Global Positioning Global Positioning System System
Mar 26, 2015
Introduction to the Introduction to the Global Positioning SystemGlobal Positioning System
What is the GPS?What is the GPS? Orbiting navigational satellites Orbiting navigational satellites
Transmit position and time dataTransmit position and time data Handheld receivers calculateHandheld receivers calculate
latitudelatitude longitudelongitudealtitudealtitudevelocityvelocity
Developed by Developed by Department Department of Defenseof Defense
Components of the SystemComponents of the SystemSpace segmentSpace segment 24 satellite vehicles24 satellite vehicles Six orbital planesSix orbital planes
Inclined 55Inclined 55o o with respect to with respect to equatorequator
Orbits separated by 60Orbits separated by 60oo
20,200 km elevation above 20,200 km elevation above EarthEarth
Orbital period of 11 hr 55 Orbital period of 11 hr 55 minmin
Five to eight satellites Five to eight satellites visible from any point on visible from any point on EarthEarth
Block I Satellite VehicleBlock I Satellite Vehicle
The GPS ConstellationThe GPS Constellation
GPS Satellite VehicleGPS Satellite Vehicle
WeightWeight 2370 pounds2370 pounds
HeightHeight 16.25 feet16.25 feet
WidthWidth 38.025 feet including 38.025 feet including
wing spanwing span Design life—10 yearsDesign life—10 years
Block IIR satellite vehicle Block IIR satellite vehicle assembly at Lockheed assembly at Lockheed Martin, Valley Forge, PAMartin, Valley Forge, PA
Components of the SystemComponents of the SystemUser segmentUser segment GPS antennas & receiver/processorsGPS antennas & receiver/processors PositionPosition VelocityVelocity Precise timingPrecise timing Used byUsed by
AircraftAircraft Ground vehiclesGround vehicles ShipsShips IndividualsIndividuals
Components of the SystemComponents of the System
Ground control segmentGround control segmentMaster control stationMaster control station
Schreiver AFB, ColoradoSchreiver AFB, ColoradoFive monitor stationsFive monitor stationsThree ground antennasThree ground antennasBackup control systemBackup control system
GPS Communication and ControlGPS Communication and Control
How does GPS work?How does GPS work?
Satellite rangingSatellite rangingSatellite locationsSatellite locationsSatellite to user distanceSatellite to user distanceNeed four satellites to determine positionNeed four satellites to determine position
Distance measurementDistance measurementRadio signal traveling at speed of lightRadio signal traveling at speed of lightMeasure time from satellite to userMeasure time from satellite to user
Low-tech simulationLow-tech simulation
How does GPS work?How does GPS work? Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how
long a radio signal takes to reach us from that satellite. long a radio signal takes to reach us from that satellite. To make the measurement we assume that both the To make the measurement we assume that both the
satellite and our receiver are generating the same satellite and our receiver are generating the same pseudo-random codes at exactly the same time. pseudo-random codes at exactly the same time.
By comparing how late the satellite's pseudo-random By comparing how late the satellite's pseudo-random code appears compared to our receiver's code, we code appears compared to our receiver's code, we determine how long it took to reach us. determine how long it took to reach us.
Multiply that travel time by the speed of light and you've Multiply that travel time by the speed of light and you've got distance. got distance.
High-tech simulationHigh-tech simulation
How does GPS work?How does GPS work?
Accurate timing is the key to measuring Accurate timing is the key to measuring distance to satellites.distance to satellites.
Satellites are accurate because they have Satellites are accurate because they have four atomic clocks ($100,000 each) on four atomic clocks ($100,000 each) on board. board.
Receiver clocks don't have to be too Receiver clocks don't have to be too accurate because an extra satellite range accurate because an extra satellite range measurement can remove errors. measurement can remove errors.
How does GPS work?How does GPS work? To use the satellites as references for range To use the satellites as references for range
measurements we need to know exactly where they are. measurements we need to know exactly where they are. GPS satAellites are so high up their orbits are very GPS satAellites are so high up their orbits are very
predictable. predictable. All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into All GPS receivers have an almanac programmed into
their computers that tells them where in the sky each their computers that tells them where in the sky each satellite is, moment by moment. satellite is, moment by moment.
Minor variations in their orbits are measured by the Minor variations in their orbits are measured by the Department of Defense. Department of Defense.
The error information is sent to the satellites, to be The error information is sent to the satellites, to be transmitted along with the timing signals. transmitted along with the timing signals.
GPS Position DeterminationGPS Position Determination
System PerformanceSystem Performance Standard Positioning Standard Positioning
SystemSystem 100 meters horizontal accuracy100 meters horizontal accuracy 156 meters vertical accuracy156 meters vertical accuracy Designed for civilian useDesigned for civilian use No user fee or restrictionsNo user fee or restrictions
Precise Positioning Precise Positioning SystemSystem 22 meters horizontal accuracy22 meters horizontal accuracy 27.7 meters vertical accuracy27.7 meters vertical accuracy Designed for military useDesigned for military use
System PerformanceSystem Performance
Selective availabilitySelective availability Intentional degradation of signalIntentional degradation of signal Controls availability of system’s full capabilitiesControls availability of system’s full capabilities Set to zero May 2000Set to zero May 2000 ReasonsReasons
Enhanced 911 serviceEnhanced 911 service Car navigationCar navigation Adoption of GPS time standardAdoption of GPS time standard RecreationRecreation
System PerformanceSystem PerformanceThe earth's ionosphere and atmosphere The earth's ionosphere and atmosphere
cause delays in the GPS signal that cause delays in the GPS signal that translate into position errors. translate into position errors.
Some errors can be factored out using Some errors can be factored out using mathematics and modeling. mathematics and modeling.
The configuration of the satellites in the The configuration of the satellites in the sky can magnify other errors. sky can magnify other errors.
Differential GPS can reduce errors.Differential GPS can reduce errors.
Application of GPS TechnologyApplication of GPS Technology
Location - determining a basic positionLocation - determining a basic positionNavigation - getting from one location to Navigation - getting from one location to
another another Tracking - monitoring the movement of Tracking - monitoring the movement of
people and things people and things Mapping - creating maps of the world Mapping - creating maps of the world Timing - bringing precise timing to the Timing - bringing precise timing to the
world world
Application of GPS TechnologyApplication of GPS Technology Private and recreationPrivate and recreation
Traveling by carTraveling by car Hiking, climbing, bikingHiking, climbing, biking Vehicle controlVehicle control
Mapping, survey, geologyMapping, survey, geology English Channel TunnelEnglish Channel Tunnel AgricultureAgriculture AviationAviation
General and commercialGeneral and commercial SpacecraftSpacecraft
MaritimeMaritime
Classroom ApplicationsClassroom Applications PhysicsPhysics
Distance, velocity, timeDistance, velocity, time Orbital conceptsOrbital concepts
Earth ScienceEarth Science MappingMapping SpacecraftSpacecraft
Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science Migratory patternsMigratory patterns Population distributionsPopulation distributions GLOBE ProgramGLOBE Program
MathematicsMathematics GeographyGeography TechnologyTechnology
Classroom ApplicationsClassroom Applications
CareersCareers AerospaceAerospace
Satellite vehiclesSatellite vehicles Launch vehiclesLaunch vehicles
Hardware engineeringHardware engineering Ground control systemsGround control systems User systemsUser systems
Software engineeringSoftware engineering Research careersResearch careers
ConclusionConclusion1.1. GPS is finding its place in every corner of our life. GPS is finding its place in every corner of our life.
Today, we find many applications of GPS all around Today, we find many applications of GPS all around us. us.
2.2. Its like giving every square meter on the planet a Its like giving every square meter on the planet a unique address. In future, the airplanes with GPSRs unique address. In future, the airplanes with GPSRs will be able to land even in dark and in moist will be able to land even in dark and in moist conditions. conditions.
3.3. In no time GPS will be a complete part of our life, just In no time GPS will be a complete part of our life, just as a mobile we have today.as a mobile we have today.