Introduction to the History of Computing. 2 + 2 = 4.

IntroductionIntroduction

to the History

to the History

of Computing

of Computing

2 + 2 = 2 + 2 =

44

John John

Napier’s Napier’s

BonesBones

Pickett Electronic Model Slide Rule

1960’s Computers

Here’s the cursor!!

History of ComputersHistory of Computers

AbacusAbacus invented in Babylonia in invented in Babylonia in 3000BC3000BC

Adding machineAdding machine by by Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal (1642)(1642)

Difference engineDifference engine and the and the analytical engineanalytical engine by by Charles Charles BabbageBabbage (1842) (1842)

Blaise Pascal(1623-1662)

and his arithmetic

engine

punchedcards

Joseph Marie Jacquard

punch card operated loom

a sample woven cloth

Charles Babbage(1791-1882)

His AnalyticalEngine

Lady Ada Augusta ByronCountess of Lovelace

(1815-1852)

The World’s First Programmer

Herman Hollerith

HisTabulating Machine

An 80-column “Hollerith” card

Alan Turing (1912- Alan Turing (1912- 1954)1954)

British Mathematician who did fundamental British Mathematician who did fundamental work on the theory of modern computer work on the theory of modern computer science.science.

Defined a simple but elegant mathematical Defined a simple but elegant mathematical model of a general purpose computer, now model of a general purpose computer, now called the Turing Machine, and used it to called the Turing Machine, and used it to prove what was possible or impossible for prove what was possible or impossible for computers to do. Couldn’t get the money to computers to do. Couldn’t get the money to build one. build one.

Today, the ACM’s Turing Award is considered Today, the ACM’s Turing Award is considered to be like the Nobel Prize of computing.to be like the Nobel Prize of computing.

Alan TuringInvented the Turing testLaid the foundation for modern computersHelped crack German codes during WWII

A German Enigma message encoder

Evolution of the ComputerEvolution of the Computer

Eniac, 1947

Telephone,1876

Computer+ Modem

1957

Early WirelessPhones, 1978

First Color TVBroadcast, 1953

HBO Launched, 1972

Interactive TV, 1990

Handheld PortablePhones, 1990

First PCAltair,1974

IBMPC,

1981

AppleMac,1984

ApplePowerbook,

1990

IBMThinkpad,

1992

HPPalmtop,

1991

AppleNewton,

1993

PentiumPC, 1993

Red Herring, 10/99

Evolution of the ComputerEvolution of the Computer

PentiumPC, 1993

Atari HomePong, 1972

AppleiMac, 1998

Pentium IIPC, 1997

Palm VIIPDA, 1999

NetworkComputer,

1996

FreePC, 1999

SegaDreamcast,

1999

Internet-enabledSmart Phones,

1999

Red Herring, 10/99

Convergence, Competition, Divergence

in Computing and Communications

COMPUTER COMPUTER GENERATIONSGENERATIONS

The first computers were results of The first computers were results of world war 2 developments, aimed at world war 2 developments, aimed at military usesmilitary uses1944 Aiken at Harvard1944 Aiken at HarvardMark 1: first electromechanical Mark 1: first electromechanical digital computer (electromagnetic digital computer (electromagnetic relays -- magnets open and closes relays -- magnets open and closes metal switches).metal switches).

COMPUTER COMPUTER GENERATIONSGENERATIONS

First electromechanical computer First electromechanical computer (using relays) designed by (using relays) designed by Howard Howard AikenAiken (1937) was based on punched (1937) was based on punched cards. cards.

Used to calculate tables of Used to calculate tables of mathematical functionsmathematical functions

Howard Aiken and Mark I

Admiral Grace Hopper

Invented the compilerhelped develop COBOLrole-model for women in computing

THE “FIRST THE “FIRST GENERATION:” GENERATION:” VACUMN TUBESVACUMN TUBES

1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical 1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) Integrator and Computer) First electronic digital computer, First electronic digital computer, constructed with 19,000 vacuum tubes. constructed with 19,000 vacuum tubes. Eight feet tall and 80 feet long. Eight feet tall and 80 feet long. External (wired) program.External (wired) program.ENIAC could do 333 multiplications per ENIAC could do 333 multiplications per second and cost the equivalent of $5- second and cost the equivalent of $5- $10 million$10 million

Some of the 19,000 vacuum

tubes

Women were theprogrammers who

plugged-in the programs

ENIAC

John Von Neumann & ENIAC

Computers Should:1. Use Binary2. Have Stored Programs3. Be Function-oriented

UNIVAC-1 the

UNIVAC-1 the

1st Commercially

1st Commercially

available

available

computer

computer

"I think there is a world market for about five computers.”

--Thomas J. WatsonIBM Chairman of the

Board

SECOND GENERATIONSECOND GENERATIONUsed semiconductor transistor Used semiconductor transistor chips developed at Bell Labschips developed at Bell Labs1955 : IBM computer with 2000 1955 : IBM computer with 2000 transistors. By 1959, deliveries transistors. By 1959, deliveries made the vacuum tube computers made the vacuum tube computers outmoded. Included very large outmoded. Included very large mainframes, such as the IBM 7090, mainframes, such as the IBM 7090, and smaller machines, such as the and smaller machines, such as the IBM 1401.IBM 1401.

THIRD GENERATIONTHIRD GENERATIONThe distinction among subsequent The distinction among subsequent generations is not as clear as that generations is not as clear as that between the first and second generation between the first and second generation computers. computers. Third generation is characterized by the Third generation is characterized by the ability to support multi-programming. ability to support multi-programming. Computers that use integrated circuit Computers that use integrated circuit technologies are part of the third technologies are part of the third generation (LSI, or large scale generation (LSI, or large scale integration).integration).

THIRD GENERATIONTHIRD GENERATIONAs part of the third generation, As part of the third generation, we also saw the emergence of we also saw the emergence of “mini-computers”-“mini-computers”-1968 DEC-- first mini1968 DEC-- first mini1972 IBM 370 semi-conductor 1972 IBM 370 semi-conductor memory chipsmemory chips60’s and 70’s punch card & batch 60’s and 70’s punch card & batch processing still dominant.processing still dominant.

John Backus develops FORTRAN

John Kemeny develops BASIC

Nicklaus Wirth develops PASCAL

Applications and Applications and ImpactsImpacts

Through the first three generations Through the first three generations of computers (40’s 50’s and 60’s) of computers (40’s 50’s and 60’s) they were used almost entirely for they were used almost entirely for business (payroll and inventory), business (payroll and inventory), government, and scientific government, and scientific computing. computing.

Punch cards and batch processing.Punch cards and batch processing.

Trends of the

Trends of the

70’s and

70’s and

80’s80’s1. Cost is Down, Power is Up2. Usability is Better3. Networks, Networks, Networks

In the 1970’s-In the 1970’s- Integrated circuits began to to Integrated circuits began to to

make computers smaller and make computers smaller and cheaper. cheaper.

1974- first “personal 1974- first “personal computers” sold as kitscomputers” sold as kits

1977 Wozniak and Jobs released 1977 Wozniak and Jobs released the Apple II (first mass the Apple II (first mass marketed PC)marketed PC)

FOURTH GENERATIONFOURTH GENERATIONNo generally accepted definition No generally accepted definition of fourth generation. Some say of fourth generation. Some say it is the VSLI (very large scale it is the VSLI (very large scale integration) super-computers. integration) super-computers. Some say it is the emergence of Some say it is the emergence of the microcomputer in the form of the microcomputer in the form of personal computers and work personal computers and work stations.stations.

1983 JAPANESE 1983 JAPANESE ANNOUNCE “5TH ANNOUNCE “5TH

GENERATION” PROJECTGENERATION” PROJECTCOMPUTERS THAT WILL TAKE COMPUTERS THAT WILL TAKE SPEECH INPUT AND OUTPUT, IN SPEECH INPUT AND OUTPUT, IN “NATURAL LANGUAGE”“NATURAL LANGUAGE”““Easy to use” computers require Easy to use” computers require tremendous speed. By the end of the tremendous speed. By the end of the 20th century, speeds are measured in 20th century, speeds are measured in MIPS- millions of instructions per MIPS- millions of instructions per second. Many computers now do 1000 second. Many computers now do 1000 MIPS ( a billion instructions/sec)MIPS ( a billion instructions/sec)

SOME HISTORICAL EVENTS SOME HISTORICAL EVENTS OF NOTEOF NOTE

1971 : INTEL’S microprocessor chip (COST 1971 : INTEL’S microprocessor chip (COST $210 EACH IN 1977; 1984 $50 EACH; $210 EACH IN 1977; 1984 $50 EACH; Today?? (is it 50c?) Today?? (is it 50c?) 1975- Bill Gates & Paul Allen found 1975- Bill Gates & Paul Allen found Microsoft Microsoft 1977 PET- first fully assembled PC1977 PET- first fully assembled PC1982 IBM PC1982 IBM PCCommunicating with a computer has Communicating with a computer has evolved from writing assembly code or evolved from writing assembly code or typing arcane commands, to pointing and typing arcane commands, to pointing and clicking with a mouse. clicking with a mouse.

Moore’s LawMoore’s Law

Pervasive Pervasive ComputingComputing

1990’s: Spread of the Internet and 1990’s: Spread of the Internet and adoption of the “World Wide Web” adoption of the “World Wide Web” conventions turn computing into a mass conventions turn computing into a mass medium medium

Smaller, cheaper, faster, easier to use, Smaller, cheaper, faster, easier to use, and interconnected through networks-- and interconnected through networks--

By the end of the 20th century, By the end of the 20th century, computers have become “pervasive”- computers have become “pervasive”- they are integrated into all aspects of they are integrated into all aspects of post industrial or “information” based post industrial or “information” based societiessocieties

Application AreasApplication Areas

Scientific:Scientific: weather forecasting, simulation, weather forecasting, simulation, space-program.space-program. one of the earliest application areas.one of the earliest application areas. heavy computation but small amount of data.heavy computation but small amount of data.

Commercial:Commercial: accounting, banking, inventory, accounting, banking, inventory, sales.sales. changes nature of business – information is money.changes nature of business – information is money. high data throughput, simple calculations.high data throughput, simple calculations.

Manufacturing:Manufacturing: numerical control, CAD/CAM, numerical control, CAD/CAM, integration.integration. graphics, interfacing, device-drivers, networks.graphics, interfacing, device-drivers, networks.

Application AreasApplication Areas

Real-time & Control System:Real-time & Control System: air-traffic control, air-traffic control, aircraft,nuclear power station.aircraft,nuclear power station. real time, very fast, safety-critical.real time, very fast, safety-critical.

Educational & RecreationalEducational & Recreational CAI software, multi-media, games, Internet, World CAI software, multi-media, games, Internet, World

Wide Web.Wide Web.

TelecommunicationTelecommunication Network, SCV, Singapore One.Network, SCV, Singapore One.

Types of ComputersTypes of Computers

Supercomputers:Supercomputers: very fast (Gflops) but expensive machine($10m), very fast (Gflops) but expensive machine($10m),

vector or parallel processors, used in scientific vector or parallel processors, used in scientific applications and simulations.applications and simulations.

Mainframes:Mainframes: fast (>10mips) but expensive ($1m), high-fast (>10mips) but expensive ($1m), high-

throughput, used in large commercial organisations, throughput, used in large commercial organisations, support many concurrent users interactively.support many concurrent users interactively.

Mini-computers:Mini-computers: fast but affordable ($200k), used in medium-sized fast but affordable ($200k), used in medium-sized

organisations (e.g. SoC), support multiple users.organisations (e.g. SoC), support multiple users.

Types of ComputersTypes of Computers

Workstations:Workstations: affordable ($20k) and fast single-user systems (20 affordable ($20k) and fast single-user systems (20

riscs mips), good graphics capabilities, engineering, riscs mips), good graphics capabilities, engineering, network-based computing.network-based computing.

Micro/Personal/Home Computers:Micro/Personal/Home Computers: cheap and affordable ($3k), transportable, home use, cheap and affordable ($3k), transportable, home use,

good for games and as educational tool, word good for games and as educational tool, word processing, suitable for small enterprise.processing, suitable for small enterprise.

Computer Computer ConfigurationsConfigurations

Stand-alone computer systemStand-alone computer system

Modem connectionModem connection

Computer ConfigurationsComputer Configurations

Terminals-host connectionsTerminals-host connections

Computer ConfigurationsComputer Configurations

Network of computersNetwork of computers

Computers as Information Computers as Information ProcessorsProcessors

Example: An automobile augments our power of locomotion.

A computer is a device capable of solving problems according to designed program. It simply augments our power of storage and speed of calculation.

Driver

Programmer

Computers as Information Computers as Information ProcessorsProcessors

Unlike previous inventions, computers are Unlike previous inventions, computers are special because they are special because they are general-purposegeneral-purpose. . Could be used to perform a variety of tasks.Could be used to perform a variety of tasks.

Computer = Computer = Hardware + SoftwareHardware + Software.. HardwareHardware: physical components for : physical components for

computation/processing; should be simple, fast, computation/processing; should be simple, fast, reliable.reliable.

SoftwareSoftware: set of instructions to perform tasks to : set of instructions to perform tasks to specifications; should be flexible, user-friendly, specifications; should be flexible, user-friendly, sophisticated.sophisticated.

Computer as Information Computer as Information ProcessorsProcessors

Computer are Information Processors

Data Units: 1 bit (binary digit): one of two values (0 or 1) 1 byte: 8-bits 1 word: 1, 2, or 4 bytes, or more (depends on ALU)

Computer system

Raw data

Processed information

Basic Machine Hardware Basic Machine Hardware ArchitectureArchitecture

Main Components:Main Components: CPUCPU (Central Processing Unit: controls devices and (Central Processing Unit: controls devices and

processes data).processes data). MemoryMemory: stores programs and intermediate data.: stores programs and intermediate data. Input DevicesInput Devices: accept data from outside world.: accept data from outside world. Output DevicesOutput Devices: presents data to the outside world.: presents data to the outside world.

An analogy with Human Information Processors:An analogy with Human Information Processors: CPU – brain’s reasoning powersCPU – brain’s reasoning powers Memory – brain’s memory Memory – brain’s memory Input Devices – eyes, ears, sensory sub-system Input Devices – eyes, ears, sensory sub-system Output Devices – mouth, hands, facial and body Output Devices – mouth, hands, facial and body

expressionsexpressions

Basic Machine Hardware Basic Machine Hardware ArchitectureArchitecture

Monitor (Output)

Mouse and Keyboard (Input)

Headphone (Output)

Hardware box (has processor, memory, buses etc.)

Basic Machine Hardware Basic Machine Hardware ArchitectureArchitecture

Motherboard (Printed Circuit Board)

Processor

Slots for RAM chips

Network card and CRT card

Cage for mounting drives

Floppy disk drive and Hard disk drive

© above picture: Patterson and Hennessy

Hardware – CPUHardware – CPU

CPU = control unit + ALU + registersCPU = control unit + ALU + registers

Control Unit :Control Unit : monitors and directs sequences monitors and directs sequences of instructionsof instructions

Execution CycleExecution Cycle (repeated): (repeated): fetch (next instruction)fetch (next instruction) decode decode executeexecute

Hardware – CPUHardware – CPU

ALU:ALU: performs simple arithmetic and logical performs simple arithmetic and logical operations.operations. Examples: Add, subtract, and, or, invert, increment etc.Examples: Add, subtract, and, or, invert, increment etc.

A B

ALUselect

R = A op B

n-bits operations

R

Hardware – CPUHardware – CPU

Registers:Registers: temporary results + status information temporary results + status information ACC (accumulator) – current dataACC (accumulator) – current data PC (program counter) – points to next instructionPC (program counter) – points to next instruction IR (instruction register) – current instructionIR (instruction register) – current instruction MA (memory address) – address to read/writeMA (memory address) – address to read/write MB (memory buffer) – data to read/writeMB (memory buffer) – data to read/write

Hardware – Hardware – Memory/StorageMemory/Storage

Purpose: to store program and data.Purpose: to store program and data.

Desirable Traits: fast access, large capacity, Desirable Traits: fast access, large capacity, economical, non-volatile.economical, non-volatile.

However, most memory devices do not have However, most memory devices do not have all these traits.all these traits.

Hardware – Hardware – Memory/StorageMemory/Storage

Solution: hierarchical combinationSolution: hierarchical combination

registers

main memory

disk storage

magnetic tapes

Fast, expensive (small numbers), volatile

Slow, cheap (large numbers), non-volatile

Hardware – Main MemoryHardware – Main Memory

FastFast BUT BUT volatilevolatile (need power to maintain data) (need power to maintain data) Logical structure – table of memory cells/units.Logical structure – table of memory cells/units.

0123

2m-32m-22m-1

addresses

memory cells

8 bits or more

MAR

MBR

address

data

Hardware – Main MemoryHardware – Main Memory

Memory cells may be grouped into Memory cells may be grouped into pagespages (say (say 512 consecutive words per page).512 consecutive words per page).

UnitsUnits 1 KBytes = 1024 (or 21 KBytes = 1024 (or 21010) bytes) bytes 1 MBytes = 1024 Kbytes (or 21 MBytes = 1024 Kbytes (or 22020 bytes) bytes) 1 GBytes = 1024 Mbytes (or 21 GBytes = 1024 Mbytes (or 23030 bytes) bytes)

Hardware – Input/Output Hardware – Input/Output DevicesDevices

Input devicesInput devices: read/accept data (into computer): read/accept data (into computer) obsolete: card reader, paper tape readerobsolete: card reader, paper tape reader present: keyboard, mouse, light-pen, optical char present: keyboard, mouse, light-pen, optical char

readerreader future: voice and vision recognition. future: voice and vision recognition.

Output devicesOutput devices: write/display data (to users): write/display data (to users) obsolete: card & paper punch, teletypeobsolete: card & paper punch, teletype present: VDU (visual display unit), printers, plotters, present: VDU (visual display unit), printers, plotters,

graphics display, soundgraphics display, sound future: voice synthesis. future: voice synthesis.

History of Software History of Software CreationCreation

First program was written by a First program was written by a Frenchman called Jaquard in 1804Frenchman called Jaquard in 1804Very basic program punched on the Very basic program punched on the punched cardspunched cardsThis technology was later adapted by This technology was later adapted by IBMIBM

First real program written by First real program written by Lady Ada LovelaceLady Ada Lovelace

Conveyed her original ideas Conveyed her original ideas about a machine that creates about a machine that creates music, thinks, graphs and music, thinks, graphs and solves complicated problemssolves complicated problems

The writer of the papers “ the The writer of the papers “ the machine that changes the machine that changes the worldworld””

George Bool: in the 1850-George Bool: in the 1850-1860 he presented the 1860 he presented the relationship between relationship between Logic and MathematicsLogic and Mathematics

In 1952 Dr. Grace Murray In 1952 Dr. Grace Murray HopperHopper developed the developed the first compiler first compiler

She also was a major She also was a major help in the development help in the development of COBOL programming of COBOL programming language. language.

Basic Machine SoftwareBasic Machine Software

SoftwareSoftware is the key to making computers is the key to making computers general purpose.general purpose.

Software are often built hierarchically, with Software are often built hierarchically, with layers of software providing successive higher-layers of software providing successive higher-level of abstractions.level of abstractions.

This structure is reflected by the following This structure is reflected by the following onion layer view of software.onion layer view of software.

Basic Machine SoftwareBasic Machine Software

HardwareOperating system

System utilities

Applications/User programs