INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS 1. 1. Osteology: the scientific study of bones Osteology: the scientific study of bones 2. 2. Types of bones Types of bones 3. 3. Structure of mature bone Structure of mature bone 4. 4. Bone as an organ Bone as an organ 5. 5. Osseous tissue and bone marrow Osseous tissue and bone marrow 6. 6. Arthrology: the study of joints Arthrology: the study of joints 7. 7. Types of joints Types of joints 8. 8. The structure of synovial joints The structure of synovial joints 9. 9. Myology: the study of muscles Myology: the study of muscles 10. 10. Structure and form of skeletal muscles Structure and form of skeletal muscles 11. 11. The actions of muscles The actions of muscles
30
Embed
Introduction to Locomotor Apparatus - nikolai.lazarov.pronikolai.lazarov.pro/.../04_Introduction_to_Locomotor_Apparatus.pdf · Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 2 Locomotor apparatus passive
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO LOCOMOTOR APPARATUSLOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
1.1. Osteology: the scientific study of bonesOsteology: the scientific study of bones2.2. Types of bonesTypes of bones3.3. Structure of mature boneStructure of mature bone4.4. Bone as an organBone as an organ5.5. Osseous tissue and bone marrowOsseous tissue and bone marrow6.6. Arthrology: the study of jointsArthrology: the study of joints7.7. Types of jointsTypes of joints8.8. The structure of synovial jointsThe structure of synovial joints9.9. Myology: the study of musclesMyology: the study of muscles10.10. Structure and form of skeletal musclesStructure and form of skeletal muscles11.11. The actions of musclesThe actions of muscles
Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 22
Locomotor apparatusLocomotor apparatus
�� passive partpassive part (skeletonskeleton):�� bonesbones – osteologyosteology,
of long bones, spongyof long bones, spongy bone of short bone of short
and flat bones: vertebrae, sternum, and flat bones: vertebrae, sternum,
ribs, pelvic bones etc. ribs, pelvic bones etc. ~~ 1500 1500 gg
�� haemopoiesishaemopoiesis
�� biological defensebiological defense
�� yellow (fatty) bone marrowyellow (fatty) bone marrow, ,
medulla ossium flavamedulla ossium flava –– in the in the
hollow interior of the middle portion hollow interior of the middle portion
of long bonesof long bones
Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 1414
1515
ArthrologyArthrology, , arthrologiaarthrologia�� TThe he sciencescience concerned with the concerned with the structurestructure, function, , function,
dysfunction and treatment of dysfunction and treatment of jointsjoints (articulations)(articulations)
�� SynarthrosisSynarthrosis (BNA) (BNA) –– form of articulation in which form of articulation in which the bones are rigidly joined by the bones are rigidly joined by solid connectivesolid connectivetissuetissue::� fibrous� cartilaginous�osseus
�� DiarthrosisDiarthrosis (BNA) or Synovial jointSynovial joint ––
a freely movable jointa freely movable joint::� articular cavity
� passive and activebody movements
NB:NB: The prefix "arthroThe prefix "arthro--" refers to joints" refers to joints, , GrGr.. ἄρθρονἄρθρον arthronarthron,, a jointa joint Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
�� gomphosisgomphosis ((or or pegpeg--andand--socket joint) socket joint) –– specialized type restricted to the fixation of teeth in the mandible and maxillae
Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
artt. sellarisartt. sellaris�� hinge joints,hinge joints,
ginglymusginglymus�� plane jointsplane joints,,
artt. planaartt. plana
Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
2323Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
The scientific study of muscles,The scientific study of muscles,
� human body ~~ 66550 0 musclesmuscles:� 30 facial muscles
�� 40%40% of the body mass�� striated striated (skeletal) muscle tissuemuscle tissue�� cross striated and voluntary cross striated and voluntary –
CNS innervation:� quick, voluntary control of contraction/relaxation
�� active part of the locomotor apparatusactive part of the locomotor apparatus:� skeletal muscles
� initial and end portions of the digestive tract
� muscles of the head (incl. eye, ear)
� muscles of respiration
Structural organization of a skeletal muscleStructural organization of a skeletal muscle
� end, mechanical parts –tendon, tendon, tendo,inistendo,inis:�origin of a muscle: origoorigo�attachment point: insertioinsertio
� central, active part – muscle muscle ((fleshyfleshy)) bellybelly
2424Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
Types of skeletal musclesTypes of skeletal muscles
� According to the arrangementarrangement patternspatterns:
� According to their appearanceappearance:� long muscles� short muscles� flat muscles – aponeurosisaponeurosis
2525Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
� simple muscles� compound muscles – in the limbs:�with more than one initial origins:
• two separate origins – m. biceps brachii m. biceps brachii • three-headed – m. triceps brachiim. triceps brachii• four-headed – m. quadriceps femorism. quadriceps femoris
�with more than one insertion points –mm. flexores digitorum sup. et prof.mm. flexores digitorum sup. et prof.
�with an intermediate tendon or intersections:• biventer muscles – in the neck, m. omohyoideusm. omohyoideus• intersectiones tendineae – m. rectus abdominism. rectus abdominis
Shapes of skeletal musclesShapes of skeletal muscles� According to the arrangement patterns of the fascicles arrangement patterns of the fascicles –– 5 types5 types:
2626Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
�� fusiform musclefusiform muscle, , m. fusiformism. fusiformis – in the limbs
�� pennate musclepennate muscle•• m. unipennatusm. unipennatus –
mm. interossei palmares•• m. bipennatusm. bipennatus –
mm. interossei dorsales
�� convergent musclesconvergent muscles, flat muscles, m. planusm. planus –in the back and abdominal wall
• quadrilateral,• rhomboid,• triangular etc.
�� annular muscleannular muscle, m. anularis m. anularis – around body openings
• sphincter, m. sphincterm. sphincter• circular, m. orbicularism. orbicularis
General structure of the muscle fleshy bellyGeneral structure of the muscle fleshy belly�� striated muscle fibersstriated muscle fibers� connective tissue skeleton:
� layers of connective tissue
�blood vessels
� lymph vessels
�nerve fibers
2727Prof. Dr. Nikolai LazarovProf. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
Biomechanics of skeletal musclesBiomechanics of skeletal muscles