Introduction to the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program Adam J. Silagyi State Survey Coordinator Florida Dept of Ag & Cons Services Division of Plant Industry
Introduction to theCooperative Agricultural Pest Survey
Program
Adam J. SilagyiState Survey Coordinator
Florida Dept of Ag & Cons ServicesDivision of Plant Industry
CAPS CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)(Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)
The program officially began in 1982 as the Cooperative National Plant Pest Survey and Detection Program and later changed its name to: Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey
Operated many years with a 25,000/year budget.
In 1999 the cooperative agreement switched from USDA-IFAS to USDA-FDACS/DPI
CAPS CAPS (Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)(Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey)
CAPS is a combined effort by Federal and State agricultural organizations to conduct surveillance, detection, and monitoring of agricultural and natural resource pests.The CAPS program serves the public and private sectors by improving the quality and availability of pest information.Plant diseases, insects, mites, nematodes, mollusks, & weeds.Combined budget for Florida (State & Federal) $1 million.
CAPS threeCAPS three--tiered hierarchytiered hierarchyNational
Western Region Eastern Region
27 States + PR23 States
Florida CAPS Florida CAPS (Largest Program in Country)(Largest Program in Country)
Gainesville (Headquarters):State Survey Coordinator DPIGIS & Mapping Specialist DPIInformation Specialist DPIMolecular Diagnostician DPIEntomological Identifier USDAPest Survey Specialist USDAPest Survey Specialist DPI
Orlando:Pest Survey Specialist USDA
Sarasota:Pest Survey Specialist USDAPest Survey Specialist DPI
Miami:Pest Survey Specialist USDAPest Survey Specialist DPI
The Safeguarding System
PreventionInternational Services; pre-clearance programs, etc.
Port of Entry MeasuresCBP & PPQ
Pest DetectionPest DetectionCAPSCAPS, DPI inspectors, SPDN, SITC
EradicationRegulatory, Research & Extension
MitigationRegulatory, Research & Extension
Survey for harmful & economically significant plant pests and weeds that have eludedeluded first-line inspections at our ports-of-entry (CBP, DHS & PPQ).
Surveys are necessary to safeguard our nation’s agricultural and natural resources by detecting early pest infestations or introductions and facilitating foreign trade.
☼ High Volume Ports 12 Int’l airports & 14 deepwater ports☼ Mail facilities Smuggling☼ Natural phenomena Hurricanes☼ Tourism 76.8 million tourists in 2004☼ Diverse ethnic communities☼ Ideal environmental conditions
Sources
CAPS Today (rationale)CAPS Today (rationale)
: Florida Dept. of State; Visit Florida; U.S. Census Bureau; Bureau of Economic & Business Research (University of Florida); State of Florida.com research
Florida’s 12 Int’l AirportsFlorida’s 12 Int’l Airports
1. Panama City/Bay County Int’l2. Tallahassee Int’l3. Jacksonville Int’l4. Daytona Beach Int’l5. Orlando Int’l6. Melbourne Int’l7. Palm Beach Int’l8. Ft. Lauderdale Int’l9. Miami Int’l10.Sarasota Int’l11.St. Pete/Clearwater Int’l12.Tampa Int’l
Florida’s 14 Florida’s 14 DeepwaterDeepwater PortsPorts1. Port of Pensacola2. Port of Panama City3. Port of St. Joe4. Port of Tampa5. Port of St. Petersburg6. Port of Manatee7. Port of Key West8. Port of Miami-Dade9. Port of Everglades10.Port of Palm Beach11.Port of Ft. Pierce12.Port Canaveral13.Port of Jacksonville14.Port Fernandina
MIA 88%
DFW 0.1%
ATL 0.3% BOS
0.6%SFO0.3%
IAH 0.1%
JFK 4.9%
LAX 2.9%
ORD1.2%
All other Airports
1.8%
SOURCE: US Department of Commerce
U.S. Flower ImportsMIA and all other US Airports year 2004
All other Airports
5.1%
ORD 4.0%
LAX 6.1%
JFK 21.9%
IAH 0.2%
SFO 0.8%
BOS 0.01%
ATL 1.8%
DFW 0.4%
MIA 55%
U.S. Fruit & Vegetable ImportsMIA and all other US Airports year 2004
SOURCE: US Department of Commerce
3.1% All others
ORD 1.7%
8.2% LAX
13.1% JFK
0.4% DFW0.9% SFO
2.1% BOS1.3% ATL 0.6%
MIA69%
U.S. Perishable ImportsMIA and all other US Airports for year 2004
SOURCE: US Department of Commerce
New US & Florida State Records2000 - 2005
69
5
0 0 1 1 1 2
1715
232728
12
3
77
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Num
ber o
f Spe
cies
ArthropodsPathogensNematodes
19
35 34
33
21 22
TOTAL = 164
Lygodium japonicum Puccinia lygodiaSorghum bicolor Sphacelia (state of Claviceps africana)Verbena canadensis Clover Yellow Mosaic PotexvirusTriticum aestivum Puccinia striiformisCuprocyparis leylandii Seiridium cupressiCamellia japonica* Phytophthora ramorumGlycine max* Phakospora pachyrhiziCitrus maxima* Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
New US & State Records since 2000 –2005 worth mentioning
Host Pathogen
Peach root-knot nematode Meloidogyne floridensisFound only in Florida in 6 countiesPeaches primarily
A nematode Meloidogyne mayaguensisFound in 12 countiesTomato, pepper and soybean
New US & State Records since 2000 –2005 worth mentioning
Host Pathogen
Aphis glycines Soybean aphidPapaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatusChili thrips* Scirtothrips dorsalisA spider mite Olgianichus grypusAn armored scale Aulacaspis tubercularisPink hibiscus mealybug* Maconellicoccus hirsutusAn armored scale Duplachionaspis divergensPigeonpea Pod Fly Melanagromyza obtusaBamboo thread scale* Kuwanaspis bambusicolaAfrican fig fly Zaprionus indianusA notch beetle Myllocerus undatusAmbrosia beetle* Xyleborus glabratus
New US & State Records since 2000 –2005 worth mentioning
Arthropods
CAPS Program GoalsCAPS Program Goals
I.I. Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.II. Maintain a pest information data base to support the
cooperative management of PPQ program pests and biological control agents using NAPIS.
III. Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed distribution data to support export of U.S. agricultural products.
IV. Enhance CAPS communications network.
N.A.P.I.S DatabaseN.A.P.I.S DatabaseNational Agricultural Pest Information System
•Filing cabinet for USDA-APHIS-PPQ
•Stores data/records at:•National•State•County•Host
•Data can be accessed by government, research, extension, private and public
•Three levels:•Public – Pest tracker•Password protected•Data entry http://www.ceris.purdue.edu/napis/
N.A.P.I.S DatabaseN.A.P.I.S DatabaseNational Agricultural Pest Information System
•Filing cabinet for USDA-APHIS-PPQ
•Stores data/records at:•National•State•County•Host
•Data can be accessed by government, research, extension, private and public
•Three levels:•Public – Pest tracker•Password protected•Data entry
N.A.P.I.S DatabaseN.A.P.I.S DatabaseNational Agricultural Pest Information System
•Filing cabinet for USDA-APHIS-PPQ
•Stores data/records at:•National•State•County•Host
•Data can be accessed by government, research, extension, private and public
•Three levels:•Public – Pest tracker•Password protected•Data entry
CAPS Program GoalsCAPS Program Goals
I. Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.II. Maintain a pest information data base to support the
cooperative management of PPQ program pests and biological control agents using NAPIS.
III.III. Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed distribution data to support export of U.S. distribution data to support export of U.S. agricultural products.agricultural products.
IV. Enhance CAPS communications network.
CAPS Program GoalsCAPS Program Goals
I. Early detection of exotic plant pests and weeds.II. Maintain a pest information data base to support the
cooperative management of PPQ program pests and biological control agents using NAPIS.
III. Provide timely and accurate plant pest & weed distribution data to support export of U.S. agricultural products.
IV.IV. Enhance CAPS communications network.Enhance CAPS communications network.
CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysTypical CAPS surveys target those areas NOTcovered routinely by DPI’s Bureau of Plant & Apiary Inspection = 153 inspectors throughout the State.
75 Nursery inspectors54 Fruit Fly inspectors11 Citrus inspectors8 Burrowing nematode inspectors4 Imported Fire Ant Inspectors1 Pink Hibiscus Mealybug inspector
CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysRow Crops (Row Crops (Agronomic & VegetableAgronomic & Vegetable))
Tomato, pepper, cotton, soybean, peanut, sugarcane, potatoSome are often surveyed/scouted by private consultants. Cotton
Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennisPassionvine mealybug Planococcus minor
PeanutPassionvine mealybug Planococcus minorSoybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella
SoybeanSoybean aphid Aphis glycinesFoxglove aphid Aulocorthum solaniSnap bean aphid Picturaphis brasiliensis
CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysRow Crops (Agronomic & Vegetable)
Tomato, pepper, cotton, soybean, peanut, sugarcane, potatoSome are often surveyed/scouted by private consultants.
Pests Not Known to Occur in the USPests Not Known to Occur in the USCitrus greening diseaseCitrus greening disease LieberobacterLieberobacter sppspp..Old world bollwormOld world bollworm HelicoverpaHelicoverpa armigeraarmigeraEgyptian cotton wormEgyptian cotton worm SpodopteraSpodoptera lituralituraChili thripsChili thrips ScirtothripsScirtothrips dorsalisdorsalis
Regionally established pests & pests of export significance
Pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutusEmerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis
CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysRow Crops (Agronomic & Vegetable)
Tomato, pepper, cotton, soybean, peanut, sugarcane, potatoSome are often surveyed/scouted by private consultants.
Pests Not Known to Occur in the USPests Not Known to Occur in the USCitrus greening diseaseCitrus greening disease LieberobacterLieberobacter sppspp. . (8/2005)(8/2005)
Old world bollwormOld world bollworm HelicoverpaHelicoverpa armigeraarmigeraEgyptian cotton wormEgyptian cotton worm SpodopteraSpodoptera lituralituraChili thripsChili thrips ScirtothripsScirtothrips dorsalisdorsalis (10/2005)
Regionally established pests & pests of export significance
Pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutusEmerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis
CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysRow Crops (Agronomic & Vegetable)
Tomato, pepper, cotton, soybean, peanut, sugarcane, potatoSome are often surveyed/scouted by private consultants.
Pests NotNot Known to Occur in the USCitrus greening disease Lieberobacter spp.Old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigeraEgyptian cotton worm Spodoptera lituraChili thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis
Regionally established pests & pests of export Regionally established pests & pests of export significancesignificance
Pink hibiscus mealybugPink hibiscus mealybug MaconellicoccusMaconellicoccus hirsutushirsutusEmerald ash borerEmerald ash borer AgrilusAgrilus planipennisplanipennis
CAPS SurveysCAPS SurveysForested & natural areas
In conjunction with US Forest Service & DOFIn conjunction with other agencies: Federal, State and County Parks service, SFWMD, TNC.
Hot ZonesTile warehouse surveysWood boring & bark beetle surveys in solid wood-packing materials (SWPM) from overseesCitrus greening
Assist inspectors
How are target pests selected?
1. A likely pathway has been identified.
2. The pest is likely to establish if introduced.
3. There is a high risk of significant economic and/or environmental damage.
Host Species Times foundAranthera sp. 1
Ascocenda sp. 1
Bouquets 1
Delphinium sp. 1
Dendrobium sp. 19
Euphorbia sp. 1
Mokara sp. 1
Nymphoides sp. 1
Oncidium sp. 39
Orchids (general) 4
Pelargonium sp. 1
Philodendron sp. 1
Rosa sp. 1
TOTAL 72Spodoptera litura
How are target pests selected?
1. A likely pathway has been identified.
2. The pest is likely to establish if introduced.
3. There is a high risk of significant economic and/or environmental damage.
S. S. lituralitura
S. S. littoralislittoralis
S.S. dolichosdolichos S. ornithogalli
NativeNative
ExoticExotic
Spodoptera litura
How are target pests selected?
1. A likely pathway has been identified.
2. The pest is likely to establish if introduced.
3. There is a high risk of significant economic and/or environmental damage.
1. Highly polyphagous with 150 host species.
2. Cotton, crucifers, cucurbits, groundnut, maize, potato, rice, soybean, tea, tobacco, hot pepper & Phaseolus sp.
Spodoptera litura
Tools – Personal Digital Assistant’s (PDA’s)
GPS readings
Data collection/editing
Ease of data uploading
Data query
Less chance of error
Data display in the field
Navigation
Host plant phenology, pest biology, proper trapping & surveying, pathways, etc.
Tools – GIS & GPS
Define mapping endDefine mapping end--productsproducts
Define survey timeDefine survey time--frameframe
Define data & field protocolDefine data & field protocol
Define training capabilities and Define training capabilities and software implementationsoftware implementation
Geographical Information SystemsGlobal Positioning System
Citrus greening survey
Tools – Data bases
PPQ databasesViolationsInterceptionsCountry of originPort of entryDestination= Hot Zones
SITC databasesProhibited
commoditiesCensus blocks
Tools – Data bases
PPQ databasesViolationsInterceptionsCountry of originPort of entryDestination
SITC databasesProhibited
commoditiesCensus blocks
S. S. lituralitura
S. S. littoralislittoralis
Current SurveysCurrent SurveysSpodoptera litura – Asian/Rice cutwormSpodoptera littoralis – Egyptian cotton worm
NativeNativeExoticExotic
S.S. dolichosdolichos
S. ornithogalli
Red Bay (Persea borbonia)Family: Lauraceae
One of 4 Persea in FLCommon throughout FLHammocks, swamps, ornamental plantingsLeaves alternate, entire, lanceolate, aromaticPsyllid leaf galls common
Unusual Red Bay MortalityThe exotic X. glabratus is probably vectoring the Ophiostomafungus (probably a symbiont)Some initial attacks and inoculation may happen on small diameter twigsVascular fungus eventually colonizes main stem, tree wilts, dies. Other ambrosia beetles attack dying stems
Asian ambrosia beetle (Xylosandrus crassiusculus) Monarthrum mali, other natives Black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus)secondarily moving the fungus?
Trees progress from visibly asymptomatic to dead in as little as 2-3 months
Current SurveysCurrent SurveysAsian Soybean rust
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Weekly monitoring in kudzu & soybeanWeekly conference callsNAPIS & USDA Website data entriesAssist IFAS w/ sentinel plot surveys
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) site ~ 2.5 ha
Current SurveysCurrent SurveysAsian Soybean rust
Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Weekly monitoring in kudzu & soybeanWeekly conference callsNAPIS & USDA Website data entriesAssist IFAS w/ sentinel plot surveys
Current SurveysCurrent SurveysChili thrips
Scirtothrips dorsalis
Part of our crop surveysIncreased monitoring of peppers coming from Caribbean
Current SurveysCurrent SurveysChili thrips
Scirtothrips dorsalis
Part of our crop surveysIncreased monitoring of peppers coming from Caribbean
FOUND
Entomology/Malacology Major Orders
New Records Order Specimens Genera Unknown
1 Continental Coleoptera 112 55
1 State Gastropoda 2
Hemiptera 51 6
1 Continental2 Host
Homoptera 46 11
Current SurveysCurrent SurveysCitrus greening disease
Liberobacter spp.
Psyllid Vector Douglas L. Caldwell
Emerging Plant PestsEmerging Plant PestsCitrus Variegated ChlorosisLeprosis of citrusPalm leaf beetleGemini viruses WhitefliesPoty viruses AphidsTospo viruses ThripsRed Ring NematodeSwede MidgePassionvine mealybugBritish root-knot nematode Meloidogyne artiellaEtc., etc., etc.
CollaborationTechnical advice
Improved trapping techniquesAttractantsExpertise
AssistanceDeploy prototype/pilot projectsData collecting, mapping
Interagency communicationResearch, extension, industry, private consultants