Introduction to World Banking Structure The banking structure is one of the most important component in the economy of the world to get it grow faster. In any of the country the banking is one of the key aspect by which a country can develop. The bank and the economy of the country are interrelated with each other. There are number of financial institutions which include Insurance Companies, investment banks, finance companies but bank is one of the most important financial institution which helps in creation and flow of money in the economy. The bank is an institution which helps depositors to deposit their money and with the deposit money they supply the capital in the economy and bank is the most important sector which is regulated worldwide. In the economy to get it encourage and make stability in the financial organization there is an International banking structure and the financial organization which helps the economy to get it stable. In generally it is used to say that World Bank has been originated in Italy. In the middle of the 12th Century, there is a big financial crisis and at that time Italy is lacking behind because of the effects on the World War in their country. They desperately needs money in order to cover their war expenses and make country stable so at that time government comes with a plan and forced their citizen to take loan from world bank at rate of 5% per annum in order to meet their war expenses. Such loans are known as ‘compare’, ‘Monte’ etc. The World Bank usually created to meet the needs of the war-torn countries but now the meaning of World Bank has changed. The mission of World Bank has now globally wider in the world and the most important mission of the World Bank is to provide Long-Term Financing for the development of the economy. World Bank International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) International Development Association or IDA.
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Introduction to World Banking Structure
The banking structure is one of the most important component in the economy of the
world to get it grow faster. In any of the country the banking is one of the key aspect by
which a country can develop. The bank and the economy of the country are interrelated
with each other. There are number of financial institutions which include Insurance
Companies, investment banks, finance companies but bank is one of the most important
financial institution which helps in creation and flow of money in the economy. The
bank is an institution which helps depositors to deposit their money and with the
deposit money they supply the capital in the economy and bank is the most important
sector which is regulated worldwide. In the economy to get it encourage and make
stability in the financial organization there is an International banking structure and the
financial organization which helps the economy to get it stable.
In generally it is used to say that World Bank has been originated in Italy. In the middle
of the 12th Century, there is a big financial crisis and at that time Italy is lacking behind
because of the effects on the World War in their country. They desperately needs
money in order to cover their war expenses and make country stable so at that time
government comes with a plan and forced their citizen to take loan from world bank at
rate of 5% per annum in order to meet their war expenses. Such loans are known as
‘compare’, ‘Monte’ etc.
The World Bank usually created to meet the needs of the war-torn countries but now
the meaning of World Bank has changed. The mission of World Bank has now globally
wider in the world and the most important mission of the World Bank is to provide
Long-Term Financing for the development of the economy.
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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
International Development Association or IDA.
World Bank is comprises of two main bodies which are International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) & International Development Association, IDA.
International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD)
IBRD is also known an International Bank for Reconstruction & Development. The name itself
can give you the idea of the functioning of the bank. The main function of this institution is to
provide the funds or finance to developing countries in order of the development of the
country. The institution provide Loans at lower interest rates and moreover at no interest rates.
They also provide technical and research assistance to the developing countries and also
provide loans for developing the economy of the country. They provide infrastructure loans.
They provide loans on various projects which can help in development of the country such as
Power plant, Roads, Rail projects, ports, telecommunication, water system, health, education
and debt relief and all these projects help in the development of any country.
IBRD comprises of 188 members nationwide and each country pays some subscription amount.
Each country has 250 votes and the largest shareholder is USA in IBRD but the decisions are
made by the majority votes and the largest shareholder has benefit and can control the result
because they have most of the votes.
On the other hand International Development Association IDA has started their functioning in
1960. IDA works with IBRD and focuses its efforts on the poorest countries in the world and
they also offer assistance to the poorest countries when their economy is struggling.
Motto Working for a World Free of Poverty
Formation July 1944; 71 years ago
Type Monetary International Financial Organization
Legal status Treaty (Legal Status)
Purpose Main purpose is Crediting
Headquarters USA Washington, D.C
Region Worldwide
Membership IBRD 188 country
IDA 173 country
Key people President - Jim Yong Kim
Parent organization World Bank Group
Data Facts & Figures
GDP Sector Composition
Source: The World Factbook (sector composition)
GDP means monetary value of all goods and services which produced in a country in a specific period of time. Analysis: The GDP of India is around 2048 billion US Dollar in 2014 and GDP value of India represents 3.33% of world economy. Acc. to this report, you can see the contribution of each sector in a GDP. Service sector includes hotel, transport, government services such as health, education. It also includes Bank services and many more services included in GDP. In this report you can see the contribution of service sector in an economy of each country and service sector is one of the most important sectors and it contributes around more than 60% in their GDP. The USA is on the top with high GDP Contribution and their service sector has approx 80% contribution in GDP and India holds 10th position in world in GDP and their service sector holds around 60% contribution in GDP.
In above data the growth of India is impressive and it is growing since 2012 as compared to other countries growth rate which are stable or not growing. .
Market Capitalization of Banks in the World with Ranking (US $ billions) (March, 2016)
Rank Bank Country Market Cap
Rank Bank Country Market Cap
1 Wells Fargo & Co (US) 254.19B 25 Bank of Communications China 55.08B
2 Industrial & Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)
China 226.55B 26 Intense Sanpaolo Italy 51.40B
3 JP Morgan Chase & Co US 217.79B 27 Itau Unibanco Holding Brazil 51.007
4 China Construction Bank China 155.97B 28 Morgan Stanley US 50.92B
5 Agricultural Bank of China
China 155.04B 29 Shanghai Pudong Development Bank
China 48.71B
6 Bank of China China 144.16B 30 HDFC Bank Limited India 48.45B
7 Bank of America US 142.39B 31 China Minsheng Banking Corp (CMBC)
China 47.67B
8 HSBC Holdings UK 128.91B 32 BBVA Spain 46.60B
9 Citigroup Inc US 126.74B 33 Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Japan 45.53B
10 Commonwealth Bank of Australia
Australia 99.69B 34 Industrial Bank Co China 44.48B
11 Westpac Banking Corporation
Australia 83.53B 35 Nordea Bank Sweden 44.19B
12 Royal Bank of Canada Canada 83.36B 36 PNC Financial Services US 43.30B
13 TorontoDominion Bank Canada 77.11B 37 Banco Bradesco Brazil 40.87B
14 Lloyds Banking Group UK 73.777 38 Bank of New York Mellon US 40.62B
15 Banco Santander Spain 71.16B 39 Barclays Plc UK 40.60B
16 US Bancorp US 70.24B 40 Mizuho Financial Group Japan 39.95B
17 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG)
Japan 69.43B 41 China Citic Bank China 39.41B
18 Goldman Sachs Group US 67.91B 42 Royal Bank of Scotland Group UK 38.94B
19 UBS Group AG Switzerland 65.33B 43 Bank of Montreal (BMO) Canada 38.05B
20 BNP Paribas France 62.60B 44 Capital One Financial US 37.46B
21 China Merchants Bank China 59.17B 45 Charles Schwab US 37.24B
22 Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank)
Canada 56.62B 46 Sberbank of Russia Russia 36.43B
23 Australia & New Zealand Banking (ANZ)
Australia 56.48B 47 Societe Generale France 33.02B
24 National Australia Bank Australia 56.27B 48 Hang Seng Bank Limited Hong Kong
Before coming of a Federal Reserve System there were two banks in United States which had
tenure of 20 years each. First bank has tenure between 1791-1811 and the second bank has
tenure between 1817-1836. Both banks is responsible for issue currency, accept the deposit
from the general public, purchase and sell securities more or less they are working as a fiscal
agents for a US treasury.
In Nov, 1910 the secret meeting took place which have 6 bankers and economy policy makers
who represented financial elite of the western world. It was hosted at the JP Morgan State
Jekyll Island in Georgia and in attendance was Senator Nelson w Aldrich, Abram haytt junior
(assistant secretary of the treasury), Frank vandella (president at national city bank of new
York), Henry P Davidson (Senior partner JP Morgan & Com), Charles Dean Nortan (President of
the first national bank of new York), Paul Warburg (Director Of wells Fargo) and the Benjamin
Strong(Emissary for J&P Morgan) and coincidentally the First president of the Federal Reserve.
The meeting held was so secret that no one knows about that and then drafts a Federal Reserve
Act. On Dec 23, 1913 the Act was signed into Law by President Woodrow Wilson’s.
Source: Wikipedia
Structure of Federal Reserve System
There are three levels in Federal Reserve System. At the Top level there is a Board of Governor
with his chairman and the Federal open market committee and the federal advisory council. In
the middle level it consists of 12 Federal Reserve banks located throughout the US and in the
bottom there is a third level consists of thousands of member banks located throughout the
US and the American people. Board of Governor consists of 7 members were appointed by the
president for 14 year term and they are not responsible for the re-appointment and presidents
also appoints one of the seven members as the chairman of the board for a term of 4 yrs and
chairman may be reappointed . The board of governor is the main authority and responsible for
creating and implementing monetary policies in US because the decisions is made by the board
of governor in not required to be approved by the government or even president.
The Federal Reserve System has a power of issue currency and manipulates interest rates and
run secrets Bailouts and the congress and the president is not allowed full oversight over this
powerful organization. The Federal Reserve System is the Private owned body which does not
work under government and is not responsible to disclose their funding and they are the
most powerful organization which works on their own and not under government. It is also
called that the Chairman of the Federal Reserve is the second most powerful person in the US.
The Fed enjoys a monopoly over a creation of nation’s money and credit. The accountings laws
apply to rest of the America do not apply to Fed. From last 100 years Fed are not completely
accountable and transparent to anyone. Fed gives trillions of dollars in bailout and loan but
they never disclosed to whom how much they have paid. In 2009 congress asked the chairman
of the Fed to disclose whom they have paid 2.2 trillions of dollars for bailout but they refused to
tell to them. Many economist called this as a ‘’the biggest robbery ever enacted on the
American people’’.
Working of Federal Reserve System
Suppose if USA needs money so they issue Treasury bonds and sell these T-Bonds to Federal
Reserve and Fed buys this bond out of the money they created out of their thin air and Fed
gave money as loans to USA on behalf of T-Bill and then USA pay interest on the money that
Fed has lent to them which means Fed makes money out of nothing. In other words we can say
that if Fed buys a 1000 $ bond by government and after keeping 10 % in reserve they lend rest
of the 900 $ in an economy which means that 1000 $ T-Bond is safe in their deposit and 900 $
in loan proceeds more money in the economy by which total of 1900 $ money is created out of
nothing and this process go on and on and the origin of 1000 $ bond which is created from
nothing is created 10000 $ in an economy. It means that Fed makes money in their office by
their equipment and lends it to US on behalf of T-bonds but not keeping some equivalent value
like gold .In USA bank is free to give up to 90 % of their deposit to public as a loan. The main
primary focus of Fed is on monetary policy mean that how Fed influence Price Stability.
Suppose if supply of money grows and more money available in an economy, than more money
created more demand and by this demand will increase than supply of money which leads to
inflation on the other hand if supply of money decreases the demand will also decrease and in
extreme cases prices will fall and by this the Recession will come.
The main aim of Fed is to stabilize the money in an economy and prevent both inflation and
recession. The proper way that Fed does this is buying and selling of government securities. If
Fed finds that if there is too much money in an economy in circulation which leads to inflation,
it will sell securities and take excess money out of circulation to stabilize economy and if there
is less money in circulation than Fed buy securities this will put money in circulation and again
stabilize economy.
By studying this, we can get to know that in USA the Banking structure works in another way as
compared to other developed banking structure. Below you can find the analysis of the Balance
sheet of the Federal Reserve System with comparison to Balance sheet of RBI. The Federal
Reserve discloses their balance sheet every week on Thursday, around 4.30PM.
Balance Sheet Of Federal Reserve System As on 27 April, 2016 (Millions of
dollars)
Assets, liabilities, and capital Total
Assets
11,037 Gold certificate account
Special drawing rights certificate acct. 5,200
Coin 1,867
Securities, unamortized premiums and
discounts, repurchase agreements,
4,401,115 and loans
Securities held outright1 4,233,335
U.S. Treasury securities 2,461,413
Bills2 0
Notes and bonds3 2,461,413
Federal agency debt securities2 27,096
Mortgage-backed securities4 1,744,826
Unamortized premiums on securities
183,791 held outright5
Unamortized discounts on securities
-16,082 held outright5
Repurchase agreements6 0
Loans 70
Net portfolio holdings of Maiden
1,714 Lane LLC7
Items in process of collection 182
Bank premises 2,222
Central bank liquidity swaps8 0
Foreign currency denominated
20,772 assets9
Other assets10 30,557
Interdistrict settlement account 0 Total assets 4,474,665
Assets, liabilities, and capital Total
Liabilities
1,571,140 Federal Reserve notes outstanding
Less: Notes held by F.R. Banks 168,538
Federal Reserve notes, net 1,402,602
Reverse repurchase agreements11 267,113
Deposits 2,757,987
Term deposits held by depository
0 institutions
Other deposits held by depository
2,353,257 institutions
U.S. Treasury, General Account 372,499
Foreign official 5,174
Other12 27,056
Deferred availability cash items 842
Earnings remittances due to the U.S.
1,430 Treasury13
Other liabilities and accrued
4,654 Dividends
Total liabilities 4,434,628
Capital 30,038 Capital paid in
Surplus 10,000
Other capital 0
Total liabilities and capital 4,474,665
Analysis Of Balance Sheet of Federal Reserve
I am analyzing the balance sheet of the Fed according to the concepts I explained in above banking structure of the USA. 1. First see the total assets number which are 4,474,665 million $ of assets. 2. Bank has a 11 billion $ of Gold certificate account and coins of 1 billion $ which means bank has extreme less value which can converted into cash. 3. Securities, Repurchase and loans are around 4401 billion $ so this is a big piece of Fed Balance sheet out of the whole total assets. In above you can see the breakup of these which shows that the bulk of them are the US Treasury Loans which means these are the loans to government for up to or more than 10 years. So you can most of the Fed assets are treasuries, loans to the US.
Assets Amt
U.S. Treasury securities(Notes and bonds) 2461413
Federal agency debt securities 27096
Mortgage-backed securities 1744826
Unamortized discounts on securities outright 183791
Unamortized discounts on securities outright -16082
Loans 70
Total 4401114
3. Bank premises means the buildings of the Fed which are about 2 billion $. These are small bunch of assets the most of the assets are US Treasury Loans. 4. Now come to liabilities, so Fed Reserve notes , net of federal reserve bank holdings which are 1402 billion $ . These are Fed Reserve notes which have been printed and these are liabilities because the Fed printed these notes and will use them as currency which means if someone come back and say give the value of these things . 5. Reverse repurchase agreement means Fed used repurchase agreement to borrow from someone else. 6. The deposits are the main portion in liabilities which are around 2757 billion $ so these are the deposits which other banks keep with Fed Reserve but the Fed doesn’t pay interest on these deposits and they can take these deposits and buy treasuries and other securities and get interest on them and that’s what they are getting free interest and in this way US usually fund their operations. Below you can find the balance sheet of the Reserve Bank of India and you relate the Fed balance sheet analysis with the RBI balance sheet and easily can see the differences between the working of these two central banks in their country.