Introductions to the Kingdoms of Life Chapter 19.

Introductions to the Kingdoms Introductions to the Kingdoms of Lifeof Life

Chapter 19Chapter 19

19.2 Advent of Multicellularity19.2 Advent of Multicellularity Half of the biomass on Half of the biomass on

Earth is unicellular Earth is unicellular prokaryotes and prokaryotes and eukaryoteseukaryotes

ColoniesColonies– No communication or No communication or

coordination between cellscoordination between cells– Permanently associatedPermanently associated– Cell walls stick together or Cell walls stick together or

form filaments form filaments – Examples: Volvox and Examples: Volvox and

CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria

AggregationsAggregations– Temporary collection of cellsTemporary collection of cells– Example: Plasmodial SlimeExample: Plasmodial Slime

MulticellularMulticellular– Composed of many cells that are permanently Composed of many cells that are permanently

associatedassociated– Allows for increased sizeAllows for increased size

Remember: single cells cannot be large and surviveRemember: single cells cannot be large and survive

– Allows for specializationAllows for specialization MovementMovement ProtectionProtection ReproductionReproduction FeedingFeeding

Cells make-up Tissues which make-up Organs Cells make-up Tissues which make-up Organs which make-up Organ Systemswhich make-up Organ Systems

Muscle cells make-up Muscle Tissue which Muscle cells make-up Muscle Tissue which make-up Heart which makes-up part of make-up Heart which makes-up part of Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

A.k.a. BacteriaA.k.a. Bacteria ProkaryotesProkaryotes O.1 to 15 O.1 to 15 μμmm Found practically Found practically

everywhereeverywhere Cell wall contains Cell wall contains

peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria

ProkaryotesProkaryotes More closely related to More closely related to

eukaryotes than eukaryotes than bacteriabacteria

No peptidoglycan in No peptidoglycan in cell wallcell wall

Have introns in genesHave introns in genes

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista ProtistsProtists Most diverse kingdomMost diverse kingdom Eukaryotes that are not fungi, Eukaryotes that are not fungi,

plants, or animalsplants, or animals Many are unicellularMany are unicellular All have cell membrane, some All have cell membrane, some

have cell wallshave cell walls Autotrophs and HeterotrophsAutotrophs and Heterotrophs Many moveMany move Normally asexual reproduction Normally asexual reproduction

but may be sexuallybut may be sexually

Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi Most MulticellularMost Multicellular

– Yeast are unicellular (only Yeast are unicellular (only unicellular eukaryote not a unicellular eukaryote not a protist)protist)

Chitin in cell wallChitin in cell wall– Like shell of a crabLike shell of a crab

Bodies have long strands of Bodies have long strands of cells called hyphaecells called hyphae

No movementNo movement No chlorophyll or No chlorophyll or

photosynthesisphotosynthesis Heterotrophs but don’t Heterotrophs but don’t

ingest, external digestioningest, external digestion

Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae PlantsPlants Multicellular autotrophsMulticellular autotrophs

– Primary producersPrimary producers– Release oxygenRelease oxygen– Cycle phosphorous, water, nitrogen, carbonCycle phosphorous, water, nitrogen, carbon

Different cell types organized into tissuesDifferent cell types organized into tissues Vascular tissueVascular tissue

– Transport water and dissolved nutrientsTransport water and dissolved nutrients Cellulose in cell wallsCellulose in cell walls No movementNo movement

– May have motile spermMay have motile sperm– Spores and seeds allow for dispersalSpores and seeds allow for dispersal

Everywhere except Everywhere except extreme polar regions extreme polar regions and highest and highest mountaintopsmountaintops

Very small Duckweed Very small Duckweed Wolffia microscopica Wolffia microscopica (1mm) to extremely (1mm) to extremely large Giant Sequoia large Giant Sequoia Redwood Redwood Sequoia Sequoia sempervirens sempervirens (90m)(90m)

NonvascularNonvascular– No vascular tissueNo vascular tissue– Relatively smallRelatively small– No real roots, No real roots,

stems, or leavesstems, or leaves– Example: MossesExample: Mosses

Vascular - Larger Vascular - Larger and more complexand more complex– SeedlessSeedless

Surfaces coated with Surfaces coated with waxy coveringwaxy covering

Reproduce with Reproduce with sporesspores

Haploid and diploid Haploid and diploid phasesphases

Example: FernsExample: Ferns

– SeedsSeeds Non-flowering = Gymnosperms

– Seeds, no flowers– Cones– Examples: Pines and Spruces

Flowering = Angiosperms– Flowers– Fruits disperse seeds

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

AnimalsAnimals– Multicellular heterotrophs (can’t make own food)Multicellular heterotrophs (can’t make own food)– No cell wallNo cell wall– Mostly diploid phaseMostly diploid phase– Cells organized into tissuesCells organized into tissues– Zygotes develop through several stagesZygotes develop through several stages– Muscle tissues allow for quick movementMuscle tissues allow for quick movement– Flight – unique to animalsFlight – unique to animals– Reproduce sexuallyReproduce sexually

– 99% are invertebrates (no backbone)99% are invertebrates (no backbone) Vertebrates have backbonesVertebrates have backbones

– 35 Phyla – most of these in sea35 Phyla – most of these in sea

Different PhylaDifferent Phyla SpongesSponges

– No tissuesNo tissues– Specialized cellsSpecialized cells

CnidariansCnidarians– Mostly marineMostly marine– Jellyfish, Sea Jellyfish, Sea

Anemones, CoralsAnemones, Corals

FlatwormsFlatworms– Flat ribbon-like Flat ribbon-like

bodiesbodies– Some are parasiticSome are parasitic

RoundwormsRoundworms– A.k.a. NematodesA.k.a. Nematodes– Long, slenderLong, slender– Freeliving or parasiticFreeliving or parasitic– Heartworm, Heartworm,

elephantiasis, elephantiasis, hookwormhookworm

Segmented WormsSegmented Worms– A.k.a. AnnelidsA.k.a. Annelids– Water and soilWater and soil– Leeches, Earthworms, Leeches, Earthworms,

Feather duster wormsFeather duster worms

MollusksMollusks– Saclike cavity (coelom) Saclike cavity (coelom)

encloses internal encloses internal organsorgans

– Aquatic and terrestrialAquatic and terrestrial– Snails, Clams, Snails, Clams,

OctopusesOctopuses

ArthropodsArthropods– Most diverse and 2/3 of Most diverse and 2/3 of

all animal speciesall animal species– External skeletonExternal skeleton– Jointed appendagesJointed appendages– High rate of High rate of

reproductionreproduction– Crabs, Insects, Crabs, Insects,

ArachnidsArachnids

EchinodermsEchinoderms– ““spiny skin”spiny skin”– Can regenerate lost Can regenerate lost

limbslimbs– Sea stars, sea Sea stars, sea

cucumbers, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollarsurchins, sand dollars

Invertebrate ChordatesInvertebrate Chordates– No backboneNo backbone– AquaticAquatic– Swim or attachedSwim or attached

VertebratesVertebrates– Internal skeleton of Internal skeleton of

bonebone– Backbone protects Backbone protects

spinal cordspinal cord– Head has brain Head has brain

enclosed in skullenclosed in skull– Mammals, fish, birds, Mammals, fish, birds,

reptiles, and reptiles, and amphibiansamphibians

Essential Life FunctionsEssential Life Functions Transport – cells get what they need and remove Transport – cells get what they need and remove

what they don’twhat they don’t Excretion – organisms remove waste and balance Excretion – organisms remove waste and balance

fluidsfluids Regulation – body process control – hormones Regulation – body process control – hormones

and nervous systemand nervous system Respiration – get oxygen and remove carbon Respiration – get oxygen and remove carbon

dioxidedioxide Nutrition – break down and absorb foodNutrition – break down and absorb food Synthesis – build necessary moleculesSynthesis – build necessary molecules Reproduction – how doneReproduction – how done Growth and Development – lifecycle Growth and Development – lifecycle

Unicellular ProtistsUnicellular Protists Transport – DiffusionTransport – Diffusion Excretion – DiffusionExcretion – Diffusion Regulation – Not MuchRegulation – Not Much Respiration – DiffusionRespiration – Diffusion Nutrition – Auto and heterotrophsNutrition – Auto and heterotrophs Reproduction – asexual mitosis and sexual Reproduction – asexual mitosis and sexual

with zygosporewith zygospore Growth and Development – flagella, cilia, Growth and Development – flagella, cilia,

pseudopodiapseudopodia

Annelid WormsAnnelid Worms Transport – closed system with heartsTransport – closed system with hearts Excretion – anus and nephridiaExcretion – anus and nephridia Regulation – simple brain with nerve cordRegulation – simple brain with nerve cord Respiration – diffusion through skinRespiration – diffusion through skin Nutrition – heterotroph with digestive tractNutrition – heterotroph with digestive tract Reproduction – Sexual hermaphrodites; Reproduction – Sexual hermaphrodites;

cocoons with eggscocoons with eggs Growth and Development – segmented; Growth and Development – segmented;

setae = bristlessetae = bristles

InsectsInsects Transport – open system with heartsTransport – open system with hearts Excretion – Malphigian tubulesExcretion – Malphigian tubules Regulation – Simple brains, eyesRegulation – Simple brains, eyes Respiration – Trachea and SpiraclesRespiration – Trachea and Spiracles Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tractNutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract Reproduction – SexualReproduction – Sexual Growth and Development – Metamorphosis Growth and Development – Metamorphosis

(Chrysalis to pupa to adult)(Chrysalis to pupa to adult)

AmphibiansAmphibians Transport – closed system with heartTransport – closed system with heart Excretion – cloacaExcretion – cloaca Regulation – Brain and exothermic (cold Regulation – Brain and exothermic (cold

blooded)blooded) Respiration – lungs with skin diffusionRespiration – lungs with skin diffusion Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tractNutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract Reproduction – Sexual with external eggs Reproduction – Sexual with external eggs

needing waterneeding water Growth and Development – endoskeleton; Growth and Development – endoskeleton;

metamorphosismetamorphosis

MammalsMammals Transport – 4 chambered closed heartTransport – 4 chambered closed heart Excretion – anus and kidneysExcretion – anus and kidneys Regulation – hair and endothermic; hormones and Regulation – hair and endothermic; hormones and

nervous system; brainnervous system; brain Respiration – lungs and a diaphragmRespiration – lungs and a diaphragm Nutrition – heterotrophs that eat a large amount to Nutrition – heterotrophs that eat a large amount to

maintain body temp.maintain body temp. Reproduction – sexual and internal fertilizationReproduction – sexual and internal fertilization Growth and Development – depend on mother; Growth and Development – depend on mother;

mammary glands; some lay eggs, some have mammary glands; some lay eggs, some have pouch, some have internal developmentpouch, some have internal development

Nonvascular PlantsNonvascular Plants

Transport – diffusionTransport – diffusion Excretion – diffusionExcretion – diffusion Regulation – cuticle resists drying outRegulation – cuticle resists drying out Respiration – stomatas allow gas exchangeRespiration – stomatas allow gas exchange Nutrition – absorb nutrients and water from soil; Nutrition – absorb nutrients and water from soil;

autotrophsautotrophs Reproduction – require water; swimming spermReproduction – require water; swimming sperm Growth and Development – sporesGrowth and Development – spores

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Transport – vascular system (xylem and Transport – vascular system (xylem and phloem)phloem)

Excretion – stomata controls exchangeExcretion – stomata controls exchange Regulation – stomata controls exchangeRegulation – stomata controls exchange Respiration – stomata controls exchangeRespiration – stomata controls exchange Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophsNutrition – water and soil; autotrophs Reproduction – seeds in conesReproduction – seeds in cones Growth and Development – seed to adultGrowth and Development – seed to adult

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Transport – vascular system (xylem and Transport – vascular system (xylem and phloem)phloem)

Excretion – stomata controls exchangeExcretion – stomata controls exchange Regulation – stomata controls exchangeRegulation – stomata controls exchange Respiration – stomata controls exchangeRespiration – stomata controls exchange Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophsNutrition – water and soil; autotrophs Reproduction – pollenReproduction – pollen Growth and Development – flower to fruit to Growth and Development – flower to fruit to

seedseed