Introduction to Introduction to Linguistics Linguistics Review of last time: Review of last time:
Dec 16, 2015
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphologyMorphology
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphologyMorphology
Studies the internal structure of Studies the internal structure of words and their relationshipswords and their relationships
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphemeMorpheme
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphemeMorpheme
A minimal unit of meaningA minimal unit of meaning
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Review of last time:Review of last time:– MorphemeMorpheme
A minimal unit of meaningA minimal unit of meaning– may be bound or freemay be bound or free– can change the part of speech of a wordcan change the part of speech of a word
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– Open:Open:
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– Open:Open:
In the majorityIn the majority can have an “unlimited” number of can have an “unlimited” number of
words created from themwords created from them– ex: gork - gorker, gorking, gorked, gorksex: gork - gorker, gorking, gorked, gorks
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– ClosedClosed
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Open and Closed Class WordsOpen and Closed Class Words– ClosedClosed
Few or no words can be created from Few or no words can be created from them.them.
Include conjunctions and Include conjunctions and prepositionsprepositions
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Coining new wordsCoining new words
AcronymsAcronyms
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Coining new wordsCoining new words
AcronymsAcronyms– radar (radio detecting and ranging)radar (radio detecting and ranging)– laser (light amplification by stimulated laser (light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation)emission of radiation)
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Coining new wordsCoining new words
AcronymsAcronyms– radar (radio detecting and ranging)radar (radio detecting and ranging)– laser (light amplification by stimulated laser (light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation)emission of radiation) Abbreviation or shorteningAbbreviation or shortening
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Coining new wordsCoining new words
AcronymsAcronyms– radar (radio detecting and ranging)radar (radio detecting and ranging)– laser (light amplification by stimulated laser (light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation)emission of radiation) Abbreviation or shorteningAbbreviation or shortening
– PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.,PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.,
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Coining new wordsCoining new words
AcronymsAcronyms– radar (radio detecting and ranging)radar (radio detecting and ranging)– laser (light amplification by stimulated laser (light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation)emission of radiation) Abbreviation or shorteningAbbreviation or shortening
– PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.,PC, CD, Dr., Mrs., ClippingClipping
– fax, photo opfax, photo op
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Coining new wordsCoining new words
AcronymsAcronyms– radar (radio detecting and ranging)radar (radio detecting and ranging)– laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation)radiation) Abbreviation or shorteningAbbreviation or shortening
– PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.PC, CD, Dr., Mrs. ClippingClipping
– fax, photo opfax, photo op BlendingBlending
– motel, edutainmentmotel, edutainment
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Meaning ChangeMeaning Change
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Meaning ChangeMeaning Change
GenerificationGenerification– xerox, kleenexxerox, kleenex
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Meaning ChangeMeaning Change
GenerificationGenerification– xerox, kleenexxerox, kleenex
Category changeCategory change– to porch the paper, to people an islandto porch the paper, to people an island
Metaphorical extensionMetaphorical extension– ““Let me chew on those new ideas”Let me chew on those new ideas”
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Compounds and CompoundingCompounds and Compounding
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Compounds and CompoundingCompounds and Compounding
noun + noun: landlord, chain-smokernoun + noun: landlord, chain-smoker adjective + noun: high chair, wildfireadjective + noun: high chair, wildfire preposition + noun : overdose, preposition + noun : overdose,
underdogunderdog verb + noun: scarecrow, go-cartverb + noun: scarecrow, go-cart adj + adj.: red-hot, bittersweetadj + adj.: red-hot, bittersweet noun + adj.: sky-blue, earthboundnoun + adj.: sky-blue, earthbound preposition + verb: overstuff, underfeedpreposition + verb: overstuff, underfeed
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Compounds and CompoundingCompounds and Compounding
Meaning of compounds cannot Meaning of compounds cannot always be predicted:always be predicted:
– Bigfoot vs. bigwigBigfoot vs. bigwig– alligator shoes vs. horseshoesalligator shoes vs. horseshoes
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Morphological analysisMorphological analysis
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Morphological analysisMorphological analysis
Phonological change: initiate - Phonological change: initiate - initiationinitiation
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Morphological analysisMorphological analysis
Phonological change: initiate - Phonological change: initiate - initiationinitiation
Category change: verb to nounCategory change: verb to noun
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– Morphological analysisMorphological analysis
Phonological change: initiate - Phonological change: initiate - initiationinitiation
Category change: verb to nounCategory change: verb to noun Semantic changeSemantic change
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– BackformationBackformation
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
New Words:New Words:– BackformationBackformation
resurrectionresurrection to resurrectto resurrect preemptionpreemption to preemptto preempt burglarburglar burgleburgle laserlaser to laseto lase backformationbackformation backformingbackforming
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Inflectional vs. Derivational Inflectional vs. Derivational MorphologyMorphology
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Inflectional vs. Derivational Inflectional vs. Derivational MorphologyMorphology– InflectionalInflectional
Most languages have some form of Most languages have some form of inflection, morphemes which deal more with inflection, morphemes which deal more with syntactic function than the creation of new syntactic function than the creation of new wordswords
English: walk, walks, walkedEnglish: walk, walks, walked Irish: garsún, garsúinIrish: garsún, garsúin Latvian: akmens, akmenim, akmeni, akmenLatvian: akmens, akmenim, akmeni, akmen Welsh: amdanaf, amdanat, amdano...
Introduction to Introduction to LinguisticsLinguistics
Inflectional vs. Derivational Inflectional vs. Derivational MorphologyMorphology– DerivationalDerivational
Looks at compounds and new word Looks at compounds and new word creation, and generally involves at creation, and generally involves at least two of the analytical markers least two of the analytical markers we mentioned earlier (category we mentioned earlier (category change, phonological change, change, phonological change, semantic change)semantic change)
Modern, modernize, modernizerModern, modernize, modernizer