Introduction1-1 Welcome to CSCI 547 Computer Networks The lecture materials: Syllabus, Powerpoint Notes, Homeworks, Project specification are available.

Introduction 1-1

Welcome to CSCI 547 Computer Networks

The lecture materials: Syllabus, Powerpoint Notes, Homeworks, Project specification are available both on Vista ( http://online2.csuchico.edu ) and http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~sim ). They will be synchronized (I will try my best to keep them identical).Please notify me if you find any discrepancy between them.Homeworks must be handed in via VistaMy email addresses are: [email protected] or [email protected] My office phone number is (530) 898-5056Seung Bae ImProfessorDept. of Computer ScienceCalifornia State University, Chico95929

Introduction 1-2

Chapter 1Introduction

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach ,4th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-Wesley, July 2007.

A note on the use of these ppt slides:We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!) If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material.

Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR

All material copyright 1996-2007J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Introduction 1-3

Top-down vs Bottom-up

OSI 7 layer model

AnalogyTextbook’s approach Traditional approach

Introduction 1-4

Chapter 1: IntroductionOur goal: get “feel” and

terminology more depth, detail

later in course approach:

use Internet as example

Overview: what’s the Internet? what’s a protocol? network edge; hosts, access

net, physical media network core: packet/circuit

switching, Internet structure performance: loss, delay,

throughput security protocol layers, service

models history

Introduction 1-5

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge

end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models1.6 Networks under attack: security1.7 History

Introduction 1-6

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network

appsHome network

Institutional network

Mobile network

Global ISP

Regional ISP

router

PC

server

wirelesslaptop

cellular handheld

wiredlinks

access points

communication links fiber, copper,

radio, satellite transmission rate

= bandwidth

routers: forward packets (chunks of data)

Introduction 1-7

“Cool” internet appliances

World’s smallest web serverhttp://www-ccs.cs.umass.edu/~shri/iPic.html

IP picture framehttp://www.ceiva.com/

Web-enabled toaster +weather forecaster

Internet phones

Internet refrigerator

Introduction 1-8

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view protocols control sending,

receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,

Ethernet

Internet: “network of networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus

private intranet

Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering

Task Force http://www.ietf.org/

Defined in RFC: Request For Comments

Home network

Institutional network

Mobile network

Global ISP

Regional ISP

Introduction 1-9

What’s the Internet: a service view communication

infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, VoIP, email,

games, e-commerce, file sharing, video chatting,

communication services provided to apps: reliable data delivery

from source to destination

“best effort” (unreliable) data delivery

cyberspace [Gibson]:“a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of operators, in every

nation, ...."

Introduction 1-10

What’s a protocol?

human protocols: “what’s the time?” “I have a question” introductions

… specific msgs sent… specific actions

taken when msgs received, or other events

network protocols: machines rather than

humans all communication

activity in Internet governed by protocols

protocols define format, order of msgs sent and

received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

Introduction 1-11

What’s a protocol?

a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Q: Other human protocols?

Hi

Hi

Got thetime?

2:00

TCP connection request

TCP connectionresponseGet http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross

<file>time

Introduction 1-12

Definition of Protocol

Strict rules that govern the communication between communicating entities.

Rule1: Originating entity should say “Hello”Rule2: If you get a reply “Hello” back, Then

say “How are you?” Else Repeat Rule1

Rule3: etc. etc. …….

We need “standard protocols” that are defined by “standard organizations”

Introduction 1-13

Standard organizations

Read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_Organizations

Can be classified into:1) National level organizations2) Regional level organizations3) International level organizationsLet’s look at the major players

Introduction 1-14

National level standards orga.Can be either:

Governmental organizations —ex. NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in US

Quasi-governmental —ex. BSI (British Standards Institute)

Non-governmental (usually non-profit) —ex. ANSI (American Nat’l Standards Institute), EIA/TIA

Introduction 1-15

Nat’l level orgs in US

ANSI (American Nat’l Standards Institute) Voluntary organization, non-profit Clearing house of standards—standards adopted

from recommendations of various standard bodies Represents U.S. to ISO & IEC Example: ANSI/IEEE Std 802.1H

NIST (Nat’l Institute of Standards & Technology Controls governmental standards FIPS (Federal

Info. Processing Standards) Major contributor to ANSI

Introduction 1-16

Nat’l level orgs in US—cont’d EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance )

Manufacturers’ trade organization TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) is a

sector of EIA Recommends standards to ANSI, ISO, IEC Ex. EIA RS232D, EIA/TIA 568(UTP cabling standard)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers )

World's leading professional association Pseudo-standard organization IEEE 802 LAN standards ANSI 802 ISO 8802

Introduction 1-17

Nat’l level in other countries

Introduction 1-18

Regional level organizations

ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

U.S. companies which qualify may apply for membership

PASC (Pacific Area Standards Congress)ANSI has membership on behalf of the U.S.

Many other regional organizations COPANT (Pan-American Standards Commission)

ANSI has membership on behalf of the U.S.

CEN (European Committee for Standardization) ANSI has access as a liaison via the ISO/CEN Vienna Agreement

CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) ANSI has access as a liaison via the IEC/CENELEC Dresden Agreement

Introduction 1-19

International level orgs

ISO (International Standards Organization) Voluntary, non-treaty Membership—Nat’l standard organizations—ANSI OSI model (ISO 7498) Concentrates on Computer comm. & higher layers of

OSI

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications Standardization Sector)

Formerly known as CCITT Treaty organization—(under UN) Membership by country—State Dept represents US Concentrates on Telecomm. & lower layers of OSICross-adopted & Overlapping standards: ex. ISO7498(OSI model) = ITU-T X.200

Introduction 1-20

International level orgs—cont’d

IEC (International Electrotechnical Commision)—concentrates on electrical, electronic and related technologies ISOC (Internet Society)—Internet standardsIEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)—heavy contribution on LAN standards IEEE is listed both in national level and

international level

Introduction 1-21

Industry consortia & forums

Newer force in standardization—gathering of manufacturers & implementers

To speed up standardization To implement quickly to avoid obsolescence

of technologies—technologies can’t wait for Nat’l/Regional/Int’l standards

EX. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) http://www.wapforum.org/ DSL Forum, WAP Forum, MFA Forum,

IPv6 Forum …

Introduction 1-22

Interaction between Nat’l—Int’l standard Orgs

State Dept

PTTs

LAN standards

Introduction 1-23

Internet standards

ISOC (Internet Society)

IRTF

(Internet Research Task Force)—Focuses on research

IETF

(Internet Engineering Task Force) —Responsible for creating Internet standards ( RFCs )

IAB (Internet Architecture Board)

For detailed information for the Internet organizations, visit http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/v6i5_simoneli.html

IESG IRSG

Introduction 1-24

Internet standards—Cont’d

ICANN

W3C(World Wide Web Consortium)

W3C is responsible for WWW standards

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is an internationally organized, non-profit corporation that has responsibility for Internet Protocol (IP) address space allocation, protocol identifier assignment, generic (gTLD) and country code (ccTLD) Top-Level Domain name system management, and root server system management functions.

Under ICANN and mainly responsible for IP addresses & Protocol numbers

Introduction 1-25

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge

end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models1.6 Networks under attack: security1.7 History

Introduction 1-26

A closer look at network structure: network edge:

applications and hosts

access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links network core:

interconnected routers

network of networks

Introduction 1-27

The network edge:

end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, email at “edge of network”

client/server

peer-peer

client/server model client host requests, receives

service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server;

email client/server

peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of

dedicated servers e.g. Skype, BitTorrent,

Gnutella, KaZaA

Introduction 1-28

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?

residential access nets institutional access

networks (school, company)

mobile access networks

Keep in mind: bandwidth (bits per

second) of access network?

shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-29

Residential access: point to point access

Dialup via modem up to 56Kbps direct access

to router (often less) Can’t surf and phone at

same time: can’t be “always on”

DSL: digital subscriber line—most popular is ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop deployment: telephone company (typically) up to 1 Mbps upstream (today typically < 256 kbps) up to 8 Mbps downstream (today typically < 1 Mbps) dedicated physical line to telephone central office

Introduction 1-30

ADSL FDM or Echo Cancellation

POTS—Plain Old Telephone System—voice channel (0 – 4 KHz bandwidth)

Upstream & Downstream use different bandwidth

Upstream & Downstream share same bandwidth

Introduction 1-31

Residential access: cable modems

HFC: hybrid fiber coax Fiber to a neighborhood of 100-2000

homes Coax to each home asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2

Mbps upstream network of cable and fiber attaches homes to

ISP router homes share access to router

deployment: available via cable TV companies since 1990s

Introduction 1-32

Residential access: cable modems

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

Fiber connections

Coaxial cables

Diagram: http://www.cabledatacomnews.com/cmic/diagram.html

Introduction 1-33

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork (simplified)

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

Introduction 1-34

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork

server(s)

Introduction 1-35

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork (simplified)

Introduction 1-36

Cable Network Architecture: Overview

home

cable headend

cable distributionnetwork

Channels

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

VIDEO

DATA

DATA

CONTROL

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

FDM (more shortly):

Introduction 1-37

Company access: local area networks

company/univ local area network (LAN) connects end system to edge router

Ethernet: 10 Mbs, 100Mbps,

1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet

modern configuration: end systems connect into Ethernet switch then to a router

LANs: chapter 5

Introduction 1-38

Wireless access networks

shared wireless access network connects end system to router via base station aka “access

point” wireless LANs:

802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps

wider-area wireless access provided by telco operator ~1Mbps over cellular system

(EVDO, HSDPA) next up (?): WiMax (10’s

Mbps) over wide area WAP / GPRS in Europe

basestation

mobilehosts

router

Introduction 1-39

Home networks

Typical home network components: DSL or cable modem router/firewall/NAT Ethernet wireless access point

wirelessaccess point

wirelesslaptops

router/firewall

cablemodem

to/fromcable

headend

Ethernet

Introduction 1-40

Physical Media

Bit: propagates betweentransmitter/rcvr pairs

physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver

guided media: signals propagate in solid

media: copper, fiber, coax

unguided media: signals propagate freely

through space, e.g., radio, microwave, infrared, laser

Introduction 1-41

Physical media connections

Introduction 1-42

Twisted Pairs

Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires, either

shielded(STP) or unshielded(UTP)—most LAN wiring uses UTP

Stanards for wiring—EIA/TIA 568 (Commercial Building Wiring Standard) Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps

Ethernet Category 5: 100Mbps Ethernet

Typical 4-pair LAN cable RJ45 connector Patch cord

Introduction 1-43

EIA/TIA 568

ANSI / TIA / EIA 568 Cabling Standards and LAN Applications

CAT 3 (voice grade)

CAT 5 CAT 5e CAT 6 CAT 7

Bandwidth 16MHz 100MHz 100MHz 250MHz 600MHz

Type UTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP UTP/FTP SSTP

Data Rate &LAN Applications

16Mbps10BaseT

100Mbps100BaseT, ATM, CDDI

1000Mbps1000BaseT(GigabitEthernet)

Not specified

Not specified

Length 100 meters 100 meters 100 meters 100 meters 100 meters

Link Cost (Cat 5 =1)

0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2.2

FTP: Foil Twisted PairSSTP: Shielded Screen Twisted Pair

data gradeCAT 1 & 2 (subvoice grade)

Introduction 1-44

Physical Media: coaxial cable

Coaxial cable: two concentric copper

conductors Bidirectional Higher bandwidth than TP baseband:

single channel on cable legacy Ethernet

broadband: multiple channels on

cable HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax)

BNC connectors

Inner core

Outer shield

Introduction 1-45

Physical Media: fiber optic cable

Fiber optic cable: glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit high-speed operation:

high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s Gbps—almost unlimited with WDM)

low error rate: repeaters can be spaced far apart due to low attenuation

immune to electromagnetic noise

LED

Photo diode

Introduction 1-46

Worldwide fiber network

Introduction 1-47

Physical media: space (radio)

signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum

no physical “wire” bidirectional propagation

environment effects: reflection obstruction by objects interference

Radio link types: terrestrial microwave

e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

LAN (e.g., Wifi) 2Mbps, 11Mbps, 54 Mbps

wide-area (e.g., cellular) e.g. 3G: hundreds of kbps

satellite Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple

smaller channels) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low orbit

Introduction 1-48

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge

end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models1.6 Networks under attack: security1.7 History

Introduction 1-49

The Network Core

mesh of interconnected routers

the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching:

dedicated circuit per call: telephone net

packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”

Introduction 1-50

Taxonomy of NetworksCommunication networks can be classified according to the way the nodes exchange information

Communication Networks

Circuit-Switched Networks

Packet-Switched Networks

Frequency Division Multiplexing

(FDM)

Wavelength Division

Multiplexing (WDM)

(fiber optics)

Time Division

Multiplexing (TDM)

Datagram Networks

(Connectionless)

Virtual Circuit Networks

(Connection-Oriented)

Introduction 1-51

Network Core: Circuit Switching

End-end resources reserved for “call”

link bandwidth, switch capacity

dedicated resources: no sharing

circuit-like (guaranteed) performance

call setup/teardown required

Introduction 1-52

Network Core: Circuit Switching

network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces”

pieces allocated to calls

resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)

dividing link bandwidth into “pieces” frequency division time division

Introduction 1-53

Circuit Switching (cont’d)

Circuit-switched communication involves three phases:

1. Circuit Establishment 2. Data Transfer 3. Circuit Termination “Busy Signal” if capacity for a circuit not

available Most important circuit-switching networks:

• Telephone networks—POTS (Plain Old Telephone system)• ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Networks)

Introduction 1-54

Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM

FDM

frequency

time

TDM

frequency

time

4 users

Example:

Introduction 1-55

Circuit Switching: WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing)--FDM

8 Fibers

8 Fibers

One fiber

prisms

Introduction 1-56

DWDM(Dense WDM)

Introduction 1-57

Numerical example

How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network? All links are 1.536 Mbps Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit

Let’s work it out!

0.5 sec + (640,000/1,536,000) = 0.917 sec

Introduction 1-58

Network Core: Packet Switching

each end-end data stream divided into packets

user A, B packets share network resources

each packet uses full link bandwidth

resources used as needed

resource contention: aggregate resource

demand can exceed amount available

congestion: packets queue, wait for link use

store and forward: packets move one hop at a time Node receives complete

packet before forwarding

Bandwidth division into “pieces”Dedicated allocationResource reservation

Introduction 1-59

Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand statistical multiplexing.

TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.

A

B

C100 Mb/sEthernet

1.5 Mb/s

D E

statistical multiplexing

queue of packetswaiting for output

link

Introduction 1-60

TDM example—T1 carrier

T1 multiplexes 24 digitized voices onto one UTP

T1 data rate = 8000 frames/sec = 8000*193 = 1.544Mbps

Introduction 1-61

Packet-switching: store-and-forward

takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link at R bps

store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link

delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay)

Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps transmission delay =

15 sec

R R RL

more on delay shortly …

Introduction 1-62

Packet switching versus circuit switching

1 Mb/s link each user:

100 kb/s when “active”

active 10% of time

circuit-switching: 10 users

packet switching: with 35 users,

probability > 10 active at same time is less than .0004

Packet switching allows more users to use network!

N users

1 Mbps link

Q: how did we get value 0.0004?

Introduction 1-63

Packet switching versus circuit switching

great for bursty data resource sharing simpler, no call setup

excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer,

congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?

bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps

still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)

Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?”

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?

Introduction 1-64

Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical-- http://navigators.com/internet_architecture.html

at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately

NAP

Tier-1 providers also interconnect at public Network Access Points (NAPs)

Introduction 1-65

Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

Sprint US backbone network

Seattle

Atlanta

Chicago

Roachdale

Stockton

San Jose

Anaheim

Fort Worth

Orlando

Kansas City

CheyenneNew York

PennsaukenRelay

Wash. DC

Tacoma

DS3 (45 Mbps)OC3 (155 Mbps)OC12 (622 Mbps)OC48 (2.4 Gbps)

…

to/from customers

peering

to/from backbone

….

………POP: point-of-presence

Introduction 1-66

Internet structure: network of networks

“Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet tier-2 ISP is customer oftier-1 provider

Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other, interconnect at NAP

Introduction 1-67

Internet structure: network of networks

“Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

NAP

Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

Local and tier- 3 ISPs are customers ofhigher tier ISPsconnecting them to rest of Internet

Introduction 1-68

Internet structure: network of networks

Introduction 1-69

Internet Tiers

Tier 1 - A network that can reach every other network on the Internet without purchasing IP transit or paying settlements

Tier 2 - A network that peers with some networks, but still purchases IP transit or pays settlements to reach at least some portion of the Internet.

Tier 3 - A network that solely purchases transit from other networks to reach the Internet.

Introduction 1-70

Internet structure: network of networks

a packet passes through many networks!

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier 1 ISP

Tier-2 ISPTier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP

localISPlocal

ISPlocalISP

localISP

localISP Tier 3

ISP

localISP

localISP

localISP

Introduction 1-71

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge

end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models1.6 Networks under attack: security1.7 History

Introduction 1-72

How do loss and delay occur?packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link

capacity packets queue, wait for turn

A

B

packet being transmitted (delay)

packets queueing (delay)

free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-73

Four sources of packet delay

1. nodal processing: check bit errors determine output link

A

B

propagation

transmission

nodalprocessing queueing

2. queueing time waiting at output

link for transmission depends on congestion

level of router

Introduction 1-74

Delay in packet-switched networks3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth

(bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into

link = L/R

4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical

link s = propagation speed in

medium (~2x108 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s

A

B

propagation

transmission

nodalprocessing queueing

Note: s and R are very different quantities!

Introduction 1-75

Caravan analogy

cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr

toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (transmission time)

car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan

is lined up before 2nd toll booth?

Time to “push” entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec

Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr

A: 62 minutes

toll booth

toll booth

ten-car caravan

100 km

100 km

Introduction 1-76

Caravan analogy (more)

Cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car

Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at 1st booth?

Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at 2nd booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth.

1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router! See Ethernet applet at AWL

Web site

toll booth

toll booth

ten-car caravan

100 km

100 km

Introduction 1-77

Nodal delay

dproc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less

dqueue = queuing delay depends on congestion

dtrans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links

dprop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs

proptransqueueprocnodal ddddd

Introduction 1-78

Queueing delay (revisited)

R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet

arrival rate

traffic intensity = La/R

La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become large La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can

be serviced, average delay infinite!

Introduction 1-79

“Real” Internet delays and routes What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay

measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path

towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes

3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-80

“Real” Internet delays and routes

1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms17 * * *18 * * *19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.frThree delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu

* means no response (probe lost, router not replying)

trans-oceaniclink

Introduction 1-81

Packet loss—see http://www.internettrafficreport.com/ queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer

has finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka

lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by

previous node, by source end system, or not at all

A

B

packet being transmitted

packet arriving tofull buffer is lost

buffer (waiting area)

Introduction 1-82

Throughput

throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver instantaneous: rate at given point in time average: rate over longer period of time

server, withfile of F bits

to send to client

link capacity

Rs bits/sec

link capacity

Rc bits/sec pipe that can carry

fluid at rate

Rs bits/sec)

pipe that can carryfluid at rate

Rc bits/sec)

server sends bits

(fluid) into pipe

Introduction 1-83

Throughput (more)

Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput

bottleneck link

Introduction 1-84

Throughput: Internet scenario

10 connections (fairly) share backbone bottleneck link R

bits/sec

Rs

Rs

Rs

Rc

Rc

Rc

R

per-connection end-end throughput: min(Rc,Rs,R/10)

in practice: Rc or Rs is often bottleneck

Introduction 1-85

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge

end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models1.6 Networks under attack: security1.7 History

Introduction 1-86

Functions needed for networking Efficient use of shared resources Device Interfacing Need for Synchronization between sender and

receiver Management of message exchanges Error detection & correction Flow control Addressing Traffic control Recovery from faults Message Formats Security Network management

Introduction 1-87

Layered Protocols

Networks need complex functions as listed in the previous slide!

Involves many “pieces” consisted of hardware and software: hosts routers links of various media applications Protocols

To achieve the complex functions, we need a structured approach Layered protocols

Introduction 1-88

Protocol Architecture Complex functions are divided into layers

so that each layer is simpler Each layer achieves certain pre-defined

functions that are provided as services to an upper layer

An upper layer uses the services of a lower layer

A layer is a “service provider”(to it’s upper layer) and a “service user”(from it’s lower layer)

How many layers? A design issue

Introduction 1-89

ISO’s OSI Model(7 layers) ISO 7498: Open Systems Interconnection Model defines 7

layers in 1984

Diagram from http://www2.themanualpage.org

Introduction 1-90

Why layering?

Dealing with complex systems: explicit structure allows identification,

relationship of complex system’s pieces layered reference model for discussion

modularization eases maintenance, updating of system change of implementation of layer’s service

transparent to rest of system e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t

affect rest of system layering considered harmful?

In some cases, for example, OSI model is criticized having too many layers

Introduction 1-91

Internet protocol stack(TCP/IP)

application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP

transport: host-host data transfer TCP, UDP

network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols

link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, Frame Relay

physical: bits “on the wire”

application

transport

network

link

physical

Introduction 1-92

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Defined in T

CP/IP Protocol S

uiteU

nd

efine

d

Introduction 1-93

OSI Protocol Suite

Read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model

Introduction 1-94

Protocol Suites(stacks)

Introduction 1-95

Concepts for layered protocols Services provided by each layer Services are accessed through interface

points called SAP(Service Access Points) Data Encapsulation/Decapsulation Virtual communcation between peer layers

Introduction 1-96

Peer –to-peer Virtual Communication

Introduction 1-97

Layering

Introduction 1-98

SAP(Service Access Point)

Introduction 1-99

messagesegment

datagram

frame

sourceapplicatio

ntransportnetwork

linkphysical

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

Ht M

M

destination

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

Ht M

M

networklink

physical

linkphysical

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

HtHnHl M

HtHn M

HtHnHl M HtHnHl M

router

switch

Encapsulation

Decapsulation

Introduction 1-100

Encapsulation/Decapsulation(another view)

Introduction 1-101

Encapsulation in TCP/IP

Introduction 1-102

Virtual Communication(revisited)

Introduction 1-103

Nth layer protocol

In a layered protocol, a layer communicates with it’s peer layer using the services of lower layers

This communication should follow strict rules

Nth layer protocol = Strict rules that govern the communication between peer layers

Example: IP, TCP or any existing protocols

Introduction 1-104

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Defined in T

CP/IP Protocol S

uiteU

nd

efine

d

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

O

SI

laye

rs

T

CP

/IP la

yers

Ap

plicatio

n

DomainName

System

DNSDDNS

FileSharing

NFS

BOOTP

DHCP

HostConfigura

-tion

NetworkManage-

ment

RMON

SNMP

FileTransfer

FTP

TFTP

E-Mail &News

MIME

SMTP

POP/IMAP

NNTP

WWW &Gopher

Interactiveaccess

HTTPHTTPS

Telnet

“r” Com-mands(rlogin,rsh, ,,)

Gopher

IRC

Transport TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)

UDP(User Datagram Protocol)

RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)

InternetIPv4IPv6

IP NAT

IP Sec

Mobile IP

IP RoutingProtocols

ICMPv4ICMPv6

ND(NeighborDiscovery)

IP supportProtocols

RIP, OSPF, GGP,HELLO, IGRP, EIGRP,

BGP, EGP

NetworkInterface

(Data Link)

SLIP(Serial Line

Interface Protocol)

PPP(Point-to-Point

Protocol)

LAN/WLAN/WANHardware Drivers

(Ethernet, FDDI, Wireless,ATM, Frame Relay, …)

PhysicalMedium

UTP/Coax/Wireless/Infrared/Fiber Optics/Microwave/Satellite

Introduction 1-105

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge

end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models1.6 Networks under attack: security1.7 History

Introduction 1-106

Network Security

The field of network security is about: how bad guys can attack computer networks how we can defend networks against attacks how to design architectures that are immune

to attacks Internet not originally designed with

(much) security in mind original vision: “a group of mutually trusting

users attached to a transparent network” Internet protocol designers playing “catch-

up” Security considerations in all layers!

Introduction 1-107

Bad guys can put malware into hosts via Internet

Malware can get in host from a virus, worm, or trojan horse.

Spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites visited, upload info to collection site.

Infected host can be enrolled in a botnet, used for spam and DDoS attacks.

Malware is often self-replicating: from an infected host, seeks entry into other hosts

Introduction 1-108

Bad guys can put malware into hosts via Internet

Trojan horse Hidden part of some

otherwise useful software

Today often on a Web page (Active-X, plugin)

Virus infection by receiving

object (e.g., e-mail attachment), actively executing

self-replicating: propagate itself to other hosts, users

Worm: infection by passively

receiving object that gets itself executed

self- replicating: propagates to other hosts, usersSapphire Worm: aggregate scans/sec

in first 5 minutes of outbreak (CAIDA, UWisc data)

Introduction 1-109

Bad guys can attack servers and network infrastructure

Denial of service (DoS): attackers make resources (server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1. select target

2. break into hosts around the network (see botnet)

3. send packets toward target from compromised hosts

target

Introduction 1-110

Denial of Service

Distributed Distributed with Reflectors

Introduction 1-111

The bad guys can sniff packetsPacket sniffing:

broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless) promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets

(e.g., including passwords!) passing by

Wireshark software used for end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer

A

B

C

src:B dest:A payload

Introduction 1-112

The bad guys can use false source addresses IP spoofing: send packet with false source

addressA

B

C

src:B dest:A payload

ARP spoofing: send packet with false source address

Introduction 1-113

The bad guys can record and playback record-and-playback: sniff sensitive info (e.g.,

password), and use later password holder is that user from system point of

view

A

B

C

src:B dest:A user: B; password: foo

Introduction 1-114

Network Security

more throughout this course chapter 8: focus on security crypographic techniques: obvious uses

and not so obvious uses

Introduction 1-115

Chapter 1: roadmap

1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge

end systems, access networks, links

1.3 Network core circuit switching, packet switching, network

structure

1.4 Delay, loss and throughput in packet-switched networks

1.5 Protocol layers, service models1.6 Networks under attack: security1.7 History

Introduction 1-116

Internet History

1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching

1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets

1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency

1969: first ARPAnet node operational

1972: ARPAnet public

demonstration NCP (Network Control

Protocol) first host-host protocol

first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes

1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles

Introduction 1-117

Internet History

1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii

1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks

1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC

ate70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA

late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor)

1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy -

no internal changes required to interconnect networks

best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control

define today’s Internet architecture

1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

Introduction 1-118

Internet History

1983: deployment of TCP/IP

1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined

1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation

1985: ftp protocol defined

1988: TCP congestion control

new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel

100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks

1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

Introduction 1-119

Internet History

Early 1990’s: ARPAnet decommissioned

1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)

early 1990s: Web hypertext [Bush 1945,

Nelson 1960’s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 1994: Mosaic, later

Netscape late 1990’s:

commercialization of the Web

Late 1990’s – 2000’s: more killer apps: instant

messaging, P2P file sharing

network security to forefront

est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users

backbone links running at Gbps

1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps

Introduction 1-120

Internet History

2007: ~500 million hosts Voice, Video over IP P2P applications: BitTorrent

(file sharing) Skype (VoIP), PPLive (video)

more applications: YouTube, gaming

wireless, mobility

Introduction 1-121

From http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/

Introduction 1-122From http://research.lumeta.com/ches/map/gallery/index.html

Introduction 1-123

Internet History: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml

Introduction 1-124

Introduction: SummaryCovered a “ton” of material! Internet overview what’s a protocol? network edge, core,

access network packet-switching

versus circuit-switching Internet structure

performance: loss, delay, throughput

layering, service models security history

You now have: context, overview,

“feel” of networking more depth, detail

to follow!

Introduction 1-125

Lab Exercises Using Wireshark, carry out the following and capture screens Mark the packets clearly with your comment and hand in next class

Things to do:1) Show the Encasulation2) Identify and show the port numbers used in various protocols—at least 3 different port numbers—run several different programs and capture packets3) In TCP/IP, the service access points on Transport layers(UDP, TCP) are ports. How about the service access points on IP layer from TCP? From UDP?4) How about the service access points on Ethernet from IP? From ICMP?5) Do you see many packets marked black with red text? Find out what they are and make them not appear anymore. Hint: Read about “checksum offload”.6) What is the largest size Ethernet packet?7) What is the smallest size Ethernet packet?8) Find out 2 interesting things that you discovered(which you did not know about previously) using the Wireshark.9) Explore Wireshark and find 3 features that you find useful.

All of the above questions should be answered using the captured screen!