INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO RISK ANALYSIS RISK ANALYSIS Maximilian P.O. Baumann & Karl Maximilian P.O. Baumann & Karl - - Hans Hans Zessin Zessin Postgraduate Studies in International Animal Health [email protected]Participatory Risk Analysis Course, ILRI – BMZ Project, 2008
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INTRODUCTION TOINTRODUCTION TO
RISK ANALYSISRISK ANALYSIS
Maximilian P.O. Baumann & KarlMaximilian P.O. Baumann & Karl--Hans Hans ZessinZessinPostgraduate Studies in International Animal Health
1986 - 1995: Uruguay Round: AGRICULTURE FULLY INCLUDED “main agreement on animal health”
147 Member Countries, 90% of WORLD TRADE
1995: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO)
GLOBALISATION (4)
World Trade Organization (WTO):
More free and safer trade by reduction of tariffs (taxes) and Reduction of ´non-tariff barriers` (! Animal Diseases, Sanitary Controls !)
Integration of Nations in “Free Trade Areas / Common Markets”
WTO rules can be enforced through sanctions. This givesthe WTO more power than many other international bodies.
The WTO's authority even eclipses national governments?
1999: Seattle 2001: Quatar
- Dohar Development Agenda2003: Cancun2005: Hong Kong
2008: failure of the Dohar Round
WTO
SPS: facilitate tradewhile safeguarding human, animaland plant health
Manifestation of multilateral trade facilitation and liberalization
Rule-based world trade
Cancun Ministerial Conference:
Begin elimination of farm subsidies of developed countries
The Need For International RegulationThe 1920 Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium highlightedthe need to have an international body to regulate tradein animals and animal products
In 1924 the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) was created
- 28 countries
Rinderpest Belgium: zebus, originating from India and destinedfor Brazil, transiting via the port of Antwerp
WORLD ORGANISATION FOR ANIMAL HEALTH
Animal Health, Zoonoses, AnimalWelfare
OIE is the standard settingorganisation for animal health, zoonoses and animal welfarein international trade
OIE Animal Health Code contains guidelines for importrisk analysis. Structureequivalent to import-scenario(release, exposure, consequence)
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION (CAC)
Food Safety
CAC is the standard settingbody for microbiological hazardsin international trade with foods
CAC guidelines describequantitative microbiological riskassessment and the principles of risk analysis: Differenciation in hazard-identification, hazardcharacterisation, exposureassessment, risk characterisation
TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS: World Trade Organisation (WTO): The WTO Agreement on the Applicationof Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS Agreement) was drawn up to ensure that countriesapply measures to protect human andanimal health (sanitary measures) andplant health (phytosanitary measures)
CONCERNS/‘THREATS‘
Food safety/agricultural health measures: applied in discriminatory manner
Dev. countries: Lack of administrative, technical, and other capacities
Costs incurred to reach compliance (undermine com-parative advantage of dev.countries
Demands on veterinary services infrastructure: functionality throughout the food chain
PURPOSEPURPOSE OF THE SPS AGREEMENT
SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT
(Article 5.1)
„Members shall ensure that their sanitary orphytosanitary measures are based on an risk
assessment, as appropriate to the circumstances, of the risks to human, animal or plant life or health, taking into account risk assessment techniques
developed by the relevant international organizations.“
SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT(Article 5.1 – 5.3)
Article 5.1
Article 5.2
Article 5.3
measure has to be based on a riskassessment
what to take into account(available scientific evidence, etc.)
for animal and plant health, whateconomic factors to take intoaccount
LIMITSLIMITS SET BY SPS AGREEMENT
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)EU = single market
27 countries, 497 Mill. consumers164 Mill. ha agricultural areaJobs in agriculture: 9,5 Mill. full-time
jobsFood- & Beverage Industry:
15% of GNP Food Industry:
3rd largest industrial sector; 2,6 Mio. employees
EU
SELF-SUFFICIENCY
% self-sufficiency
100
EUSelf-Sufficiency
Example: Germany
Grains
Sugar
Beef
Milk
Pork
Eggs
Poulty meat
Mutton
Vegetables
Fruits
0 50% 100% 150%
EUWorld biggest importer of foodstuff(61 billion €/year) - 36 billion € from develop. countries= net importer of agricultural products
Imports at zero/low tariff (Generalised Preference System (GSP))
Main EU agricultural imports
EU
MAJOR WORLD TRADERS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (Average 2000-2002)
World 2nd largest exporter of food products(61 bill. €/year) = Net-Exporter of processed food products
EU
CAP fundamental reforms (2007 – 2013)
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP): -costs 50 billion €/year= 43% of total EU budget; 2013: 33%= € 2/week/citizen
Directorate General Health and ConsumerProtection (DG SANCO)- integrates food safety, animalhealth, animal welfare, plant health= ‘farm to fork’ strategy
EUFOOD SAFETY
2004: REJECTIONS ACCORDING TO IDENTIFIED RISK
SOURCE: EU Rapid Alert System For Food and Feed (RASFF, 2005
EUCONSUMER SURVEYS
Foods: safe?
Foods: good quality?
Foods: healthy?
Foods: reasonable price?
Farm animals: well treated?
Information about production and processing?
35%
33%
26%22%
19%
22%
Difference in perceptions associated with a variety of potential food hazards
Source: Fife-Schaw and Rowe, 2000
EUIMPORT OF FOOD
Imported product standards at least equivalent to those for trade between EU member state
o comply with EU food law
or
o conditions recognised as equivalent
DG HEALTH AND CONSUMER PROTECTION (DG SANCO):
„FARM TO FORK“-POLICY, RISK ANALYSIS-METHOD
EUPOLICY (1) (http://europa.eu.int/comm/food)
2000: WHITE BOOK FOOD SAFETY
2002: Regulation 178/2002:
General principles and requirements of food law
Primary production included in food safety(‚stable to table‘ concept) Process control priority over end-product control(HACCP, GMP, GVP, QM-systems)Responsibility for food safety with producers at eachproduction stageObligatory self-controls by producers themselves
Government: ‚Control of (self-) controls‘
EUPOLICY (2)
2004: Regulations 852/853/854/2004:
Organisation of official controls on products of animal origin (=‚hygiene package‘)
(Start 2006)
Dramatic effects on primary production: complete information flow along food chains(forwards and backwards)
EUPOLICY (3)
Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Trichnellosis, Echinococcosis, Salmo-nellosis, Campylobacteriosis, verotoxin-forming E. coli, Listeriosis
Directive 99/2003: monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents
Regulation 2160/2003: control of salmonella and other specified food-borne zoonotic agents
Animal feed manufacturers
Primary Production (FARM) e.g. breeding, rearing, fattening