1 PCTH 325 Introduction to Pharmacology *Self-directed Lecture* Dr. Shabbits [email protected]September 5, 2013 2 At the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Define the terms: pharmacology, drug, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, receptor 2. Describe the categories of drug effects 3. Explain the drug-receptor theory 4. Compare and contrast the four main families of drug receptors 5. Compare and contrast agonists and antagonists Lecture 1 Learning Objectives 3 What is Pharmacology? Some Definitions Pharmacology = the study of drugs what they do and how they do it pharmakon = drug logos = the study of 4 Webster’s Dictionary: “a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease” “Drug” has many definitions “any substance that brings about a biological change or effect on the body” More Broadly:
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Introduction to Pharmacology 1. Define the terms: pharmacology, drug… · 2013. 9. 5. · [DRUG] - Receptors at Target Site. 4 13 Simplification of drug action Drug Biological Alteration
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PCTH 325
Introduction to Pharmacology*Self-directed Lecture*
1. Define the terms: pharmacology, drug, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, receptor
2. Describe the categories of drug effects
3. Explain the drug-receptor theory
4. Compare and contrast the four main families of drug receptors
5. Compare and contrast agonists and antagonists
Lecture 1 Learning Objectives
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What is Pharmacology?
Some Definitions
Pharmacology = the study of drugs what they do and how they do it
pharmakon = druglogos = the study of
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Webster’s Dictionary:“a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease”
“Drug” has many definitions
“any substance that brings about a biological change or effect on the body”
More Broadly:
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Drugs come from many sources
Penicillin: antibiotic derived from mold
Vincristine: anticancer drug derived from periwinkle
St. John’s Wort: antidepressant derived from Hypericum perforatum
“Caffeine-loaded energy drinks have now crossed the line from beverages to drugs delivered as tasty syrups,” the Canadian Medical Association Journal says.
~Vancouver Sun, July 27, 2010
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The same drug can have many names
1. Chemical Name:Identifies the chemical elements and compounds that are found in the drug – most important to chemists, pharmacists and researchers who work with the drug at a chemical level.
2. Generic or Non-proprietary Name:The universally accepted name of a drug. It appears on all drug labels, resource guides and publications. Generic names often follow similar patterns for drugs of the same class or mechanism. (ex: lidocaine, procaine)
3. Brand or Trade or Proprietary Name:The copyrighted and trademarked name given by the drug company – restricts the use of the name. 8
The same drug can have many names
Chemical name: ()-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid
Generic name: Ibuprofen
Brand names: Advil, Motrin
Chemical name: Ethyl 4-(8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-ylidine)-1-piperidinecarboxylate
Generic name: Loratadine
Brand name: Claritin
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The history of pharmacology
Double, double toil and trouble;Fire burn and cauldron bubble.
Fillet of a fenny snake,In the cauldron boil and bake;Eye of newt, and toe of frog,
Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sting,
Lizard's leg, and howlet's wing,For a charm of powerful trouble,Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.~ William Shakespeare’s ‘Macbeth’
Pharmacology• pre-3000 BC
• drugs = animals, herbs, potions & religion
• drugs seen as “magical” and used empirically 10
From then until now
* Advances in multidisciplinary fields have paved the way
- increased understanding of human physiology (normal & disease)
- developments in chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, botany etc.
• It takes 7-10 years from bench to market $1,000,000,000 US dollars
* Pharmacologists involved in every step *
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Pharmacology has 2 arms
2. Pharmacokinetics: “what the body does to the drug”• the study of the movement of drugs in the body (how it reaches and leaves its site of action and at what concentration)
1.Pharmacodynamics: “what the drug does to the body”
• the study of the effect(s) of drugs on body processes
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The PK – PD relationship
Dosage Regimen
How much? How often? How long?
What form?
[DRUG] - Plasma Pharmacological Effect
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
[DRUG] - Receptors at Target Site
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Simplification of drug action
Drug
Biological Alteration
Effect
Alterations in body control systems (chemical transmitters, hormones, enzymes, carrier molecules, DNA etc.)
Effects
Desirable (therapeutic)
Undesirable
RiskBenefit
Deleterious (toxicities)
Non-deleterious
(side effects)
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Categories of drug action
1. Replacement: the drug replaces a physiological process
Ex. insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes
3. Potentiation: the drug stimulates a physiological process
Ex. diuretics promote urine output
2. Interruption: the drug interferes with a physiological process