INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL TEXTILES(GEO-TEXTILE, MEDICAL TEXTILE. ,ETC) By Gurumurthy.B.R [email protected]/[email protected]
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INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL
TEXTILES(GEO-TEXTILE,
MEDICAL TEXTILE. ,ETC)[email protected]/[email protected]
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Definition
Other terms used Industrial Textiles
Functional Textiles
Performance Textiles Engineering Textiles
Invisible Textiles
High-tech Textiles
2
Technical Textiles are textile materialsmanufactured mainly for their technical
performance and functional properties.
Technical Textiles
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Some examples of day-to-day use ofTechnical Textiles Kitchen –Floor Mops, Tea Bags, Coffee Filters.
Clothes – Collar / Cuff Interlinings, Shoulder Pads, Waddings in Jackets.
Shoe – Lining, Insoles, Toe Stiffners, Synthetic Uppers.
Car – Carpets, Roof-liners, Seat belts, Tyres, Airbags.
Civil Engineering – Geotextiles in Roads, Railway Tracks, Soil Erosion,Slope Stabilisation, Flyovers, Pond/Canal lining, Landfills.
Furnishing – Carpets, Vertical Blinds, Wall Coverings.
Factory – Dust Collection Filter Bags, Liquid Filtration, Clean Air Filters of ACsystems, Battery separators.
Hospital – Masks, Gowns, Caps, Bandage.
Hygiene – Baby Diaper, Sanitary Napkin, Wet Tissues, Incontinence Diaper.
Bed – Blanket, Quilts, Mattresses, Bed sheets, Pillows.
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Technical Textiles
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TYPES OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES
According to the end use, technical textiles can be divided into
different categories.AGROTECH: These are the Agro-textiles, also known as Agrotex, that are
used in agricultural applications releated to growing andharvesting of crops and animals.
BUILDTECH: These are the Construction Textiles, also known as
Buildtex, used in construction and architecturalapplications. Such fabrics as PVC coated high tenacity
PES, teflon coated glass fiber fabrics are used in airportsand hotels.
CLOTHTECH: These are the clothing textiles, also known as clothtex.
GEOTECH: These are the Geotextiles, also known as Geotex, which arewoven, nonwoven and knit fabric used for many functionssuch as support, drainage and separation at or below groundlevel:
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TYPES OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES
HOMETECH: These are the Domestic Textiles, also known as Hometex, usedin making of many home furnishing fabrics including carpet backings,curtains, wall coverings, etc.
INDUTECH: These are the Industrial Textiles, also known as Indutex, used indifferent ways by many industries for activities such as separating, andpurifying industrial products, cleaning gases.
MEDTECH: These are the Medical Textiles, also known as Medtex. Theyinclude all the medical fabrics that are used in health and hygieneapplications in both consumer and medical markets.
MOBILTECH: These textiles, also known as Mobiltex, are used in transportindustry, such as in construction of automobiles, railways ships etc.
ECO TECH(OEKOTECH): These are the Eco-friendly Textiles, also known asoekotex or Ecotex. They are mostly used in environmental protectionapplications, floor sealing, erosion protection, air cleaning, prevention of water pollution, water cleaning, waste treatment/ recycling, depositingarea construction.
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TYPES OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES
PACKTECH: These are the packaging Textiles, also known as Packtex.Textiles have been used for packaging since ages.
PROTECH: These are the Protective Textiles, also known as Protex, that areused in the manufacturing of protective clothing of different types.Protection against heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against
molten metals for welders, for bullet proof jackets or for chemicalprotective clothing all depend on the use of protech. The protectivetextiles are made with the help of specialty fibers such as aramid fiberused in making of bullet proof jackets, glass fibers used in fire proof jackets etc.
SPORTTECH: These are the sports Textiles, also known as sporttex, used
mainly for making sports wear including sports shoes andother sports accessories.
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Technical Textile Products Inspected By QA
Wing of DGS&D
MEDITEX :- Surgical Gloves , Bandage cloth , Wool CottonObsorvant & Coir Mattresses.
BUILDTEX: - Cotton canvas tarpaulins , HDPE tarpaulins, Mats Door
& Matting Coir.
HOMETEX:- Mosquito Net.
CLOTHTEX:- Shoes Canvas, Jungle Boots, P.C.Suiting ,shirting,Terry Towel, Blankets etc.
PACKTEX:- HDP Bags, B-twill Bags.
SPORTEX:- Tents, Sleeping Bags.
INDUTEX:- Ropes.
PROTEX:- High visibility Cloths, Mosquito Net fire retardant. MOBILTEX:- Helmets, Webbing, Tyre & Tubes.
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Fibre Consumption of textiles
Textle
consumption78%
Technical
textiles
22%
8
World Scenario Technical Textiles
Total consumption – 60 bn. kgs. (2000)
43
17
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Technical textile consumption by Region
USA
23%
WesternEurope
22%
China
13%
Japan
7%
India
3%
Rest of World
32%
9
World Scenario Technical Textiles
Total consumption –
17 bn. kgs. (2000)
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Fiber consumption in Technical
Textiles
World Scenario Technical Textiles
Viscose
3%
Other
Cellulosic
3%
Polyolifin
25%
P o l y a m i d
e 7 % Polyester
25%
Jute , coiretc
14%
Cotton
7%Glass
15%
Others*
1%
* - Others include specialised fibres & yarns / high performance fibres /yarn.
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Global end use of fabricOther Fabrics
2%
Woven fabrics
73%
Non woven
Fabrics
20%
Knitted Fabrics
5%
12
World Scenario Technical Textiles
Total fabric consumption –
11 bn. kgs. (2000)
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End use consumption of nonwoven fabrics
protech
1%
sporttech
1%
packtech
1%
bulidtech
15%clothtech14%
indutech
12%
medtech
33% geotech
3%
agrotech
2%
mobiltech
6%hometech
12%
Others
14%
13
World Scenario Technical Textiles
Total consumption – 2.2 bn. kgs. (2000)
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Packtech35%
Clothtech17%
Hometech
12%Indutech8%
Mobiltech
7%
Sportech7%
Buildtech5%
Meditech4%
Protech3%
Agrotech1%
Geotech1%
Oekotech0%
Segmentation of Indian Technical Textiles market
SASMIRA
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WHAT IS AGROTEXTILE
• Special textiles that are manufactured for agricultural applications• These textile structures are used as controlling environment for
plants/animals in applications like
– Agriculture – Horticulture – Animal husbandry
• Benefits Of Agrotextile Products
Used in Protected Cultivation For Indian Agriculturists forimproved Productivity & Quality Of Produce and lower CostOf Production
SASMIRA
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• Sunlight – direct and indirect• Water• Climatic Conditions including wind, hail,humidity
•External factors like birds, insects, weeds• Post Harvest handling of produce – storageand packaging
• In India, presently Agricultural Activities arecarried out under Natural Conditions ofTemperature and Humidity
SASMIRA
FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURALACTIVITIES
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• Yield percentage is unsatisfactory
• Quality of produce is marred
• Damages to the produce
• Regional limitation on cultivation
• Seasonal limitation on cultivation
THE ABOVE FACTORS CAN BE EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED USING
AGROTEXTILE PRODUCTS
CONSEQUENCES OF ABSENCE OFCONTROL FACTORS
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AGRO TEXTILE PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN AGRICULTU
PRODUCT APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE ANIMAL
HUSBAN-
DARY
FISHING
CROP
PRODUCE FLORICUL -
TURE HORTICUL-
TURE POST
HARVESTING
KNITTED NETS
SHADING
BIRD
PROTECTION
WIND SHIELDS
ANTI-HAIL
HARVESTING
FISHING
MILCHING
PACKAGING
SUPPORT NETS
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AGRO TEXTILE PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN AGRICULTUREContd…
PRODUCT APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE ANIMAL
HUSBAN-DARY
FISHING
CROP
PRODUCE
FLORICUL -
TURE
HORTICUL-
TURE
POST
HARVESTING
NONWOVEN FABRICS
MULCHMAT
CATTLE SHED
UNDERLAY
PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING
WOVEN FABRICS
PACKING SACKS
SUNCREENS
PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING
PLASTIC SHEETS
GROUND
COVERS
GREENHOUSE
FILMS
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Agrotextile Product Details
Bird Protection Net Polypropylene monofilament / Polyethylene Tape yarns, Warp
knitted, 2 – 3 cm mesh size, 40 – 80 g/sq.m. Woven structures of lighter weight are also used
Shading net Polypropylene monofilament / Polyethylene Tape yarns, Warp
knitted, mesh size as per the required shading %, 40 – 80g/sq.m. Woven structures of lighter weight are also used
Windshield fabrics Polypropylene monofilament / Polyethylene Tape yarns, Warp
knitted, mesh size as per the required wind blocking %, 40 – 90
g/sq.m. Woven structures of lighter weight are also used
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Agrotextile Product Details,
contd..
Plant nets Polypropylene monofilament / Polyethylene Tape
yarns, Warp knitted, Strips of nets with large opening,30 -40 g/sq.m
Harvesting nets
Polypropylene monofilament / Polyethylene Tape
yarns, Warp knitted, Flat nets of square or triangularconstruction, of mesh size 8 – 12 mm, 40 – 90 g/sq.m.Woven structures of lighter weight are also used
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Agrotextile Product Details,
contd.. Mulch Mat Polypropylene, spunbonded, 60 – 80 g/sq.m.
Woven biodegradable structures are also used
Packing Material
Polyethylene Tape yarn, Warp knitted, 50 – 60
g/sq.m
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OEKOTECH&
VARIOUS PRODUCTS
To
PROTECT ENVIRONMENT
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Oekotech is an important areas of technical textiles.
Used for environmental protection and waste disposal. Its use is based on environmental damages for:
• Building demolition
• Power plant ash
• Sewage treatment sludge
• Incinerated waste ash• Municipal waste
• Untreated hospital waste
• Hazardous waste
• Radioactive waste
OEKOTECH
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• Geogrids - reinforce slopes beneath the waste, walls, cover soils above
geomembranes;
• Geonets - in-plane drainage;
• Geomembranes – a barrier to liquids, gases and/or vapors and landfill caps;
• Geocomposites –for separation, filtration or drainage;
• Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) - an infiltration/hydraulic barrier; used also for mine
rehabilitation, tunnels, secondary containment
• Geopipes - landfill applications to facilitate collection and rapid drainage of theleachate to a sump and removal system;
• Geotextiles - filtration purpose or as cushion to protect the geomembrane from
puncture.
OEKOTECH PRODUCTS & USESSASMIRA
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From ancient times the textile materials wereused for medical applications in India viz.surgical sponge, linen, silk sutures, strips, catgut,
etc.Latest technological developments has enabledextensive use of technical textiles in healthcareindustry today.
Introduction
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Sutures (biodegradable and non biodegradable)
soft tissue implants
Artificial tendon (meshes)
Artificial ligament Artificial cartilage,
Orthopedic implants artificial joint
Cardiovascular implants vascular grafts
Heart valves
Usage category
In theMedical Textiles – bio-contact for days tomonths
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Simple bandagesLight support bandagesCompression bandagesOrthopedic bandages
Surgical GauzeCottonSlingsDiapersEye Pads
DrapersSanitary productsPatient Hospital UniformAdhesive tapes
On the Patient – bio-contact for minutes to hours
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In the Patient (Intra-corporal applications)
On the Patient
Near the Patient
For the Patient
Categorisation of Technical textiles in Medical Field
U t
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Sutures (biodegradable and non biodegradable)
soft tissue implants
Artificial tendon (meshes)
Artificial ligament Artificial cartilage,
Orthopedic implants artificial joint
Cardiovascular implants vascular grafts
Heart valves
Usage category
In the Patient – bio-contact for days to months
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Simple bandagesLight support bandagesCompression bandagesOrthopedic bandages
Surgical GauzeCottonSlingsDiapersEye Pads
DrapersSanitary productsPatient Hospital UniformAdhesive tapes
On the Patient – bio-contact for minutes to hours
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Near the Patient – No bio-contact, ordinary contact possible
Bed sheetPillow coverOther linen items viz. Blanket, Hand Towels etc.
Heating Pad
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Face MaskGownsCaps
ApronsMopsShoe Cover
For the Patient – No contact
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Healthcare/ hygiene products
Include bedding, clothing, surgical clothes,products for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins,
baby and adult diapers etc.
Non-implantable materials
For wound care that includes absorbent pad(wound contact layer, base material viscose, plasticfilm) and bandages (simple inelastic/elastic,orthopaedic, plasters, gauzes, lint, padding)
Areas of usage
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A range of natural fibers and biodegradablepolymers with non-biodegradable syntheticpolymers are being utilised for developing newproducts in medical textiles.
Since the medical textile applications are directlyrelated to the life of human being, these arerequired to undergo stringent testing and hygienic
criteria.This led to innovative use of variety of fibers andlot of developments taking place in this field.
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•Cotton•Polyester•Polypropylene•Viscose glass fiber•Wood fluff•Polyamide
Fibers used in manufacturing of nonwovens for medical applications
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Quality Standards as per FDA
Item Threadsper
Dimensions
Weight ing/m2
Length andWidth
Other
BandageCloth
Wrap 150,Weft 85
57 toleranceof 5%
99 % of sizementioned onthe label
Foreign MatterNot more than2%
Absorbent Gauze
Wrap 75,Weft 55
30 toleranceof 5%
98 % of sizementioned onthe label
Foreign Matter
Not more than1%
Avg. sinkingtime not morethan 10 secs.
RollBandage
for POP
Wrap 150,Weft 75
35 toleranceof 5%
98 % of sizementioned on
the label
Standards prescribed by FDA for some of the items is tabulated below
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Textiles are very important in all aspects of medicine
and surgery.
Advances in nonwovens have resulted in a new breedof medical textiles.
Advanced composite materials containing combinationof fibres and fabrics have been developed for applicationswhere biocompatibility and strength are required.
It is predicted that the nonwoven materials will continueto have greater impact in this sector because of largemember of characteristics and performance criteriarequired from these materials.
Conclusion
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MARINE
TEXTILES
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MOBILTECH
AUTOMOBILES
RAILS
AEROSPACE
MARINE
THEME
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THEME
FIBRES USED FABRICS &COMPOSITES
REQUIREMENTSAPPLICATIONS& PRODUCTS
TESTSREQUIRED
CONCLUSION
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FIBRES USEDCOTTON
GLASS
WOOL
POLYESTER CARBON
ACRYLIC
NYLON
ARAMID MOD.ACRYLIC
PBO,PBI
POLYPROPYLENE
HPPE
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FLAT WOVEN
FLAT WOVENVELVET
KNITTED
CIRCULAR
WARP KNIT TRICOT
DOUBLE NEEDLE BAR KNIT
COATED &
LAMINTEDFOAM FABRIC
TRIM FABRIC
COMPOSITES
USING FIBRES LIKECARBON,GLASS,ARAMID,BORON,CERAMIC WITH RESIN FRP
CAN MADE
FABRICSUSED
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CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBRES
Resistance to sunlight and UV degradation
Abrasion resistance
Reduced flammability
Soil resistance and easy cleanability
Resistant to microbes and other bacteria
Hard, strong with high tear as well tensilestrength
Softer handle and touch
Very high bursting strength(sails)
APPLICATIONS
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APPLICATIONS
Sails
Inflatable craft
Hovercraft skirts
Furnishing fabrics Oil booms
Nets and Ropes
Functional applications
• Life rafts buoyancy tubes, canopies, minesweepers, sonardomes, corrosive-cargo carriers, Life jackets, personalflotation devices.
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SAILSDefinitionA Textile material extended on rigging to
catch wind and propel a boat.
Requirements: light weight, dimensional stability
Puncture resistance, high tear strength
high seam strength
Low porosity to wind, low water
absorbency Good resistance to microbes
UV degradation and smoothness
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Cont…
Natural fibres are replaced by polyester and
nylon materials.
Polyester film laminated on nylon and
polyester fabrics.
Recent trends are using carbon, ultra high
modulus polyethylene yarns Spectra and
Dyneema
Aramid fibres are avoided due to poor UV-
stability.
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INFLATABLE CRAFT Nylon woven fabric (145gsm)
For lighter craft woven from
470dtex.
Heavier yarns, like 940 d/tex used
for larger boats.
Aramid fibres at 85gsm can also be
used.
For economical craft polyurethanes
& PVC materials are used.
Life boats and rescue craft Freight carrying vessels
Pleasure Craft
Several military applications
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FURNISHING FABRICS Cruise ships can be regarded as FLOATING
HOTELS. So quality of textiles must be standard
High flame retardancy standards due to narrow
corridors and low ceilings
Dyes must be fast to fast to light, rubbing and salt
water
wool carpets are generally Zirpro treated titanium
/zirconium salt)
Durable Anti-static properties are needed conductive
fibres are more durable than finishes
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Nylon fabric is coated with
polychloroprene / natural rubber blend
or natural rubber/polybutadiene.
The nylon cords like 940dtex/2 and 940
dtex/3/3.
This is highly twisted to impart fatigue
resistance.
Though aramid fibres are stronger but
due to poor fatigue resistance not used in
this application.
HOVERCRAFT SKIRTS
Hovercraft can be deployed
on terrain such as marshes
where boats cannot go.
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These articles are designed to contain accidental oil spillages in rivers
and ocean.
woven nylon or polyester as a base fabric(175gsm)coated with Hypalon,
polychoroprene, PVC or PVC/ nitrile rubber, urethane .
The material should be oil resistant.
OIL BOOMS
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Where ropes need to stretch and to absorb high-
impact energies.
Nylon ropes, followed by polyester ropes are popular
olden days.
Second generation of synthetic fibers-aramid, high-
modulus polyethylene, Vectran & PBOone-tenth its
weight when compare to steel.
The low weight and high strength of HPPE fibres to
produce heavy-duty ropes. Its normally Float on
water, are flexible and have a low elongation.
ROPES AND NETS
FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS
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FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS
life rafts, buoyancy tubes, canopies and life
jackets, and personal flotation devices,
minesweepers, sonar domes and in corrosive-
cargo carriers.
Life jackets made by woven polyamide coated
with butyl or polychloroprene rubber to get gsm of
230 – 290.
Quality tests include air porosity, coating
adhesion, breaking and tear strength both in the
warp & weft direction, flexing & waterproofness.
CUSTOM BOAT INTERIOR
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CUSTOM BOAT INTERIOR
Nomex@ core, sandwiched between
layers of woven aramid fiber
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OTHER PRODUCTS
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POPULAR BRANDS
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Property British standards Other related standards
Abrasion resistance BS 3424-24:1990 (1996)
Methods 27A and 27B
BS 5690 (Martindale)
ASTM D 3389-94(rotary)
Tear strength BS 3424:1982 (1996)
Methods 7A, 7B, 7C
ASTM D 1424(Elmendorf)
Water resistance –
rain
tests
BSEN 29865(Bundesmann)
BS 5066:1974 1993
(WIRA)
AATCC 35-1AATCC 42
(impact)994
Tensile strength
breaking and
elongation
BS 1932 for yarns and threads
BS 3424 Pt 5 for coated fabrics
ASTM D 751 for coated fabrics
/ ASTM D 1578-93 yarns by
Skein method
Dimensionalstability
BS 4736:1996 cold water SAE J883 Jan 94 cold waterSAE J315A
Fogging BS AU 168:1978 SAE J1756:1994
TESTS FOR PRODUCTS
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TESTS FOR PRODUCTSPRODUCTS Standard Comments
Buoyancy aids, rescue
devices
BSEN 12628:1999 UL 1123
Life jackets and personal
buoyancy aids
BSEN 393:1994 to 396:1994 BSEN
Recreational inflatable's - UL 1180
Upholstery BS 5790 (PVC) ASTM D 4852 (attached)
ASTM D 3690 (PU/PVC)
Tarpaulins BS 3408:1992 (1995) (ASTM D 751-98)
Marine IMO Regulations e.g. IMO
Resolution A471 (XII) for fire
resistance
-
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MARKET STATUS
Rubber coated fabrics including those coated with natural rubber
neoprene,silicone, rubber or butyl rubber will post the fastest gains in 2012.
Through 2010 polyester will remain the most commonly used coated fabricbecause of its low cost and versatility.
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CONCLUSION
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Geo-Textiles
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Geo Drains Geo Separations
MSEReinforcement
Geotextile Applications in Roads
ASTM D4439 defined a geotextile as follows
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ASTM D4439 defined a geotextile as follows
Geotextile : A permeable geosynthetic comprised solelyof textiles. Geotextiles are used with foundation, soil,rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering-
related material as an integral part of a human-made
product structure, or system.
Due to the very wide range of applications and the
tremendous variety of available textiles having widely
different properties, the selection of a particular designmethod or design philosophy is a critical decision thatmust be made before the actual mechanics of the
design process are initiated.
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
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Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
An overview of geotextiles, alluded to many
applications falling into categories:
Separation
Reinforcement
Filtration
Drainage
Containment
When properly identified, lead to the design-by-function method.
G t til h i il bl
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Geotextile choices as available
1. Lightweight Wovens
2. Heavyweight
Wovens
3. High Flow Wovens
4. High Strength
Wovens
5. Thermally Bonded
Non-wovens6. Needle punched Nonwovens
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
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Separation
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
BituminiousCourses
AggregateBases
GeotextileLayer
Subgrade
D e
s i g n e d
T h
i c k n e s s
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
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Filtration and Drainage
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
Bituminious Courses
Aggregate Bases
Geotextile Layer
Aggregate Drainage Layer
Subgrade
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
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Reinforcement
This is the synergistic improvement in the total systemstrength created by the introduction of a geotextile intoa soil and developed primarily through the followingthree mechanisms:
One, lateral restraint through interfacial frictionbetween geotextile and soil/aggregate.
Two, forcing the potential bearing surface failure planeto develop at alternate higher shear strength surface.
And three, membrane type of support of the wheelloads.
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
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Sealing Function
Geotextile Functions and Mechanisms
New Overlay
Reflective Crack without
Paving Fabric
Old Pavement
Base Course P a v e m e n t C r
a c k w i t h
P a v i n g F a b r i c
Major Applications of Geotextiles
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j pp
Separation of Dissimilar Materials
Between subgrade and stone base in paved roads andairfields
Between landfills and stone base courses
Between geomembranes and soil drainage layers
Between foundation and embankment soils for surchargeloads
Between foundation and embankment soils for roadway
fills
Between foundation and encapsulated soil layers Between foundation soils and rigid retaining walls Between slopes and downstream stability berms Beneath precast blocks and panels for aesthetic paving
e.g. hardscaping
Major Applications of Geotextiles
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Major Applications of Geotextiles
Separation of Dissimilar materials
Between drainage layers in poorly graded filter
blankets
Between old and new asphalt layers
Reinforcement of Weak Soils and Other Materials
To reinforce embankments To aid in construction of steep slopes
As basal reinforcement over soft soils
To bridge over cracked or jointed rock
To create more stable side slopes due to high frictionalresistance
Major Applications of Geotextiles
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Major Applications of Geotextiles
Filtration (Cross-Plane Flow)
Beneath stone base for paved roads and airfields
Around crushed stone surrounding under drains
Around perforated under drain pipe
As a flexible form for restoring scoured bridge pierbearing capacity
Between backfill soil and weep holes in retaining walls
Between backfill soil and gabions
As a filter beneath precast blocks
Major Applications of Geotextiles
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Major Applications of Geotextiles
Drainage (In-Plane Flow)
As a drain behind a retaining wall
As a drain at the base of retaining wallAs a replacement for sand or wick drains
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Band Drains / Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)
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These are geocomposites formed of a hollow cored,
geotextile wrapped drainage element (geonet) insertedvertically into soft ground to speed up the consolidation
process.
Prefabricated Vertical Drain Installation of PVD
Band Drains / Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)
Band Drains / Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)
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Band Drains / Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)
Kandla Port – Ground improvement
Band drains has been adopted to increase the bearingcapacity of the site. The following parameters have been
adopted:
Scheme SBCbefore
treatment(T/m2)
Spacing ofBand Drain
with TriangularGrid(m)
PreloadHeight
(m)
Duration(Days)
SBC aftertreatment
(T/m2)
Scheme-1 2.00 1.25 4.00 80 10.21
Scheme-2 2.00 1.50 4.00 120 10.11
Band Drains / Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) at
K lk t
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Kolkata
Emerging Issues
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Emerging Issues
R&D Needs of the Indian Geotechnical Industry
The Need to Encourage the Domestic Synthetic
Manufacturing Industry
Need for Establishing a Geosynthetic Institute in India
Standardization in the Field of Geosynthetics
Geosynthetics Test Standards and Specifications
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Nano technology
h l
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Nanotechnology
is already making today’s products:
Lighter
Stronger
Faster
Smaller
More Durable
ll i ll?
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How small is Nano - small?
Units in nanometers (µm)
C d t H H i
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Compared to Human Hair
A Human Hair is about 100,000µm wide
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K T
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Key Terms
Nonotechnology
Nanometer
Nanotube
Atom Atomic Level
System
Atomic Structure
Fluence (Laser)
Defects
Dislocation
Molecule
Molecular Dynamics
ComputationalMaterials Science
Newton’s Laws of Motion
M t i l S i
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Material Sciences
Atomic – level Simulations: MolecularDynamics
Computational Research
Dislocation Dynamics
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E h i f R h
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Emphasis of Research
Atomic – level Simulations: MolecularDynamics
Computational Research
Dislocation Dynamics
G tti B Li
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Getting a Base Line on
Material
Molecular BehaviorMolecule
RelationshipTo other
Molecules
Section of Material
D t i St ti P i t
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Determine Starting Point
(Initial Conditions)Using Newton’s Second Law of
Classic Motion
i im a F
H M l l M
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How Molecule Move…
Applications of
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Applications of
Nanotechnology
Current Applications
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Current Applications
burn and wound dressings, water filtrationdevices, paints, cosmetics, coatings,lubricants, textiles, memory/storage devices
medical diagnostics, displays, sensors, drugdelivery, composite materials, solid statelighting, bio-materials, nano arrays, morepowerful computers, protective armor, chem-
bio suits, and chem-bio sensors
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Thank you