INTRODUCTION TO THE PERIODIC TABLE ATOMIC NUMBER ● SYMBOL ● ATOMIC WEIGHT ELEMENT ● COMPOUND ● MIXTURE
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INTRODUCTION TO THE PERIODIC TABLE
ATOMIC NUMBER ● SYMBOL ● ATOMIC WEIGHT
ELEMENT ● COMPOUND ● MIXTURE
CREATED BY DMITRI MENDELEEV
WHAT IS THE PERIODIC TABLE?
oShows all known elements in the universe.
oOrganizes the elements by chemical properties.
HOW DO YOU READ THE PERIODIC TABLE?
WHAT IS THE ATOMIC NUMBER?
oThe number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
Or
oThe number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom.
WHAT IS THE SYMBOL?
oAn abbreviation of the element name.
WHAT IS THE ATOMIC WEIGHT?
oThe number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
HOW DO I FIND THE NUMBER OF PROTONS, ELECTRONS, AND NEUTRONS IN AN ELEMENT USING THE PERIODIC TABLE?
o # of PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER
o # of ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER
o # of NEUTRONS = ATOMIC _ ATOMIC
WEIGHT NUMBER
ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND MIXTURES
WHAT IS AN ELEMENT?
oA substance composed of a single kind of atom.
oCannot be broken down into another substance by chemical or physical means.
WHAT IS A COMPOUND?
oA substance in which two or more different elements are CHEMICALLY bonded together.
WHAT IS A MIXTURE?
oTwo or more substances that are mixed together but are NOT chemically bonded.
ELEMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE?
ELEMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE?
ELEMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE?
ELEMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE?
ELEMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE?
ELEMENT, COMPOUND OR MIXTURE?
Periods:
Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7). These elements have the same number of valence shells.
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
2nd Period
6th Period
Family:
Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B). These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most shells, the valence shell.
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
Alkali Family:
1 e- in the valence shell
Halogen Family:
7 e- in the valence shell
Notable families of the Periodic Table and some important members:
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
Alkali
Alkaline
(earth)
Transition Metals
Noble GasHalogen
Chalcogens
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
Individual members of selected Elements & their characteristics
H He
Li
Na
K Ca
Mg
Fe
I
Cl
F
P SSi
ONC
Al
ZnCu
Ag
Br
The periodic table can be classified by the behavior of their electrons
1IA
18VIIIA
12
IIA13
IIIA14
IVA15VA
16VIA
17VIIA
2
33
IIIB4
IVB5
VB6
VIB7
VIIB8 9
VIIIB10 11
IB12IIB
4
5
6
7
West (South) Mid-plains East (North)METALS
AlkaliAlkaline
Transition
METALLOID NON-METALSNoble gasHalogensCalcogens
These elementstend to give up
e- and formCATIONS
These elementswill give up e- or
accept e-
These elementstend to accept
e- and formANIONS
ATOMIC RADIUSAtomic Radius:
The size of at atomic specie as determine by the boundaries of the valence e-. Largest atomic species are those found in the SW corner since these atoms have the largest n, but the smallest Zeff.
IONIZATION POTENTIALIonization potential:
The energy required to remove
the valence electron from an
atomic specie. Largest toward NE
corner of PT since these atoms
hold on to their valence e- the
tightest.
ELECTRON AFFINITY
Electron Affinity:
The energy
release when an
electron is added
to an atom. Most
favorable toward
NE corner of PT
since these atoms
have a great
affinity for e-.
Periodic Table and Periodic Trends
1. Electron Configuration
2. Atomic Radius: Largest toward SW corner of PT
3. Ionization Energy: Largest toward NE of PT
4. Electron Affinity: Most favorable NE of PT
Periodic Table: Map of the Building block of matter
Type: Metal, metalloid and Nonmetal
Groupings: Representative or main, transition and Lanthanide/Actanides
Family: Elements in the same column have similar chemical property because of similar valence electrons
Alkali, Alkaline, chalcogens, halogens, noble gases
Period: Elements in the same row have valence electrons in the same shell.
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