CIE 4110 Course Timber Structure 1, Part1 Wood resources, Wood structure, Wood properties 2014 1 [email protected]11 Timber Structures 1 CIE4110 Wolfgang F. Gard Delft University of Technology Timber Structures and Wood Technology Wood as a Building Material Lecture (2 September 2014) • Wood resources • Wood structure & properties Lecture (5 September 2014) • Wood structure & properties (continue) • Biological durability of timber Lecture (23 September 2014) • Engineered wood products • Wood adhesives [email protected]12 Building Material • Available • Defined properties • Durable • Connectable • Environmentally safe • Sustainable How would you characterise a material as building material in general ? [email protected]13 Wood as Building Material Roller Coaster Amusement Park, Heide-Park Soltau, Germany Height 52 m, length ca.1300 m, 120 km/h Timber Wind Turbine Tower Hannover Marienwerder/Germany 2012 100m height, 100t weight, 1.5 MW, supplies 1000 households with electricity
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Wolfgang F. GardDelft University of Technology Timber Structures and Wood Technology
Wood as a Building Material Lecture (2 September 2014)• Wood resources • Wood structure & propertiesLecture (5 September 2014)• Wood structure & properties (continue)• Biological durability of timberLecture (23 September 2014)• Engineered wood products• Wood adhesives
FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) • independent, non-governmental organization • sustainable forest management Environmentally appropriate forest management ensures that the
harvest of timber and non-timber products maintains the forest's biodiversity, productivity, and ecological processes.
Socially beneficial forest management helps both local people and society at large to enjoy long term benefits and also provides strong incentives to local people to sustain the forest resources and adhere to long-term management plans.
Economically viable forest management means that forest operations are structured and managed so as to be sufficiently profitable, without generating financial profit at the expense of the forest resource, the ecosystem, or affected communities.
PEFC Council (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes) is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organisation, which promotes sustainably managed forests.
TPAC (Timber Procurement Assessment Committee) is a Dutch initiative which assesses certification systems on behalf of the Dutch Procurement Policy for timber. This is in line with the Dutch government policy. Accepted: FSC, PEFC, MTCS (PEFC Malaysia)
European Regulation (EU No 995/2010) regarding Illegal Wood Logging and Trade (has been into force since 2013) (diligence, traceability)
When the ‘locked up’ CO2 amount in the building material (e.g. solid wood, wood fibres, wood based panels) can be kept until the same amount of CO2 has been converted from the atmosphere into forest growth, then the material is 100% sustainable with regard to CO2aspects.
Sustainability of wood concerning environmental aspects
Wood type1) Trade name2) Botanical name (scientific name)
Origin3) Durability4)
(biological)Density range at 12%
moisture content4) (kg/m3) S Larch (1)
Mélèze (2)Lärche (3)Lariks (4)
Larix decidua Mill. E 3-4 470-600-650
S Radiata pine Pinus radiata D.Don AUS, SA, AF
4-5 420-470-500
H European oak (1)Chêne rouvre (2)Eiche (3)Eiken (4)
Quercus robur L.Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl
E 2 670-710-760
H Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata Sm. AUS 1 790-830-900
TH Balau (Yellow)Bangkirai (5)
Shorea laevis Ridl.,S. altrinervosa, Sym.,S. glauca King
AS 2 700-930-1150
TH BasralocusAngélique (5)
Dicorynia guianensis Amsh. SA 2 720-750-790
TH BilingaOpepe, Badi (5)
Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. & Th.Dür) Merrill
AF 1 740-750-780
Selection of commercial relevant wood species in Europe
1) S= softwood, H= temperate hardwood, TH= tropical hardwood2) English (1), French (2), German (3), Dutch (4), others (5)3) E Europe, NA North America, SA South America, AS Asia, AUS Australia, AF Africa4) EN 350-2 (1994): Durability of wood and wood-based products — Natural durability of solid wood — Part 2 : Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe5) Tropix 7; CIRAD Production and Processing of Tropical Woods, Montpellier, France
• Ca. 30% of the world land area is forest area• Forest area: 60% angiosperms, 40% conifers• Round wood production: 2/3 angiosperms, 1/3 conifers• Sawn wood production: 26% angiosperms, 74% conifers• Commercially exploited wood species: ca. 1000 species• Highest biodiversity of wood species is in S-America• Sustainable forest management can be certified by FSC
and PEFC • Only the botanical name identifies the wood species
Bark:Transportation of food and nutrients from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of plant.
Wood (Xylem):Transportation of water and mineral from roots to other parts of the plant. Gives mechanical strength to plant due to presence of lignified cells.