]

Time, sec

Concentration

Concentration vs. Time for 2 Red Blue

MBD000001F0.unknown

MBD00000330.unknown

MBD005704B5.unknown

MBD0057AC9A.unknown

MBD00000380.unknown

MBD000003D0.unknown

MBD00198947.unknown

MBD000003CC.unknown

MBD0000037C.unknown

MBD00000290.unknown

MBD000002E0.unknown

MBD0000032C.unknown

MBD000002DC.unknown

MBD00000240.unknown

MBD0000028C.unknown

MBD0000023C.unknown

MBD00000100.unknown

MBD00000150.unknown

MBD000001A0.unknown

MBD000001EC.unknown

MBD0000019C.unknown

MBD0000014C.unknown

MBD000000A4.unknown

MBD000000FC.unknown

MBD00000050.unknown

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Equilibrium EqualThe rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal at equilibrium.But that does not mean the concentrations of reactants and products are equal.Some reactions reach equilibrium only after almost all the reactant molecules are consumedwe say the position of equilibrium favors the products.Other reactions reach equilibrium when only a small percentage of the reactant molecules are consumedwe say the position of equilibrium favors the reactants.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*An Analogy: Population ChangesWhen Narnians feel overcrowded, some will emigrate to Middle Earth.However, as time passes, emigration will occur in both directions at the same rate, leading to populations in Narnia and Middle Earth that are constant, though not necessarily equal.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Disturbing and Re-EstablishingEquilibrium Once a reaction is at equilibrium, the concentrations of all the reactants and products remain the same.However, if the conditions are changed, the concentrations of all the chemicals will change until equilibrium is re-established.The new concentrations will be different, but the equilibrium constant will be the same.Unless you change the temperature.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Le Chteliers PrincipleLe Chteliers principle guides us in predicting the effect on the position of equilibrium when conditions change.When a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system shifts in a direction that will minimize the disturbance.


*An Analogy: Population ChangesWhen an influx of population enters Middle Earth from somewhere outside Narnia, it disturbs the equilibrium established between Narnia and Middle Earth.When the populations of Narnia and Middle Earth are in equilibrium, the emigration rates between the two states are equal so the populations stay constant.The result will be people moving from Middle Earth into Narnia faster than people moving from Narnia into Middle Earth. This will continue until a new equilibrium between the populations is established, However, the new populations will have different numbers of people than the old ones.

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Concentration Changes on EquilibriumAdding a reactant will decrease the amounts of the other reactants and increase the amount of the products until a new position of equilibrium is found.That has the same Keq.Removing a product will increase the amounts of the other products and decrease the amounts of the reactants.You can use to this to drive a reaction to completion! Remember: Adding more of a solid or liquid does not change its concentration and, therefore, has no effect on the equilibrium.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Concentration Changes on Equilibrium, ContinuedWhen NO2is added,some of itcombinesto make more N2O4.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Concentration Changes on Equilibrium, ContinuedWhen N2O4is added,some of itdecomposesto make more NO2.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*PracticePredict the Effect on the Equilibrium When the Underlined Substance Is Added to the Following Systems:2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)


*PracticePredict the Effect on the Equilibrium When the Underlined Substance Is Added to the Following Systems, Continued:2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)Shift right, removing some of the added CO2 andincreasing the concentrations of CO and O2.Shift left, removing some of the added Ba2+ and reducing the concentration of SO42-.Shift right, removing some of the added CO2 and decreasing the O2, while increasing the concentration of CO2.

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Effect of Volume Changeon EquilibriumFor solids, liquids, or solutions, changing the size of the container has no effect on the concentration.Changing the volume of a container changes the concentration of a gas.Same number of moles, but different number of liters, resulting in a different molarity.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*Effect of Volume Changeon Equilibrium, ContinuedDecreasing the size of the container increases the concentration of all the gases in the container.This increases their partial pressures.If their partial pressures increase, then the total pressure in the container will increase.According to Le Chteliers principle, the equilibrium should shift to remove that pressure.The way to reduce the pressure is to reduce the number of molecules in the container.When the volume decreases, the equilibrium shifts to the side with fewer molecules.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Volume Change on Equilibrium, Continued


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*PracticePredict the Effect on the Equilibrium When the Volume Is Reduced.2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)


*PracticePredict the Effect on the Equilibrium When the Volume Is Reduced, Continued.2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)Shift left because there are fewer gas moleculeson the reactant side than on the product side.No effect because none of the substances are gases.Shift right because there are fewer gas moleculeson the product side than on the reactant side.

Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Temperature Changes on EquilibriumExothermic reactions release energy and endothermic reactions absorb energy.If we write heat as a product in an exothermic reaction or as a reactant in an endothermic reaction, it will help us use Le Chteliers principle to predict the effect of temperature changes.However, heat is not matter and not written in a proper equation.


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium for Exothermic ReactionsFor an exothermic reaction, heat is a product.Increasing the temperature is like adding heat.According to Le Chteliers principle, the equilibrium will shift away from the added heat.The concentrations of C and D will decrease and the concentrations of A and B will increase.The value of Keq will decrease.How will decreasing the temperature effect the system?aA + bB cC + dD + heat


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium for Endothermic ReactionsFor an endothermic reaction, heat is a reactant.Increasing the temperature is like adding heat.According to Le Chteliers principle, the equilibrium will shift away from the added heat.The concentrations of C and D will increase and the concentrations of A and B will decrease.The value of Keq will increase.How will decreasing the temperature effect the system?Heat + aA + bB cC + dD


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium


Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 15*PracticePredict the Effect on the Equilibrium When the Temperature Is Reduced.Heat + 2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)(endothermic)CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)(exothermic)


*PracticePredict the Effect on the Equilibrium When the Temperature Is Reduced, Continued.Heat + 2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) Heat + BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + HeatShift left, reducing the value of Keq.Shift left, reducing the value of Keq.Shift right, increasing the value of Keq.

********

Introductory Chemistry , 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro

Documents

right reaction

mointroductory chemistry

left reaction

controlled disequilibrium

disequilibriumwhen systems

precipitation reactions

moles of reactant

no2g o2gover time