Introduction to Public Administration. Define Public Administration Explain What is Public Administration Differentiate between Public and Private Administration.

Introduction to Public Administration

Define Public Administration

Explain What is Public Administration

Differentiate between Public and Private Administration

Describe the Nature of Public Administration

Explain Gulick’s Principles of Organizational Structure Design

Describe the Various Approaches to Public Administration

Explain Gulick’s POSDCORB

Describe the Types of Budgets in Public Administration

Explain the New Public Management Model 2 (NPM Model 2)

Explain the New Public Management Model

Course Objectives

Introduction

• You must know that in the olden days, there were various kingdoms which were ruled by monarchs.

• So, how do you think the kingdom was run?

• Do you think it was the king who directly managed the administration of the kingdom?

Introduction

• No, of course not! In the olden days, the administrative functions were managed by a chosen few people who were responsible for general administration functions such as maintaining law and order and collecting revenues with little or no welfare activities.

• These administrators were selected by the monarchs and were no better than their personal servants.

Introduction

• However, as monarchy was replaced by a democratic, socialist or a capitalist state and with the advent of industrial revolution; the Government forayed into trade and commerce.

• Next, the industrial revolution gave way to Imperialism, Nationalism and Internationalism which added on to the widening avenues of Government duties and responsibilities.

Introduction

• As times changed, the objective of public administration also underwent a change and by the nineteenth century; an organized approach to public servants and public administration was adopted.

• This approach was based on an exhaustive legal framework replacing the patriarchal and hereditary function with bureaucracy.

Introduction

• Hence, public administration today has become an integral part of the Government, the State, the People and the way they function with each other because all aspects of citizen’s life are influenced and decided by the government.

• Public Administration is especially crucial because it is not enough to make policies and laws on paper.

Introduction

• The interpretation and translation of those policies and laws into actions and carrying them out is the difficult part.

• The public administrators therefore have to play an important role in running the government as machinery.

• Let us now learn about ‘Introduction to Public Administration’ in detail.

Definition - Administration

Marx defines ‘Administration’ as:“Administration is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources aimed at making those happen which one wants to happen.”

As per Marx

As per Frederic K.

Lane

Frederic K. Lane defines ‘Administration’ as:“Organizing and maintaining human and fiscal resources to attain a group’s goals.”

‘Public Administration’ is like any other administration which is carried out in public interest.

What is Public Administration?

Differences between Public & Private Administration

• In order to function efficiently, the public sector organizations are borrowing heavily from the business knowledge, administration and process orientation of the private organizations.

• However, there still remains a considerable difference between these two administrative practices.

Similarities between Public & Private Administration

The following are some of the similarities between public and private administration:

The accounting aspects like

maintenance of accounts, filing,

statistics and stocking are the

same

They also share the same pool of manpower

The managerial aspects of planning, organizing,

coordinating and controlling are the same

for public and private administration

Integral View

Managerial View

Integral ViewIntegral View Integral View:

• The ‘Integral View’ is all encompassing and consists of sum total of all managerial, clerical, technical and manual activities and employees from all levels.

• This view was endorsed by L. D. White and Dimock.

• It may differ from one agency to another depending on their sphere of work.

Historical and Legal Approach

• Historical and Legal Approach:

o The ‘Historical and Legal Approach’ to the study of Public Administration focuses on the administrative systems, process and policies practiced in the past and then try to interpret them relevantly in the context of present times.

o Some scholars feel that this approach provides rich details regarding what did and did not work in the past.

2Historical and Legal Approach

Tip

• The ‘Principle of Unity of Command’ implies one subordinate-one superior relationship.

• Every subordinate is answerable and accountable to one boss at one time.

• This helps in avoiding communication gaps and feedback and response is prompt.

• ‘Unity of Command’ also helps in effective combination of resources, that is, physical, financial resources which helps in easy co- ordination and, therefore, effective organization.

Gulick’s POSDCORB

Planning

Organizing

Staffing

Directing

Coordination

Reporting

Budgeting

Significance of Budget in Public Administration

The modern democracies have the legislatures playing an important role in the managing of public finances.

The taxes that are collected and the revenues that are generated by the government through several means are to be used for the development and welfare of the society.

New Public Management Model

The term ‘New Public Management’ was coined by scholars from UK and Australia (Hood 1991 and Hood and Jackson 1991), to propose a new point of view towards the organizational design in the public sector.

‘New Public Management’ means the introduction of new institutional economics to public management and pattern changes in policy making.

Core Themes of the New Public ManagementThe core themes of the ‘New Public Management’ were:

• A strong focus on financial control, value for money and increasing efficiency

• A command and control mode of functioning, identifying and setting targets and continuance monitoring of performance, handing over the power to the senior management

• Introducing audits at both financial and professional levels, using transparent means to review performances, setting benchmarks, using protocols to improve professional behavior

• Greater customer orientation and responsiveness and increasing the scope of roles played by non public sector providers

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