Introduction to Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Database Processing HTM 304 Fall 07.

Introduction to Management Information

Systems

Chapter 4 Database Processing

HTM 304

Fall 07

2

Learning Objectives

Know purpose of database processing

List components of a database system

Understand important database terms

Know elements of the entity-

relationship model

Understand general nature of

database design

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Purpose of a Database

Keep track of things

with more than one theme

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One Theme Spread Sheet

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Multi-theme Database

Student Score

Student Score

Email records

Email records

officevisits

officevisits

All three records for one student(student is the link of different themes)

All three records for one student(student is the link of different themes)

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Database Hierarchy

Bytes: the basic elements which compose of database

Fields (Columns). Name, number or characters that describe an

aspect of a business object or activity.

e.g. Student Numbers, Student Names, Midterm Scores, etc.

Record (Rows). Collection of related data fields.

e.g. 000054323 Jenny White 89.

File (or Table). Collection of related records.

e.g. Student Score Table, Student Office Visit Table, Student Email

Record Table

Database. Collection of integrated and related files + Relations

between (among) tables + structure of data.

The relations and structures are called metadata

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Components of Database

Database

Tables or Files

+

Relationships among Rows in Table

+

Metadata

=

How to effectively organize and process raw data is the key to a successful database design and an Information System design.

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Student Table

Records/Rows

Columns/Fields

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Poorly Designed Table

In Database Design, the record will be split into 2 records:Jones Feb 1, 2002 [email protected] 100 FinanceJones Feb 1, 2002 [email protected] 100 Accounting

In Database Design, the record will be split into 2 records:Jones Feb 1, 2002 [email protected] 100 FinanceJones Feb 1, 2002 [email protected] 100 Accounting

Common Practice in ExcelCommon Practice in Excel

Pros and cons?

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Relationships

The records in different tables are connected by certain relationships – relational databases

Key – column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table

For example: Student Number is key of Student table

The key insures no repeated records

Every table MUST have a key

Foreign key – non-key column or field in one table that links to a primary key in another table

Student Number in Email and Office_Visit tables

Foreign keys link records from different tables together as one compound record

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Examples of Relationships

Key

Foreign Key

Foreign Key

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Review Components

Database

Tables or Files

+

Relationships among Rows

+

Metadata

=

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Metadata

Metadata are data that describe data (Format, Field Properties, etc.)

Makes databases much more useful

No one needs to guess, remember, or record what is in database

Make databases easy to use for authorized and unauthorized purposes

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Exercise: Use Access to setup a data table

Create a database file (*.mdb)

Create table in design view

All tables are in one database file

First create the table in design view

Specify the fields (column headers)

Specify the types of the fields, and other properties

Specify which field is the key!

Finish design view -- Close the design view

Fill in records in the table

Double click the table to enter editing view

Enter records

Try enter repeated keys, it won’t let you! Why?

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DB Application Systems Components

Pure database data correct,

but raw form not pertinent

or useful

DB applications make DB data

accessible and useful

Users employ DB applications

Forms

Formatted reports

Queries (SQL language)

Application programs

Each calls on DBMS to

process DB tables

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DB Application System Components

DBMS (Database Management System)A program used to create, process, and administer a database. Database developers use the DBMS to create tables, relationships, and otherstructures in the database.


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Enterprise DBMS

Process large organizational and workgroup databases

Support many, perhaps thousands, of users and many different

database applications

Support 24/7 operations and can manage dozens of different

magnetic disks with hundreds of gigabytes or more data

IBM’s DB2, Microsoft’s SQL Server, and Oracle are examples of

enterprise DBMS products

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Personal DBMS

Designed for smaller, simpler database applications.

Used for personal or small workgroup applications that

involve <100 users, normally fewer than 15

Bulk of personal databases have only a single user

Microsoft Access only available personal DBMS

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Language used in DBMS

SQL: Structured Query Language An international standard language for processing a database: Data Manipulation/Definition and Data Queries

Data Manipulation

Data Queries: See later.

INSERT INTO StudentTable ([Student Number], [Student

Name], Hw1, Hw2, MidTerm) VALUES (1000, ‘Joe Black’, 90,

85, 88)

DELETE FROM StudentTable WHERE MidTerm = NULL

UPDATE StudentTable SET MidTerm = ’90’ WHERE Student

Number = ‘1000’

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Exercise:

Below shows the original table.

Write down the resulting table after executing the following SQL command:

UPDATE StudentTable SET LetterScore = ’A’ WHERE Score >= ‘90’.

Original Table: StudentTable

StudentNumber StudentName Score LetterScore

1000 Justin Frank 89 --

2000 Dennis Wilson 60 --

3000 Sheldon Benson 92 --

4000 Gordon Black 87 --

5000 Jimmy Foxx 96 --

Exercise: write down all the other letter scores based on certain criterion.

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Database Applications: collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that process a database.A database may have one or more applications, and each app. may have one ore more users…(Page 84)

Database Applications: collection of forms, reports, queries, and application programs that process a database.A database may have one or more applications, and each app. may have one ore more users…(Page 84)

D B M S

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Multiple Database Applications

Think how the school uses student information?

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Form – A structured way to edit and view data

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Example Student Report

Read Only. No Editing

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Query

Use SQL to search through the database and produce certain results.

SELECT (certain attributes) FROM (certain database tables)

WHERE (conditions)

SELECT STUDENT Name, MIDTERM

FROM STUDENTTABLE

WHERE MIDTERM>90

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Exercise:

Write down the results when using the following query command on the following original data table:

SELECT MIDTERM FROM STUDENTTABLE WHERE MIDTERM>90

SELECT Student Name FROM STUDENTTABLE WHERE MIDTERM<70

SELECT Student Name, Student Number, HW1, HW2, MidTerm FROM

STUDENTTABLE WHERE MidTerm > (HW1+HW2)/2

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Database Development Process

E-R Modeling: High level blueprint defining how data are stored structurally in the system

Define users’ need through interview

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E-R Modeling

E-R Model: a detailed, logical representation of the data for a business. To document rules and policies of an organization that govern data.

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Components in E-R Model

Entity – something users want to trackExamples Order, Customer, Salesperson, Item

Some entities represent physical object, such as an Item or Salesperson

Other entities represent a logical construct of transaction, such as Order or Contact

Entities have attributes that describe characteristics of the entity

Example attributes of Salesperson are SalespersonName, Email, Phone, etc.

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Entities (cont)

Entities have identifier, an attribute

(or group of attributes) whose value is

associated with 1 & only 1 entity instance

OrderNumber is the identifier of Order, because only 1

Order instance has given value of OrderNumber

CustomerNumber identifier of Customer

If each member of sales staff has unique

name, then SalespersonName is an

identifier of Salesperson

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Student Data Model Entities

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Relationships

Connects identities, allow cross entity search

A line is used to represent a relationship between two entities

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Three basic types of relationships

One-to-one:

One student can buy only one permit

One permit can only

purchased by one student

One-to-Many:

One instructor can teach many courses

A course can only be taught by one instructor

Crow’s foot = Many

Many-to-Many:

One student can take more than one course

A course can be registered by multiple students

Parking Permit #Date of PurchaseType of PermitExpiration Date…

Student IDNameDoBAddress…

Student Parking permit

CRNCourse TitleClassroomCredit…

Instructor IDNameDepartmentOffice…

instructor Course

CRNCourse TitleClassroomCredit…

Student IDNameDoBAddress…

Student Course

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Exercise

Who defines the relationships?

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Exercise:

Exercise 22 a) (Page 105)

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Opposing Forces Guide:

No, Thanks, I’ll Use a SpreadsheetI’m not buying all this stuff about databases.

“I’ve tried them and they’re a pain-way too complicated to set up, and most of the time, a spreadsheet works just as well.”

“No, unless you are a General Motors or Toyota, I wouldn’t mess with a database.”

“You have to have professional IS people to create it and keep it running.”

“Besides, I don’t really want to share my data with anyone.”

“I work pretty hard to develop my client list.”

“Why would I want to give it away?”

“When I want something, I use Excel’s Data Filter.”

“I can usually get what I need.”

“Of course, I can’t still send form letters, but it really doesn’t matter.”

“I get most of my sales using the phone, anyway.”

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Database Security

The firewall, a computing device located

between a firm’s internal network and

external networks, prevents

unauthorized access to the internal

network.

For the best security, the DBMS

computer should be protected by a

firewall, and then all other security

measures should be designed as if the

firewall has been breached.

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Database Security (cont)

All operating systems and DBMS patches should be installed as soon as they become available.

No one other than authorized operations personnel should be able to directly access the computer that runs the DBMS.

The computer running the DBMS should be secured behind locked doors, and visits to that room should be recorded in a log.

Most DBMS products log failed attempts to sign on and

produce other usage reports as well.

The database administrator (DBA) should periodically

monitor such logs and reports for suspicious activity.

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Database Security (cont)

All major DBMS products have extensive, built-in security features.

These features allow for the definition of user accounts and user roles.

Each user account belongs to a specific person.

A role is a generic employee function, such as payroll clerk or field salesperson.

Once an account is defined, it can be assigned specific permissions, and it can also be assigned particular roles.

It is important to have a plan of action for security emergencies.

Disaster Recovery Plan (85%)

Business Continuity Plan (<15%)

The steps to be taken vary from database to database.

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Ethic Guide: Nobody Said I Shouldn’t

Kelly make a backup copy of his company’s

database on CD and took it home and installed it

on his home computer.

While performing queries on the database, he

found customer order information and focused in

on his friend Jason’s customer order entries.

Kelly noticed that Jason gave huge discounts to

Valley Appliances but not to his other customers.

At an after work gathering, Kelly asked Jason about the Valley

Appliances discount telling him what he had been doing.

When Kelly returned to work, he was fired

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Class 2: E-R Modeling and Database Lab

E-R Data ModelThe most popular technique for creating a data model.

E: entity (things)

R: relationship (among the entities)

+ business rules restricting the flow of the data

Data Model:Read Problem Solving Guide: (p89a)

Immanuel Kant, Data Modeler

Attempts to model the “real world”

Simply a model of what the data modeler perceives

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5 minutes free write

Social Implications of DB:

Relate any of Kant’s ideas to what you

learned from reading “For Some, Online

Persona Undermines Resume”

PRINT your name on Free Write and hand it

in

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More exercise

Book 23 a) Create a E-R Diagram to relate all the information in the form

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Translating E-R diagram into Tables (1:N)

Step 1: Create one table for each entity

Key

Key

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Translating E-R diagram into Tables (1:N)

Step 2: Add Foreign Key Column to the “many entity” to represent relationship

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Step 3: edit relationship

Go to Tools RelationshipsAdd two entities

Drag the “advisor name” of advisor table to the “advisor name” of student table.

Close relationships

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Many-to-Many Relationship

Now the rule changedOne advisor can supervise many students

One student can have many adviser

One student must have at least one advisor

One advisor can have no student

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Foreign Key doesn’t work for N:M relationship

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Solution

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Exercise:

Revise the relationship of previous exercise in Access and input the above records

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1:1 Relationship

How to convert into tables?

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Exercise

Based on your E-R diagram in 23(a), construct tables and relationships in Access. Add at least three records for each table.

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Importance of User Review

Users are the final judges of what data the database

should contain and how records relate to one another

Easiest time to change database structure is during data

modeling stage

Once database has been constructed, loaded with data,

and application forms, reports, queries, and application

programs created, changing a relationship means weeks

of work!

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How should you review as a user? (Cont)

When database developed for your use, you must carefully review

data model

If you don’t understand any aspect of it, ask for clarification until

you do

Data model must accurately reflect your view of business

Do not proceed unless you are 100% comfortable with the model

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Key Terms and Concepts (Cont.)

Access Field many-to-many relationship

Attribute File (Table) Oracle

Byte Foreign key Query

Column Identifier Personal DBMS

Crow’s foot Key Record

Database Maximum cardinality Relationship

Database application system Meta Data Report

DBMS Minimum cardinality Row

E-R data model one-to-many relationship SQL Server

Introduction to Management Information Systems Chapter 4 Database Processing HTM 304 Fall 07.

Documents

student student

key of student table

student score table

table student number

database file

database system

data table

table metadata