CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004 Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ) Introduction to Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy 国国国国国 国 国 国 国
Jan 15, 2016
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Introduction to Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging
Spectroscopy
国立天文台渡 邊 鉄 哉
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
目次 1a. Coronal Condition と輻射・衝突モデル 1b. Ionization Equilibrium Line Intensity 2. 温度診断 (Temperature Diagnostics) 3. 密度診断 (Density Diagnostics)Line Profile 1c. スリットレス・輝線撮像分光 (overlappogr
aph)
4. 速度診断 (Velocity Diagnostics)Combining both? 5. Non (Ionization) Equilibrium
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
太陽外層大気の一次元モデル
CIV 1550Å
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Spectroscopic Solar AtmospheresPhotosphere; radiative transfer (LTE)
continuum, weak (photospheric) lines absorption → optically thinChromosphere; radiative transfer (non-LTE)
strong (chromospheric) lines (NaID, CaIIH&K, MgIIh&k, HIC=Hα, CI/II, Lyα...) → optically thin, temperature inversion → emission lines
Transitioin region/Corona; statistical equilibriumall lines → optically thin, emission lines
--------------------------Optical depth; “optically thin”
CIVλ1548Å: τ0 ~ 10-2
→ Statistical Equilibrium (collisional-radiative model) el
ioneel
D
n
nnAn
fmc
elnLl
8.0
1 ;
2/1
2
000
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
連続光の opacity
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
SXV 5.04Å
Solar transition region &corona
SUMER spectra Yohkoh/BCS
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Statistical Equilibrium → collisional-radiative model
dni/dt = (∫j + Σj) Pijni - (∫j + Σj) Pjinj ~ 0
(∫j + Σj) nj = N (N; total no. of particles)
Pij = Cij + Rij Pji = Cji + Rji
Coronal Condition○ Collisional excitation – Radiative decay○ Collisional (auto) ionization – Radiative (dielectronic) recombination
→ Pij ~ Cij Pji ~ Rji (+Cji)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Coronal Condition Rate (cm-3s-1) Characteristic time (s) opt.thin low n
Collisional excitation nineCij 2×10-3
Radiative excitation (absorption) niBij4πJ ×
Collisional deexcitation nj*neCji 2×10-3 ×
Spontaneous radiative decay njAji 4×10-9
Collisional ionization nenionqcoll 107
Autoionization nenionqauto
Phtoionization nionαrad4πJ ×
Total ionization nenionqtot 107
Radiative recombination nenionαrad 88
Dielectronic recombination nenionαdiel
Three-body recombination (collisional recombination) ×
Total recombination rate nenionαtot 88
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Dielectronic recombination/Autoionization
X+z(nl) + e (E, l”+1)↔ X+(z-1)(n’l+1; n”l”)
X+(z-1)(n’l+1; n”l”) → X+(z-1)(nl; n”l”) + hν
← X+(z-1)(nl; n”l”) + e
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Ionization Equilibrium; Relaxation Time Scales
Brooks et al. (1999)
Neτequil ~ 1012 cm-3sec
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Line intensity of a permitted line (j → i)
)exp(
)()(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
)(
2
02
16
1063.8 kTE
aTC
XNNC
XNCNNA
NNHN
HNXN
XNXN
XNXN
N
NA
e
ij
i
ij
eij
m
eijij
ij
m
ijejji
ee
m
m
m
j
j
jjiij
ij
hc
hc
←radiative-collisional model
excited state << ground state
(Emissivity /volume)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
factorGaunt ; strength oscillator ;
potential ionizationhydrogen ;
3
8
energyelectron incident ; radiusBohr ;
)()(/
strengthcollision ; weight lstatistica ;
ij
20
wellmax
22
0
0
gf
I
Ka
vdvvfvnnCnn
ij
H
ijiij
H
i
v
ijieijieii
ij
ij
iji
fgEI
Ka
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
TkTE
XNXN
TG
NHN
HNXNhc
NTG
e
eij
m
ei
ij
ij
eij
2/1
6
2
)/exp()()(
)(
)()()(
1063.8
)(
G(T); contribution function
↑ ion fraction
↓element abundance
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
dTTTG
dSdTT
NTG
dTTdVNTdh
dTdSdhdV
dVNTG
dVNTGI
e
e
em
e
)()(
1)(
)(
l)(isotherma )(
)(
2
2
2
2
← differential emission measure
← emission measure
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Temperature diagnostics ← Intensity ratio of two permitted lines at the same ionization stage
Li-like; (2s-3p, 2s-3s, 2p-3d) / (2s-2p) OVI, NeVIII, MgX, …He-like; Gabriel (1972) resonance/dielectronic satellites inner-shell excitation lines
]/)(exp[)(
)(eikij
ij
ik
ik
ij
ik
ij kTEE
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
SXVI
SXV
SXIV
1s
1s22s 1s22p
1S 1s2
1s2s2p1s2p2
3S 1s2s1P 1s2p3P 1s2p
q
q
j, k
j, k
z
z
x
y
x, y
w
w
(Li-like)
(He-like)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
SXV temperatature diagnostics w
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Temperature Sensitive Line Pairs (CDSn,g/SUMER)
ION Wavelength (λ) OIII 702.98g/599.59nOV 172.17g/629.73nOVI 184g/1032sNeV 359n/572.20n 365n/572.20n
416.20g/569.20n or 572.20nMgIX 705.80g/749gSiXI 604n/580.90n
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Differential Emission Measure
FeVIII(log T=5.6), IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XV, XVI, XVII (log T=6.5)
MgVI(log T=5.6), VII, VIII, IX (log T=6.0)
SiVII(log T=5.8), VIII, IX, X (log T=6.0)
NeV (log T=5.5), VI, VII, VIII (log T=5.8)
NeI (log T=4.4), III (log T=4.9)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Density diagnostics ← collisional deexcitation ~ radiative decay
1. Allowed line excited from the ground statevs.
2a. Forbidden line originating from metastable levels
2b. Allowed lines excited from metastable levels
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Helium-like ion
resonance line (w) ; 1s2 1S – 1s2p 1P
forbidden line (z); 1s2 1S – 1s2s 3S
intersystem line (x,y); 1s2 1S – 1s2p 3P
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
SXVI
SXV
SXIV
1s
1s22s 1s22p
1S 1s2
1s2s2p1s2p2
3S 1s2s1P 1s2p3P 1s2p
q
q
j, k
j, k
z
z
x
y
x, y
w
w
(He-like)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
SXV density diagnostics
Te = 9×106 K
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Four level case
R=(n4A42)/(n3A31)
n4(A42+A41)=n1neC14+n2neC24
n3(A32+A31)=n1neC13+n2neC23
n1ne(C12+C13+C14)=n4A41+n3A31+n2(A21+neC21)
4
3
2
1
C13 A31 A32
C14 <<C13~C24
C14 C24 A42 C23
C12C21 A21
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
αji≡Aji/(Aj1+Aj2)
R={α42[C14+(n2/n1)C24]}/{α31[C13+(n2/n1)C23]}
n2/n1=(C12+C13α32+C14α42)/
(A21/ne+C21+C23α31+C24α41)
∴ R = (α42C14)/(α31C13) for low density (n2/n1 << 1)
(neC12 A≒ 21; density sensitive)
~ const for high density (n2/n1 ~ const)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
FeXIV density sensitive line ratio
λ 274.21Å 3s23p 2P1/2 (1) – 3s3p2 2S1/2 (3)
λ 264.79Å 3s23p 2P3/2 (2) – 3s3p2 2P3/2 (4)λ5303Å
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Iron ion density sensitive line pairs (CDS)
Ion Wavelength (λ) FeX 175.27/174.53g FeXI 180.41,184.70/181.14g FeXII 186.87,196.64/193.51g
338.27/364.47n FeXIII 202.04, 201.12/200.02g, 203.79g
318.12, 348.18/320.80,359.64n FeXIV 219.12/211.32g
264.80/274.20g
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Line profile (intrinsic)
Voigt (Gaussian + Lorenzian)
Gaussian
thermal Doppler (+ microturbulence)Lorenzian
natural damping
Others
pressure (van der Waals) broadening
Stark broadening (Holtsmark)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Overlappograph
凹面回折格子
dvvvxixI )()()(
Slitless emission line spectroscopy
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Velocity (line of sight velocity) diagnosticsMicroturbulence correlation length …smallMacroturbulence; correlation length …small (transverse) …long (line of sight)Systematic motion (blue/red shifts) correlation length…long
2/120 )2
( m
kT
cD
000 )()()()( dviI
i
iic vvII )()( ,
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Strong & isolated lines for dynamic studies(CDS/NIS)
Ion Wavelength(Å) log THeI 584.33 4.3OIII 599.59 4.9OIV 554.52 5.3NeVI 562.83 5.6MgVIII 313.73 5.9MgIX 368.06 6.0FeXII 364.47 6.2FeXIII 320.80 6.2FeXIV 334.17 6.3FeXV 327.02 6.3FeXVI 335.40 6.4
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
s
BeH
H
elem
elem
ion
ion
l
iiiiiiieii
dsEI
T
TkW
NNN
N
N
N
N
NhcE
SNSNNNs
vN
t
N
0
1111
)()exp(
))(()(
Non-Equilibrium
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
Dynamic Transition Region and Corona (CDS)
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
12
1
)()(
,)()()(
,0)(
2
2
pvEwhere
SLsvgs
TvpE
st
E
s
psg
s
v
t
vs
v
t
Hydrodynamical Simulations (Teriaca et al. 1999)
Nano flare at the OVI forming layer
CDS CDAW during 4-7 February 2004
Solar EUV Emission Line Imaging Spectroscopy
Tetsuya Watanabe ( NAOJ)
References:Mariska J. T.: Solar Transition Region, 1992,
Cambridge University Press.Jefferies, J. T.: Spectral Line Formation, 196
8, Blaisdell Publ. Co.Harrison, R. A. & Fludra, A.: CDS for SoHO
Scientific Report, 199x, RAL SUMER Red Book; 199y, Max-Planck Institu
te für Aeronomie