Introduction1-1 Communication Systems Lecturer Dr. Marina Kopeetsky Lecture 1: Introduction Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet,
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Introduction 1-1
Communication SystemsLecturer Dr. Marina KopeetskyLecture 1: Introduction
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2nd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-Wesley, July 2002.
Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2nd edition. Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-Wesley, July 2002.
A. Tanenbaum: Computer Networks,4thedition
Introduction 1-3
Chapter 1: Introduction(this and next lecture)Our goal: get context,
overview, “feel” of networking
more depth, detail later in course
approach: descriptive use Internet as
example
Overview: what’s the Internet what’s a protocol? network edge network core access net, physical media Internet/ISP structure performance: loss, delay protocol layers, service
models history
Introduction 1-4
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched
networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History
Introduction 1-5
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
millions of connected computing devices: hosts, end-systems PCs workstations, servers PDAs phones, toasters
running network apps communication links
fiber, copper, radio, satellite
transmission rate = bandwidth
routers: forward packets (chunks of data)
local ISP
companynetwork
regional ISP
router workstation
servermobile
Introduction 1-6
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view Internet: specific standard
technologies: TCP, IP – and others… Allowing interoperability RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
An internet: “network of networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus
private intranet
local ISP
companynetwork
regional ISP
router workstation
servermobile
Introduction 1-7
Computer Communication Network
Connection btw computers
Each pair can communicate (using `physical` network addresses)
Different implementations
Most ensure reliable communication
1 2
3
4
5
Introduction 1-8
Network Types
Network
Ring
Link Bus
Star (Hub)
Introduction 1-9
An internet: Connection of Networks (Using TCP/IP; `Internet` is the `big, public` internet.)
access networks, physical media: communication links
Introduction 1-14
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched
networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History
Introduction 1-15
The network edge: end systems (hosts):
run application programs e.g. Web, email at “edge of network” Idea: Do most work at edge
client/server model client host requests, receives
service from always-on server e.g. Web browser/server; email
client/server
peer-peer model: minimal (or no) use of dedicated
servers
Introduction 1-16
Network edge: connection-oriented serviceGoal: reliable data
transfer between end systems
handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time Hello, hello back human
protocol set up “state” in two
communicating hosts
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol Internet’s connection-
oriented service
TCP service [RFC 793] reliable, in-order byte-
stream data transfer loss: acknowledgements
and retransmissions
flow control: sender won’t overwhelm
receiver
congestion control: senders “slow down
sending rate” when network congested
Introduction 1-17
Network edge: connectionless service
Goal: data transfer between end systems same as before!
UDP - User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]: Internet’s connectionless service unreliable data
transfer no flow control no congestion
control
App’s using TCP: HTTP (Web), FTP (file
transfer), Telnet (remote login), SMTP (email)
App’s using UDP: streaming media,
teleconferencing, DNS, Internet telephony
Introduction 1-18
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched
networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History
Introduction 1-19
The Network Core
mesh of interconnected routers
Hi speed, minimize work Routing: how is data
transferred through net? circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per call: telephone net
packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks”
Introduction 1-20
Network Core: Circuit Switching
End-end resources reserved for “call”
link bandwidth, switch capacity
dedicated resources: no sharing
circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
call setup required
Introduction 1-21
Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces”
pieces allocated to calls
resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing)
dividing link bandwidth into “pieces”
Division for Multiple Access: Frequency division
(FDMA) Time division
(TDMA)
Introduction 1-22
Circuit Switching: TDMA and FDMA
FDMA
frequency
time
TDMA
frequency
time
4 users
Example:
Introduction 1-23
Network Core: Packet Switching
each end-end data stream divided into packets
user A, B packets share network resources
each packet uses full link bandwidth
resources used as needed
resource contention: aggregate resource
demand can exceed amount available
congestion: packets queue, wait for link use
store and forward: packets move one hop at a time transmit over link wait turn at next
link
Bandwidth division into “pieces”Dedicated allocationResource reservation
Introduction 1-24
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern statistical multiplexing.
In TDM each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
A
B
C10 MbsEthernet
1.5 Mbs
D E
statistical multiplexing
queue of packetswaiting for output
link
Introduction 1-25
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Great for bursty data resource sharing simpler, no call setup
Excessive congestion: packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control Q: How to guarantee bandwidth and Quality Of
Service (QOS)? (easy with circuit switching!) Needed for audio/video apps Still an unsolved problem (chapter 6)
Is packet switching always better?
Introduction 1-26
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
Takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link of R bps
Entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link: store and forward
End to end delay = (#hops)*L/R
Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps One link (hop):
L/R=5sec End to end delay =
3*L/R=15 sec
R R RL
Introduction 1-27
Packet Switching: Message Segmenting and Pipelining
Now break up the message into 5000 packets
Each packet 1,500 bits 1 msec to transmit packet on one link pipelining: each link works in parallel 5 sec for each link E2E Delay=5+0.001*2 Delay reduced from 15 sec to 5.002 sec
Introduction 1-28
Packet-switched networks: routing Goal: move packets through routers from source to
destination (using which path?) we’ll study several path selection (i.e. routing) algorithms
(chapter 4)
datagram network/routing: destination address in packet determines next hop routes may change during session analogy: driving, asking directions
virtual circuit network/routing: each packet carries tag (virtual circuit ID), tag determines
next hop fixed path determined at call setup time, remains fixed thru
call routers maintain per-call state
Introduction 1-29
Network Taxonomy
Telecommunicationnetworks
Circuit-switchednetworks
FDM TDM
Packet-switchednetworks
Networkswith VCs
DatagramNetworks
•Internet is Datagram network•Provides both connection-oriented (TCP) and connectionless (UDP) services
Packet-switchednetworks
Networkswith VCs
DatagramNetworks
TCPConnection
Service
UDPConnection-less
Service
Introduction 1-30
Lecture 1: Main concepts Network, internet, Internet, intranet What’s a protocol? Network edge, core, access network Network services
Connectionless (UDP) and connection (TCP) Client/server vs. Peer to Peer
Routing Packet-switching versus circuit-switching (FDM,TDM) Packet segmentation and pipelining Datagram vs. virtual circuit (VC) routing
Introduction 1-31
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet?1.2 Network edge1.3 Network core1.4 Network access and physical media1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched
networks1.7 Protocol layers, service models1.8 History
Introduction 1-32
Internet History
1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching
1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets
1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency
1969: first ARPAnet node operational
1972: ARPAnet
demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control
Protocol) first host-host protocol
first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
Introduction 1-33
Internet History
1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
1973: Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet
1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks