Introduction to Some New Era Fields in Pakistan

RS, GIS, Geomatics and its applications to Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sunday, August 17, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 2

Emerging New Subjects and their applications


Introduction to New Fields

Remote Sensing

(RS)

Geographic

Information

System (GIS)

Geomatics


PART - 01

Remote Sensing + Image Processing


Introduction to Basics


Remote Sensing (RS)

“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in

direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).

The science (and art) of acquiring information about an object, without entering

in contact with it, by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and

processing, analyzing, and applying that information.

Information usually gathered from spacecraft or an airplane.

In from of aerial photographs to satellite images.


Remote Sensors …


Eyes Ears

Binoculars Digital Camera

Pigeon Cameras

1903

Types of Remote Sensing

Types

Terrestrial

RS

Optical 300nm – 3000nm

Thermal >3000nm-14,000nm

Microwave 1mm-1m

Celestial

RS


VISION


HUMAN’s EYE

Rods (to see objects at night) = 7 million

Cones (to see colors) = 100 million

CAT’s EYE

Rods (to see objects at night) =~ 21 million

Cones (to see colors) =~ far less

The basic principle of remote sensing is based upon the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atmosphere and the

earth. Electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object is the usual source of remote sensing data.



Wavelength

Frequency

(how many times peak

passes per second)

Light - can be thought of as a wave in the 'electromagnetic field' of the universe

A wave can be characterized by its wavelength or its frequency

Remote sensing is

concerned with the

measurement of EMR

returned by the earth’s

natural and cultural features

that first receive energy

from the sun or an artificial

source such as a radar

transmitter.

Blue green yellow red

1020 Hz 1018 Hz 1016 Hz 1014 Hz 1012 Hz 1010 Hz

1 pm 10pm 10 nm 1 micron 100 microns 1 mm 100 mm

vi-si-ble

Gamma Rays

X-Rays UV N. IR

Th.IR

Microwaves

Radar

TV FMRadiowaves

0.4 m 0.5 m 0.6 m 0.7 m

MidIR

Far IR

Visible light contains light

from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers

Infrared light from 0.1

micrometers to 1 millimeter



Resolutions


Resolutions

SPATIAL

Smallest

identifiable area as

a discrete object in

an image

SPECTRAL

No. of frequencies

recorded = sensors

TEMPORAL

Time interval

between

measurements

RADIOMETRIC

Intensities

identified by

sensors

Image is the Pictorial Presentation of Raster. Pixels are called as Picture elements. Size of Pixel gives the Resolution of the image. Smaller the

Pixel size Larger will the Resolution. Every Raster is not image but every image is a Raster.


SPATIAL RESOLUTION

* Vegetation in Yellowish green, * Vegetation in Red.

* Water in Gray, * Water in Black.


SPECTRAL RESOLUTION


Spectral

Resolution

MSS Multi-spectral Bands: 3-14

Hyper-spectral Bands: 24-224

Temporal Resolution (Example: for satellite in Red and Black colors)


Time

July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3

11 days

16 days

July 2 July 18 August 3

TEMPORAL RESOLUTION


1023

6-bit range

0 63

8-bit range

0 255

0

10-bit range

2-bit range

0 4

RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION

Resolution of Satellite Systems


SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS

NOAA-AVHRR (1100 m)

GOES (700 m)

MODIS (250, 500, 1000 m)

Landsat TM and ETM (30 – 60 m)

SPOT (10 – 20 m)

IKONOS (4, 1 m)

Quick-bird (0.6 m)

*LAC: Local Area Coverage

*GAC: Global Area Coverage


Serial

No.Satellites

Altitude

(km)Bands (µm) Multi-spectral (m)

Panchromatic

(m)

Thermal

(m)Purpose


October 23, 2005 Dust storm in Chad at 250 m resolution, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer) NASA Moderate

Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 705 km, sun-synchronous orbit, 1-2 day for all of earth, 250 m, 500 m, 1000 m resolution. NASA


MODIS (250 m)

30 m resolution and 60 m resolution (thermal), 705 km orbit, 7 bands including thermal infrared, Manhattan, KS. Image, 2000 (USGS-

EROS)


LANDSAT (30 m)


IKONOS (04 m)

MSS


SPOT (2.5 m)


IKONOS (01 m)

(Panchromatic)


Quick Bird (0.6 m)


Imagery and their price ranges


Imagery free of cost

http://glcf.umd.edu/

http://glovis.usgs.gov/

http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/

http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/



Image Processing

Digital image processing is a technology of applying a number of computer

algorithms to process a digital image.

Back in 1980’s, after computer gain enough speed and memory.

It includes:

Image acquisition

Image processing

The result can either:

An image.

Or a set of representative characteristic of original image.

Like: Classified images



a) Original RGB Image

b) R-component

c) G-component

d) B-component

Why Image Processing?

Its Human erg to get from Better to Best

To have a high Quality images.

To see beyond the human visionary.

To have a precise interpretation.

To extract the hidden information.

To utilize the maximum of the available.

To get a better idea before getting into real-time work-out, like surveying.


Where to use Image Processing?

Remote sensing (e.g. satellite imagery)

Geographic Information System (e.g. image processing)

Medical imaging (e.g. X-ray, CT Scan, MRI)

Forensics (e.g. finger-prints)

Military (e.g. detection, tracking)


Extracted Information From Processed Images

Type of information

extracted

Spatial Information

Geometric data Shape, size

Quantitative data Numbers, count

Spectral Information

Radiometric data Tone, texture

Qualitative dataSharpness,

enhancement


Anomalies: Types and Examples

Type o

f A

no

malies

Systematic Errors

Internal error

Geometric error

Non-systematic

Error

Platform error

(satellite)

Non-predictable


Exam

ple

s o

f A

no

malies

Systematic

Distortion

Earth rotation

Earth curvature

Mirror scan

velocity

Non-systematic

Distortion

Altitude

Attitude

PART - 02

Geographic Information System + Photogrammetry +

Surveying +GPS + Geomatics





We Live in Two WorldsNatural World Constructed World

. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict

GIS


GIS Main Points

A map with a database behind it.

A virtual representation of the real world and its infrastructure.

A consistent “as-built” of the real world, natural and manmade.

A GIS can:

create, edit, query, analyze, and display map information on the computer



GIS

“S”

System

Technology for the

acquisition and

management

ScienceTheory and concepts

behind the technology

StudiesSocial, legal and ethical

issues

RASTER VS VECTORS

Raster

Discrete values

Attribute

Numeric values

Non-text values

Abrupt change

Generalized values

No true shape and size

Vector

Continuous values

Point, line, polygon

Attribute

Numeric

Text

Gradual change

Maintains of true, Relative, shape and size




The WorldGeographicKnowledge

Citizens

How GIS Describe The Data?

SPATIAL DATA

WHERE IT IS?

Locational Data

Representation of Read Data in terms of

Coordinates

Geographic (lat/long)

Projected (meters, feet)

Geographic Data (on the surface of the Earth)

Geo-spatial Data (range of data from Earth to

Space)

ASPATIAL DATA

WHAT IT IS?

Attribute Data

Numeric

Text

Non-spatial data

Stands on the basis of Database


Cont.



Geographic coordinates

Tabular attributes

Geographic Data Model

Digital Orthophoto

Streets

Hydrography

Parcels

Buildings

Zoning

Utilities

Administrative Boundaries

KEY PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA


Key Properties of

Spatial data

Projection

3D earth into 2D

map

Accuracy

How well does the

database info

match the real

world

Scale

Ratio of distance

on a map to the

equivalent distance

on the ground

Resolution

The size of the

smallest feature

able to be

recognized

In Short Summary of GIS


“GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.

“A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”

“GIS is a spatial decision support system”

“GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too tedious or expensive or inaccurate if

performed by hand”

Cont.

In GIS we usually go with the processing of data, analyzing it, and generating a spatial and non-

spatial data out of our input data.

No dealing with the acquisition of the data.

It is a decision making tool.

It is also a geo-database with temporal analysis.




Introduction To Surveying

Surveying is inter-changeably called “GEOMATICS”.

BUT, ‘Geomatics’ is a Major Field!

So surveying, by definition stands out:

The science, art, ad technology of determining the relative positions of points, Above, On, Below

the Surface of the Earth.

The discipline which compromises all methods for measuring and collecting all of the information

about the physical earth.


Types of Surveying

Types o

f Surveyin

g By purpose

EngineeringTo choose

locations

TopographyRecording all

features on land

By Scale

By Measurements

taken

Triangulations By Angles

TraversingBy Bearing and

Distances

By Equipment

used

Tape Compass

Total Station Spatial Station

EDM Theodolite



Mapping Scales

• High Details

• Small area

• 1:24,00 or larger

Large Scale

• Average

• 1:24,00 – 120,000

Medium Scale

• Less Details

• Large area

• 1:120,000 or smaller

Small Scale


Methods for Surveying

Metho

ds fo

r Surveyin

gAerial Way-out Satellite imaging

Accurate

Economical

Large area coverage

Ground Verification

For establishment of

Control and check

Small area coverage

Large scale mapping


Introduction to Basic


Introduction

The science and art of obtaining reliable

information by the means of

photographs.

Information about 2D and 3D objects

without in contact.

Sunday, August 17, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 61A

rea o

f Specia

lizatio

n

Metric

Applied over spatial

data

Distance, elevation,

area, volume etc.

Interpretative

Related to RS

Classifying objects on

basis of shape, size,

patterns, shadows, etc.

Evolution of Photogrammetry


Serial No. Level of Generation Year Range Difference

01. 1st

Generation 1850-1900 Invention of photography

02. Analog 1900-2000 Invention of Planes

03. Analytical 1950-2000 Invention of Cameras

04. Digital 1970-till now Invention of CCD, LIDAR, X-Ray


End Lap And Side Lap


Workflow

Capture Images

Determine camera orientations

Generate DTMs & 3D Images (if required)

Analyse data: calculate volumes, digitize vector data, etc.

GPS Intro



THREE PARTS OF GPS

Space segment

Control segment

User/Ground segment


Control Segment

Space Segment

User Segment

THREE

SEGMENTS

OF

THE

GPS

Monitor Stations

Ground

Antennas

Master Station


Kwajalein Atoll

US Space Command

Control

Segment

Hawaii

Ascension Is.

Diego Garcia

Cape Canaveral

Ground AntennaMaster Control Station Monitor Station


WORKING OF

GPS


11,000 miles

11,000 miles

11,000 miles

11,000 miles

SOURCES OF ERRORS

IN

GPS READINGS

AND

MEASUREMENTS

GPS Fun and Facts


Categories Facts Categories Facts

Developed By US Dpt. of Defense (DoD) Developing Year 1993

Operational Active Total No. Of Satellites 31

Constellation Satellites 24-27 Signal Speed Speed of light (3x10⁵ km)

Time Period 12 hours Inclination 55 degrees

Precision 30m-0.5m ManufacturersTrimble Navigation Ltd.,

Motorola Solutions, etc.

Altitude 20,200 km Estimated Cost 24 Billion US Dollars

Follow Sidereal Day 24h 56m 4s Types DGPS , A-GPS

Bands L1 and L2 now L5 Frequencies (MHz) 1575.42 , 1227.60 , 1176.45

Services SPS , PPS Codes C/A , P



Definition

It is the discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering Geographic information,

or Spatially referenced information.


While in Geomatics, we go for all those type of the disciplines that deals with the

measurements of the geo-data, like geodesy, surveying, photogrammetry, GPS etc.

A more specialized field.

It deals with the acquisition of the data along with modeling, and all other GIS stuff.


PART - 03

Applications to Civil Engineering


Cycle




Direction of Flow

Cross-Section

Channel

Cross – Sections




INTERPOLATION

Points are interpolated in Arc

Map to produce a

continuous surface.


CENTERLINE

Define the centerline along the

channel


Straightened River in 3D


Analysis, Modeling,

Decision Making

Arc Hydro

Geodatabase

Arc Hydro Data and Models


Streams

Drainage Areas

Hydrography

Channels

Terrain Surfaces

Rainfall Response

Digital Ortho-

photos

Data Model Based

on Inventory


Streams

Watersheds Water body

Monitoring Points

Arc Hydro Framework Input Data


REFERENCES


1. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to Manage Civil Engineering Projects By Asmaa Abdul Jabbar

2. Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

(Chapter 14, pages 317-319)

3. www.esri.com/engineering

4. http://webhelp.esri.com/arcpad/8.0/userguide/index.htm#capture_devices/concept_intro.htm

Special Acknowledgement

Industrial partners: ESRI, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Camp, Dresser and McKee, Dodson and Associates

Government partners:

Federal: EPA, USGS, Corps of Engineers (Hydrologic Engineering Center)

State: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Development Board

Local: Lower Colorado River Authority, City of Austin, Dept. of Watershed Protection

Academic Partners: University of Texas, Brigham Young University, Utah State University


Introduction to Some New Era Fields in Pakistan

Education

remote sensors piaip

range04radiometric resolution

spatial resolution

temporal resolution

frequencyremote sensing

blue green yellow red1020

local area coverage

global area coveragepiaip