Introduction Transportation Engineering (6)

Transportation EngineeringTransportation systemsConcepts and definitions

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Terms and DefinitionsTransport: is a science that concerns with the efficient movement of people and goods that is undertaken to accomplish objectives to complete tasks that require transfer from one location to anotherTransportation Engineering: is concerned with the application of scientific principles to the planning, design; operation & management of transportation systems. It is a sub-speciality of civil engineering. However, it is inherently multidisciplinary overlapping diverse fields as economics; psychology; geography; city planning; public administration; political science; industrial & electrical engineering

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Transportation SystemsPhysical fixed facilities: streets; roads; highways; railroads; airport; sea & river ports; pipelines and canals.Flow entities: fleets of vehicles; vessels and aircrafts.Control systems refers to the technological ways in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. It can be done manual or automatic. They include means that permit the efficient safe and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and reduce conflicts between vehicles [Signing; Marking and signalling]

Transportation systems consists of the following components:

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Transportation SystemsFacility oriented organization are involved in planning; designing; constructing; maintaining & operating fixed facilitiesOperation organization carriers concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation services [Railroads; airlines; ships; truck lines; transit operator; private car owner, etc]Operating bases and facilities for vehicle maintenance facilities

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

..Characteristics of transportation Highly qualitative and differentiated [By time of the day; day of the week; journey purpose and type of cargo)It is derived and transport is not an end by itself. People are travelling in order to satisfy their needs at their destinations and for the seek of transportIt takes place over space [the distribution of activities over space]. The spatiality of demand leads to problem of lack of coordination which affect equilibrium between demand and supply

Transport demand characteristics:

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

.Characteristics of transportation It is a service and not a good. We cannot stock it. Transport service must be consumed when and where it is produced otherwise its benefit is lost.Transport infrastructure is lumpy and take long time to be carried out.Transport investment has an important political role.Transport is very important elements in the welfare of nations and well being of urban and rural dweller.Transport supply characteristics:

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Transportation system classificationTransportation system is categorized into four major sub-system according to the medium on which the flow elements are supported. These subsystem are commonly referred as modes.Modes describe various means of travel. The four major subsystem are

The definition of transportation systems makes a distinction between passengers and freight goods. Both are needed to satisfy human needs and both constitute a significant portion of Gross National Product

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Mode classification by geography location

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Transportation provider typeHire system are further classified intoContract Carriers: provide service to public under individual contractual arrangementCommon Carriers offer scheduled service and are open to all member of public willing to pay the posted fare.Mass transportation or Mass transit refer to the common carriage of passengers; taxi; car rentalTransportation systems are classified as either public or private or classified as for hire or not for hire

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Urban Transportation systemsThe intra-city or urban distribution of freight is predominantly accomplished by highway subsystem using vans; trucks.The major movement within urban areas are related to passenger transport.Water transport is found within urban areas, it is related to passenger transport.Air transportation is unsuited for urban travelTransport means available for urban travel are land based regardless of being private or public.Mode of transport in urban, heavy rail; light rail, bus

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Transportation ModesHighways are the most dominant mode of transport in most countries of the world including Jordan.The highway system is used by private vehicles; truck lines; bus lines.Highway systems serves intercity passengers; freight transportation; urban passenger transport & distribution of goods.

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Major Characteristics of highway systemsVery high accessibility to almost all potential destinationDirect service with very low-to-door travel timeModerate line haul speed & capacitiesCapital costs of physical facilities are moderateVehicle used are small & cheep to be owned by individual compared to all other mode.Total investment of physical facilities & vehicle is highOperating cost is highEnvironmental impact of the system as a whole are high and of major concerns of societies

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Urban transitIt is a specialized mode. It includes traditional mass transit modes [Buses, street cars, light rail, rapid rail transit & para-transit]Tram street car: Vehicles received their power from overhead power. They are operating on tracks sharing the roadway with cars and busesLight rail: A term embracing a wide range of electrical powered vehicle running on steel rails (metro). Passengers board from road surface or low plat form. It operated along street but maybe provided with exclusive right of way

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

.Urban transitRapid rail transit system called metro is the underground tube operate on exclusive R.O.W and relatively high speeds & provide highest line capacity available.Para-transit: A term applies to small passenger vehicles operating informally on fare-paying basis & serving in some places as an alternative to regular bus transit services.

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Streetcar/Tram

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Light rail

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Rapid Rail transit

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Para-transit

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Who use urban transit systemMainly serves passenger transportation(10% of passenger trips in USA is made by transit, the percentage is much higher in Europe)Transit passengers are either persons making work trips into central business district, usually referred as commuters/choice rider or passenger without access to automobile often referred to as captive rider

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Characteristics of Urban TransitLine haul speeds vary a great deal(Bus are slow where rapid rail transit has quite high speed.Door-to-door travel time are greater than those of automobiles with an exception in CBD.Accessibility depend on route & stop station spacing but in general it is less than of private car.Capacities are high.Capital costs of rail system are high (both physical facilities & vehicles)Operating costs for both bus and rail system are moderate but operating costs per trip is almost higher than dare.Environmental impact are regarded as being less than those of private cars.

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Rail TransportationThe primary market for rail is intercity freight, considerable amount of general cargo are shipped by rail; particularly the bulk cargo. Rail share for intercity passenger miles is relatively low. Most passenger rail trips are of short to intermediate length are limited to high density corridor

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Rail Transportation characteristicsProvides Moderate speed & level of accessibility.High & unreliable door-to-door travel times; however continuous work is under-taken to reduce the travel time.Physical facilities for railway represent heavy investment.Capital cost of locomotives & railcars are relatively high & productivity is lowMaintenance costs for track are relatively highOperating cost per ton-mile are lowEnvironmental impact are comparatively low

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Air transportation CharacteristicsHigh line haul speedAccessibility is limited (relatively little importance because of great length of trips made by air)Capacities of individual aircraft are moderate but productivity is high due to high speed.Capital & operating costs are both quite high but because of high productivity, the cost per passenger carried is moderate.Cost of general aviation airports and aircraft are moderate.Environmental impact are significant especially the noise impact of commercial aviation, but are of much less concern than those of highway systemInclude commercial airlines, air freight carriers and general aviation (private aircraft). Air transportation serves intercity passenger travel (long-distance travel

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Water TransportationTransportation by water can be categorized by inland transport Ocean transportOcean transport include container ships; bulk cargo carriers & oil tankers.Water transportation serves intercity freight.Inland waterways serve bulk goodsOcean shipping carries all types of goods.

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Water Transportation characteristicsLow speed; low accessibilityHigh capacitiesCapital cost of vessel is high but operating costs per ton-mile are lowEnvironmental impact are relatively low, but if oil spills occur, serious problem rise

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Pipe lines transportation characteristicsLow speed to high speed continuous flow transportationCosts are lowEnvironment impact is normally quite low once they are built. However, construction impact is sometime of concern.

Pipe line transportation is specialized in freight transportation system. It serves primarily crude oil.Other modesCables & belt system, they do not have significant role. They are used for specialized passengers Ski-left and moving belt in airports

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

Institutional StructureTransportation should be the responsibility of government bodyThe government should be in charge of formulating national polices & research development for transportation facilities & servicesTransport service & lines are organized by governmental bodyTransport administration is further organized geographically into region and district.The design, construction, and maintenance of transportation system is organized by governmental bodyLocal government at city level are responsible of setting standards for design street & roads, maintaining & operating them & they maybe directly involved in the design & construction of their facilities.Transport planning is responsibility of an agency that exist at national level or district level or municipality level.Private organization involved in transportation sector are the carriers such as airlines, truck lines, bus operators

Dr. Lina Shbeeb

System for financing transportationUser charges include direct charges such as fares, tolls & indirect sources such as fuel tax.General fund revenues collected by different levels of government are derived from regular taxes No direct relationship between source of fund and the activity which they spent onPrivate investment occurs in the part of transportation system that are normally under private control (carrier).Cross-subsidization occurs when revenues collected from users of one type of transportation are used to finance some other type of system (Gasoline tax revenue to finance public transport)

Source of funds for transportation are

Dr. Lina Shbeeb