Introduction to Solutions
Dec 28, 2015
Matter Flowchart
MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
Colloids Suspensions
Pure Substances• A pure substance has a
definite composition.• Pure substances can be
elements or compounds
Mixtures• A mixture can be either homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
• A homogeneous mixture is one in which all of the components are UNIFORMILY distributed.– Ex: chocolate milk
• A heterogeneous mixture is one in which the components are NOT UNIFORMILY distributed.– Ex: pizza
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
SolutionsSolutions, in chemistry, are homogeneous
mixtures of two or more substances.
The substance present in largest quantity usually is called the solvent. The solvent can be either a liquid or a solid.
The substance that is present in smallest quantity is said to be dissolved and is called the solute. The solute can be either a gas, a liquid, or a solid.
Coke lists as its ingredients as: “carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup and/or sucrose, caramel color, phosphoric acid, natural flavors, caffeine”.
What is the solvent?
What are the solutes?
What can we classify CO2 as in carbonated beverages?
Concept Check
• Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in one another.
• Immiscible liquids are not soluble in each other.
IPC-Solutions-Borders
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Suspensions-a heterogeneous mixture that contains large particles that “settle out” unless constantly stirred or agitated Ex: freshly squeezed OJ, salad dressing
Colloids-a heterogeneous mixture in which the components are microscopic and will not separate when left standing. Ex: mayonnaise, milk, stick deodorant
How does a solid dissolve into a liquid?
• Solvent molecules are attracted to surface ions.• Each ion is surrounded by solvent molecules.
Ionic solid dissolving in water
Dissolution vs. Reaction
• Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back the original solute by evaporating the solvent.
• If you cant, the substance didn’t dissolve, it reacted.
Ni(s) + HCl(aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g) NiCl2(s)dry
Factors Affecting Solubility
• Chemists use the saying “like dissolves like:”Polar substances tend to
dissolve in polar solvents.Nonpolar substances tend
to dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
Oil is nonpolar while water is polar. They are immiscible.
Degree of saturation
• Unsaturated SolutionLess than the
maximum amount of solute for that temperature is dissolved in the solvent.
No solid remains in flask.
Degree of saturation• Saturated solution
Solvent holds as much solute as is possible at that temperature.
Undissolved solid remains in flask.
Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with solid solute particles.
Degree of saturation
• Supersaturated SolutionSolvent holds more solute than is normally
possible at that temperature.These solutions are unstable
Chemistry-Borders
Temperature and Solubility
Generally, the solubility of solid solutes in liquid solvents increases with increasing temperature.
Saturated or Unsaturated?
• a solution that contains 70g of NaNO3 at 30°C
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Saturated or Unsaturated?
• a solution that contains 50g of NH4Cl at 50°C
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Saturated or Unsaturated?
• a solution that contains 20g of KClO3 at 50°C
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Saturated or Unsaturated?
• a solution that contains 70g of KI at 0°C
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Saturated or Unsaturated?
• A mass of 100 g of NaNO3 is dissolved in 100 g of water at 80ºC
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Solubility of Gases
• In general, the solubility of gases in water increases with increasing mass.
Why?• Larger molecules
have stronger dispersion forces.
IPC-Solutions-Borders
Gases in Solution
• The solubility of liquids and solids does not change appreciably with pressure.
• But, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its pressure.
Increasing pressure above solution forces more gas to dissolve.
IPC-Solutions-Borders
Temperature• The opposite is true of
gases. Higher temperature drives gases out of solution.
Carbonated soft drinks are more “bubbly” if stored in the refrigerator.
Warm lakes have less O2 dissolved in them than cool lakes.
IPC-Solutions-Borders
Temperature and Solubility
Solid solubility and temperature
solubility increases with increasing temperature
solubility decreases with increasing temperature
IPC-Solutions-Borders
Temperature and Solubility
Gas solubility and temperature
solubility usually decreases with increasing temperature
IPC-Solutions-Borders