Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintenance

Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and Maintenance

Introduction to Radiologic Physics Equipment and MaintenancePrepared by: Timothy John D. MatoyPhysicsPhysics (from Ancient Greek: physis "nature") is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics#Philosophy)2] More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.[3][4][5]

2General PhysicsStandard Units of MeasurementUnit ConversionsRatios and ProportionsSignificant FiguresScientific NotationsAlgebraic Equations and ExpressionsRules of Exponents

Significant figuresExact number followed by approximated or estimated number in which you are uncertain.

Uncertain numbersSignificant figuresThe number of significant figures in a measurement, such as 2531 is equal to the number of digits that are known with some degree of confidence (2, 5 and 3) plus the last digit (1), which is an estimate or approximation.

As we improve the sensitivity of the equipment used to make measurement, the number if significant figure increases.Determination of significant figure1. Exact numbers have infinite S.F..- seven days in a week infinite SF- ten apples in a basket infinite SF2. All non-zero digits are significant.- 255 m 3 SF- 289769 6 SF3. Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant.- 101 lb 3 SF- 2007 kg 4 SFDetermination of significant figure4. Zeroes to the right of decimal places but to the left of non-zero digit are significant.- 11.00 cm 4 SF- 24.0 kg 3 SF5. Zeroes to the left of the decimal place and to the right of non-zero digit are significant.- 10.00 cm 4 SF- 20.0 kg 3 SF

Determination of significant figure6. Zeroes to the right of the assumed decimal place are not significant.- 1000 lb 1 SF- 2400 lb 2 SF7. Zeroes to the right of the decimal place but to the left of non-zero digit are not significant.- 0.000000354376 6 SFAddition and subtractionWhen combining measurements with different degrees of accuracy and precision, the accuracy of the final answer can be no greater than the least accurate measurement.

Rule of the thumb:When measurements are added or subtracted, the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement,Multiplication and divisionRule of the thumbWhen measurements are multiplied or divided, the answer can contain no more decimal places than the least accurate measurement,Scientific notationThere are 10,3000,000,000,000,000,000,000 carbon atoms in a 1-Carat Diamond. Each of which has a 0.000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,020 grams.Scientific notationExtremely large and small numbers is extremely hard to calculate without calculators.

To do a calculation like this, it is necessary to express these numbers in scientific notation.

Numbers between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to some exponent.Example10,3000. Carbon atoms can be 10.3 x1021 carbon atoms

0.00..020 grams can be 2.0 x10-23 gramsRefer to earlier slide of scientific notation13Sample problemWhen we mixed 500.5 grams of water and 10.0 grams of salt. How many brine solution we produced?Significant Figures

Significant Figures

Scientific Notations

Scientific Notations

Scientific Notations

Scientific Notations

FractionPart of a whole having an integer as numerator and an integer denominator The top number divided by the bottom numberA way of expressing a number of equal parts.A fraction consist of two numbers, as numerator, which give the number if equal parts and a denominator which gives the number if those parts that makes up a whole.21FractionImproper fraction An improper fraction has a numerator (top number) larger than or equal to the denominator (bottom number).

Proper fraction has numerator (top number) less than its denominator (bottom number)

RatiosRatios and ProportionsA proportion is a name we give to a statement that two ratios are equal. It can be written in two ways:

two equal fractions

using a colon, a:b = c:d

ProportionExpress the relationship of one ratio to another and it is a special application of fractions and rules in algebra.Directly proportionalA relationship when one ratio increase with respect to another ratio.F = m x aInversely proportionalA relationship when one ratio decrease with respect to another ratio.

Power = work / timeRule of exponentam x an = am+n

If the bases of the exponential expressions that are multiplied are the same, then you can combine into one expression by adding exponent.Example:23 x 24 = (2 x 2 x 2) x ( 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) = 27Rule of exponentRule of exponent(am)n = a m x n

When you have an exponential expression raised to a power, you have to multiply the two exponents.Example(32)3 = 3 2 x 3 = 36

Rule of exponenta0 = 1

Any number or variable raised to the zero power is always equals to 1Rule of exponentRule of exponenta1 = a

Any number or variable raised to 1 is equals to that number or variableRule of exponentFor addition and subtraction1. Convert the exponents to the same value. To do this, Change the exponent of the smaller number to that of the large number.2. Add or subtract the coefficient.3. Multiply the result by the common exponent.Rule of exponentFor multiplication and division1. Multiply or divide the coefficient2. For multiplication, add the exponent. For division subtract the exponent.SummaryThe exponent of 1The exponent of 0Product rulePower ruleQuotient ruleNegative exponent

Standard Units of MeasurementsBase QuantitiesDerived QuantitiesSpecial QuantitiesBase QuantitiesMassLengthTime

Building blocks of all other measurable quantities

38Derived QuantitiesEnergyPowerWorkMomentumForceVelocityacceleration

39Special Quantities in Radiologic ScienceExposureDoseEquivalent doseActivitySystem of measurementEvery measurements has two partsMagnitude (amount, numbers) UnitExample: 1000 kgSI prefixes

Unit Conversions

Unit Conversions

Unit Conversions

Algebraic Equations and Expressions

Algebraic Equations and ExpressionsAdditionSubtractionMultiplicationDivisionBranch of PhysicsMechanicsHeat and thermodynamicsOpticsAcousticElectricity and magnetismNuclear Physics

Nuclear physics atomic, nucleus, solid state, particle and plasma48MechanicsSegment of physics that deals the motion of the object

VECTOR QuantitySCALAR QuantityMechanicsVelocityAccelarationForceMomentumWorkWeightenergy

Newtons law = 1. inertia 2. F=ma3. action and reactiona = vf vi / tV = vo + vi / 2Momentum = m x vW = f x dMechanical energy50Heat and thermodynamics 1 cal = 4.186 Joule

Temperature Measured the hotness and the coldness of a matter.

James Prescott Joule stir experiment51Heat and thermodynamicsFarenheitCelciusKelvin ScaleGabriel F. 18th century = (Freezing 32 degrees F) (boiling 212 degrees F)Andreas C. (freezing 0 degrees C) (boiling 100 degrees C.)Kelvin Scale designed to go to zero at this minimum temperature- absolute zero all atomic and molecules motion atoms at this lowest temperature.52Heat and thermodynamicsMethod of heat transferConductionConvectionRadiation

Thermal expansionMost object expand when heated53FractionAdding fractionsSubtracting fractionsMultiply fractionsDividing fractions