Introduction to Remote Sensing_2014

An Introduction To Some New Era FieldsPart _ 1

Presented By: Atiqa Ijaz Khan

Wednesday, April 12, 2023PIAIP_NESPAK 2

Introduction to New FieldsEmerging New Subjects and their applications


Introduction to New Fields

Remote Sensing (RS)

Geographic Information

System (GIS)Geomatics


PART - 01

Remote Sensing


Remote Sensing (RS)Introduction to Basics


Remote Sensing (RS)

“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).

The science (and art) of acquiring information about an object, without entering in contact with it, by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. Information usually gathered from spacecraft or an airplane.

In from of aerial photographs to satellite images.


Remote Sensors …

Eyes Ears

Binoculars

Digital Camera

Pigeon Cameras1903


Types of Remote Sensing

Types

Terrestrial RS

Optical 300nm – 3000nm

Thermal >3000nm-14,000nm

Microwave 1mm-1m

Celestial RS


VISION

HUMAN’s EYERods (to see objects at night) = 7 millionCones (to see colors) = 100 million CAT’s EYE

Rods (to see objects at night) =~ 21 millionCones (to see colors) =~ far less


The basic principle of remote sensing is based upon the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atmosphere and the earth. Electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object is the usual source of remote sensing data.


Wavelength

Frequency (how many times peak passes per second)

Light - can be thought of as a wave in the 'electromagnetic field' of the universe

A wave can be characterized by its wavelength or its frequency

Remote sensing is concerned with the measurement of EMR returned by the earth’s natural and cultural features that first receive energy from the sun or an artificial source such as a radar transmitter.

Blue green yellow red

1020 Hz 1018 Hz 1016 Hz 1014 Hz 1012 Hz 1010 Hz

1 pm 10pm 10 nm 1 micron 100 microns 1 mm 100 mm

vi-si-ble

Gamma Rays

X-Rays UV N. IR

Th.IR

Microwaves

Radar

TV FMRadiowaves

0.4 m 0.5 m 0.6 m 0.7 m

MidIR

Far IR Visible light contains

light from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers

Infrared light from 0.1 micrometers to 1

millimeter



NEXT SUB-TOPI

C


Resolutions

Resolutions

SPATIAL

Smallest identifiable area

as a discrete object in an

image

SPECTRAL

No. of frequencies recorded =

sensors

TEMPORAL

Time interval between

measurements

RADIOMETRIC

Intensities identified by

sensors


Image is the Pictorial Presentation of Raster. Pixels are called as Picture elements. Size of Pixel gives the Resolution of the image. Smaller the Pixel size Larger will the Resolution. Every Raster is not image but every image is a Raster.

SPATIAL RESOLUTION


* Vegetation in Yellowish green, * Vegetation in Red.* Water in Gray, * Water in Black.

SPECTRAL RESOLUTION


Spectral Resolution

MSS Multi-spectral Bands: 3-14

Hyper-spectral Bands: 24-224


Temporal Resolution (Example: for satellite in Red and Black colors)

Time

July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3

11 days

16 days

July 2 July 18 August 3

TEMPORAL RESOLUTION


1023

6-bit range0 63

8-bit range

0 255

0

10-bit range

2-bit range0 4

RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION


Resolution of Satellite Systems

SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS

NOAA-AVHRR (1100 m)

GOES (700 m)

MODIS (250, 500, 1000 m)

Landsat TM and ETM (30 – 60 m)

SPOT (10 – 20 m)

IKONOS (4, 1 m)

Quick-bird (0.6 m)


*LAC: Local Area Coverage*GAC: Global Area Coverage

Serial

No.Satellites Altitud

e (km) Bands (µm) Multi-spectral (m)

Panchromatic (m)

Thermal (m) Purpose

01. Landsat-7 705 0.5-0.9, 2.03-2.3 30 15 60 Scientific, RS

02. Sea WiFS 705 0.40-0.88 1 (LAC), 4 (GAC)* - - Bio-Oceanic

03. SPOT-5 822 0.5-0.73 10 2.5-5 - Scientific/commercial

04. IKONOS 681 0.45-0.9 04 01 - Urban & Rural Mapping etc.

05. Orb-view 480 0.45-0.9 2.4 0.6 - Commercial, Civil Eng., etc.

06. Quick bird 480 0.45 -0.9 2.4 0.6 Climate change, Commercial, etc.

07. Worldivew-2 770 0.45-0.80 1.84 0.5 - Commercial as Google maps, etc.



October 23, 2005 Dust storm in Chad at 250 m resolution, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer) NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 705 km, sun-synchronous orbit, 1-2 day for all of earth, 250 m, 500 m, 1000 m resolution. NASA

MODIS (250 m)


30 m resolution and 60 m resolution (thermal), 705 km orbit, 7 bands including thermal infrared, Manhattan, KS. Image, 2000 (USGS-EROS)

LANDSAT (30 m)


IKONOS (04 m)MSS


SPOT (2.5 m)


IKONOS (01 m) (Panchromatic)


Quick Bird (0.6 m)

Wednesday, April 12, 2023PIAIP_NESPAK 29Imagery and their price ranges


Imagery free of cost

1. http://glcf.umd.edu/

2. http://glovis.usgs.gov/

3. http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/

4. http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

http://glcf.umd.edu/

http://glovis.usgs.gov/

http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/

http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/


THE END


REFERENCES

1. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to Manage Civil Engineering Projects By Asmaa Abdul Jabbar

2. Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. (Chapter 14, pages 317-319)

3. www.esri.com/engineering4. http://webhelp.esri.com/arcpad/8.0/userguide/index.htm#capture_devices/

concept_intro.htm

Special AcknowledgementIndustrial partners: ESRI, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Camp, Dresser and McKee, Dodson and AssociatesGovernment partners:

Federal: EPA, USGS, Corps of Engineers (Hydrologic Engineering Center)State: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Development

BoardLocal: Lower Colorado River Authority, City of Austin, Dept. of Watershed Protection

Academic Partners: University of Texas, Brigham Young University, Utah State University


Any Quires

Introduction to Remote Sensing_2014

Education

resolution thermal

radiometric resolution

temporal resolution

frequency remote sensing

image spectral

remote sensors

nm thermal

hyperspectral bands